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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2303-1</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Nota Fitopatológica</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Efecto bioestimulante de cepas nativas de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> en la germinación de cuatro variedades de albahaca</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Hollman-Aragón,</surname>
						<given-names>Juanita Guadalupe</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Romero-Bastidas</surname>
						<given-names>Mirella</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Arce-Amezquita,</surname>
						<given-names>Pablo Misael</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Palacios-Espinosa,</surname>
						<given-names>Alejandro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original"> Departamento Académico de Agronomía, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Carretera al Sur, km 5.5, La Paz, B.C.S. Apartado Postal 19-B, México.</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur</institution>
					<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><italic>*</italic></label><bold>
 <italic>Autor de correspondencia</italic>:</bold> Mirella Romero-Bastidas <email>miromero@uabcs.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>04</day>
				<month>10</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Apr</season>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>42</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT2303-1</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>09</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivos/antecedentes. </title>
					<p><italic>Trichoderma</italic> es una herramienta eficiente como bioestimulante en cultivo de albahaca. Sin embargo, solo algunas especies han sido estudiadas sobre cultivares específicos. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la eficacia bioestimulante de cepas nativas de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sobre la germinación y crecimiento de cuatro variedades de albahaca.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales y Métodos. </title>
					<p>En el estudio se utilizaron seis especies de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> (<italic>T. asperellum, atroviride, viride, longibrachiatum, harzianum, koningii</italic> y <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp.), una cepa de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> comercial (<italic>T. harzianum</italic>), fertilizante sintético (T17) y el control. 30 semillas de las variedades Purple Ruffles, Lemon, Siam Queen y Nufar fueron tratadas con una suspensión de esporas de cada <italic>Trichoderma</italic>. 48 h después, las semillas se sembraron e incubaron a 28 °C con un fotoperiodo de 12 h luz/oscuridad. Las variables a evaluar fueron; Tasa y porcentaje de germinación, biomasa y longitud de plántulas.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados. </title>
					<p><italic>T. atroviride</italic> presentó el mayor efecto bioestimulante en germinación. Mientras que <italic>T. asperellum</italic> registró una eficacia incrementada en biomasa y longitud de la planta en las cuatro variedades. La acción del T. comercial fue menor en todos los casos.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión. </title>
					<p>Este estudio demuestra que las cepas nativas de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> poseen efecto bioestimulante en las plantas y presentan mayor eficacia que las especies de tipo comercial.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Antagonista</kwd>
				<kwd>in vitro</kwd>
				<kwd>crecimiento vegetativo.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="42"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec>
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p>La albahaca (<italic>Ocimum basilicum</italic>) pertenece a la familia de las Lamiaceas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Prinsi <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>). Actualmente se considera un cultivo de gran importancia económica a nivel mundial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Trettel <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Se espera que el consumo de hojas de albahaca incremente de 57 a 62 millones de dólares entre el 2021 y 2026 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Absolute Reports, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Sipos <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>). Generalmente, se cultiva en las regiones mediterráneas de Europa, así como en Asia, África y áreas tropicales y subtropicales de América (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Baczek <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>). En México, Baja California Sur, es el estado productor de mayor importancia, al presentar una superficie de siembra de 389.00 ha con una producción de 3,103.42 t y un valor cercano a 49 231.22 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">SIAP, 2019</xref>). El valor comercial se debe a sus propiedades farmacéuticas, culinarias y medicinales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Vieira <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>), las cuales dependen de la producción de aceites esenciales como el linalol, epi-α-cadinol, α-bergamoteno, γ-cadineno, germacreno-D y alcanfor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hussain <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>). La germinación es la etapa crucial del ciclo vegetal, ya que depende de factores intrínsecos (Madurez, viabilidad y latencia) y extrínsecos (Temperatura, sustrato, intensidad lumínica y humedad), los cuales limitan o promueven el establecimiento de la plántula sobre un sustrato (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bécquer <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). El uso de tratamientos pregerminativos permite acelerar y homogenizar la germinación, entre los cuales se cuentan la escarificación mecánica, térmica y química, la deshidratación, la imbibición, y los reguladores de crecimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hernández <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). En este contexto, el uso de microorganismos con propiedades bioestimulantes, se considera un elemento importante como parte de una estrategia agrícola sostenible (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Fiorentino <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). </p>
			<p>Actualmente el hongo <italic>Trichoderma,</italic> ha llamado la atención en la agricultura no solo como biocontrolador de microorganismos fitopatógenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Hernández-Melchor <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>), sino también como bioestimulante vegetativo, debido a su capacidad de colonizar de una manera acelerada las raíces, incrementar la biomasa de la planta y estimular la exudación de importantes fitohormonas como el ácido indolacético (AIA) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Acurio y España, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bader <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Además, diversos estudios han reportado su efecto positivo en la mejora de la germinación y viabilidad de las semillas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Ty´skiewicz <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). Las propiedades bioestimulates son atribuidas principalmente a especies como <italic>T. atroviride, T. asperellum</italic>, <italic>T. viride</italic>, y <italic>T. harzianum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Losada y Moreno, 2021</xref>). Sin embargo, se ha confirmado que no todas las cepas han mostrado el efecto deseado, debido a baja capacidad de adaptación a las áreas de aplicación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Savin-Molina, 2021</xref>). Al respecto, algunas investigaciones han sugerido incrementar el uso de cepas nativas aisladas de la misma región de los sistemas de producción de interés (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Cubillos <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Martínez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>). De esta manera se garantiza una mayor eficacia en su acción, al poseer mayor habilidad metabólica que las hace eficientes productoras de celulasas y quitinasas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Wang <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Además, la producción de sustancias asociadas a fitohormonas se ve incrementada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Illescas <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficacia de cepas de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> nativas de zonas áridas como bioestimulante en la germinación y crecimiento del cultivo de albahaca.</p>
