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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2023-5</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Nota Fitopatológica</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Comparación de protocolos moleculares para la detección del <italic>Virus del fruto rugoso marrón del jitomate</italic> en hospedantes solanáceos</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Zamora-Macorra,</surname>
						<given-names>Erika J.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Aviña-Padilla,</surname>
						<given-names>Katia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Hammond,</surname>
						<given-names>Rosemarie W</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ochoa-Martínez,</surname>
						<given-names>Daniel L</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Preparatoria Agrícola, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Km 38.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Estado de México, CP. 56230, México; </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>56230</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Ingeniería Genética del Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato 36821, México; </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N.</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Irapuato</city>
					<postal-code>36821</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">USDA, Agricultural Research Service</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">USDA, Agricultural Research Service</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>20705</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="US">USA</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Colegio de Postgraduados, Posgrado en Fitosanidad-Fitopatología, Texcoco 56230, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>56230</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><italic>*</italic></label><bold>
 <italic>Autor de correspondencia</italic>:</bold>Katia Aviña-Padilla <email>katia.avinap@cinvestav.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>24</day>
				<month>11</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>41</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT20235</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>23</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title><bold>Resumen</bold></title>
				<p><bold>Objetivo/Antecedentes:</bold> El virus del fruto rugoso marrón del jitomate (ToBRFV) ha surgido como una amenaza significativa para los cultivos de la familia Solanaceae, incluidos el tomate y el pimiento. Su presencia en México desde 2018 ha generado preocupación sobre su impacto en la producción agrícola. La detección temprana y precisa de este patógeno es crucial para prevenir su propagación y mitigar sus efectos. En México, se emplean varias técnicas moleculares para su diagnóstico, incluyendo RT-PCR convencional, RT-qPCR y RT-qPCR multiplex.</p>
				<p><bold>Materiales y Métodos:</bold> El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la eficiencia de diferentes métodos de extracción de ARN en combinación con oligonucléotidos PCR específicos para la detección de ToBRFV.</p>
				<p><bold>Resultados:</bold> Entre los métodos probados, el protocolo de extracción de ARN CTAB-Trizol combinado con PCR anidada utilizando oligonucleótidos reportados por Dovas et al. (2004) se identificó como el método molecular más sensible para detectar el virus.</p>
				<p><bold>Conclusión:</bold> Este hallazgo destaca la importancia de seleccionar la combinación adecuada de protocolos de extracción y amplificación para lograr la sensibilidad y precisión óptimas en la detección de ToBRFV.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title><bold>Palabras clave:</bold></title>
				<kwd>Virus del fruto rugoso marrón del jitomate</kwd>
				<kwd>ToBRFV</kwd>
				<kwd>cultivos de Solanaceae</kwd>
				<kwd>extracción de ARN</kwd>
				<kwd>RT-PCR</kwd>
				<kwd>detección molecular</kwd>
				<kwd>producción agrícola.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="33"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción </title>
			<p> El virus del fruto rugoso marrón del jitomate (ToBRFV) representa una seria amenaza para la producción de jitomate. Este virus fue identificado inicialmente en Israel en 2014 (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Luria <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>), y se extendió a Jordania en 2015 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Salem <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Desde entonces, su presencia ha aumentado drásticamente. El ToBRFV ha sido detectado en cultivos de jitomate en diversas regiones, como México (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Cambrón-Crisantos <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), Alemania (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Menzel <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), Turquía (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Fidan <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), Reino Unido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Skelton <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Yan <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), Países Bajos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Van de Vossenberg <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>), Estados Unidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ling <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), Italia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Panno <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), Palestina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alkowni, 2019</xref>), Grecia (EPPO, 2019/210), España (EPPO, 2019/238) y Francia (MAA, 2020). En particular, en 2020, se infiltró en invernaderos de chile en Italia y Jordania (Salem <italic>et al</italic>., 2020; Panno <italic>et al</italic>., 2020a), mientras que en 2018 también afectó a invernaderos comerciales de pimiento en México (Cambrón-Crisantos <italic>et al</italic>., 2018). Esta propagación generalizada del ToBRFV a través de los continentes subraya su amenaza sustancial para el cultivo del jitomate. Es por ello que resulta imperativo tomar medidas urgentes para combatir su expansión desenfrenada y proteger los ecosistemas agrícolas.</p>
			<p> El ToBRFV, clasificado como un tobamovirus, exhibe una morfología característica en forma de varilla rígida en sus partículas. Su genoma consiste en ARN de cadena sencilla monocatenario (+ARNcs) que alberga cuatro marcos abiertos de lectura (ORF). Dentro de estos ORFs, son ORF1 y ORF2 quienes dirigen la función de la ARN polimerasa dependiente de ARN (RdRp). El ORF3 codifica la proteína de movimiento (MP), mientras que el ORF4 la síntesis de la proteína de la cápside (CP) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Luria <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Este virus destaca por la estabilidad de sus partículas, lo que facilita considerablemente su transmisión mecánica. Como consecuencia, las prácticas de cultivo en invernaderos sirven como el principal conducto para su diseminación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Levitzky <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Panno <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>b). La robustez de las partículas del ToBRFV amplifica su potencial para propagarse rápidamente, enfatizando la necesidad apremiante de medidas estrictas para restringir su propagación y salvaguardar los ecosistemas de cultivo.</p>
