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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2023-7</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo de Revisión</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Virus y viroides en jitomate (Solanum lycopersicum) y rizobacterias promotoras de crecimiento vegetal como alternativa de manejo</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Zamora-Macorra</surname>
						<given-names>Erika Janet</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ávila-Alistac</surname>
						<given-names>Norma</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Fortiz</surname>
						<given-names>Erika Lagunes-</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Santos-Villalobos</surname>
						<given-names>Sergio de los</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Preparatoria Agrícola. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Km 38.5, carretera México-Texcoco, Chapingo, Estado de México. C.P. 56230. México </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Departamento de Preparatoria Agrícola</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Chapingo</city>
					<state>Estado de Méxic</state>
					<postal-code>56230</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Fitotecnia. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Km 38.5, carretera México-Texcoco, Chapingo, Estado de México. C.P. 56230. México; </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Chapingo</city>
					<state>Estado de Méxic</state>
					<postal-code>56230</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, Colonia Centro, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora. C.P. 85000. México</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Ciudad Obregón</city>
					<state>Sonora</state>
					<postal-code>85000</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><italic>*</italic></label><bold>
 <italic>Autor de correspondencia</italic>:</bold> Norma Ávila-Alistac <email>alixtac@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>18</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2023</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>41</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT20237</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>12</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>Los virus y viroides causan diversas enfermedades en jitomate (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>) en el mundo, generando pérdidas económicas importantes. Se han asociado alrededor de 312 virus y siete viroides, de los cuales más de 28 están presentes en México. Es necesaria la búsqueda de alternativas de manejo de estos fipatógenos, ya que la clásica eliminación de las primeras sintomáticas genera pérdidas de rendimiento, aunado a ello, la dificultad de evitar su diseminación. Por ello, el uso de rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (RPCV), puede ser una alternativa efectiva para el manejo de virus y viroides. Los géneros <italic>Pseudomonas</italic>, <italic>Bacillus</italic>, <italic>Azospirillum</italic>, <italic>Anabena</italic> y <italic>Stenotrophomonas</italic>, se han implementado contra virus reportados en jitomate: <italic>Cucumber mosaic virus</italic> (CMV), <italic>Tobacco mosaic virus</italic> (TMV), <italic>Tomato chlorotic spot virus</italic> (TCSV), <italic>Tomato mottle virus</italic> (ToMoV), <italic>Tomato spotted wilt virus</italic> (TSWV), <italic>Tomato yellow leaf curl virus</italic> (TYLCV), <italic>Potato virus Y</italic> (PVY), <italic>Groundnut bud necrosis virus</italic> (GBNV), con beneficios en la disminución de incidencia y severidad hasta un 80 % y un aumento de rendimiento superior al 40 %. En México solo se ha utilizado <italic>Bacillus</italic>. Se vislumbra que el uso de RPCV es una estrategía que podría mitigar el impacto de enfermedades virales y viroidales, que se puede integrar a un manejo integrado.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>RSI</kwd>
				<kwd>Solanum lycopersicum</kwd>
				<kwd>RPCV</kwd>
				<kwd>Pseudomonas</kwd>
				<kwd>Bacillus</kwd>
				<kwd>virus.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="140"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>El jitomate (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>), originario del sur de América y actualmente distribuido en el mundo, está adaptado a condiciones tropicales y templadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Hanssen y Lapidot, 2012</xref>). Es una de las hortalizas más cultivadas bajo condiciones de invernadero y a cielo abierto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">Sánchez-del Castillo <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>); además, es uno de los cultivos más rentable y consumido mundialmente. En el 2021, se cosecharon 256 770 677 toneladas (FAO, 2023) en el mundo. En México, la producción de este cultivo es una actividad de importe en el ámbito social y económico por la captación de divisas y generación de empleos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Hernández-Martínez <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>). No obstante, los patógenos y plagas insectiles pueden reducir su rendimiento y calidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">Savary <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Por ejemplo, las enfermedades causadas por virus y viroides generan pérdidas económicas en el cultivo a nivel mundial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">Ling y Zhang, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Antignus <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>). En México, solo se tiene registro de pérdidas de hasta un 80 % de infecciones virales comparando el uso de agribón con el testigo (sin manejo) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">Ramírez-Rojas, 2006</xref>), por lo que es importante tener información precisa del impacto económico de estos patógenos, ya que las detecciones son constantes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>) y son un riesgo latente para la producción nacional. Se ha estimado un impacto económico global mayor a $30 billones de dólares anuales por enfermedades virales en cultivos de importancia económica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">Sastry, 2013</xref>a).</p>
		<p>Tanto los virus como los viroides provocan pérdidas en la producción y calidad de cultivos, por ello, es primordial buscar alternativas de manejo, para que el control sea directo, efectivo y ecológicamente seguro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">Rojas <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Desde hace décadas se han utilizado pesticidas químicos para el control de plagas insectiles y fitopatógenos en la agricultura mundial, con aplicaciones excesivas tanto al cultivo como al suelo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Karthika <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>) generando problemas de resistencia. En el caso particular del control de enfermedades causadas por virus y viroides, el uso de agroquímicos se ha limitado solo al control de insectos vectores; pero en los últimos años, las tácticas de manejo se han encausado en buscar alternativas compatibles con el medio ambiente, flora y fauna.</p>
		<p>Por lo anterior, es importante conocer ampliamente estos agentes infecciosos y su interacción con su hospedante, para obtener mayor conocimiento y proponer alternativas de manejo. En los últimos años se han realizado investigaciones del papel de las Rizobacterias Promotoras de Crecimiento Vegetal (RPCV), para el manejo hongos fitopatógenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Basit <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>); sin embargo, poco se ha incursionado del uso para el manejo de los virus y viroides, esto con el fin de reducir el impacto de agroquímicos para el control de los vectores, ya que, por su naturaleza, el mejor manejo son la implementación variedades resistentes y manejo preventivo. En consecuencia, el objetivo de esta revisión va encausado a conocer las rizobacterias promotoras de crecimiento vegetal para el manejo de virus y viroides causantes de enfermedades en jitomate, así como la tendencia de las investigaciones en este tema en el país.</p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f1">
				<label>Figura 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Estados de la República Mexicana donde se detectaron virus y viroides en jitomate (Ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>).</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-41-04-RMEXFIT20237-gf1.png"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<sec>
			<title>Virus en jitomate</title>
			<p>Los virus son agentes infecciosos (parásitos obligados), constituidos de ácido nucleico (ARN y ADN) y envueltos de proteínas, capaces de replicarse dentro de células vivas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Hancinský <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>), dependientes exclusivamente de la maquinaria celular del hospedante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">Sastry, 2013</xref>b). Estos pueden tener diversas formas como varilla rígida y flexible, bastones rígidos, bacilos, poliédricas, geminadas, entre otros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">ICTV, 2021</xref>).</p>
			<p>En el 2011, se publicaron los 10 principales virus de importancia internacional de acuerdo con la comunidad internacional en virología vegetal. Estos fueron <italic>Tobacco mosaic virus</italic> (TMV), <italic>Tomato spotted wilt virus</italic> (TSWV), <italic>Tomato yellow leaf curl virus</italic> (TYLCV), <italic>Cucumber mosaic virus</italic> (CMV), <italic>Potato virus Y</italic> (PVY), <italic>Cauliflower mosaic virus</italic> (CaMV), <italic>African cassava mosaic virus</italic> (ACMV), <italic>Plum pox virus</italic> (PPV), <italic>Brome mosaic virus</italic> (BMV) y <italic>Potato virus X</italic> (PVX)<italic>;</italic> de los cuales, seis infectan al jitomate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">Scholthof <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). Mundialmente, los principales virus que han causado pérdidas en jitomate, incluyen al <italic>Tomato leaf curl virus</italic> (TYLCV), <italic>Tobacco mosaic virus</italic>, <italic>Beet curly top virus</italic> (BCTV), <italic>Tomato bushy stunt virus</italic> (TBSV) y <italic>Tomato spotted wilt virus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">Sastry, 2013</xref>a). Desde el 2018, el <italic>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus</italic> (TBRFV) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Cambrón-Crisantos <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>) es una amenaza latente por la falta de variedades tolerantes y su distribución en las principales zonas productoras de México.</p>
			<p>El Comité Internacional en Taxonomía de Virus (ICTV) clasificó a los virus dentro de 189 familias, 2,224 géneros y 9,110 especies (https://talk.ictvonline.org/ taxonomy/) (ICTV, 2021). En jitomate se han asociado alrededor de 312 virus (Rivarez <italic>et al</italic>., 2021), de estos más de 28 se han reportado en México (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>). De los virus reportados en México, ToBRFV, TYLCV, TSWV, <italic>Pepino mosaic virus</italic> (PepMV) y <italic>Tomato marchitez virus</italic> (ToMarV) son de mayor importancia en jitomate, por las pérdidas económicas y prevalencia en campo e invernadero (GarcíaEstrada <italic>et al</italic>., 2022).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Principales virus reportados en jitomate (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>) en México y el mundo.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Familia / Género / Especie</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tipo de genoma</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Referencia</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Geminiviridae: Begomovirus</td>
								<td rowspan="2">Bipartita, monopartita circular / ssDNA</td>