			<p>Durante el 2022, se realizó una investigación en el Laboratorio de Fitopatología de la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur (UABCS), en el municipio de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México (24°06′03″N 110°18′54″O). Las variedades de albahaca utilizadas fueron: Purple Rufles, Lemon, Siam Queen y Nufar. Las semillas fueron proporcionadas por el Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR) y del proveedor de semillas Vis Seed Co. Las cepas de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> nativas evaluadas fueron <italic>T. asperellum, T. atroviride, T. viride, T. longibrachiatum, T. harzianum, T. koningii, Trichoderma</italic> sp. y una cepa comercial de la especie <italic>harzianum.</italic> Dichas cepas fueron obtenidas del cepario del laboratorio de Fitopatología del Departamento Académico de Agronomía, aisladas previamente de la rizósfera de plantas desérticas de la región e identificadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Savin-Molina <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>). Estas fueron, reactivadas y purificadas en medio Agar Dextrosa y Papa (PDA) (BD BIOXON) e incubadas a 28 °C en oscuridad constante. Una suspensión de conidios en cada especie de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> fue realizada mediante el raspado de esporas a partir de cepas puras de siete días de crecimiento. La concentración de esporas correspondiente a cada cepa se contabilizó mediante el uso de la cámara de Neubauer (SUPE®IOR/GERMANY) y dicha solución acuosa fue empleada para el tratamiento de las semillas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Singh <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>). 30 semillas de albahaca, correspondiente a cada variedad fueron depositadas en tubos eppendorf estériles de 1.5 mL, donde se les agregó 1 mL de la suspensión de esporas de cada <italic>Trichoderma</italic> a una concentración de 6 x 108 esporas mL-1. Como grupos control se incluyó un tratamiento a base de fertilizante sintético (T17) (1g L-1 agua) y otro solo con agua destilada estéril. Las semillas tratadas se dejaron reposar por 48 h y enseguida se extrajeron y sembraron en cámaras húmedas consistentes en cajas Petri estériles de 8 cm de diámetro a las que se le colocaron papel filtro estéril (Watman No. 4). Las cajas fueron dispuestas al azar en una cámara de germinación convencional con un fotoperiodo de 12 horas luz/oscuridad a una temperatura de 28 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Verma <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>). Para determinar el efecto bioestimulante de las cepas de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sobre las semillas de albahaca, se realizaron conteos de la germinación cada 24 h durante 15 días después de la siembra (dds). Las variables a evaluar fueron la tasa de germinación, mediante el registro del número de semillas germinadas a través del tiempo, así como el porcentaje de germinación a los 15 dds, siguiendo la fórmula propuesta por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Mukhtar (2008</xref>): germinación (%) = No. de semillas germinadas/total de semillas evaluadas por 100. Una vez evaluada la germinación, se determinaron las variables morfométricas asociadas a la longitud de raíz y tallo, así como la biomasa fresca y seca en las plántulas de albahaca. Para determinar la longitud se utilizó una regla común y la medición se realizó a partir del epicótilo hasta el meristemo apical del tallo o raíz. La biomasa fresca de las plántulas se obtuvo mediante el uso de una balanza analítica (OHAUS). Posteriormente, éstas se depositaron en bolsas de papel y se colocaron en un horno de secado (BLUE M) a una temperatura de 60 °C durante 24 h. Trascurrido ese tiempo se obtuvo el peso seco de las mismas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Nieto-Garibay <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>). El experimento se realizó bajo un diseño completo al azar, con 10 tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento para cada variedad, donde cada unidad experimental constó de una caja Petri con 30 semillas de albahaca. El modelo matemático utilizado fue el siguiente:</p>
			<mml:math>
				<mml:mrow>
					<mml:msub>
						<mml:mi>y</mml:mi>
						<mml:mrow>
							<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
						</mml:mrow>
					</mml:msub>
					<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
					<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
					<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
					<mml:msub>
						<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
					</mml:msub>
					<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
					<mml:msub>
						<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
						<mml:mrow>
							<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
						</mml:mrow>
					</mml:msub>
				</mml:mrow>
			</mml:math>
			<p>Donde, <italic>yij</italic> es la respuesta de la variable morfométrica bajo el i-ésimo tratamiento, en la j-ésima repetición; </p>
			<p>m es la media general del experimento; </p>
			<p>t<italic>i</italic> es el efecto del i-ésimo tratamiento; </p>
			<p>e<italic>ij</italic> es el error experimental </p>
			<p>Para el análisis estadístico de la tasa y porcentaje de germinación se realizó una regresión logística binaria. Mientras que para las variables morfométricas se utilizó un ANOVA y en su caso, una prueba de comparación múltiple de medias de Tukey. Los análisis fueron realizados con el paquete estadístico Minitab 19, con un nivel de confiabilidad del 95 %.</p>
			<p>Los datos obtenidos registraron una respuesta diferencial en las cepas de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> evaluadas. A partir del día dos, las cepas correspondientes a <italic>T. longibrachiatum</italic> y <italic>T</italic>. comercial presentaron una acción inhibitoria en las semillas de albahaca al registrar en las cuatro variedades, un menor porcentaje de germinación a través del tiempo comparado con el control agua, donde la germinación fue mayor al 30%. Así mismo, se registró que las cepas de <italic>T. atroviride</italic> y <italic>T. koningii</italic> generaron el mayor efecto bioestimulante en las cuatro variedades de albahaca, al incrementar el porcentaje de germinación. El resto de los tratamientos, provocaron un efecto variable en cada cultivar, donde las semillas de la variedad Siam Queen, a partir del día tres, generó una germinación mayor al 40 %, seguido de la variedad Lemon (≥20 %) y Nufar (≥30 %), donde hasta el día cuatro y cinco incrementaron la respuesta al 50 %. Mientras que la acción en la variedad Purple Rufles, fue retardada al presentar una germinación mayor al 50 % hasta el día nueve. Al final de los 15 días de evaluación, la cepa de <italic>T. atroviride</italic> mostró diferencias significativas respecto al resto de los tratamientos al incitar el mayor porcentaje de germinación en las variedades Purples Ruffles (94 %) y Nufar (96 %), los cuales fueron iguales estadísticamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). En la variedad Siam Queen, no hubo diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos, lo cual muestra que las diferentes especies de <italic>Trichoderma</italic>, aunque no estimularon la germinación de las semillas en esta variedad, tampoco</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Acción bioestimulante de <italic>Trichodermas</italic> nativas en el porcentaje de semillas germinadas de cuatro variedades de albahaca.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-01-RMEXFIT2303-1-gf1.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>la inhibieron al reportar resultados iguales al control. En la variedad Lemon, el único tratamiento que fue significativamente diferente fue <italic>Trichoderma harzianum</italic> del producto comercial el cual tuvo una respuesta menor (28 %). Mientras que los tratamientos que obtuvieron el porcentaje mayor fueron el fertilizante (79 %) y <italic>T. viride</italic> (77 %).</p>
			<p>Las variables morfométricas en Var. Purple Ruffles, registraron que en biomasa fresca de tallo, las cepas de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> nativas no presentaron acción bioestimulante, donde <italic>T. asperellum, T. viride</italic> y <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp. no mostraron diferencias significativas respecto al control, pero si respecto a <italic>T. harzianum, T. koningii</italic> y <italic>T. longibrachiatum,</italic> donde éstos tres últimos disminuyeron la biomasa, seguido del comercial, el fertilizante sintético y <italic>T. atroviride</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). En la biomasa de raíz, todas las cepas mostraron diferencias significativas, donde <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp. provocó el mayor incremento radicular, seguido de <italic>T. viride</italic>. No así, para, <italic>T. harzianum</italic>, <italic>T. longibrachiatum</italic> y <italic>T. koningii</italic>, al ser igual estadísticamente al fertilizante sintético y el control Agua. T. comercial y <italic>T. atroviride</italic> registraron la mayor reducción en la biomasa de la raíz. Respecto a la biomasa seca de tallo, las cepas de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> tampoco registraron un incremento en esta variable, pero si en la biomasa seca de raíz, donde <italic>T. viride, T. harzianum</italic> y <italic>T. koningii</italic> registraron el mayor valor, y mostraron diferencias significativas respecto al resto de los tratamientos. En el caso de la longitud de tallo, no se