			<p>En este contexto, la detección del ToBRFV en plantas se ha abordado mediante una serie de técnicas, que incluyen el ensayo de inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas (ELISA), la microscopía electrónica de transmisión, la RT-PCR, la secuenciación de segunda generación, la qRT-PCR y la amplificación isotérmica mediada por bucle (LAMP) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Oladokun <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ling <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Panno <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Sarkes <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Estos métodos difieren en cuanto a sus límites de sensibilidad, implicaciones de costos y el nivel de conocimientos necesarios para su ejecución. La elección de la técnica óptima depende de los objetivos de diagnóstico específicos, el tipo de material vegetal examinado, las limitaciones presupuestarias y el tiempo disponible para el análisis. La variedad de técnicas de detección subraya la necesidad de un enfoque a medida que adapte el método elegido a las exigencias particulares del diagnóstico. Este enfoque pragmático garantiza tanto la precisión como la optimización de recursos para combatir la proliferación del ToBRFV.</p>
			<p>En México, el Centro Nacional de Referencia Fitosanitaria (CNRF) inicialmente respaldó el uso de técnicas moleculares para la identificación de ToBRFV, específicamente la RT-PCR de punto final utilizando el par de oligonucleótidos ToBRFV F/ToBRFV-R (Rodríguez-Mendoza <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019). No obstante, una reciente actualización de los protocolos de diagnóstico molecular ha introducido mejoras integrales. Los procedimientos revisados ahora incluyen una combinación de RTPCR de punto final, RT-qPCR y RT-qPCR multiplex. Según las últimas directrices publicadas por la CNRF, el diagnóstico del ToBRFV requiere un enfoque integrado, en el cual un resultado positivo debe ser corroborado por al menos dos de las técnicas mencionadas (SENASICA, 2022). Este cambio hacia una estrategia de diagnóstico multifacética subraya la importancia de obtener resultados sólidos y validados de forma cruzada, en línea con las mejores prácticas internacionales. El mayor énfasis en la precisión del diagnóstico es fundamental para contener la propagación del ToBRFV en el panorama agrícola de México.</p>
			<p>El propósito de este estudio fue realizar una comparación exhaustiva de diversos protocolos de extracción de ARN para evaluar su eficacia en la detección del ToBRFV. Además, buscamos evaluar el límite de detección de tres pares de oligonucleótidos distintos utilizando metodologías de RT-PCR y RT-PCR anidada. A través de este análisis comparativo, nuestro estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la combinación más eficaz y sensible de métodos de extracción de ARN y los pares de oligonucleótidos para la detección precisa del ToBRFV. Esta investigación contribuye a mejorar la precisión y fiabilidad de las técnicas de diagnóstico cruciales para gestionar la propagación del ToBRFV en entornos agrícolas.</p>
			<p>Material vegetal como fuente de inóculo. Durante septiembre de 2020, se recolectaron plantas de tomate (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>), que mostraban clorosis, estrechamiento foliar y mosaicos (síntomas típicos de la infección por ToBRFV) en invernaderos comerciales de Colima, México (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). La fuente de inóculo dio positivo para ToBRFV por RT-PCR. Con este tejido se inoculó mecánicamente una planta de <italic>Nicotiana glutinosa</italic> y se observaron lesiones necróticas locales. Posteriormente, se cortó una de estas lesiones para inocular una segunda planta de <italic>N. glutinosa</italic>. Este proceso se repitió dos veces. Se utilizó una lesión local de la cuarta planta de <italic>N. glutinosa</italic> para inocular una planta de tomate. A continuación, 30 días después de la inoculación (dpi), se analizó mediante RT-PCR utilizando los oligonucleótidos específicos (ToBRFV-FMX: AACCAGAGTCTTCCTATACTCG-</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>A-C) En plantas de jitomate saladette recolectadas en invernaderos, se observaron síntomas evidentes de mosaico, deformación foliar y estrechamiento de las hojas. Estas plantas dieron positivo para el virus del fruto rugoso marrón del jitomate (ToBRFV). D-E) Las observaciones visuales en hojas inoculadas de <italic>Nicotiana</italic> revelaron la presencia de lesiones cloróticas y necróticas localizadas causadas por la infección con ToBRFV. Las plantas utilizadas para el estudio y que resultaron positivas al virus provinieron de Tecomán, Colima, México.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-41-04-RMEXFIT20235-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>GAA/ ToBRFV-RMX: CTCWCCATCTCTTAATAATCTCCT: 475 pb Región ORF 1-RdRp) y las condiciones descritas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Rodríguez-Mendoza <italic>et al</italic>. (2018</xref>), <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>. Posteriormente se secuenciaron los fragmentos esperados y se compararon en el GenBank. La fuente de inóculo se incrementó mediante inoculación mecánica sobre plantas de tomate para realizar los diferentes bioensayos de los hospedantes.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Oligonucleótidos probados en este estudio para la detección del ToBRFV en jitomate, tomatillo y berenjena.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Secuencias de nucleótidos de los oligonucleótidos (5’-3’)</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tamaño esperado del fragmento y región para la amplificación por PCR</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Condiciones de RT-PCR</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Referencias</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;">ToBRFV-FMX: AACCAGAGTCTTCCTATACTCGGAA </td>
								<td rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;">475 pb (ORF 1-RdRp)<sup>θ</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">- 95° 3 min<sup>β</sup>.</td>
								<td rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;">Rodríguez- Mendoza et al., 2018</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center;">-32 ciclos: 95° 50 s<sup>Ω</sup>,</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">ToBRFV-RMX: CTCWCCATCTCTTAATAATCTCCT</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">53° 50 s y 72° 55 s.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center;">-72°C 10 min.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;">TobN up3: GGCGYTGCARACIATHGTITAYCA</td>
								<td rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;">400 pb<sup>α</sup> (ORF 1-RdRp) <sup>θ</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">-95° 3 min<sup>α</sup>.</td>
								<td rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;">Dovas et al., 2004</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center;">-4 ciclos: 95° 30 s,</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2">TobN do4: GTRTTICCIATRAAIGTIGTIACRTC</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">51° 30 s y 72° 30 s.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center;">-26 cycles: 95° 30 s,</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">TobN do4G: GCCGATRAAGGTGGTGACRTC</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">51° 30 s y 72° 30 s.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center;">-72°C 10min.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;">ToBRFV-F: GAAGTCCCGATGTCTGTAAGG</td>
								<td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">842 pb (ORF 3- MP) <sup>θ</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">-95° 3 min.</td>