								<td rowspan="2">Green et al., 2007; Holguin-Peña et al., 2004; Honguin- Peña et al., 2007; Mauricio-Castillo et al., 2007; CABI,2020; Mauricio-Castillo et al., 2007; Cardenas-Conejo et al., 2010; Avedi et al., 2021; Idris y Brown, 2007; Rojas et al., 2005: Taniguchi et al., 2023; Idris et al., 1999; Lugo et al., 2011; Barajas-Ortizet al., 2013; Zuñiga- Romano et al., 2019</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">*Pepper golden mosaic virus (PepGMV), *Tomato chino La Paz virus (ToChLPV), *Tomato golden mottle virus (ToGMoV), Tomato leaf curl Bangladesh virus (ToLCBV),*Tomato mottle virus (ToMoV), *Tomato severe leaf curl virus (ToSLCV), *Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), Tobacco leaf curl virus (TLCV), Tomato bright yellow mottle virus (TBYMV), Tomato enation leaf curl virus (ToELCV), Tomato common mosaic virus (ToCmMV), Tomato curly stunt virus (ToCSV), Tomato chlorotic leaf distortion virus (ToClLDV), Tomato chlorotic mottle Guyane virus (ToCMoGV), Tomato dwarf leaf virus (ToDLV), Tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV), Tomato golden vein virus (TGVV), Tomato interveinal chlorosis virus (ToICV), Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), Tomato leaf curl Palampur virus (ToLCPalV), Tomato leaf curl purple vein virus (ToLCPVV), Tomato mosaic Havana virus (ToMHaV), Tomato mottle leaf curl virus (TOMLCV), Tomato rugose yellow leaf curl virus (TRYLCV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV), Tomato yellow mosaic virus (ToYMV), Tomato leaf curl virus Arusha virus (ToLCArV), Tomato leaf curl Ghana virus (ToLCGV), *Sinaloa tomato leaf curl virus (SToLCV)¸ *Tomato leaf curl Sinaloa virus (ToLCSinV)¸ Lisianthus enation leaf curl virus (LELCV), *Chino del tomate virus (CdTV), *Pepper huasteco yellow vein virus (PHYVV), *Squash leaf curl virus (SLCV), *Tomato ápex necrosis virus (ToANV)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Potyviridae: Potyvirus</td>
								<td rowspan="2">Monopartita lineal / ssRNA +</td>
								<td rowspan="2">CABI, 2020; Fernandez-Northcote y Fulton, 1980; Li et al., 2012</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">*Tobacco etch virus (TEV), Potato virus Y (PVY), Pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV), Peru tomato mosaic virus (PTMV); *Tomato necrotic stunt virus (ToNSV)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Amalgaviridae: Amalgavirus</td>
								<td rowspan="2">Lineal / dsRNA</td>
								<td rowspan="2">Sabanadzovic et al., 2009</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">*Southern tomato virus (SToV)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Virgoviridae: Tobamovirus</td>
								<td rowspan="2">Monopartita lineal ssRNA +</td>
								<td rowspan="2">CABI, 2020; Cambrón-Crisantos et al., 2019; Zuñiga- Romano et al., 2019</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">*Tobacco mosaic virus (ToMV), *Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), *Tomato mottle mosaic virus (ToMMV), *Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Secoviridae: Nepovirus</td>
								<td rowspan="2">Bipartita lineal / ssRNA +</td>
								<td rowspan="2">CABI, 2020; Perez-Moreno et al., 2004</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">*Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), Tomato black ring virus (TBRV)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Secoviridae: Torradovirus</td>
								<td rowspan="2">Bipartita lineal/ ssRNA +</td>
								<td rowspan="2">CABI, 2020; Verbeeket al., 2008</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">*Tomato torrado virus (ToTV); Tomato marchitez virus (ToMarV), *Tomato chocolate spot virus (ToChSV), Tomato chocolate virus (ToChV)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Tombusviridae: Tombusvirus</td>
								<td rowspan="2">Monopartita lineal / ssRNA +</td>
								<td rowspan="2">CABI, 2020; De laTorre-Almaráz et al., 2004</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">*Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Closteroviridae: Crinivirus</td>
								<td rowspan="2">Bipartita lineal / ssRNA +</td>
								<td rowspan="2">CABI, 2020; Méndez-Lozano et al., 2012</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">*Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), *Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Tospoviridae: Orthotospovirus</td>
								<td rowspan="2">ssRNA +</td>
								<td rowspan="2">CABI, 2020; Nagata y de Ávila, 2000; Suganyadevi et al., 2018; Zuñiga-Romano et al., 2019; Honguin-Peña et al., 2007</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">*Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV), Pepper necrotic spot virus (PNSV), Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV), Tomato necrotic ring virus (TNRV) Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV), *Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Betaflexiviridae: Carlavirus</td>
								<td rowspan="2">Lineal / ssRNA +</td>
								<td rowspan="2">EPPO, 2023</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Alphaflexiviridae: Potexvirus</td>
								<td rowspan="2">Lineal / ssRNA+</td>
								<td rowspan="2">EPPO, 2023; Zuñiga-Romano et al., 2019</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">*Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), Potato virus X (PVX)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Tymoviridae: Tymovirus</td>
								<td rowspan="2">Lineal / ssRNA+</td>
								<td rowspan="2">EPPO, 2023</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">Eggplant mosaic virus (EMV)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Secoviridae: Fabavirus</td>
								<td rowspan="2">Bipartita lineal / ssRNA +</td>
								<td rowspan="2">CABI, 2020</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">Broad bean wilt virus (BBWV)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Bromoviridae: Alfamovirus</td>
								<td rowspan="2">Tripartita lineal/ ssRNA</td>
								<td rowspan="2">De la Torre-Almarázet al., 2003</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">*Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Bromoviridae: Cucumovirus</td>
								<td rowspan="2">Tripartita lineal/ ssRNA +</td>
								<td rowspan="2">EPPO, 2023; Lecoq y Desbiez, 2012; Zuñiga-Romano et al., 2019</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">*Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Peanut stunt virus (PSV), Tomato aspermy virus (TAV)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Bromoviridae: Ilarvirus</td>
								<td rowspan="2">Tripartita lineal/ ssRNA +</td>
								<td rowspan="2">CABI, 2020</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">Tobacco streak virus (TSV), Parietaria mottle virus (PMoV)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Geminiviridae: Curtovirus</td>
								<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Monopartita circular / ssDNA</td>
								<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Chen y Gilbertson, 2016</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Beet curly top virus (BCTV)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>*Virus reportados en México.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>De los principales virus que infectan al jitomate, más de 27 virus pertenecen al género <italic>Begomovirus</italic> (ssDNA) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Hogenhout <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>), y el resto en 18 géneros, donde <italic>Orthotospovirus</italic>, <italic>Potyvirus</italic>, <italic>Tobamovirus</italic> y <italic>Cucumovirus</italic> tienen mayor número de especies después del género <italic>Begomovirus.</italic> En algunos casos, los virus son transmitidos por insectos vectores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>), por ejemplo, los <italic>Potyvirus</italic> son transmitidos por áfidos; los <italic>Orthotospovirus</italic> por thrips (Aphidinae) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Gibbs <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">Sastry, 2013</xref>b), y los <italic>Begomovirus</italic> por mosquitas blancas (<italic>Bemisia tabaci</italic>, <italic>Trialeurodes vaporariorum</italic>) (Hogenhout <italic>et al</italic>., 2008), haciendo más complejo el manejo de estos fitopatógenos.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Principales formas de transmisión de los virus y viroides en jitomate. A) Transmisión por semilla; B) Transmisión mecánica, por uso de herramientas de trabajo, manipulación de las plantas; C) Transmisión por insectos vectores.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-41-04-RMEXFIT20237-gf2.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Por lo general, los síntomas causados por virus son difíciles de identificar por presentarse en mezclas de infecciones virales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">Sastry, 2013</xref>a). Es claro que los síntomas reducen el vigor, calidad y rendimiento de los cultivos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>) (Sastry, 2013b). Las enfermedades causadas por estos fitopatógenos representan un gran desafío para la agricultura, además el cambio climático inminente y las prácticas agrícolas han favorecido brotes de enfermedades y su dispersión a otras áreas no reportadas o presentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Jones y Naidu, 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>Viroides en jitomate</p>
			<p>Los viroides son agentes infecciosos de menor complejidad estructural y genética, constituidos de una cadena circular de ARN desnudo, cerrada covalentemente y de bajo peso molecular (246 a 401 nucleótidos de longitud) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Flores <italic>et al.,</italic> 1998</xref>). Algunos son patogénicos y otros se replican sin generar síntomas en el hospedante (Flores <italic>et al.,</italic> 1998). La mayoría de los viroides conocidos fueron descubiertos por los daños causados en diversos cultivos de importancia económica (Flores y Randles, 2003).</p>
			<p>Actualmente, se han descrito 33 viroides clasificados por el ICTV, agrupados en dos familias, dependiendo de la parte de la célula en la que se replican: Pospiviroidae (28 especies) y Avsunviroidae (cinco especies) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Di Serio y Flores, 2008</xref>). Cada familia está constituida por géneros y éstos por especies que pueden tener numerosas variantes de su secuencia, conocidas como cepas (Flores <italic>et al.</italic>, 1998; 2000). Una vez que ingresan a la célula del hospedante, los Pospiviroidae se mueven hacia el núcleo antes de iniciar su replicación, mientras que los Avsunsoviroidae se replican en los cloroplastos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">Sastry, 2013</xref>b).</p>
			<p>Desde 1988, en diversos países se han detectado enfermedades en jitomate infectadas naturalmente por viroides; todos de la familia Pospiviroidae como <italic>Tomato planta macho viroid</italic> (TPMVd) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Galindo <italic>et al.,</italic> 1982</xref>), <italic>Mexican papita viroid</italic> (MPVd) que podría considerarse variante del TPMVd (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B128">Verhoeven <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>), <italic>Potato spindle tuber viroid</italic> (PSTVd) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">Puchta <italic>et al.,</italic> 1990</xref>), <italic>Tomato apical stunt viroid</italic> (TASVd) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">Walter <italic>et al.,</italic> 1980</xref>; Walter, 1987), <italic>Citrus exocortis viroid</italic> (CEVd) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">Mishra <italic>et al.,</italic> 1991</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Fagoaga y Duran-Vila, 1996</xref>; Verhoeven <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004), <italic>Indian tomato bunchy top viroid</italic> (Mishra <italic>et al.,</italic> 1991) que se considera una cepa del CEVd (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">Singh <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>), <italic>Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid</italic> (TCDVd) (Singh <italic>et al.,</italic> 1999) y <italic>Columnea latent viroid</italic> (CLVd) (Verhoeven <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004). En infecciones artificiales se logró infectar al jitomate con <italic>Chrysanthemum stunt viroid</italic> (CSVd) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Matsushita y Kumar, 2009</xref>) y <italic>Pepper chat fruit viroid</italic> (PCFVd) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>) (Verhoeven <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009).</p>
			<p>Todos los viroides son transmitidos por inoculación mecánica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">Sastry, 2013</xref>b) y por contacto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>); por ejemplo, con herramientas utilizadas en la poda, mediante la ropa, por la manipulación del cultivo y el contacto directo entre</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Síntomas asociados a virus y viroides en jitomate. A y B) Mosaico, reducción foliar, y deformación foliar leve y severa asociado a <italic>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus</italic>; C y D) Achaparramiento, deformación de frutos y coloración púrpura en hojas ocasionados por <italic>Mexican papita viroid</italic>; E) Síntoma de mosaico amarillento asociados a <italic>Pepino mosaic virus</italic>; F) Síntomas de achaparramiento, deformación y mosaico severo asociado a Begomovirus; G y H) Síntomas de anillos concéntricos y ligera deformación en fruto asociado a <italic>Tomato spotted wilt virus</italic>; I) Mosaico en hojas ocasionado por <italic>Tobacco mosaic virus.</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-41-04-RMEXFIT20237-gf3.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Viroides que afectan al jitomate (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>) en el mundo.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Especie</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Detecciones</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Síntomasz</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tipo de transmisión</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Pérdidas e incidencia</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Referencia</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">Tomato planta macho viroid = Mexican papita viroid (TPMVd= MPVd)</td>