observaron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos, pero si en longitud de raíz, al registrar <italic>T. harzianum</italic> y el fertilizante el mayor incremento. En la Var. Lemon los resultados obtenidos en esta variedad, mostraron que el fertilizante presentó el mayor valor en la biomasa fresca de tallo y raíz, y mostró diferencias significativas con el resto de los tratamientos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). En la biomasa de tallo, la cepa nativa que presentó acción bioestimulante fue <italic>T. asperellum</italic>. Mientras que <italic>T. harzianum</italic> y <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp. registraron una respuesta similar al control. Sin embargo, el resto de los tratamientos redujeron esta variable, mostrando diferencias significativas entre éstos. En biomasa fresca de raíz<italic>, T. atroviride, T. viride, T. harzianum, T. koningii, Trichoderma</italic> sp. y T. comercial no presentaron diferencias significativas respecto al control, es decir éstas no estimularon el crecimiento de la plántula, pero tampoco lo afectaron. Mientras que <italic>T. asperellum</italic> y <italic>T. longibrachiatum</italic> lo redujeron. En la biomasa seca de tallo y raíz, <italic>T. harzianum</italic> y el fertilizante presentaron mayor efecto bioestimulante y no mostraron diferencias significativas entre ambos. Así mismo, las cepas de <italic>T. asperellum, atroviride, viride</italic> y <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp. fueron similares al tratamiento control. Mientras que el resto redujo la acción en ambas variables. En la longitud de tallo y raíz, <italic>T. atroviride</italic> fue la cepa que presentó mayor acción bioestimulante junto al tratamiento de fertilizante y el resto de los tratamientos mostraron una respuesta variable tanto en raíz como en tallo, al presentar una tendencia de efecto inhibitorio en el crecimiento. Los resultados mostraron que esta variedad comercial, no mostró un patrón de respuesta sobre la eficacia de una cepa de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> en específico, ya que se registró en cada variable la acción de diferentes especies de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> dentro de las que destacaron <italic>T. asperellum</italic>, <italic>T. harzianum</italic> y <italic>T. atroviride</italic>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Parámetros morfométricos de plántulas de albahaca Var. Purple Ruffles ante el efecto de diferentes aislados de <italic>Trichoderma.</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th rowspan="3" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:left; vertical-align:bottom;">Tratamiento</th>
								<th colspan="4" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Biomasa (g)</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Longitud (cm)</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Fresca</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Seca</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"> </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tallo</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Raíz</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tallo</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Raíz</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tallo</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Raíz</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">T. asperellum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.120<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.022<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.008<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.000<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">1.059<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">2.098<sup>abc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">T. atroviride</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.003<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.002<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.000<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.000<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">1.000<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">1.820<sup>abc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">T. viride</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.125<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.025<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.006<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.001<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.878<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">1.651<sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">T. longibrachiatum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.094<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.022<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.004<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.000<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.977<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">1.677<sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">T. harzianum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.107<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.030<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.007<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.001<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">1.002<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">2.377<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">T. koningii</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.102<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.026<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.006<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.001<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">1.024<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">2.054<sup>abc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Trichoderma sp.</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.137<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.040<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.006<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.0007<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">1.024<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">1.980<sup>abc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold;">T. commercial</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.048<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.004<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.005<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.0009<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.933<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">1.887<sup>abc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold;">Fertilizer</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.044<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.015<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.003<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.000<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.878<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">2.421<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; font-weight:bold;">Control</td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.125<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.012<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.008<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.001<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.864<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">2.200<sup>abc</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Medias con la misma letra dentro de cada columna son estadísticamente iguales (Tukey, <italic>p</italic> ≤0.05).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Principales tratamientos de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> con mayor respuesta positiva (1ra. y 2da. foto de la izquierda) o negativa (3er. foto a la derecha) en el crecimiento de cuatro cultivares de albahaca.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-01-RMEXFIT2303-1-gf2.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Parámetros morfométricos de plántulas de albahaca Var. Lemon ante el efecto de diferentes aislados de <italic>Trichoderma</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th rowspan="3" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:left; vertical-align:bottom;">Tratamiento</th>