								<td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">Ling et al., 2019</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center;">-32 ciclos: 95° 50 s,</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; vertical-align:top;">ToBRFV-R: TGCCTACGGATGTGTATGA</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">53° 50 s y 72° 55 s.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">-72°C 10min.</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>θ Sección del gen ToBRFV amplificado, αRT-PCR anidada, βminutos, Ωsegundos.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Evaluación de los métodos de extracción de ARN total. Se sembraron 20 semillas de pimiento morrón y jitomate saladette en cada una de las tres placas Petri asignadas a cada especie de planta. Las semillas se germinaron en placas de Petri con toallas de papel humedecidas con agua destilada estéril. Después de 10 a 20 días, cuando las hojas cotiledonares emergieron y se expandieron, se extrajeron 100 mg de plántulas completas (tallo, hojas y raíz) de cada especie de planta para la extracción de ARN total. Además, se plantaron tres semillas en vasos de espuma de poliestireno de 1 L con turba para la mayoría de cada especie de planta, utilizando una planta como réplica. Las plantas se mantuvieron en un invernadero con ciclos de 12 horas de luz y 12 horas de oscuridad, y temperaturas mínimas de 15 °C y máximas de 32 °C. Después de 45 días, se recolectaron 100 mg de tejido foliar (pedicelos, hojas y brotes) para la extracción de ARN total. Se evaluaron cuatro métodos de extracción de ARN: PlantRNAeasy miniKit®, siguiendo las instrucciones del fabricante; Trizol®, CTAB 2 % y CTAB 2 %-Trizol®, según el protocolo descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Jordon-Thaden <italic>et al.</italic> (2015</xref>) con modificaciones menores (véase apéndice 1). La maceración del tejido vegetal (pedicelos, hojas y brotes) se realizó con nitrógeno líquido en un mortero estéril. La cantidad y calidad del ARN extraído se cuantificaron con un Nanodrop 2000®, y se registraron las medidas de absorbancia 260/280 y 260/230.</p>
			<p>Evaluación de oligonucleótidos y límite de sensibilidad. Mecánicamente se inocularon tres repeticiones de plántulas de jitomate (<italic>S. lycopersicum</italic>), berenjena (<italic>Solanum melongena</italic>) y tomatillo (<italic>Physalis ixocarpa</italic>). Las inoculaciones se llevaron a cabo al emerger y desarrollarse la primera hoja verdadera (foliolo), y se incluyeron plantas no inoculadas como controles. Todas las plantas se mantuvieron en las condiciones previamente descritas en el invernadero. A los 30 días post inoculación (dpi), cuando las plantas exhibieron síntomas de clorosis y mosaico, se procedió a la extracción de ARN total mediante el protocolo CTAB-Trizol previamente mencionado. La calidad y cantidad del ARN extraído se verificaron con un Nanodrop 2000® y se ajustó la concentración final a 300 ng µL-1. A continuación, se realizaron diluciones seriadas de cada extracción de ARNt ajustadas a 10, 1, 0,1, 0,01, 0,001 y 0,0001 ng µL-1. Se probaron los pares de oligonucleótidos específicos descritos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ling et al. (2019</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Rodríguez-Mendoza <italic>et al.</italic> (2018</xref>), y reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Dovas <italic>et al.</italic> (2004</xref>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>). Optamos por este protocolo debido a su mayor rendimiento en concentración de nanogramos en comparación con el uso de Trizol y el kit, a la vez que resultaba más rentable. Se siguieron las especificaciones descritas en los protocolos para cada par de oligonucleótidos.</p>
			<p>Evaluación de los métodos de extracción de ARN total. En nuestra comparación de metodologías, observamos que las plántulas de tomate y pimiento presentaron una concentración significativamente superior de ARN total (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Notablemente, el protocolo CTAB-Trizol mostró el resultado más destacado en términos de nanogramos por microlitro, alcanzando la concentración más alta (966 ng μL-1). En contraste, el Kit de aislamiento de ARN exhibió la concentración más baja (29 a 101 ng μL-1) entre los métodos evaluados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>Evaluación de oligonucleótidos y límite de sensibilidad. Nuestros hallazgos delinean los diferentes límites de sensibilidad de diferentes conjuntos de oligonucleótidos en la detección de ToBRFV utilizando ARN total extraído de plantas de jitomate, tomatillo y berenjena (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). Específicamente, los oligonucleótidos diseñados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ling <italic>et al.</italic> (2019</xref>) mostraron la capacidad de detectar el virus hasta una concentración de 0.01 ng µL-1 en muestras de tomate y tomatillo. Por el contrario, su sensibilidad en muestras de ARN de berenjena se manifestó a una concentración superior de 1 ng µL-1. Paralelamente, los oligonucleótidos desarrollados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Rodríguez-Mendoza <italic>et al</italic>. (2018</xref>) mostraron un límite de detección de 0.1 ng µL-1 en tomate y 0.01 ng µL-1 en tomatillo. Independientemente de la selección de oligonucleótidos, el umbral de sensibilidad para la detección del virus en muestras de berenjena residió consistentemente en 1 ng µL-1.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>La evaluación de los métodos de extracción de ARN total implicó la comparación de su eficacia y rendimiento, medidos a través de lecturas de absorbancia en un espectrofotómetro Nanodrop 2000®. De los métodos probados, que incluyeron Trizol®, CTAB 2 % y CTAB 2 %-Trizol®, el protocolo CTAB 2 %-Trizol® demostró producir la concentración más elevada de ARN total, mientras que el kit de aislamiento de ARN resultó en la concentración más baja. Estos datos fueron registrados mediante mediciones de absorbancia a longitudes de onda de 260/280 y 260/230. El Nanodrop 2000® se utilizó para cuantificar la concentración de ARN extraído y evaluar su calidad a través de estas relaciones de absorbancia. Los resultados señalan que el protocolo CTAB 2 %-Trizol® fue especialmente efectivo en la extracción de ARN de alta calidad de las muestras de plantas, lo que lo convierte en una opción adecuada para análisis moleculares posteriores.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-41-04-RMEXFIT20235-gf2.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Comparación de referencias de oligonucleótidos, fuentes vegetales y límites de detección de ARN en la fuente de material vegetal infectado.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Referencias para oligonucleótidos</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Fuente de Material Vegetal Infectado</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Límite de Concentración Detectada de ARN Total (ng μL<sup>-1</sup>)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;">Rodriguez-Mendoza et al., 2018.</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">Jitomate</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.1000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center;">Jitomate</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.0100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center;">Jitomate</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">1.0000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;">Ling et al., 2019.</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">Tomatillo</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.0100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center;">Tomatillo</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.0100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center;">Tomatillo</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">1.0000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">Dovas et al., 2004.