								<td>México (1982, 2008 y 2020) Canadá (2008)</td>
								<td>Achaparramiento; clorosis en el ápice, hojas bronceadas o púrpuras, epinastia y deformación severa, reducción en el tamaño y número de frutos y aborto de flores.</td>
								<td>Probable vector Myzus persicae Semilla por polen contaminado</td>
								<td>Provoca pérdidas significativas en el rendimiento. Incidencias del 5 % en el cultivo.</td>
								<td>Galindo et al., 1982, 1986; Ling y Zhang, 2009; Mejorada-Cuellar, 2020; Ling y Bledsoe, 2009; Yanagisawa y Matsushita, 2017; Yanagisawa and Matsushita, 2018; Aviña-Padilla et al., 2018; Matthews-Berry, 2010; Li y Ling, 2012</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)</td>
								<td>Descubierto en 1922 y con distribución mundial pero erradicado en la mayoría de los países. Australia (2011)</td>
								<td>Epinastia, clorosis, coloración violácea con las nervaduras centrales de color verde brillante, deformación y reducción de tamaño, quebradizas y nervaduras centrales necróticas, internudos cortos, con brotes atrofiados y necrosis, aborto flores, frutos pequeños, duros, con manchas verdes oscuras y maduración irregular</td>
								<td>Semilla Vector M. persicae (Transencap- sidación con Potato leaf roll virus)</td>
								<td>Reducción de biomasa del cultivo y el rendimiento hasta un 89 %. Incidencia del 3 % en tomate cherry (S. lycopersicum cv. Perino).</td>
								<td>Owens, 2007; Matthews-Berry, 2010; van Brunschot et al., 2014; Yanagisawa y Matsushita, 2017; Matsushita et al., 2011; Diener, 1987; Singh et al., 2003 NSW Government, 2012; Mackie et al., 2019</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">Tomato apical stunt viroid (TASVd)</td>
								<td>Israel (1999 y 2000), En algunos países de Asia y África, y en varios de Europa.</td>
								<td>Internudos cortos, en hojas deformación, amarillamiento, quebradizas, reducción de tamaño de frutos y descoloridos (rojizo pálido)</td>
								<td/>
								<td>Incidencia de casi 100 %</td>
								<td>Antignus et al., 2002, 2007; CABI, 2018; Matsuura et al., 2010; Nielsen et al., 2012</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd)</td>
								<td>Distribución mundial, principalmente en cítricos</td>
								<td>Clorosis, bronceado y distorsión, reducción del crecimiento.</td>
								<td>Detectado en lotes de semillas comerciales</td>
								<td>No hay reportes</td>
								<td>Mishra et al. 1991; Matthews-Berry, 2010; Verhoeven et al., 2004 Constable et al., 2019</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd)</td>
								<td>Canadá, Estados Unidos, México, Japón, Hawaii (2017)</td>
								<td>Reducción del crecimiento y amarillamiento (clorosis) de brotes, deformación frutos, clorosis que se torna después color bronce, rojizo y/o púrpura, epinastia Muerte de plantas.</td>
								<td>Por polinización activa de abejorros (Bombus terrestris y B. ignites)</td>
								<td>100 % de incidencia en invernaderos</td>
								<td>Matsushita et al., 2008; Singh et al., 1999; Ling y Zhang, 2009; Verhoeven et al., 2004 y 2007; Singh y Teixeria, 2006; Olmedo-Velarde et al., 2018; Nie, 2012; Matthews-Berry, 2010; Antignus et al., 2007; Matsuura et al., 2010; Singh y Dilworth, 2009</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">Columnea latent viroid (CLVd)</td>
								<td>Holanda y Bélgica En 2007 en el Reino Unido y en Francia y en 2011 en Mali.</td>
								<td>Deformación severa, bronceado y quemado en hojas, epinastia, clorosis y necrosis en nervaduras, reducción de tamaño o retraso de desarrollo.</td>
								<td>Detectado en lotes de semillas comerciales</td>
								<td>Mermas en producción en Reino Unido. Incidencia en campo de aproxi- madamente el 1.5%.</td>
								<td>Nixon et al., 2010; Batuman y Gilbertson, 2013; Matthews-Berry, 2010; Steyer et al., 2010; Constable et al., 2019.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; font-style: italic;">Pepper chat fruit viroid (PCFVd)</td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000;">En el 2009 en plantas de pimiento y en 2013 en cargamentos de semillas de tomate</td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Necrosis en hojas jóvenes y necrosis en las nervaduras y peciolos, achaparramiento, reducción del tamaño del fruto.</td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Detectado en lotes de semillas comerciales</td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000;">No hay reportes</td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Verhoeven et al.,2009; Chambers et al., 2013; Constable et al.,2019</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>zLos síntomas descritos que puede ocasionar cada viroide pueden expresarse en conjunto o por separado en una planta infectada.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>plantas cercanas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Hammond, 2017</xref>). En otros casos, también se transmiten por semillas, propagación vegetativa, injertos, polen e insectos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127">Verhoeven <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>). La eficiencia de los viroides en ser transmitidos o no por semilla varía entre especies vegetales y viroidales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Flores <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">Singh <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Chung y Choi, 2008</xref>). Las infecciones de viroides en cultivos comerciales de jitomate han sido ligadas a la importación de semillas y de plantas ornamentales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Batuman y Gilbertson, 2013</xref>; Van Brunschot <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014; Verhoeven <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012). Por la diversidad de especies de viroides, incluyendo algunas endémicas y la presencia de infecciones mixtas en jitomate, México representa un centro de origen de viroides (Aviña-Padilla <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022).</p>
			<p>Los síntomas inducidos por los viroides en el jitomate dependen de la especie del viroide, el cultivar, la temperatura y la luz. La respuesta de las plantas está influenciada además por el silenciamiento del ARN, el cual juega un papel importante en el desarrollo de los síntomas, combinado con elementos estructurales de los viroides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Di Serio <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Flores <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). La variabilidad de los síntomas es provocada por las diferentes formas de expresión génica. Además, la infección por viroides puede o no inducir síntomas, pero por lo general inducen clorosis, bronceado, distorsión de hojas, achaparramiento, aclaramiento y decoloración de venas, malformación de flores, frutos, reducción del rendimiento y fruta no comercial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> C y D) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">Singh <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>; Kovalskaya y Hammond, 2014).</p>
			<p>Manejo de enfermedades causadas por virus y viroides</p>
			<p>Existe una tendencia mundial hacia el consumo de productos libres de plaguicidas. Independientemente del sistema agrícola y fitopatógeno, es idóneo tener un enfoque de Manejo Integrado de Plagas (MIP) que incluya medidas antes, durante y después del crecimiento del cultivo. Como primera instancia se recomienda el uso de cultivares resistentes a virus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">Rojas <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>) y el saneamiento cultural, como prácticas de manejo de enfermedades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Karthika <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>El control efectivo de los virus y viroides incluye la detección temprana (diagnóstico), erradicación y métodos de control cultural (Kovalskaya y Hammond, 2014). La realización de medidas de control adecuadas permitirá evitar o aminorar la severidad de virus y/o viroides en plantas. Por lo que, el diagnóstico para la identificación del virus será importante para implementar estrategias de manejo. Las técnicas de diagnóstico pueden ser ELISA, inmunocromatografía o tira reactiva, hibridación de ácidos nucleicos, reacción en cadena polimerasa (PCR) y secuenciadores de siguiente generación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">González-Garza, 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>Dada la importancia que tienen las enfermedades de índole viral y viroidal, se ha buscado otras alternativas, como el uso de microorganismos benéficos para proteger el cultivo y mejorar el crecimiento y productividad vegetal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">Sofy <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Como se mencionó con anterioridad, se ha implementado el uso de variedades tolerantes como parte del manejo de virus y/o viroides; sin embargo, en los últimos años ha tomado importancia en temas relacionados a la inducción de las defensas naturales en las plantas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">Ryals <italic>et al</italic>., 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Kloepper <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>). La demanda de productos biológicos para el control de plagas y enfermedades, así como el uso de las moléculas inductoras (elicitores) que son capaces de desencadenar respuestas de defensa en las plantas van en aumento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">Nasir <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). Para ello, se debe considerar que la magnitud y efectividad de la respuesta inducida dependerá del tipo de molécula, de la señal o su capacidad para inducir una señalización secundaria dentro del tejido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Eder y Cosio, 1994</xref>).</p>
			<p>Por naturaleza, las plantas poseen la capacidad de defenderse de los fitopatógenos a través de la producción de sustancias que impiden o disminuyen el daño causado por los microorganismos. Esta respuesta se desencadena por el reconocimiento planta-patógeno, después de una infección local, donde las plantas activan respuestas de defensa de manera sistémica para incrementar la magnitud y la velocidad de respuesta contra el patógeno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Delgado-Oramas, 2020</xref>). La resistencia inducida es un estado en donde las plantas incrementan sus defensas contra el ataque de fitopatógenos y se desencadenan mediante el estímulo de inductores químicos y/o biológicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Choudhary <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>). De manera general, la resistencia inducida puede funcionar para el control de un amplio espectro de fitopatógenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Kloepper, 1993</xref>). Se conocen dos tipos de resistencia inducida por patógenos en plantas: Resistencia Sistémica Inducida (RSI) y la Resistencia Sistémica Adquirida (RSA) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Camarena-Gutiérrez y Torre-Almaráz, 2007</xref>).</p>
			<p>Resistencia Sistémica Inducida (RSI). La activación de la RSI requiere la señalización del ácido salicílico (AS), ácido jasmónico (AJ) y el etileno (ET) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Beneduzi <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">Pieterse <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), cuyos productos transducen coordinadamente los estímulos extracelulares que son reconocidos por receptores de la célula del hospedante a un gran número de moléculas blanco que integran las respuestas intracelulares específicas al estímulo externo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B133">Walters, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Delgado-Oramas, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Jankiewicz y Koltonowicz, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Choi <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). La RSI se ha observado en diversas especies vegetales en reacciones de defensa contra hongos, bacterias y virus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Camarena-Gutiérrez y de la Torre-Almaráz, 2007</xref>).</p>