								<th colspan="4" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Biomasa (g)</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Longitud (cm)</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Fresca</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Seca</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"> </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tallo</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Raíz</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tallo</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Raíz</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tallo</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Raíz</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">T. asperellum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.103<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.048<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.005<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.001<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.600<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">3.101<sup>d</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">T. atrovirid<sup>e</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.061<sup>bcde</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.037<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.002<sup>cd</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.001<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.8650<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">4.9102<sup>ab</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">T. virid<sup>e</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.082<sup>abcd</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.039<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.005<sup>abcd</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.002<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.579<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">3.412<sup>cd</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">T. longibrachiatum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.024<sup>e</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.006<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.001<sup>d</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.000<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.497<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">1.237<sup>e</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold;">T. harzianum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.091<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.027<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.007<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.002<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.593<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">3.511<sup>cd</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">T. koningii</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.045<sup>cde</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.018<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.003<sup>bcd</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.001<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.654<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">3.036<sup>d</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Trichoderma sp.</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.087<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.033<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.006<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.002<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.645<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">3.955<sup>bcd</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold;">T. commercial</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.035<sup>de</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.017<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.002<sup>cd</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.001<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.550<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">3.300<sup>cd</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold;">Fertilizer</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.123<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.092<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.007<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.003<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.554<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">5.026<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; font-weight:bold;">Control</td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.088<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.021<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.005<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.001<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.512<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">4.352<sup>abc</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Medias con la misma letra dentro de cada columna son estadísticamente iguales (Tukey, <italic>p</italic>≤0.05).</p>
			<p>En la variedad Siam Queen <italic>T. asperellum</italic>, <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp. fueron iguales estadísticamente al tratamiento fertilizante al mostrar el mayor valor en la biomasa fresca de tallo y raíz, seguido de <italic>T. koningii</italic>, <italic>T. longibrachiatum</italic> y <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp., mientras que en el caso de <italic>T. harzianum</italic> y T. comercial presentaron una respuesta similar al control, al provocar un crecimiento similar en las plántulas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadro 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). El resto de los tratamientos tales como <italic>T. atroviride, T. viride</italic> y el control mostraron diferencias significativas entre ambos. Así mismo, las cepas de <italic>T. asperellum, atroviride, viride</italic> y <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp. fueron similares al tratamiento control. Mientras que el resto redujo la acción en ambas variables. En la longitud de tallo y raíz, <italic>T. atroviride</italic> fue la cepa que presentó mayor acción bioestimulante junto al tratamiento de fertilizante y el resto de los tratamientos mostraron una respuesta variable tanto en raíz como en tallo, al presentar una tendencia de efecto inhibitorio en el crecimiento. Los resultados mostraron que esta variedad comercial, no mostró un patrón de respuesta sobre la eficacia de una cepa de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> en específico, ya que se registró en cada variable la acción de diferentes especies de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> dentro de las que destacaron <italic>T. asperellum</italic>, <italic>T. harzianum</italic> y <italic>T. atroviride</italic>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Cuadro 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Parámetros morfométricos de plántulas de albahaca Var. Siam Queen ante el efecto de diferentes aislados de <italic>Trichoderma.</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th rowspan="3" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:left; vertical-align:bottom;">Tratamiento</th>
								<th colspan="4" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Biomasa (g)</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Longitud (cm)</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Fresca</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Seca</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"> </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tallo</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Raíz</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tallo</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Raíz</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tallo</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Raíz</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">T. asperellum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.121<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.045<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.007<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.002<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.752<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">2.286<sup>cd</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">T. atroviride</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.047<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.015<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.003<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.0007<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.836<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">2.458<sup>bc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">T. viride</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.065<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.008<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.021<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.002<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.683<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">2.577<sup>bc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">T. longibrachiatum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.104<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.034<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.007<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.001<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.880<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">2.258<sup>cd</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">T. harzianum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.092<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.014<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.007<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.001<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.757<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">2.642<sup>abc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">T. koningii</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.107<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.032<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.007<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.001<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.779<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">1.995<sup>d</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Trichoderma sp.