</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">Berenjena</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.0001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center;">Berenjena</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.0010</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">Berenjena</td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">1.0000</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En particular, se destacó un aumento notable en los umbrales de sensibilidad al emplear la técnica RT-PCR anidada con el conjunto de oligonucleótidos propuesto por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Dovas <italic>et al.</italic> (2004</xref>) en muestras de jitomate y tomatillo. Esta optimización permitió la identificación de un alto nivel de sensibilidad en la detección del ToBRFV, alcanzando 0.0001 ng µL-1 en tomate, 0.001 ng µL-1 en tomatillo y 1 ng µL-1 en muestras de berenjena (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>). Estas sutiles variaciones en los umbrales de sensibilidad subrayan la importancia de la selección cuidadosa de los oligonucleótidos y la aplicación de la amplificación RT-PCR anidada para optimizar la capacidad de detección del ToBRFV en diversas especies de plantas.</p>
			<p>Se han desarrollado diversos métodos de extracción de ARN con un objetivo central: producir concentraciones óptimas de ARN de alta calidad. Este objetivo adquiere especial relevancia al considerar que los tejidos vegetales suelen albergar cantidades significativas de sustancias potencialmente interferentes, tales como compuestos fenólicos, polisacáridos, pigmentos y RNasas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Wang <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). La diversidad del contenido fenólico en las plantas está sujeta a variaciones determinadas por factores como la fase de desarrollo y la exposición a influencias ambientales bióticas y abióticas. En el caso de las hojas de tomate, el contenido de fenoles puede disminuir con el avance de la edad de la planta. Sin embargo, es importante destacar que la composición de varios compuestos fenólicos puede experimentar variaciones dinámicas a lo largo de las distintas etapas de desarrollo de la hoja (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Dadáková <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Esta compleja interacción entre las técnicas de extracción de ARN y la composición diversa de los tejidos vegetales enfatiza la importancia de elegir métodos apropiados para asegurar la obtención de muestras de ARN confiables y representativas para los análisis subsiguientes.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Evaluación y sensibilidad de los oligonucleótidos PCR. Análisis electroforético en geles de agarosa al 1.5 % de los productos de RT-PCR y RT-PCR anidada (tamaño esperado de los oligonucleótidos de Ling 842 pb; tamaño esperado de los oligonucleótidos de Rodríguez-Mendoza 475 pb; tamaño esperado de los oligonucleótidos de Dovas 400 pb). (-): agua esterilizada en lugar de ARN. 100pb= 100pb DNA Ladder (Invitrogen®). 1Kb= 1000 pb DNA ladder (Promega®). 10-3 y 10-4 = 0.001 y 0.0001 ng µL-1.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-41-04-RMEXFIT20235-gf3.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Los compuestos polifenólicos participan de manera significativa en complejas interacciones, formando intrincados agregados moleculares con proteínas y ácidos nucleicos. Esta propensión a crear complejos de gran peso molecular complica aún más el proceso de extracción. Simultáneamente, la presencia de polisacáridos agrava la situación, ya que tienden a coprecipitar con el ARN en la ejecución de protocolos de extracción basados en alcohol. Este fenómeno resulta en la persistencia de contaminantes polisacáridos en el producto final de ARN extraído, afectando su integridad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Salzman <italic>et al</italic>., 1999</xref>).</p>
			<p>La eficacia de los métodos CTAB y Trizol trasciende su rentabilidad. Estos métodos han sido ampliamente adoptados en diversas especies y tejidos vegetales, siempre arrojando resultados favorables (Gambino <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008). La notable calidad y pureza del ARN, junto con la naturaleza rápida y económica de estas técnicas de extracción, las convierten en opciones especialmente adecuadas para la detección de virus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Mathioudakis <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). El método CTAB destaca por facilitar la extracción rápida de ARN de tejidos desafiantes, eliminando la necesidad de utilizar productos químicos peligrosos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Chang <italic>et al</italic>., 1993</xref>). Es importante señalar que, aunque el método Trizol produce extracciones de ARN de alta calidad, también extrae ADN simultáneamente. La combinación de Trizol con la extracción mediante CTAB mejora aún más la calidad de la extracción de ARN total.</p>
			<p>La calidad y la concentración del ARN extraído ejercen un profundo impacto en la precisión y la confiabilidad de diversos estudios moleculares de plantas, como la RT-PCR (Gambino <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008) y el análisis de la expresión génica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Toni <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Sin embargo, en el marco de ensayos de detección a gran escala, la elección de un método de extracción de ARN también se ve influenciada por consideraciones de costo. En este sentido, metodologías como CTAB y Trizol emergen como opciones rentables en comparación con los kits disponibles comercialmente. La versatilidad y eficacia de los métodos CTAB y Trizol se extienden a diversas especies y tejidos vegetales, ofreciendo resultados sistemáticamente favorables (Gambino <italic>et al</italic>., 2008). Estos métodos presentan la doble ventaja de obtener ARN puro y de alta calidad de manera rápida y económica, lo que los posiciona como especialmente beneficiosos para la detección acelerada de virus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Mathioudakis <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>Nuestros resultados evidencian de manera clara la variabilidad en los límites de sensibilidad presentados por cada par de oligonucleótidos en las diferentes especies vegetales. Es probable que este fenómeno se deba a las variaciones en los niveles de expresión y concentración del patógeno en las distintas plantas hospedantes. De manera interesante, la berenjena mostró límites de sensibilidad consistentes, independientemente del conjunto de oligonucleótidos utilizado. En el caso del tomatillo, tanto los oligonucleótidos de Ling como los de Rodríguez-Mendoza exhibieron límites de sensibilidad equivalentes, mientras que para el tomate, los oligonucleótidos de Ling demostraron una sensibilidad diez veces mayor. Específicamente, los oligonucleótidos de Ling están meticulosamente diseñados para apuntar a la región de la proteína de cubierta, mientras que los de Rodríguez-Mendoza detectan la región RdRp. Una observación destacada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Magaña-Álvarez <italic>et al</italic>. (2021</xref>) subraya el rendimiento superior de los oligonucleótidos dirigidos a la proteína de cubierta en la detección del ToBRFV en plantas de tomate en comparación con los oligonucleótidos dirigidos a la RdRp.</p>