			<p>Vías de señalización mediadas por ET, AJ, AS y su interacción. Las vías de señalización mediadas por AS, AJ y ET no funcionan de manera independiente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">Maldonado-Cruz <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Derksen <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). A través de una cascada de señales de proteínas quinasas activadas por mitógenos (Mitogen-activated protein kinase-MAPKs) ocurre la activación de los genes insensitivos a etileno 1, 2 y 3 (<italic>EIN1, EIN2</italic> y <italic>EIN3</italic>) que regulan la expresión génica en respuesta a patógenos y heridas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">Zhu <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). En un estudio en mostaza (<italic>Sinapis alba</italic>) se demostró que el etileno, en interacción con la ruta de la oxidasa alternativa mitocondrial (AOX), induce resistencia sistémica al <italic>Turnip mosaic virus</italic> (TuMV), debido a la posible limitación de la infección sistémica del virus y su acumulación en la planta (Zhu <italic>et al</italic>., 2011).</p>
			<p>La señalización por jasmonatos resulta esencial para la expresión de genes de defensa en plantas contra las plagas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Garnica <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). El gen de la proteína insensible a la coronatina (<italic>COI1</italic>) actúa como regulador central de la vía de señalización del AJ, ya que al unirse con el Jasmonil-Isoleucina (JA-Ile) promueve la liberación del factor de transcripción MYC2 y la transcripción de genes de respuesta a jasmonatos (Garnica <italic>et al</italic>., 2012). Se tiene evidencia de que la expresión del gen COI1y del gen <italic>N</italic> en la interacción tabaco-TMV confiere resistencia al TMV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Liu <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>).</p>
			<p>El ácido salicílico (SA) es una molécula de señalización clave en la transducción de señales intracelulares que además de contribuir a la liberación de H2O2 y oxígeno activo derivado de éste, puede inducir la expresión de genes relacionados con la defensa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121">Shirasu <italic>et al</italic>., 1997</xref>).</p>
			<p>Respuesta Sistémica Inducida en jitomate contra virus fitopatógenos mediada por RPCV. La necesidad de garantizar calidad y altos rendimientos de los cultivos (con bajo impacto ambiental) ha permitido el surgimiento de diferentes insumos formulados con microorganismos, dentro de ellos se puede encontrar el uso de Rizobacterias Promotoras del Crecimiento Vegetal (RPCV) (González <italic>et al</italic>., 2018; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Canchignia <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). La RSI es potenciada por estos microorganismos, las cuales son bacterias saprofitas que viven libremente en la rizósfera; al colonizar el sistema radicular de las plantas aportan mediante secreciones, vitaminas, hormonas y otros factores de crecimiento que contribuyen a mejorar el crecimiento y la productividad de las plantas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B133">Walters, 2009</xref>). Lo interesante es su uso de las RPCV en follaje y semillas observando diferentes beneficios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadro 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Cuadro 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Especies de rizobacterias promotoras de crecimiento vegetal usadas para manejo de virus en jitomate.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Virus</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">RPCV</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Resultado obtenido</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Referencia</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="5" style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)</td>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">Pseudomonas fluorescens, Serratia marcescens</td>
								<td>Disminuyó el área bajo la curva del progreso de la enfermedad en plantas enfermas tratadas.</td>
								<td>Raupach et al., 1996</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (IN937a), B. subtilus (IN937b), B. pumilus (SE34)</td>
								<td>Reducción de síntomas de 38 a 58% con RPCV, comparado con 88 a 98% sin RPCV.</td>
								<td>Zehnder et al., 2000, 2001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">B. pumilus (SE34), B. amyloliquefaciens (IN937a), B. subtilus (IN937b), B. pumilus (INR7, T4)</td>
								<td>Porcentaje de infección de 27.5 (SE34) al 85% (T4), comparado con el testigo (87.5%). Favoreció el crecimiento de plantas y las protegió contra el virus.</td>
								<td>Murphy et al., 2003</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">Azospirillum lipoferum (MRB16), A. brasilienses (SP7), A. brasilienses (N040), Anabena oryzae</td>
								<td>Las plantas infectadas y tratadas incrementaron hasta 48 % su rendimiento en invernadero y 40% en campo.</td>
								<td>Dashti et al., 2007</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">P. aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas rhizophilia</td>
								<td>Promovió el crecimiento vegetativo y rendimiento. Se previno la infección del 91 % de las plantas.</td>
								<td>Dashti et al., 2012</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="4" style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)</td>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">Pseudomonas spp. (B-25)</td>
								<td>Promovió el rendimiento y crecimiento de plantas. Disminuyó la incidencia del virus en plantas.</td>
								<td>Kirankumar et al., 2008</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">Bacillus spp.</td>
								<td>Favoreció el desarrollo de raíces en plantas de tabaco infectadas.</td>
								<td>Wang et al., 2009; Choi et al., 2014</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (TBorg1)</td>
								<td>Reducción del 90% de acumulación del virus. Incrementó el total de carbohidratos solubles, proteínas y ácido ascórbico.</td>
								<td>Abdelkhalek et al., 2022</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">P. fluorescens SM90 y B. subtilis DR06</td>
								<td>Incremento de genes relacionados con defensa NPR1, COI1 Y PR1-a, fomenta crecimiento en plantas infectadas con el virus</td>
								<td>Sharaf et al., 2023</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="3" style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV)</td>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">B. amyloliquefaciens (IN937a)</td>
								<td rowspan="3">Redujo la severidad en campo y fue el tratamiento que mejor controló la enfermedad.</td>
								<td rowspan="3">Abdalla et al., 2017</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">B. pumilus (SE34) + B. amyloliquefaciens (IN937a)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">B. pumilus (SE34) + B.sphaericus (SE56) + B. amyloliquefaciens (IN937a)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="4" style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Tomato mottle virus (ToMoV)</td>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">B. amyloliquefaciens (IN 937a)</td>
								<td rowspan="3">Redujo en 30 % la incidencia del virus en plantas.</td>
								<td rowspan="4">Murphy et al., 2000; Zehnder et al., 2001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">B. subtilis (IN 937b)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">B. pumilus (SE34)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000;"> </td>
								<td>Redujo el desarrollo de síntomas y la incidencia.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="4" style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)</td>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">P. fluorescens (CHA0)</td>
								<td rowspan="3">Aumentó el rendimiento y crecimiento de plantas infectadas y tratadas. Redujo la carga viral.</td>
								<td rowspan="3">Kandan et al. 2005; 2002 Beris et al., 2018</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">P. fluorescens (CHA0 + CoT-1)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic;">P. fluorescens (CHA0 + CoT-1 + CoP-1)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">B. amyloliquefaciens (MBI600)</td>
								<td>Redujo la incidencia del virus en 80 %.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)</td>
								<td style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Enterobacter asburiae (BQ9)</td>
								<td>Redujo la severidad en 52 %, de plantas tratadas e infectadas.</td>
								<td>Li et al., 2016</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Potato virus Y</td>
								<td style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (strain MBI600)</td>
								<td>Reducción de acumulación sistémica de virus</td>
								<td>Beris et al., 2018</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; font-style: italic;">Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV)</td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; font-style: italic;">Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (VB7)</td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Reducción de síntomas de alrededor del 84 %</td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Vanthana et al., 2019</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Formas de aplicación y mecanismos de acción de rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (RPCV) usadas para proteger al jitomate de infecciones virales.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-41-04-RMEXFIT20237-gf4.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>La mayoría de las bacterias que se han reportado como RPCV pertenecen a los géneros <italic>Pseudomonas</italic> y <italic>Bacillus</italic>, pero también se han reportado otras bacterias pertenecientes a los géneros: <italic>Aeromonas, Agrobacterium, Arthrobacter, Alcaligenes, Azospirillum, Azoarcus, Azotobacter, Burkholderia, Bradyrhizobium, Comamonas, Cyanobacteria, Enterobacter, Gluconacetobacter, Pizobielonas Serratia, Variovorax, Streptomyces</italic> y <italic>Xanthomonas</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B130">Vessey, 2003</xref>).</p>
			<p>Existen estudios sobre el uso de RPCV empleados como inoculantes microbianos para proteger las plantas de jitomate contra infecciones virales en donde, adicionalmente, se registró un incremento del rendimiento del cultivo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadro 3</xref>); como ejemplo, en México, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">Samaniego <italic>et al</italic>. (2017</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Hernández-Santiago <italic>et al.</italic> (2020</xref>) reportan que la aplicación de <italic>Bacillus</italic> en plantas de jitomate infectadas, además de observar un incremento en la altura y peso de las plantas tratadas, se generó resistencia sistémica inducida. En los últimos años la investigación sobre la RSI mediante los RPCV contra virus de relevancia económica (20 virus) en diversos cultivos ha tomado mayor importancia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">Sofy <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>); sin embargo, a pesar de las investigaciones para contrarrestar los virus, aún son escazas las investigaciones, principalmente para el caso de los viroides. Los trabajos se han encauzado principalmente en cultivos de <italic>Musa</italic> spp., <italic>Vigna unguiculata</italic>, <italic>V. mungo</italic>, <italic>Vicia faba</italic>, <italic>Momordica charantia</italic>, <italic>Cucumis sativus</italic>, <italic>Citrullus lanatus</italic>, <italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>, <italic>S</italic>. <italic>tuberosum</italic>, <italic>Capsicum annuum</italic>, <italic>Nicotiana tabacum</italic>, <italic>N. tabacum</italic> cv. <italic>Xanthi</italic>-nc, <italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</italic>, <italic>Chenopodium quinoa</italic>, <italic>Helianthus annuus</italic>, <italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</italic>, <italic>Datura metel</italic> y <italic>Cucurbita maxima</italic> (Sofy <italic>et al</italic>., 2019).</p>
			<p>Existen otros microorganismos, como los hongos endófitos (<italic>Trichoderma</italic> spp.), que también son inductores de resistencia en plantas, e inclusive se venden como biocontroladores de hongos fitopatógenos por compañías en México, para ser aplicados en diversos cultivos. Sin embargo, el uso de estos microorganismos y su efecto en plantas infectadas por virus y viroides ha sido poco estudiado. No obstante, algunas especies de hongos rizosféricos y endófitos parecen tener un efecto favorecedor como promotores vegetales del crecimiento en plantas de jitomate infectadas por virus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">Ramos-Villanueva <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusiones</title>