</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.121<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.042<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.008<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.002<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.679<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">2.707<sup>ab</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold;">T. commercial</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.075<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.015<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.005<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.002<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.692<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">2.494<sup>bc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold;">Fertilizer</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.124<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.047<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.007<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.002<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.681<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">3.000<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; font-weight:bold;">Control</td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.089<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.032<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.007<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.002<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.511<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">2.626<sup>abc</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Medias con misma letra dentro de cada columna son estadísticamente iguales (Tukey, <italic>p</italic> ≤0.05).</p>
			<p>provocaron una reducción en esta variable. En la biomasa seca de tallo y raíz, los tratamientos presentaron un comportamiento similar, sin mostrar diferencias significativas entre ellos. No así, en la variable de longitud de tallo y raíz, donde la respuesta en ambos casos fue muy variable respeto a las cepas nativas de <italic>Trichoderma</italic>, donde en longitud de tallo, <italic>T. longibrachiatum</italic> mostró una eficacia en la acción biostimulante; sin embargo, en longitud de raíz, el fertilizante destacó al estimular en mayor medida el crecimiento radicular, seguido del <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp., mientras que en tallo, <italic>T. asperellum, T. atroviride, T. harzianum</italic> y <italic>T. koningii</italic> le siguieron en orden de importancia. Sin embargo, <italic>T. viride</italic> y T. comercial fueron lo que disminuyeron el efecto bioestimulante en la planta, al comportarse igual o con menor influencia que el control. En la variedad Nufar ante las cepas nativas de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> varió al mostrar diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Cuadro 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Respecto a la biomasa fresca de tallo, ningún <italic>Trichoderma</italic> mostró efecto bioestimulante y solo el fertilizante presentó el mayor valor. Mientras que</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Cuadro 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Parámetros morfométricos de plántulas de albahaca Var. Nufar ante el efecto de diferentes aislados de <italic>Trichoderma.</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th rowspan="3" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:left; vertical-align:bottom;">Tratamiento</th>
								<th colspan="4" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Biomasa (g)</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Longitud (cm)</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Fresca</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Seca</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"> </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tallo</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Raíz</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tallo</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Raíz</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tallo</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Raíz</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">T. asperellum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.092<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.040<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.004<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.002<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.986<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">2.978<sup>ab</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">T. atroviride</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.052<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.016<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.002<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.001<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.982<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">3.358<sup>ab</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">T. viride</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.092<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.072<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.005<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.002<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.744<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">2.704<sup>ab</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">T. longibrachiatum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.050<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.013<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.002<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.0002<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.908<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">2.070<sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">T. harzianum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.101<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.025<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.005<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.002<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.815<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">3.371<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">T. koningii</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.081<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.029<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.003<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.001<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.846<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">2.714<sup>ab</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style: italic; font-weight:bold;">Trichoderma sp.</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.102<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.072<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.004<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.002<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.786<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">3.508<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold;">T. commercial</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.086<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.021<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.002<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.005<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.970<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">2.662<sup>ab</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold;">Fertilizer</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.150<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.042<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.009<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.002<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">0.745<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">3.489<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; font-weight:bold;">Control</td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.106<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.032<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.006<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.002<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.726<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">3.623<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Medias con la misma letra dentro de cada columna son estadísticamente iguales (Tukey, <italic>p</italic> ≤0.05).</p>