			<p>Se ha corroborado que la PCR anidada, a pesar de requerir más tiempo y recursos, ofrece una sensibilidad y fiabilidad superiores en comparación con la PCR convencional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Shin <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>). Como podría esperarse, los oligonucleótidos de Dovas exhibieron una sensibilidad impresionante, siendo cien veces mayor en jitomate y diez veces mayor en tomatillo. En resumen, nuestros resultados destacan que, bajo las condiciones experimentales específicas, el protocolo óptimo de detección para ToBRFV se configura como el método de extracción de ARN CTAB-Trizol emparejado con la RT-PCR anidada utilizando los oligonucleótidos delineados por Dovas <italic>et al.</italic> (2004).</p>
			<p>En conclusión, hemos llevado a cabo una comparación exhaustiva de diversos protocolos moleculares para la detección del virus del fruto rugoso marrón del jitomate (ToBRFV) en hospedantes solanáceos. Dada la amenaza significativa que representa el ToBRFV para la producción mundial de tomate, la detección temprana y precisa se vuelve crucial para mitigar su impacto. Nuestro estudio evaluó tanto métodos de extracción de ARN como distintos pares de oligonucleótidos PCR específicos, buscando determinar su eficacia en la detección del virus.</p>
			<p>Entre los diversos protocolos analizados, el método que demostró mayor sensibilidad para la detección del ToBRFV fue la combinación del protocolo de extracción de ARN CTAB-Trizol junto con la PCR anidada utilizando los oligonucleótidos descritos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Dovas <italic>et al.</italic> (2004</xref>). Estos resultados resaltan la importancia de seleccionar combinaciones adecuadas de protocolos de extracción y amplificación para alcanzar niveles óptimos de sensibilidad y precisión en la detección del ToBRFV.</p>
			<p>En última instancia, esperamos que nuestros hallazgos contribuyan a mejorar la exactitud de las técnicas de diagnóstico esenciales para gestionar la propagación del ToBRFV en entornos agrícolas, ofreciendo así una herramienta valiosa en la lucha contra esta amenaza para la producción de tomate a nivel mundial.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title><bold>Agradecimientos</bold></title>
			<p>K.A.-P. (CVU:227919), recibió apoyo financiero del CONACyT</p>
		</ack>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Phytopathological Note</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Comparison of molecular protocols to detect Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in solanaceae hosts</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title><bold>Abstract</bold></title>
				<p> </p>
				<p><bold>Objective/Background:</bold> The <italic>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus</italic> (ToBRFV) has emerged as a significant threat to Solanaceae crops, including tomato and pepper. Its presence in Mexico since 2018 has raised concerns about its impact on agricultural production. Early and accurate detection of this pathogen is essential to prevent its spread and mitigate its effects. In Mexico, several molecular techniques are employed for its diagnosis, including endpoint RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, and multiplex RT-qPCR.</p>
				<p> </p>
				<p><bold>Materials and Methods:</bold> This research aimed to assess the efficiency of different RNA extraction methods in combination with specific PCR primers for detecting ToBRFV.</p>
				<p> </p>
				<p><bold>Results:</bold> Among the methods tested, the CTAB-Trizol RNA extraction protocol combined with nested PCR using primers reported by Dovas et al. (2004) was identified as the most sensitive molecular method for detecting the virus.</p>
				<p> </p>
				<p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> This finding highlights the importance of selecting the appropriate combination of extraction and amplification protocols to achieve optimal sensitivity and accuracy in ToBRFV detection.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title><bold>Keywords:</bold></title>
				<kwd>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus</kwd>
				<kwd>ToBRFV</kwd>
				<kwd>Solanaceae crops</kwd>
				<kwd>RNA extraction</kwd>
				<kwd>RT-PCR</kwd>
				<kwd>molecular detection</kwd>
				<kwd>agricultural production.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p><italic>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus</italic> (ToBRFV) poses a grave threat to tomato production. Initially identified in Israel in 2014 (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Luria <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>), it extended to Jordan in 2015 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Salem <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>). Since then, its footprint has expanded dramatically. ToBRFV has been identified in tomato crops across diverse regions, including Mexico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Cambrón-Crisantos <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>), Germany (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Menzel <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>), Turkey (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Fidan <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>), the United Kingdom (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Skelton <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>), China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Yan <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>), Netherlands (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Van de Vossenberg <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>), the United States (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ling <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>), Italy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Panno <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>), Palestine (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alkowni, 2019</xref>), Greece (EPPO, 2019/210), Spain (EPPO, 2019/238), and France (MAA, 2020). Notably, in 2020, it infiltrated chili greenhouses in Italy and Jordan (Salem <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020; Panno <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020a), while in 2018, commercial pepper greenhouses in Mexico also were affected (Cambrón-Crisantos <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018). This pervasive spread of ToBRFV across continents underscores its substantial threat to tomato cultivation. Urgent measures are imperative to combat its rampant expansion and protect agricultural ecosystems.</p>
			<p>ToBRFV, classified as a Tobamovirus, exhibits a distinctive rigid rod-shaped morphology in its particles. Its genome comprises a straightforward single-stranded RNA chain (+ssRNA) containing four open reading frames (ORFs). Within these ORFs, ORF1 and ORF2 govern the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) function. ORF3 orchestrates the movement protein (MP), while the concise ORF4 oversees the capsid protein (CP) synthesis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Luria <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). This virus is notable for its particle stability, facilitating its remarkably easy mechanical transmission. Consequently, greenhouse cultivation practices serve as the primary conduit for its dissemination (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Levitzky <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Panno <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>b). The robustness of ToBRFV’s particles amplifies its potential to spread rapidly, emphasizing the pressing need for stringent measures to curtail its propagation and safeguard crop ecosystems.</p>