			<p>Las enfermedades causadas por virus y viroides afectan el rendimiento y calidad del jitomate, y otros cultivos de importancia económica en el mundo. En México, se tiene registro de más de 28 virus (en su mayoría del género Begomovirus); no obstante, son limitadas las investigaciones de rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal en jitomate como inductores de resistencia contra estos patógenos o incluso para mejorar la sanidad del cultivo. Solo se ha reportado el uso de <italic>B. subtilis</italic> para el control del <italic>Tobacco mosaic virus</italic> en jitomate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">Samaniego <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Hernández-Santiago <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). En el mundo, las RPCV <italic>Pseudomonas, Serratia, Bacillus, Azospirillum, Anabena, Enterobacter,</italic> y <italic>Stenotropomona</italic> han sido evaluadas con ocho especies de virus presentes en jitomate, con énfasis en <italic>Cucumber mosaic virus.</italic> Sin embargo, es necesario fortalecer este tipo de investigaciones por la importancia del cultivo en México. Las RPCV ha demostrado efectos potenciales por la reducción de incidencia y severidad hasta un 80 %. Así mismo, se ha registrado un rendimiento hasta un 48 % más, en comparación con plantas sin aplicación de RPCV. Las RPCV es una alternativa promisoria para integrar en un manejo integrado de infecciones virales o viroidales. Adicionalmente es compatible con el ambiente, seguro y efectivo experimentalmente para el control de una diversidad de virus.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Viruses and viroids in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as a management alternative</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p> </p>
				<p>Viruses and viroids cause several diseases in tomato (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>) worldwide, generating important economic losses. About 312 viruses and seven viroids have been associated, of which more than 28 are present in Mexico. Therefore, the use of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) can be an effective alternative for the management of viruses and viroids. The genera <italic>Pseudomonas</italic>, <italic>Bacillus</italic>, <italic>Azospirillum</italic>, <italic>Anabena</italic> and <italic>Stenotrophomonas</italic> have been implemented against main viruses reported in tomato: <italic>Cucumber mosaic virus</italic> (CMV), <italic>Tobacco mosaic virus</italic> (TMV), <italic>Tomato chlorotic spot virus</italic> (TCSV), <italic>Tomato mottle virus</italic> (ToMoV), <italic>Tomato spotted wilt virus</italic> (TSWV), <italic>Tomato yellow leaf curl virus</italic> (TYLCV), <italic>Potato virus Y</italic> (PVY), <italic>Groundnut bud necrosis virus</italic> (GBNV), with benefits in decreased incidence and severity up to 80 % and yield increase over 40 %. In Mexico, only <italic>Bacillus</italic> has been used. The use of PGPR is a strategy that could mitigate the impact of viral and viroid diseases and can be integrated into integrated management.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>ISR</kwd>
				<kwd>Solanum lycopersicum</kwd>
				<kwd>PGPR</kwd>
				<kwd>Pseudomonas</kwd>
				<kwd>Bacillus¸viruses.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>The tomato (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>), native to South America and currently distributed worldwide, is adapted to tropical and temperate conditions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Hanssen and Lapidot, 2012</xref>). It is one of the most cultivated vegetables in both greenhouse and open-field settings (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">Sánchez-del Castillo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>). Additionally, it stands as one of the most lucrative and globally consumed crops. In 2021, the global harvest reached 256,770,677 tons (FAO, 2023). In Mexico, the cultivation of tomatoes holds significant social and economic importance due to foreign exchange earnings and job generation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Hernández-Martínez <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>). However, pathogens and insect pests can compromise its yield and quality (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">Savary <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). For instance, diseases caused by viruses and viroids result in economic losses worldwide (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">Ling and Zhang, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Antignus <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>). In Mexico, there are only records of losses of up to 80% of viral infections comparing the use of agribon with the control (without management) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">Ramírez-Rojas, 2006</xref>), so it is important to have accurate information on the economic impact of these pathogens, since detections are constant (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>) and are a latent risk for national production. A global economic impact exceeding $30 billion annually has been estimated for viral diseases affecting economically significant crops (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">Sastry, 2013</xref>a).</p>
			<p>Both viruses and viroids can lead to losses in crop production and quality. Therefore, it is crucial to explore management alternatives that ensure direct, effective, and ecologically safe control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">Rojas <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). For decades, chemical pesticides have been employed globally in agriculture to control insect pests and</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f5">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>States of the Mexican Republic where viruses and viroids were detected in tomato (See <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-41-04-RMEXFIT20237-gf5.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>phytopathogens, often applied excessively to both crops and soil, resulting in resistance issues (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Karthika <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Specifically, in the control of diseases caused by viruses and viroids, the use of agrochemicals has been limited to the control of vector insects. However, in recent years, management strategies have shifted towards seeking environmentally friendly alternatives compatible with the surrounding flora and fauna.</p>
			<p>Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of these infectious agents and their interaction with hosts is essential to gain knowledge and propose effective management alternatives. While research has been conducted in recent years on the role of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) in managing phytopathogenic fungi (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Basit <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>), little exploration has been done regarding their use in managing viruses and viroids. This exploration aims to reduce the impact of agrochemicals on vector control since, by nature, the best management involves implementing resistant varieties and preventive measures. As a result, the objective of this review is to explore the potential of PGPR for managing viruses and viroids causing diseases in tomatoes, along with examining the current research trends in this field within the country.</p>
			<p>Viruses in tomato</p>
			<p>Viruses are infectious agents (obligate parasites) composed of nucleic acid (RNA and DNA) enveloped in proteins, capable of replicating within living cells (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Hancinský <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). They are exclusively dependent on the host cell’s machinery for replication (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">Sastry, 2013</xref>b). Viruses can exhibit various shapes such as rigid and flexible rods, rigid rods, bacilli, polyhedra, geminate, among others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">ICTV, 2021</xref>).</p>
			<p>In 2011, the ten most significant viruses of international importance were identified by the global plant virology community. These included <italic>Tobacco mosaic virus</italic> (TMV), <italic>Tomato spotted wilt virus</italic> (TSWV), <italic>Tomato yellow leaf curl virus</italic> (TYLCV), <italic>Cucumber mosaic virus</italic> (CMV), <italic>Potato virus Y</italic> (PVY), <italic>Cauliflower mosaic virus</italic> (CaMV), <italic>African cassava mosaic virus</italic> (ACMV), <italic>Plum pox virus</italic> (PPV), <italic>Brome mosaic virus</italic> (BMV), and <italic>Potato virus X</italic> (PVX). Notably, six of these viruses infect tomatoes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">Scholthof <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). Worldwide, the key viruses causing losses in tomato cultivation comprise <italic>Tomato leaf curl virus</italic> (TYLCV), <italic>Tobacco mosaic virus</italic>, <italic>Beet curly top virus</italic> (BCTV), <italic>Tomato bushy stunt virus</italic> (TBSV), and <italic>Tomato spotted wilt virus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">Sastry, 2013</xref>a). Since 2018, the emergence of <italic>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus</italic> (TBRFV) poses a latent threat due to the lack of tolerant varieties and its distribution in major production areas in Mexico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Cambrón-Crisantos <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
			<sec>
				<title>The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) has classified</title>
				<p>viruses into 189 families, 2,224 genera, and 9,110 species (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://talk.ictvonline/">https://talk.ictvonline</ext-link>. org/taxonomy/) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">ICTV, 2021</xref>). In tomatoes, approximately 312 viruses have been reported (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">Rivarez <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>), with more than 28 of them documented in Mexico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>). Among the viruses reported in Mexico, ToBRFV, TYLCV, TSWV, <italic>Pepino mosaic virus</italic> (PepMV), and <italic>Tomato wilt virus</italic> (ToMarV) are of greater significance in tomatoes due to their economic impact and prevalence in both field and greenhouse conditions (García-Estrada <italic>et al</italic>., 2022).</p>
				<p>Among the primary viruses affecting tomatoes, over 28 viruses belong to the Begomovirus genus (ssDNA) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Hogenhout <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>), while the remaining viruses fall into 18 genera. Notably, <italic>Orthotospovirus</italic>, <italic>Potyvirus</italic>, <italic>Tobamovirus</italic>, and</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Main viruses reported in tomato (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>) in Mexico and the world.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Familia / Género / Especie</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tipo de genoma</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Referencia</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Geminiviridae: Begomovirus</td>
									<td rowspan="2">Bipartita, monopartita circular / ssDNA</td>
									<td rowspan="2">Green et al., 2007; Holguin-Peña et al., 2004; Honguin- Peña et al., 2007; Mauricio-Castillo et al., 2007; CABI,2020; Mauricio-Castillo et al., 2007; Cardenas-Conejo et al., 2010; Avedi et al., 2021; Idris y Brown, 2007; Rojas et al., 2005: Taniguchi et al., 2023; Idris et al., 1999; Lugo et al., 2011; Barajas-Ortizet al., 2013; Zuñiga- Romano et al., 2019</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">*Pepper golden mosaic virus (PepGMV), *Tomato chino La Paz virus (ToChLPV), *Tomato golden mottle virus (ToGMoV), Tomato leaf curl Bangladesh virus (ToLCBV),*Tomato mottle virus (ToMoV), *Tomato severe leaf curl virus (ToSLCV), *Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), Tobacco leaf curl virus (TLCV), Tomato bright yellow mottle virus (TBYMV), Tomato enation leaf curl virus (ToELCV), Tomato common mosaic virus (ToCmMV), Tomato curly stunt virus (ToCSV), Tomato chlorotic leaf distortion virus (ToClLDV), Tomato chlorotic mottle Guyane virus (ToCMoGV), Tomato dwarf leaf virus (ToDLV), Tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV), Tomato golden vein virus (TGVV), Tomato interveinal chlorosis virus (ToICV), Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), Tomato leaf curl Palampur virus (ToLCPalV), Tomato leaf curl purple vein virus (ToLCPVV), Tomato mosaic Havana virus (ToMHaV), Tomato mottle leaf curl virus (TOMLCV), Tomato rugose yellow leaf curl virus (TRYLCV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV), Tomato yellow mosaic virus (ToYMV), Tomato leaf curl virus Arusha virus (ToLCArV), Tomato leaf curl Ghana virus (ToLCGV), *Sinaloa tomato leaf curl virus (SToLCV)¸ *Tomato leaf curl Sinaloa virus (ToLCSinV)¸ Lisianthus enation leaf curl virus (LELCV), *Chino del tomate virus (CdTV), *Pepper huasteco yellow vein virus (PHYVV), *Squash leaf curl virus (SLCV), *Tomato ápex necrosis virus (ToANV)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Potyviridae: Potyvirus</td>