			<p><italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp., <italic>T. harzianum</italic> y <italic>T. asperellum</italic> fueron similares al tratamiento control, al no mostrar diferencias significativas entre estos. Sin embargo, <italic>T. atroviride, T. viride, T. longibrachiatum, T. koningii</italic> y T. comercial inhibieron el incremento en la biomasa de tallo. Caso contrario en la biomasa fresca de raíz, donde <italic>T. viride</italic> y <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp. estimularon el crecimiento radicular junto al tratamiento de T. comercial, donde no se presentaron diferencias significativas, pero si respecto a las cepas de <italic>T. asperellum, T. harzianum, T. koningii</italic>, el fertilizante y tratamiento control, los cuales no influenciaron positiva ni negativamente en esta variable. No así, <italic>T. atroviride</italic> y <italic>T. longibrachiatum</italic>, los cuales provocaron una reducción en la biomasa de raíz (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Cuadro 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). En el peso seco de tallo y raíz, el T. comercial y el fertilizante incrementaron esta variable y mostraron diferencias significativas respecto al resto de los tratamientos, donde <italic>T. viride</italic> y <italic>T. harzianum</italic> fueron similares al control al presentar una misma respuesta. Mientras que el resto de los tratamientos presentaron una reducción de la misma. Respecto a la longitud de tallo <italic>T. asperellum</italic> y <italic>T. atroviride</italic> incrementaron el crecimiento del mismo, mientras que en raíz ninguna cepa destacó respecto a su acción estimulante, solo <italic>T. harzianum</italic> y <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp. que, aunque no estimularon el crecimiento, tampoco provocaron un efecto negativo en el mismo.</p>
			<p><italic>Trichoderma</italic> poseen gran versatilidad en su modo de acción y cada especie reacciona diferente a los nichos donde se desarrolló. Durante la germinación de los cultivares, <italic>T. atroviride</italic> y <italic>T. koningii</italic> generaron el mayor efecto bioestimulante, especialmente en el cv. Nufar. Esto sugiere que su eficacia puede estar relacionada con su potencial de crecimiento micelial y/o de esporas e incremento de sustancias químicas asociadas a fitohormonas. Esto es consistente con lo reportado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Contreras-Cornejo <italic>et al</italic>. (2018</xref>), al señalar que la germinación de las esporas produce mayor liberación de fitohormonas y/o metabolitos estimuladores de crecimiento que cuando el hongo se aplica en la fase de micelio. En el cv. Purple Rufles, la acción de las diferentes especies de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> fue lenta en los primeros nueve días, lo que pone a prueba su capacidad para asimilar posibles compuestos. Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Prinsi <italic>et al.</italic> (2020</xref>), reportan que las variedades de albahaca muestran una alta variabilidad en los contenidos y propiedades de fenoles y que variedades de albahaca morada, como el caso de la variedad Purple Ruffles, produce una mayor cantidad de antocianinas que poseen efectos diversos, tales como la pigmentación de flores, semillas y la protección de órganos vegetativos del estrés (a) biótico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Hatier y Gould, 2008</xref>). Al final de los días de evaluación en el porcentaje de germinación, las diferentes especies de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> presentaron efecto biostimulante en follaje y raíz de albahaca. Esto puede deberse a los mecanismos que este tipo de microrganismo posee. Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Delgado-Sánchez (2013</xref>), señala que <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp. en semilla reduce la resistencia mecánica de la testa y facilita el rompimiento de la latencia. Además, se ha señalado que <italic>Trichoderma</italic> también actúa en la solubilización de nutrientes como fosfatos, Fe, Mn y Mg (Acuario y España, 2016), lo cual puede mejorar la nutrición de los embriones e incrementar su rápido crecimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bader, 2020</xref>). Los resultados de porcentaje de germinación coinciden con lo antes señalado. Además, se hizo evidente que la mayoría de las cepas de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> nativas mostraron una mayor eficacia que el <italic>Trichoderma</italic> comercial. Este resultado coincide con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Cubillos <italic>et al.</italic> (2009</xref>), quienes evaluaron la respuesta diferencial de una cepa nativa de <italic>T. harzianum</italic> aislada de <italic>Elaeis guineensis</italic> y una cepa de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> comercial, donde encontraron que ambos tratamientos estimularon la germinación de semillas de maracuyá, con porcentajes de 64.4 y 93.3% comparado al testigo (53.3%), donde la cepa nativa mejoró el crecimiento e índice de germinación. Así mismo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Castillo <italic>et al.</italic> (2022</xref>) confirmaron el efecto positivo de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> en la germinación de semillas de agave, obteniendo porcentajes de 85%, lo que sugiere el uso de este microorganismo en pregerminación En el estudio, se hizo evidente que en algunas variedades como Purple Rufles, las cepas de T. comercial y <italic>T. atroviride</italic> tuvieron el mayor efecto de reducción en la biomasa de la raíz. Esta respuesta negativa de <italic>Trichoderma</italic>, se ha observado en algunos estudios, como lo reportado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Bazghaleh <italic>et al.</italic> (2020</xref>), quienes señalan que especies de <italic>Trichoderma</italic>, pueden presentar efectos variables en la planta que van desde promover o inhibir el crecimiento, hasta inducir resistencia o aumentar la susceptibilidad de la planta. Esto, debido a las complejas interacciones moleculares <italic>Trichoderma</italic>-planta, que desencadenan cambios transcriptómicos en ambas partes, por lo tanto, la cepa fúngica y el genotipo de la planta son los principales determinantes del resultado final (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Gutiérrez-Moreno <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>). En general el efecto bioestimulante de <italic>Trichoderma</italic>, fue evidente en biomasa y longitud de la raíz, donde su acción favoreció tanto el incremento de la masa celular como la longitud de las raíces. Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Khan <italic>et al.</italic> (2020</xref>), señalan que algunas especies de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> producen metabolitos secundarios (6-pentil-a-pirona, ácido heptelídico y peptaibols) que ayudan en el transporte de metales, simbiosis, competencia y diferenciación celular, involucrada con el crecimiento y desarrollo de células. En las variables evaluadas, más de una cepa nativa de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> mostró una eficacia mayor al fertilizante o al <italic>Trichoderma</italic> comercial. Esta acción es de gran importancia en el uso de nuevas cepas dentro de los sistemas de producción agrícola, donde se pretende disminuir la aplicación de agroquímicos sintéticos o cepas no nativas de la región. En este contexto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Sani <italic>et al.</italic> (2020</xref>), señalan que el uso de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> podría bajar la demanda de fertilizantes, tal como lo demuestran sus estudios con <italic>Trichoderma</italic> y biocarbón, donde redujeron la mitad del uso de fertilizante NPK sin afectar el rendimiento del cultivo. En la variedad Lemon, aunque se registró en cada variable la acción diferente de las especies de <italic>Trichoderma</italic>, las que comúnmente destacaron fueron <italic>T. asperellum</italic>, <italic>T. harzianum</italic> y <italic>T. atroviride</italic>. Esto es consistente con lo reportado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Zin <italic>et al.</italic> (2020</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Asis <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>), al señalar que <italic>T. harzianum, asperellum</italic> y <italic>atroviride</italic> son las que mayormente se aplican como bioestimulantes comerciales en diversos cultivos agrícolas, debido a su rápido crecimiento y adaptabilidad a la rizósfera de la planta huésped. También es importante mencionar que la respuesta de las diferentes cepas evaluadas puede estar relacionado con el tipo de cultivar al que fueron inoculadas, debido a los compuestos o sustancias que esta variedad produce, ya que no todas las cepas presentaron una asociación positiva en ella, de ahí la importancia de la evaluación de distintas cepas con distintos cultivares. Al respecto <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Harman (2011</xref>), menciona que la selección de cepas de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> para su aplicación a un cultivo específico requiere de evaluaciones de múltiples combinaciones de cepa × cultivar, y elegir la mejor configuración experimental para este propósito sigue siendo una tarea complicada.</p>