			<p>In this context, the detection of ToBRFV in plants has been approached through a range of techniques, encompassing the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), electronic transmission microscopy, RT-PCR, second-generation sequencing, qRT-PCR, and Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Oladokun <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ling <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Panno <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Sarkes <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>). These methods differ in terms of their sensitivity limits, cost implications, and the level of expertise required for their execution. Selecting the optimal technique hinges on the specific diagnostic objectives, the type of plant material under scrutiny, budget constraints, and the time available for analysis. The array of detection techniques underscores the need for a tailored approach, aligning the chosen method with the particular demands of the diagnosis. This pragmatic approach ensures both accuracy and resource optimization in combating ToBRFV’s proliferation.</p>
			<p>In Mexico, the National Center of Phytosanitary Reference (CNRF) initially advocated the use of molecular techniques for ToBRFV identification, specifically endpoint RT-PCR employing the ToBRFV F/ToBRFV-R primer pair (RodríguezMendoza <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019). However, a recent update in the molecular diagnostic protocols has introduced comprehensive enhancements. The revised procedures now encompass a combination of endpoint RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, and multiplex RT-qPCR. According to the latest guidelines issued by CNRF, the diagnosis of ToBRFV requires an integrated approach, whereby a positive result should be corroborated by at least two of the aforementioned techniques (SENASICA, 2022). This shift towards a multifaceted diagnostic strategy underscores the significance of robust and cross-validated results, aligning with international best practices. The heightened emphasis on diagnostic accuracy is pivotal in containing the spread of ToBRFV within Mexico’s agricultural landscape.</p>
			<p>Indeed, the aim of this study was to undertake a comprehensive comparison of diverse RNA extraction protocols, evaluating their efficacy in detecting ToBRFV. In addition, the research aimed to assess the limit of detection for three distinct primer pairs, employing both RT-PCR and nested-RT-PCR methodologies. By conducting this comparative analysis, our study sought to determine the most efficient and sensitive combination of RNA extraction methods and primer pairs for accurate ToBRFV detection. This research contributes to enhancing the precision and reliability of diagnostic techniques crucial for managing the spread of ToBRFV in agricultural settings.</p>
			<p>Plant material for inoculum source. During September 2020, tomato plants (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>), showing chlorosis, leaf narrowing, and mosaics (typical symptoms of ToBRFV infection) were collected from commercial greenhouses in Colima, Mexico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>). The inoculum source tested positive for ToBRFV by RT-PCR. A <italic>Nicotiana glutinosa</italic> plant was mechanically inoculated using this tissue, and local necrotic lesions were observed. One of these lesions was cut to inoculate a second <italic>N. glutinosa</italic> plant. This process was repeated twice. A local lesion of the fourth <italic>N. glutinosa</italic> plant was used to inoculate a tomato plant. Then, 30 days post-inoculation (dpi), it was analyzed by RT-PCR using the specific primers (ToBRFV-FMX: AACCAGAGTCTTCCTATACTCGGAA/ ToBRFVRMX: CTCWCCATCTCTTAATAATCTCCT: 475 bp Region ORF 1-RdRp) and conditions described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Rodríguez-Mendoza <italic>et al.</italic> (2018</xref>), <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. The expected fragments were then sequenced and compared in the GenBank. The inoculum source was increased by mechanical inoculation on tomato plants to perform the different host bioassays.</p>
			<p>Evaluation of total RNA extraction methods. Twenty seeds were placed in each Petri dish (three dishes per plant species), using bell pepper seeds and saladette tomato seeds that were germinated in Petri dishes with paper towels moistened with</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>A-C) Symptoms of mosaic, leaf deformation, and leaf narrowing were evident in tomato saladette plants gathered from greenhouse settings. These plants tested positive for <italic>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus</italic> (ToBRFV); D-E) visual observations on inoculated Nicotiana leaves revealed the presence of localized chlorotic and necrotic lesions caused by ToBRFV infection. The virus-positive plants utilized for the study were sourced from Tecoman, Colima, Mexico.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-41-04-RMEXFIT20235-gf4.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>sterile distilled water. After 10 to 20 days, when the cotyledonary leaves emerged and expanded, 100 mg of complete seedlings (stem, leaves, and root) of each plant species were separately used to perform total RNA extraction. Likewise, three seeds were planted in 1 L Styrofoam cups with peat of most of each plant species. One plant was used as a replicate. The plants were kept in a greenhouse with 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness, with minimum temperatures of 15 °C and maximum temperatures of 32 °C. After 45 days, 100 mg of foliar tissue (pedicels, leaves, and shoots) were collected to perform total RNA extraction. A total of four</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Primers tested in this study for ToBRFV detection in tomato, tomatillo, and eggplant.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Nucleotide sequences of the primers (5’ to 3’)</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Expected fragment size and region for the PCR amplification</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">RT-PCR conditions</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Reference</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;">ToBRFV-FMX: AACCAGAGTCTTCCTATACTCGGAA </td>
								<td rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;">475 pb (ORF 1-RdRp)<sup>θ</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">- 95° 3 min<sup>β</sup>.</td>
								<td rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;">Rodríguez- Mendoza et al., 2018</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center;">-32 cycles: 95° 50 s<sup>Ω</sup>,</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">ToBRFV-RMX: CTCWCCATCTCTTAATAATCTCCT</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">53° 50 s y 72° 55 s.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center;">-72°C 10 min.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;">TobN up3: GGCGYTGCARACIATHGTITAYCA</td>
								<td rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;">400 pb<sup>α</sup> (ORF 1-RdRp) <sup>θ</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">-95° 3 min<sup>α</sup>.</td>
								<td rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;">Dovas et al., 2004</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center;">-4 cycles: 95° 30 s,</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2">TobN do4: GTRTTICCIATRAAIGTIGTIACRTC</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">51° 30 s y 72° 30 s.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center;">-26 cycles: 95° 30 s,</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">TobN do4G: GCCGATRAAGGTGGTGACRTC</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">51° 30 s y 72° 30 s.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center;">-72°C 10min.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;">ToBRFV-F: GAAGTCCCGATGTCTGTAAGG</td>
								<td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">842 pb (ORF 3- MP) <sup>θ</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">-95° 3 min.</td>