									<td rowspan="2">Monopartita lineal / ssRNA +</td>
									<td rowspan="2">CABI, 2020; Fernandez-Northcote y Fulton, 1980; Li et al., 2012</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">*Tobacco etch virus (TEV), Potato virus Y (PVY), Pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV), Peru tomato mosaic virus (PTMV); *Tomato necrotic stunt virus (ToNSV)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Amalgaviridae: Amalgavirus</td>
									<td rowspan="2">Lineal / dsRNA</td>
									<td rowspan="2">Sabanadzovic et al., 2009</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">*Southern tomato virus (SToV)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Virgoviridae: Tobamovirus</td>
									<td rowspan="2">Monopartita lineal ssRNA +</td>
									<td rowspan="2">CABI, 2020; Cambrón-Crisantos et al., 2019; Zuñiga- Romano et al., 2019</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">*Tobacco mosaic virus (ToMV), *Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), *Tomato mottle mosaic virus (ToMMV), *Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Secoviridae: Nepovirus</td>
									<td rowspan="2">Bipartita lineal / ssRNA +</td>
									<td rowspan="2">CABI, 2020; Perez-Moreno et al., 2004</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">*Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), Tomato black ring virus (TBRV)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Secoviridae: Torradovirus</td>
									<td rowspan="2">Bipartita lineal/ ssRNA +</td>
									<td rowspan="2">CABI, 2020; Verbeeket al., 2008</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">*Tomato torrado virus (ToTV); Tomato marchitez virus (ToMarV), *Tomato chocolate spot virus (ToChSV), Tomato chocolate virus (ToChV)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Tombusviridae: Tombusvirus</td>
									<td rowspan="2">Monopartita lineal / ssRNA +</td>
									<td rowspan="2">CABI, 2020; De laTorre-Almaráz et al., 2004</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">*Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Closteroviridae: Crinivirus</td>
									<td rowspan="2">Bipartita lineal / ssRNA +</td>
									<td rowspan="2">CABI, 2020; Méndez-Lozano et al., 2012</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">*Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), *Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Tospoviridae: Orthotospovirus</td>
									<td rowspan="2">ssRNA +</td>
									<td rowspan="2">CABI, 2020; Nagata y de Ávila, 2000; Suganyadevi et al., 2018; Zuñiga-Romano et al., 2019; Honguin-Peña et al., 2007</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">*Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV), Pepper necrotic spot virus (PNSV), Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV), Tomato necrotic ring virus (TNRV) Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV), *Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Betaflexiviridae: Carlavirus</td>
									<td rowspan="2">Lineal / ssRNA +</td>
									<td rowspan="2">EPPO, 2023</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Alphaflexiviridae: Potexvirus</td>
									<td rowspan="2">Lineal / ssRNA+</td>
									<td rowspan="2">EPPO, 2023; Zuñiga-Romano et al., 2019</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">*Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), Potato virus X (PVX)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Tymoviridae: Tymovirus</td>
									<td rowspan="2">Lineal / ssRNA+</td>
									<td rowspan="2">EPPO, 2023</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">Eggplant mosaic virus (EMV)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Secoviridae: Fabavirus</td>
									<td rowspan="2">Bipartita lineal / ssRNA +</td>
									<td rowspan="2">CABI, 2020</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">Broad bean wilt virus (BBWV)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Bromoviridae: Alfamovirus</td>
									<td rowspan="2">Tripartita lineal/ ssRNA</td>
									<td rowspan="2">De la Torre-Almarázet al., 2003</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">*Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Bromoviridae: Cucumovirus</td>
									<td rowspan="2">Tripartita lineal/ ssRNA +</td>
									<td rowspan="2">EPPO, 2023; Lecoq y Desbiez, 2012; Zuñiga-Romano et al., 2019</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">*Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Peanut stunt virus (PSV), Tomato aspermy virus (TAV)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Bromoviridae: Ilarvirus</td>
									<td rowspan="2">Tripartita lineal/ ssRNA +</td>
									<td rowspan="2">CABI, 2020</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">Tobacco streak virus (TSV), Parietaria mottle virus (PMoV)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Geminiviridae: Curtovirus</td>
									<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Monopartita circular / ssDNA</td>
									<td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Chen y Gilbertson, 2016</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Beet curly top virus (BCTV)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>*Viruses reported in Mexico.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><italic>Cucumovirus</italic> exhibit a higher number of species following the <italic>Begomovirus</italic> genus. In some instances, viruses are transmitted by insect vectors (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>); for instance, Potyviruses are transmitted by aphids, Orthotospoviruses by thrips (Aphidinae) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Gibbs <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">Sastry, 2013</xref>b), and Begomoviruses by whiteflies (<italic>Bemisia tabaci</italic>, <italic>Trialeurodes vaporariorum</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Hogenhout <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>). This vector-mediated transmission adds complexity to the management of these phytopathogens.</p>
				<p>Typically, symptoms induced by viruses are challenging to identify due to their occurrence in mixed viral infections (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">Sastry, 2013</xref>a). It is evident that these symptoms diminish the vigor, quality, and yield of crops (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>) (Sastry, 2013b).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Main forms of transmission of viruses and viroids in tomato. A) Transmission by seed; B) Mechanical transmission, due to the use of work tools, manipulation of plants; C) Transmission by insect vectors.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-41-04-RMEXFIT20237-gf6.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Symptoms associated with viruses and viroids in tomatoes. A and B) Mosaic, leaf reduction, and mild to severe leaf distortion associated with <italic>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus</italic>; C and D) Stunting, fruit deformation, and purple discoloration in leaves caused by <italic>Mexican papita viroid</italic>; E) Yellow mosaic symptom associated with <italic>Pepino mosaic virus</italic>; F) Symptoms of stunting, deformation, and severe mosaic associated with Begomovirus; G and H) Symptoms of concentric rings and slight fruit deformation associated with Tomato spotted wilt virus; I) Mosaic in leaves caused by <italic>Tobacco mosaic virus</italic>.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-41-04-RMEXFIT20237-gf7.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Diseases caused by these phytopathogens pose a significant challenge to agriculture. Moreover, imminent climate change and agricultural practices have favored outbreaks of diseases, leading to their spread to unreported or previously unaffected areas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Jones and Naidu, 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>Viroids in tomato</p>
				<p>Viroids are infectious agents with lower structural and genetic complexity, consisting of a covalently closed circular RNA strand of low molecular weight (246 to 401 nucleotides in length) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Flores <italic>et al</italic>., 1998</xref>). Some are pathogenic, while others replicate without inducing symptoms in the host (Flores <italic>et al</italic>., 1998). Most viroids were initially discovered due to the damage they caused in various economically important crops (Flores and Randles, 2003).</p>
				<p>The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) has classified 33 viroids into two families based on the cellular location of replication: Pospiviroidae (28 species) and Avsunviroidae (five species) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Di Serio and Flores, 2008</xref>). Each family consists of genera, and these genera comprise species with numerous sequence variants known as strains (Flores et al., 1998; 2000). Upon entering the host cell, Pospiviroidae move to the nucleus before initiating replication, whereas Avsunsoviroidae replicate in the chloroplasts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">Sastry, 2013</xref>b).</p>
				<p>Since 1988, diseases naturally infected by viroids have been detected in several countries; all of the family Pospiviroidae, such as <italic>Tomato planta macho viroid</italic> (TPMVd) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Galindo <italic>et al.,</italic> 1982</xref>), <italic>Mexican papita viroid</italic> (MPVd) which could be considered as a variant of the TPMVd (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B128">Verhoeven <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>), <italic>Potato spindle tuber viroid</italic> (PSTVd) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">Puchta <italic>et al.,</italic> 1990</xref>), <italic>Tomato apical stunt viroid</italic> (TASVd) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">Walter <italic>et al.,</italic> 1980</xref>; Walter, 1987), <italic>Citrus exocortis viroid</italic> (CEVd) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">Mishra <italic>et al.,</italic> 1991</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Fagoaga y Duran-Vila, 1996</xref>; Verhoeven <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004), <italic>Indian tomato bunchy top viroid</italic> (Mishra <italic>et al.,</italic> 1991) which is considered a CEVd strain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">Singh <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>), <italic>Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid</italic> (TCDVd) (Singh <italic>et al.,</italic> 1999), and <italic>Columnea latent viroid</italic> (CLVd) (Verhoeven <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004). In artificial infections, the tomato was successfully infected with <italic>Chrysanthemum stunt viroid</italic> (CSVd) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">Matsushita y Kumar, 2009</xref>) and <italic>Pepper chat fruit viroid</italic> (PCFVd) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>) (Verhoeven <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009).</p>
				<p>All viroids are transmitted through mechanical inoculation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">Sastry, 2013</xref>b) and by contact (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>); for instance, through tools used in pruning, via clothing, through crop manipulation, and direct contact between nearby plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Hammond, 2017</xref>). In other cases, transmission occurs through seeds, vegetative propagation, grafting, pollen, and insects (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127">Verhoeven <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>). The efficiency of viroids in being transmitted through seeds varies among plant and viroid species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Flores <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">Singh <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Chung and Choi, 2008</xref>). Viroid infections</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Viroids that affect tomato (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>) in the world.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Especie</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Detecciones</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Síntomasz</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tipo de transmisión</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Pérdidas e incidencia</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Referencia</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">Tomato planta macho viroid = Mexican papita viroid (TPMVd= MPVd)</td>