			<p>En Siam Queen, <italic>T. asperellum</italic> también destaco del resto de los tratamientos al presentar eficacia bioestimulante en las plántulas, mientras que la acción de <italic>T. harzianum</italic> fue distinta en cada variable. Contrario a lo que señala <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abdullah <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>), quienes reportan que <italic>T. harzianum</italic> se considera uno de los principales productos que poseen efectividad en el aumento de la absorción de Fósforo y otros micronutrientes, mejora la germinación, los atributos de crecimiento de brotes y raíces, así como el contenido de clorofila. Sin embargo, esta variabilidad de acción en el presente estudio, pudo deberse a que el tipo de cultivar no tiene una interacción positiva con este microorganismo y/los metabolitos que produce. En este contexto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Alfiky <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>), señalan que <italic>Trichoderma</italic> secreta un conjunto de efectores para modular el crecimiento y la inmunidad de las plantas, donde se ha documentado que las proteínas, los ARN pequeños y diferentes clases de metabolitos secundarios (SM), incluidos los COV (compuestos orgánicos volátiles), desempeñan diferentes funciones críticas en las interacciones <italic>Trichoderma</italic>-planta. Así mismo, la capacidad para promover el crecimiento por parte de las cepas de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> se le atribuye a la capacidad de colonizar aceleradamente las raíces de la planta resultando en la protección de la planta ante fitopatógenos, lo cual aumenta la capacidad del crecimiento y por la exudación de fitohormonas o la solubilización de algunos nutrientes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Acurio y España 2016</xref>). En las plántulas de la variedad Nufar, la mayoría de las cepas nativas estimuló el crecimiento de raíz a excepción de <italic>T. atroviride</italic> y <italic>T. longibrachiatum</italic>, los cuales provocaron un decremento en la biomasa radicular.</p>
			<p>Es posible que las cepas de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> hayan mostrado un mayor efecto biostimulante en raíz, a diferencia de tallo, debido que el sistema radicular secreta compuestos útiles para el óptimo establecimiento de <italic>Trichoderma</italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Guzman-Guzman <italic>et al.</italic> (2019</xref>), reportan que las raíces de las plantas liberan sustancias que afectan la composición de la microbiota presente en la rizósfera, y conduce al establecimiento de simbiosis que involucran la promoción de crecimiento vegetal. Esto coincide con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Contreras-Cornejo <italic>et al.</italic> (2014</xref>), quienes mencionan que este efecto es debido a la producción de auxinas, que incrementan el desarrollo de raíces específicamente con las especies <italic>atroviride</italic> y <italic>virenus</italic>. En la variedad Nufar, se ha confirmado que es uno de los cultivares comunes dentro de la comercialización debido a sus aceites esenciales que poseen un aroma suave y dulce (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kellie y Currey, 2019</xref>). Debido a esta característica, se ha reportado que los microorganismos antagonistas se asocian con mayor eficacia en las raíces, debido aquellos compuestos químicos que estas secretan y pueden interactuar mediante una simbiosis (Guzman-Guzmán <italic>et al</italic>., 2019). Es posible que las cepas nativas de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> evaluadas hayan provocado una mayor estimulación en este cultivar debido a su adaptación a las sustancias que secretan sus raíces.</p>
			<p>En este experimento se observó que la cepa <italic>T. atroviride</italic> causó mayor efecto bioestimulante en la germinación de los cultivares Nufar y Purple Rufles. Mientras en biomasa y longitud de raíz y tallo, <italic>T. asperellum</italic> y <italic>T. harzianum</italic> presentaron una eficacia mayor, con una respuesta variable entre ellos, según el cultivar evaluado. El efecto de T. comercial siempre fue menor sobre todas las variables, independientemente del cultivar. La eficacia de las cepas nativas de <italic>Trichoderma</italic>, estuvo asociado al tipo de cepa nativa y el cultivar de albahaca. Lo anterior demuestra la variabilidad de respuesta que poseen las diferentes cepas de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> y la necesidad constante del estudio de las mismas. </p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimientos</title>
			<p>Al Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), especialmente a la Dra. Alejandra Nieto Garibay. También Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCYT) por la Beca para estudios de maestría.</p>
		</ack>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Phytopathological Note</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title><bold>Biostimulant effect of native <italic>Trichoderma</italic> strains on the</bold> germination of four varieties of basil</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetive/antecedents. </title>
					<p><italic>Trichoderma</italic> is an efficient tool as biostimulant in basil crop. However, only few species have been studied in specific cultivars. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the biostimulant efficacy of native <italic>Trichoderma</italic> strains on the germination and growth of four varieties of basil.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and Methods. </title>
					<p>Seven strains of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> (<italic>T. asperellum, atroviride, viride, longibrachiatum, harzianum, koningii</italic> and <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp.), a commercial <italic>Trichoderma</italic> (<italic>T. harzianum</italic>), synthetic fertilizer (T17) and the control were used in the study. 30 seeds of the Purple Ruffles, Lemon, Siam Queen and Nufar varieties were treated with a spore suspension of each <italic>Trichoderma</italic>. 48 h later, the seeds were sown and incubated at 28 °C with a 12 h light/dark photoperiod. The variables evaluated were; Rate and percentage of germination, biomass and length of seedlings.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results. </title>
					<p><italic>T. atroviride</italic> presented the greatest biostimulant effect on germination (95%). While <italic>T. asperellum</italic> registered an increased efficiency in biomass (≥ 0.120 g) and length (≥ 1.0 cm) of the plant in the four varieties. The action of commercial T. was lower in all cases.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion. </title>
					<p>This study demonstrated that the native strains of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> have a biostimulant effect on plants and are more effective than commercial species.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd>Antagonist</kwd>
				<kwd>in vitro</kwd>
				<kwd>vegetative growth</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>Basil (<italic>Ocimum basilicum</italic>) belongs to the family of Lamiaceas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Prinsi <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>). It is currently considered a crop of high worldwide economic importance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Trettel <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). The consumption of basil leaves is expected to increase from 57 to 62 million dollars between 2021 and 2026 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Absolute Reports, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Sipos <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>). This crop is generally sown in the Mediterranean regions of Europe, as well as in Asia, Africa and tropical and subtropical areas of the Americas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Baczek <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>). In Mexico, Baja California Sur is the state with the greatest production, with a surface of 389.00 ha with a production of 3,103.42 t and a value of nearly 49 231.22 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">SIAP, 2019</xref>). The commercial value is due to its pharmaceutical, culinary and medicinal properties (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Vieira <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>), which depend on the production of essential oils such as linalool, epi-α-cadinol, α-bergamotene, γ-cadinene, germacrene-D and camphor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hussain <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>). Germination is the crucial stage of the plant cycle, since it depends on intrinsic factors (Maturity, viability and latency) and extrinsic factors (Temperature, substrate, light intensity and moisture), which limit or promote the establishment of the seedling on a substrate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bécquer <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). The use of pre-germinative treatments helps accelerate and homogenize germination, including