								<td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">Ling et al., 2019</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center;">-32 cycles: 95° 50 s,</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; vertical-align:top;">ToBRFV-R: TGCCTACGGATGTGTATGA</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">53° 50 s y 72° 55 s.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">-72°C 10min.</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>θ Section of the ToBRFV gene amplified, αNested RT-PCR, βminutes, Ωseconds.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>RNA extraction methods were evaluated: PlantRNAeasy miniKit®, following the manufacturer’s instructions; Trizol®, CTAB 2 % and CTAB 2%-Trizol® following the protocol described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Jordon-Thaden <italic>et al</italic>. (2015</xref>) (minor modifications, appendix 1). Plant tissue (pedicels, leaves, and shoots) maceration was performed with liquid nitrogen in a sterile mortar. The amount and quality of the extracted RNA were quantified using a Nanodrop 2000®, and the absorbance measurements 260/280 and 260/230 were recorded.</p>
			<p>Primer evaluation and sensitivity limit. Three replicates of tomato (<italic>S. lycopersicum</italic>), eggplant (<italic>Solanum melongena</italic>), and tomatillo (<italic>Physalis ixocarpa</italic>) seedlings were mechanically inoculated. Inoculations were carried out when the first true leaf (leaflet) emerged and developed. Plants that were not inoculated were also kept, as controls. All plants were maintained in the greenhouse under the previously described conditions. Then, at 30 dpi, when plants showed chlorosis and mosaic symptoms, the total RNA extraction using the previously described CTABTrizol protocol was performed. The quality and quantity of the extracted RNA were verified using a Nanodrop 2000®. The final concentration was adjusted to 300 ng µL-1. Subsequently, serial dilutions of each tRNA extraction were made and adjusted to 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, and 0.0001 ng µL-1. Pairs of specific primers, described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ling <italic>et al</italic>. (2019</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Rodríguez-Mendoza <italic>et al</italic>. (2018</xref>), and reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Dovas <italic>et al.</italic> (2004</xref>), were tested, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>. We employed this protocol as it yielded a higher concentration of nanograms compared to using Trizol and the kit, while also being more cost-effective. The specifications described in the protocols reported for each primer were followed.</p>
			<p>Evaluation of total RNA extraction methods. In our comparison of methodologies, it became evident that tomato and pepper seedlings yielded a notably higher concentration of total RNA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>). Significantly, the CTAB-Trizol protocol exhibited the most pronounced outcome in terms of nanograms per microliter, obtaining the highest concentration (966 ng μL-1). In contrast, the RNA isolation Kit manifested the lowest concentration (29 to 101 ng μL-1) among the evaluated methods (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>Primer evaluation and sensitivity limit. Our findings delineate the varying sensitivity limits of different primer sets in detecting ToBRFV using total RNA extracted from tomato, tomatillo, and eggplant plants (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>). Specifically, the primers devised by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ling <italic>et al</italic>. (2019</xref>) exhibited the capacity to detect the virus down to a concentration of 0.01 ng µL-1 in tomato and tomatillo samples. In contrast, their sensitivity in eggplant RNA samples manifested at a higher concentration of 1 ng µL-1. In parallel, the primers developed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Rodríguez-Mendoza <italic>et al</italic>. (2018</xref>) showcased a detection limit of 0.1 ng µL-1 in tomato and 0.01 ng µL-1 in tomatillo. Irrespective of the primer selection, the sensitivity threshold for virus detection in eggplant samples consistently resided at 1 ng µL-1.</p>
			<p>Notably, an intriguing escalation in sensitivity thresholds was observed for both tomato and tomatillo samples through the employment of the nested RTPCR technique coupled with the primer set elucidated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Dovas <italic>et al.</italic> (2004</xref>). This optimization enabled the identification of an elevated level of sensitivity in detecting ToBRFV 0.0001 ng µL-1 in tomato, 0.001 ng µL-1 in tomatillo, and 1 ng µL-1 in eggplant samples (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). These nuanced distinctions in sensitivity thresholds emphasize the significance of primer selection and nested RT-PCR amplification in optimizing the detection capability of ToBRFV in diverse plant species.</p>
			<p>Several RNA extraction methods have been developed with a central aim: to yield optimal concentrations of high-quality RNA. This is particularly crucial considering that plant tissues often harbor significant amounts of potentially interfering substances such as phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, pigments, and RNases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Wang <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>). Phenolic content within plants is remarkably diverse and subject to fluctuations determined by various factors, including the developmental stage of the plant and its exposure to biotic and abiotic environmental influences. In the context of tomato leaves, the phenol content may exhibit a decline with</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f5">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>The evaluation of total RNA extraction methods involved comparing their effectiveness and yield, as measured by absorbance readings on a Nanodrop 2000® spectrophotometer. Among the methods tested, including Trizol®, CTAB 2%, and CTAB 2%-Trizol®, the CTAB 2%-Trizol® protocol yielded the highest concentration of total RNA, while the RNA isolation Kit produced the lowest concentration. This data was recorded through absorbance measurements at wavelengths of 260/280 and 260/230. The Nanodrop 2000® was used to quantify the extracted RNA’s concentration and assess its quality by these absorbance ratios. The results indicated that the CTAB 2%-Trizol® protocol was particularly effective in extracting high-quality RNA from the plant samples, making it a suitable choice for subsequent molecular analyses.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-41-04-RMEXFIT20235-gf5.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Comparison of Primer References, Plant Sources, and RNA Detection Limits in source of infected plant material.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Reference for Primers</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Source of Infected Plant Material</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Limit of Detected Total RNA Concentration (ng μL<sup>-1</sup>)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;">Rodriguez-Mendoza et al., 2018.</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">Tomato</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.1000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center;">Tomato</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.0100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center;">Tomato</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">1.0000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;">Ling et al., 2019.