									<td>México (1982, 2008 y 2020) Canadá (2008)</td>
									<td>Achaparramiento; clorosis en el ápice, hojas bronceadas o púrpuras, epinastia y deformación severa, reducción en el tamaño y número de frutos y aborto de flores.</td>
									<td>Probable vector Myzus persicae Semilla por polen contaminado</td>
									<td>Provoca pérdidas significativas en el rendimiento. Incidencias del 5 % en el cultivo.</td>
									<td>Galindo et al., 1982, 1986; Ling y Zhang, 2009; Mejorada-Cuellar, 2020; Ling y Bledsoe, 2009; Yanagisawa y Matsushita, 2017; Yanagisawa and Matsushita, 2018; Aviña-Padilla et al., 2018; Matthews-Berry, 2010; Li y Ling, 2012</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd)</td>
									<td>Descubierto en 1922 y con distribución mundial pero erradicado en la mayoría de los países. Australia (2011)</td>
									<td>Epinastia, clorosis, coloración violácea con las nervaduras centrales de color verde brillante, deformación y reducción de tamaño, quebradizas y nervaduras centrales necróticas, internudos cortos, con brotes atrofiados y necrosis, aborto flores, frutos pequeños, duros, con manchas verdes oscuras y maduración irregular</td>
									<td>Semilla Vector M. persicae (Transencap- sidación con Potato leaf roll virus)</td>
									<td>Reducción de biomasa del cultivo y el rendimiento hasta un 89 %. Incidencia del 3 % en tomate cherry (S. lycopersicum cv. Perino).</td>
									<td>Owens, 2007; Matthews-Berry, 2010; van Brunschot et al., 2014; Yanagisawa y Matsushita, 2017; Matsushita et al., 2011; Diener, 1987; Singh et al., 2003 NSW Government, 2012; Mackie et al., 2019</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">Tomato apical stunt viroid (TASVd)</td>
									<td>Israel (1999 y 2000), En algunos países de Asia y África, y en varios de Europa.</td>
									<td>Internudos cortos, en hojas deformación, amarillamiento, quebradizas, reducción de tamaño de frutos y descoloridos (rojizo pálido)</td>
									<td/>
									<td>Incidencia de casi 100 %</td>
									<td>Antignus et al., 2002, 2007; CABI, 2018; Matsuura et al., 2010; Nielsen et al., 2012</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd)</td>
									<td>Distribución mundial, principalmente en cítricos</td>
									<td>Clorosis, bronceado y distorsión, reducción del crecimiento.</td>
									<td>Detectado en lotes de semillas comerciales</td>
									<td>No hay reportes</td>
									<td>Mishra et al. 1991; Matthews-Berry, 2010; Verhoeven et al., 2004 Constable et al., 2019</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd)</td>
									<td>Canadá, Estados Unidos, México, Japón, Hawaii (2017)</td>
									<td>Reducción del crecimiento y amarillamiento (clorosis) de brotes, deformación frutos, clorosis que se torna después color bronce, rojizo y/o púrpura, epinastia Muerte de plantas.</td>
									<td>Por polinización activa de abejorros (Bombus terrestris y B. ignites)</td>
									<td>100 % de incidencia en invernaderos</td>
									<td>Matsushita et al., 2008; Singh et al., 1999; Ling y Zhang, 2009; Verhoeven et al., 2004 y 2007; Singh y Teixeria, 2006; Olmedo-Velarde et al., 2018; Nie, 2012; Matthews-Berry, 2010; Antignus et al., 2007; Matsuura et al., 2010; Singh y Dilworth, 2009</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">Columnea latent viroid (CLVd)</td>
									<td>Holanda y Bélgica En 2007 en el Reino Unido y en Francia y en 2011 en Mali.</td>
									<td>Deformación severa, bronceado y quemado en hojas, epinastia, clorosis y necrosis en nervaduras, reducción de tamaño o retraso de desarrollo.</td>
									<td>Detectado en lotes de semillas comerciales</td>
									<td>Mermas en producción en Reino Unido. Incidencia en campo de aproxi- madamente el 1.5%.</td>
									<td>Nixon et al., 2010; Batuman y Gilbertson, 2013; Matthews-Berry, 2010; Steyer et al., 2010; Constable et al., 2019.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; font-style: italic;">Pepper chat fruit viroid (PCFVd)</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000;">En el 2009 en plantas de pimiento y en 2013 en cargamentos de semillas de tomate</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Necrosis en hojas jóvenes y necrosis en las nervaduras y peciolos, achaparramiento, reducción del tamaño del fruto.</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Detectado en lotes de semillas comerciales</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000;">No hay reportes</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Verhoeven et al.,2009; Chambers et al., 2013; Constable et al.,2019</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>zThe described symptoms that each viroid can cause can be expressed together or separately in an infected plant.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>in commercial tomato crops have been linked to the importation of seeds and ornamental plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Batuman and Gilbertson, 2013</xref>; Van Brunschot <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014; Verhoeven <italic>et al</italic>., 2012). Due to the diversity of viroid species, including some endemic ones, and the presence of mixed infections in tomatoes, Mexico represents a center of origin for viroids (Aviña-Padilla <italic>et al</italic>., 2022).</p>
				<p>Symptoms induced by viroids in tomatoes depend on the viroid species, cultivar, temperature, and light conditions. Plant responses are additionally influenced by RNA silencing, which plays a significant role in symptom development, combined with structural elements of viroids (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Di Serio <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Flores <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). The variability in symptoms is caused by different forms of gene expression. Moreover, viroid infections may or may not induce symptoms, but they generally lead to chlorosis, bronzing, leaf distortion, stunting, vein clearing, and discoloration, as well as malformation of flowers and fruits, reduced yield, and non-commercial fruit (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref> C and D) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">Singh <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>; Kovalskaya and Hammond, 2014).</p>
				<p>Management of diseases caused by viruses and viroids</p>
				<p>There is a global trend towards the consumption of pesticide-free products. Regardless of the agricultural system and phytopathogen, it is ideal to adopt an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach that includes measures before, during, and after crop growth. As a first step, the use of virus-resistant cultivars is recommended (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">Rojas <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), along with cultural sanitation practices as disease management measures (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Karthika <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>The effective control of viruses and viroids involves early detection (diagnosis), eradication, and cultural control methods (Kovalskaya and Hammond, 2014).</p>
				<p>Implementing appropriate control measures will help prevent or reduce the severity of viruses and/or viroids in plants. Therefore, diagnosis for virus identification is crucial for implementing management strategies. Diagnostic techniques may include ELISA, immunochromatography or strip tests, nucleic acid hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and next-generation sequencers (GonzálezGarza, 2017).</p>
				<p>Given the significance of viral and viroidal diseases, alternative approaches have been sought, such as the use of beneficial microorganisms to protect the crop and enhance plant growth and productivity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">Sofy <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>As mentioned earlier, the use of tolerant varieties has been implemented as part of the management virus and/or viroidal variety; however, in recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on issues related to the induction of natural defenses in plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">Ryals <italic>et al</italic>., 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Kloepper <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>). The demand for biological products for pest and disease control, along with the use of inducing molecules (elicitors) capable of triggering defense responses in plants, is on the rise (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">Nasir <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). It should be noted that the magnitude and effectiveness of the induced response will depend on the type of molecule, the signal, or its ability to induce secondary signaling within the tissue (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Eder and Cosio, 1994</xref>).</p>
				<p>By nature, plants possess the ability to defend themselves against phytopathogens through the production of substances that prevent or reduce damage caused by microorganisms. This response is triggered by plant-pathogen recognition after a local infection, where plants activate defense responses systemically to increase the magnitude and speed of the response against the pathogen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Delgado-Oramas, 2020</xref>). Induced resistance is a state where plants enhance their defenses against phytopathogen attacks and are triggered by the stimulation of chemical and/or biological inducers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Choudhary <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>). In general, induced resistance can function for the control of a broad spectrum of phytopathogens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Kloepper, 1993</xref>). Two types of pathogen-induced resistance are known in plants: Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) and Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Camarena-Gutiérrez and Torre-Almaráz, 2007</xref>).</p>
				<p>Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR). The activation of ISR requires the signaling of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Beneduzi <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">Pieterse <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>). These products coordinately transduce extracellular stimuli recognized by host cell receptors into a large number of target molecules that integrate specific intracellular responses to external stimuli (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B133">Walters, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Delgado-Oramas, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Jankiewicz and Koltonowicz, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Choi <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). ISR has been observed in various plant species as part of defense reactions against fungi, bacteria, and viruses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Camarena-Gutiérrez and de la Torre-Almaráz, 2007</xref>).</p>
				<p>Signaling pathways mediated by ET, AJ, AS and their interaction. The signaling pathways mediated by SA, JA, and ET do not operate independently (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">Maldonado-Cruz <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Derksen <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Through a cascade of signals from mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), the activation of ethyleneinsensitive genes 1, 2, and 3 (EIN1, EIN2, and EIN3) occurs, regulating gene expression in response to pathogens and injuries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">Zhu <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). In a study on mustard (Sinapis alba), it was demonstrated that ethylene, in interaction with the mitochondrial alternative oxidase pathway (AOX), induces systemic resistance to Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). This is attributed to the potential limitation of the virus’s systemic infection and its accumulation in the plant (Zhu <italic>et al</italic>., 2011).</p>
				<p>Jasmonate signaling plays a crucial role in the induction of defense genes in plants against pests (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Garnica <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). The gene for coronatine-insensitive protein (COI1) serves as a central regulator in the JA signaling pathway. Upon binding with Jasmonoyl-Isoleucine (JA-Ile), it facilitates the release of the transcription factor MYC2, leading to the transcription of genes responsive to jasmonates (Garnica <italic>et al</italic>., 2012). Evidence suggests that the expression of the COI1 gene and the N gene in the tobacco-TMV interaction imparts resistance to TMV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Liu <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>).</p>