</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">Tomatillo</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.0100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center;">Tomatillo</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.0100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center;">Tomatillo</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">1.0000</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">Dovas et al., 2004.</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">Eggplatn</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.0001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center;">Eggplatn</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.0010</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">Eggplatn</td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">1.0000</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f6">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Evaluation and sensitivity of PCR primers. 1.5% agarose gels electrophoretic analysis of RT-PCR and Nested RT-PCR products (Ling´s primers expected size 842 pb; Rodríguez-Mendoza´s primers expected size 475 bp and Dovas´s primers expected size 400 pb). (-): sterilized water instead RNA. 100 bp = 100bp DNA Ladder (Invitrogen®). 1Kb= 1000 bp DNA ladder (Promega®). 10-3 and 10-4 = 0.001 and 0.0001 ng µL-1.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-41-04-RMEXFIT20235-gf6.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>the progression of age. However, it’s noteworthy that the composition of various phenolic compounds can exhibit dynamic variations throughout different stages of leaf development (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Dadáková <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>). This intricate interplay between RNA extraction techniques and the complex composition of plant tissues underscores the importance of selecting appropriate methods to ensure reliable and representative RNA samples for downstream analyses.</p>
			<p>Polyphenolic compounds notably engage in intricate interactions, forming intricate molecular aggregates with proteins and nucleic acids. This propensity to create large molecular weight complexes further complicates the extraction process. Concurrently, the presence of polysaccharides compounds the challenge, as they have a tendency to co-precipitate with RNA in the presence of alcohol-based extraction protocols. This phenomenon leads to the persistence of polysaccharide contaminants within the final extracted RNA product, thereby affecting its integrity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Salzman <italic>et al.,</italic> 1999</xref>).</p>
			<p>The effectiveness of the CTAB and Trizol methods transcends their costefficiency. These methods have gained widespread adoption across diverse plant species and tissues, consistently yielding favorable outcomes (Gambino <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008). The commendable quality and purity of RNA, coupled with the expedited and budget-friendly nature of these extraction techniques, render them particularly suitable for virus detection (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Mathioudakis <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>). The CTAB method particularly facilitates rapid RNA extraction from challenging tissues, eliminating the need for hazardous chemicals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Chang <italic>et al.,</italic> 1993</xref>). It is noteworthy that while the Trizol method yields quality RNA extractions, it also concurrently extracts DNA. Employing Trizol in conjunction with CTAB extraction further enhances the quality of total RNA extraction.</p>
			<p>The quality and concentration of extracted RNA wields a profound impact on the precision and reliability of various plant molecular studies, including RT-PCR (Gambino <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008) and gene expression analysis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Toni <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). However, in the context of large-scale detection assays, the selection of an RNA extraction method is further influenced by cost considerations. In this regard, methodologies like CTAB and Trizol emerge as cost-effective alternatives compared to commercially available kits. The versatility and efficacy of the CTAB and Trizol methods extend across diverse plant species and tissues, consistently yielding favorable outcomes (Gambino <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008). These approaches offer dual benefits of attaining high-quality and pure RNA swiftly and economically, rendering them particularly advantageous for expedited virus detection (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Mathioudakis <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>Our findings unequivocally highlight the variability in sensitivity limits exhibited by each pair of primers across different plant species. This phenomenon likely arises due to variations in the expression levels and concentration of the pathogen within different host plants. Interestingly, eggplant displayed consistent sensitivity limits irrespective of the primer set employed. In the case of tomatillo, both Ling’s and Rodríguez-Mendoza’s primers demonstrated equivalent sensitivity limits, while for tomato, Ling’s primers exhibited tenfold greater sensitivity. Notably, Ling’s primers are meticulously designed to target the coat protein region, whereas Rodríguez-Mendoza’s primers detect the RdRp region. A noteworthy observation by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Magaña-Álvarez <italic>et al</italic>. (2021</xref>) underscores the superior performance of coat protein-targeting primers in ToBRFV detection within tomato plants compared to RdRp-targeting primers.</p>
			<p>It has been established that nested PCR, while more time and resource-intensive, offers heightened sensitivity and reliability in comparison to conventional PCR (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Shin <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>). As anticipated, the Dovas primers displayed an impressive sensitivity that was a hundredfold higher in tomato and tenfold higher in tomatillo. Altogether our results show that the optimal detection protocol for ToBRFV, within the scope of these experimental conditions, emerges as the CTAB-Trizol RNA extraction method paired with nested RT-PCR employing the primers delineated by Dovas <italic>et al.</italic> (2004).</p>
			<p>In conclusion, we performed a comprehensive comparison of various molecular protocols for the detection of <italic>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus</italic> (ToBRFV) in Solanaceae hosts. ToBRFV poses a significant threat to tomato production globally, and its early and accurate detection is crucial to mitigate its impact. The study evaluated RNA extraction methods and specific PCR primer pairs for their efficiency in detecting the virus. The CTAB-Trizol RNA extraction protocol combined with nested PCR using primers reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Dovas <italic>et al.</italic> (2004</xref>) was identified as the most sensitive method for ToBRFV detection. Our study underscores the importance of selecting appropriate combinations of extraction and amplification protocols to achieve optimal sensitivity and accuracy in ToBRFV detection. These findings could contribute to enhancing the precision of diagnostic techniques crucial for managing the spread of ToBRFV in agricultural settings.</p>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title><bold>Acknowledgments</bold></title>
				<p>K.A.-P. (CVU:227919), received financial support from CONACyT</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>