				<p>Salicylic acid (SA) is a pivotal signaling molecule in intracellular signal transduction. In addition to contributing to the release of H2O2 and its active oxygen derivatives, it can induce the expression of genes related to defense (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121">Shirasu <italic>et al</italic>., 1997</xref>).</p>
				<p>Induced Systemic Response in tomato against phytopathogenic viruses mediated by PGPR. The need to ensure crop quality and high yields with low environmental impact has led to the emergence of different inputs formulated with microorganisms, among which the use of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) can be highlighted (González <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Canchignia <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). These microorganisms enhance Systemic Resistance Induction (SRI) and are saprophytic bacteria that live freely in the rhizosphere. By colonizing the plant root system, they contribute through secretions, vitamins, hormones, and other growth factors that help improve plant growth and productivity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B133">Walters, 2009</xref>). What is interesting is their use of the CVRs on foliage and seeds, observing different benefits (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
				<p>Most bacteria reported as Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) belong to the genera <italic>Pseudomonas</italic> and <italic>Bacillus</italic>. Additionally, bacteria from the following genera have been reported: <italic>Aeromonas</italic>, <italic>Agrobacterium</italic>, <italic>Arthrobacter</italic>, <italic>Alcaligenes</italic>, <italic>Azospirillum</italic>, <italic>Azoarcus</italic>, <italic>Azotobacter</italic>, <italic>Burkholderia</italic>, <italic>Bradyrhizobium</italic>, <italic>Comamonas</italic>, <italic>Cyanobacteria</italic>, <italic>Enterobacter</italic>, <italic>Gluconacetobacter</italic>, <italic>Pizobielonas</italic>, <italic>Serratia</italic>, <italic>Variovorax</italic>, <italic>Streptomyces</italic>, and <italic>Xanthomonas</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B130">Vessey, 2003</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria species used for virus management in tomato.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Virus</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">RPCV</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Resultado obtenido</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Referencia</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="5" style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)</td>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">Pseudomonas fluorescens, Serratia marcescens</td>
									<td>Disminuyó el área bajo la curva del progreso de la enfermedad en plantas enfermas tratadas.</td>
									<td>Raupach et al., 1996</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (IN937a), B. subtilus (IN937b), B. pumilus (SE34)</td>
									<td>Reducción de síntomas de 38 a 58% con RPCV, comparado con 88 a 98% sin RPCV.</td>
									<td>Zehnder et al., 2000, 2001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">B. pumilus (SE34), B. amyloliquefaciens (IN937a), B. subtilus (IN937b), B. pumilus (INR7, T4)</td>
									<td>Porcentaje de infección de 27.5 (SE34) al 85% (T4), comparado con el testigo (87.5%). Favoreció el crecimiento de plantas y las protegió contra el virus.</td>
									<td>Murphy et al., 2003</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">Azospirillum lipoferum (MRB16), A. brasilienses (SP7), A. brasilienses (N040), Anabena oryzae</td>
									<td>Las plantas infectadas y tratadas incrementaron hasta 48 % su rendimiento en invernadero y 40% en campo.</td>
									<td>Dashti et al., 2007</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">P. aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas rhizophilia</td>
									<td>Promovió el crecimiento vegetativo y rendimiento. Se previno la infección del 91 % de las plantas.</td>
									<td>Dashti et al., 2012</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="4" style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)</td>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">Pseudomonas spp. (B-25)</td>
									<td>Promovió el rendimiento y crecimiento de plantas. Disminuyó la incidencia del virus en plantas.</td>
									<td>Kirankumar et al., 2008</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">Bacillus spp.</td>
									<td>Favoreció el desarrollo de raíces en plantas de tabaco infectadas.</td>
									<td>Wang et al., 2009; Choi et al., 2014</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (TBorg1)</td>
									<td>Reducción del 90% de acumulación del virus. Incrementó el total de carbohidratos solubles, proteínas y ácido ascórbico.</td>
									<td>Abdelkhalek et al., 2022</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">P. fluorescens SM90 y B. subtilis DR06</td>
									<td>Incremento de genes relacionados con defensa NPR1, COI1 Y PR1-a, fomenta crecimiento en plantas infectadas con el virus</td>
									<td>Sharaf et al., 2023</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3" style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV)</td>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">B. amyloliquefaciens (IN937a)</td>
									<td rowspan="3">Redujo la severidad en campo y fue el tratamiento que mejor controló la enfermedad.</td>
									<td rowspan="3">Abdalla et al., 2017</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">B. pumilus (SE34) + B. amyloliquefaciens (IN937a)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">B. pumilus (SE34) + B.sphaericus (SE56) + B. amyloliquefaciens (IN937a)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="4" style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Tomato mottle virus (ToMoV)</td>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">B. amyloliquefaciens (IN 937a)</td>
									<td rowspan="3">Redujo en 30 % la incidencia del virus en plantas.</td>
									<td rowspan="4">Murphy et al., 2000; Zehnder et al., 2001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">B. subtilis (IN 937b)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">B. pumilus (SE34)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000;"> </td>
									<td>Redujo el desarrollo de síntomas y la incidencia.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="4" style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)</td>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">P. fluorescens (CHA0)</td>
									<td rowspan="3">Aumentó el rendimiento y crecimiento de plantas infectadas y tratadas. Redujo la carga viral.</td>
									<td rowspan="3">Kandan et al. 2005; 2002 Beris et al., 2018</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">P. fluorescens (CHA0 + CoT-1)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic;">P. fluorescens (CHA0 + CoT-1 + CoP-1)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">B. amyloliquefaciens (MBI600)</td>
									<td>Redujo la incidencia del virus en 80 %.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)</td>
									<td style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Enterobacter asburiae (BQ9)</td>
									<td>Redujo la severidad en 52 %, de plantas tratadas e infectadas.</td>
									<td>Li et al., 2016</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Potato virus Y</td>
									<td style="font-style: italic; border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (strain MBI600)</td>
									<td>Reducción de acumulación sistémica de virus</td>
									<td>Beris et al., 2018</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; font-style: italic;">Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV)</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; font-style: italic;">Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (VB7)</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Reducción de síntomas de alrededor del 84 %</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Vanthana et al., 2019</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Forms of application and mechanisms of action of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) used to protect tomatoes from viral infections.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-41-04-RMEXFIT20237-gf8.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>There are studies on the use of PGPR employed as microbial inoculants to protect tomato plants against viral infections, where, additionally, an increase in crop yield was recorded (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>). For instance, in Mexico, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">Samaniego <italic>et al</italic>. (2017</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Hernández-Santiago <italic>et al</italic>. (2020</xref>) reported that the application of <italic>Bacillus</italic> to infected tomato plants not only led to an increase in plant height and weight but also induced systemic resistance. In recent years, research on Systemic Resistance Induction (SRI) using PGPR against economically relevant viruses (20 viruses) in various crops has gained significance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">Sofy <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). However, despite efforts to counteract viruses, research remains scarce, particularly in the case of viroids. The work has mainly focused on crops such as <italic>Musa</italic> spp., <italic>Vigna unguiculata</italic>, <italic>V. mungo</italic>, <italic>Vicia faba</italic>, <italic>Momordica charantia</italic>, <italic>Cucumis sativus</italic>, <italic>Citrullus lanatus</italic>, <italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>, <italic>S. tuberosum</italic>, <italic>Capsicum annuum</italic>, <italic>Nicotiana tabacum</italic>, <italic>N. tabacum</italic> cv. <italic>Xanthi</italic>-nc, <italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</italic>, <italic>Chenopodium quinoa</italic>, <italic>Helianthus annuus</italic>, <italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</italic>, <italic>Datura metel</italic>, and <italic>Cucurbita maxima</italic> (Sofy <italic>et al</italic>., 2019).</p>
				<p>There are other microorganisms, such as endophytic fungi (<italic>Trichoderma</italic> spp.), which are also resistance inducers in plants, and they are even sold as biocontrollers of phytopathogenic fungi by companies in Mexico, to be applied to various crops. However, the use of these microorganisms and their effect on infected plants by viruses and viroids has been shallowly studied. Nevertheless, some species of rhizosphere and endophytic fungi seem to have a favorable effect as plant growth promoters in virus-infected tomato plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">Ramos-Villanueva <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusions</title>
				<p>Diseases caused by viruses and viroids impact the yield and quality of tomatoes, as well as other economically significant crops worldwide. In Mexico, there are records of over 28 viruses, mostly belonging to the Begomovirus genus. However, research on Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) in tomatoes as inducers of resistance against these pathogens or to enhance crop health is limited. The use of <italic>B. subtilis</italic> has been reported for controlling <italic>Tobacco mosaic virus</italic> in tomatoes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">Samaniego <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Hernández-Santiago <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Globally, PGPR such as <italic>Pseudomonas</italic>, <italic>Serratia</italic>, <italic>Bacillus</italic>, <italic>Azospirillum</italic>, <italic>Anabena</italic>, <italic>Enterobacter</italic>, and <italic>Stenotropomona</italic> have been evaluated against nine virus species in tomatoes, with a focus on <italic>Cucumber mosaic virus</italic>. Nevertheless, it is essential to strengthen such research due to the significance of tomato cultivation in Mexico. Promisingly, PGPR has demonstrated effects in reducing incidence and severity by up to 80%. Additionally, a yield increase of up to 48% has been recorded compared to plants without PGPR application. Therefore, the use of growth promoting microorganisms are a promising alternative for integration into an integrated management of viral infections, given its compatibility with the environment and experimentally effective for the control of a variety of viruses.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>