mechanical, thermal and chemical scarification, dehydration, imbibition and growth regulators (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hernandez <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). In this context, the use of microorganisms with biostimulating properties is considered an important element as part of a sustainable agricultural strategy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Fiorentino <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Lately, the <italic>Trichoderma</italic> fungus has attracted attention in agriculture, not only as a biocontrol of phytopathogenic microorganisms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Hernandez-Melchor <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>), but also as a vegetative biostimulant, due to its ability to quickly colonize roots, increase the biomass of the plant and stimulate the exudation of important plant hormones such as indole-3-acetic acid (3-IAA) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Acurio and España, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bader <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Additionally, several studies have reported its positive effect on the improvement of the germination and viability of seeds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Ty´skiewicz <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). The biostimulating properties are attributed mainly to species such as <italic>T. atroviride, T. asperellum</italic>, <italic>T. viride</italic> and <italic>T. harzianum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Losada and Moreno, 2021</xref>). However, it has been confirmed that not all strains have shown the desired effect, due to a low capacity of adaptation to the areas of application (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Savin-Molina, 2021</xref>). In this regard, studies have suggested to increase the use of alternative native strains isolated from the same region as the production systems of interest (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Cubillos <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Martinez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>). In this way, a greater efficiency can be guaranteed in its action, since it has a greater metabolic ability that makes them an efficient producer of cellulases and chitinases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Wang <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Additionally, the production of substances associated to plant hormones is increased (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Illescas <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). Due to the above, the aim of this study was to evaluate the <italic>Trichoderma</italic> strains native to arid areas as a biostimulant in the germination and growth of the basil crop. </p>
				<p>In 2022, an investigation was carried out in the phytopathology laboratory of the Autonomous University of Baja California Sur (UABCS), in the municipal area of La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico (24°06′03″N 110°18′54″W). The basil varieties used were Purple Ruffles, Lemon, Siam Queen and Nufar. The seeds were provided by the Biological Research Center of the Northwest (Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste - CIBNOR) and the Vis Seed Co. seed supplier. The native <italic>Trichoderma</italic> strains evaluated were <italic>T. asperellum, T. atroviride, T. viride, T. longibrachiatum, T. harzianum, T. koningii, Trichoderma</italic> sp. and a commercial strain of the specie <italic>harzianum.</italic> These strains were obtained from the strain bank of the Phytopathology laboratory of the Academic Agronomy Department, previously isolated from the rhizosphere of desert plants of the region, and identified (Savin- Molina <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021). They were reactivated and purified in a Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium (BD BIOXON) and incubated at 28 °C in constant darkness. A suspension of conidia in every <italic>Trichoderma</italic> species was produced by scraping spores from pure, seven-day-growth strains. The concentration of spores corresponding to each strain was counted using a Neubauer chamber (SUPE®IOR/GERMANY) and this aqueous solution was used for the seed treatment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Singh <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>). Thirty basil seeds of each variety were deposited in sterile 1.5 mL eppendorf tubes, where they were added 1 mL of the spore suspension of each <italic>Trichoderma</italic> at a concentration of 6 x 10<sup>8</sup> spores mL<sup>-1</sup>. As control groups, a treatment based on synthetic fertilizer (T17) (1g L<sup>-1</sup> water) was included, along with another with only sterile distilled water. The treated seeds were let to stand for 48 h and were immediately extracted and planted in humid chambers consisting of sterile Petri dishes, 8 cm in diameter, inside of which, sterile filter paper was placed (Watman No. 4). The dishes were placed at random in a conventional germination chamber with a 12 light/darkness hour photoperiod at a temperature of 28 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Verma <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>). To determine the biostimulating effect of the <italic>Trichoderma</italic> strains on the basil seeds, germination counts were carried out every 24 h for 15 days after planting (dap). The variables to evaluate were germination rate, by register the number of seeds germinating in time, as well as the percentage of germination 15 dap, following the formula proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Mukhtar (2008</xref>): germination (%) = num. of germinated seeds/total of seeds evaluated by 100. Once the germination was evaluated, the morphometric variables associated to root and stem lengths were determined, along with the fresh and dry biomass in the basil seedlings. To determine length, a common ruler was used and measurements were made starting from the epicotyl up to the apical meristem of the stem or root. The fresh biomass of the seedlings was obtained with the use of an analytical scale (OHAUS). They were then placed in paper bags and placed in a drying oven (BLUE M) at a temperature of 60 °C for 24 h. After that time, the dry weight of the seedlings was obtained (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Nieto-Garibay <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>). The experiment was carried out under a completely randomized design, with 10 treatments and 4 replications per treatment for each variety, where each experimental unit consisted of a Petri dish with 30 basil seeds. The mathematical model used was the following:</p>
				<mml:math>
					<mml:mrow>
						<mml:msub>
							<mml:mi>y</mml:mi>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
							</mml:mrow>
						</mml:msub>
						<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
						<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
						<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
						<mml:msub>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="bold">J</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
						</mml:msub>
						<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
						<mml:msub>
							<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
							</mml:mrow>
						</mml:msub>
					</mml:mrow>
				</mml:math>
				<p>where <italic>yij</italic> is the response of the morphometric variable under the i-th treatment, in the j-th replication;</p>
				<p>m is the general mean of the experiment;</p>
				<p>𝐽<italic>i</italic> is the effect of the i-th treatment;</p>
				<p>e<italic>ij</italic> is the experimental error</p>
				<p>For the statistical analysis of the rate and percentage of germination, a binary logistic regression was used. Meanwhile, for the morphometric variables, an ANOVA was used, and when applicable, Tukey’s range test. The analyses were carried out using the Minitab 19 statistical package, with a 95 % level of confidence. The data obtained registered a differential response in the <italic>Trichoderma</italic> strains evaluated. Starting on day 2, the <italic>T. longibrachiatum</italic> and commercial <italic>T.</italic> strains presented an inhibitory action on the basil seeds, recording a lower percentage of germination over time in all four varieties, in comparison to the control consisting of water, in which the percentage of germination was greater than 30 %. Likewise, the strains of <italic>T. atroviride</italic> and <italic>T. koningii</italic> produced the greatest biostimulating effect on the four basil varieties, increasing the percentage of germination (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The remaining treatment produced a variable effect on every cultivar, where the seeds of the variety Siam Queen, starting on day three, produced a percentage of germination of over 40 %, followed by the variety Lemon (≥20 %) and Nufar (≥30 %), which, until day 4, increased the response to 50 %. Meanwhile, the action in the variety Purple Ruffles was delayed with a germination of over 50 % until day 9. At the end of the 15 days of evaluation, the <italic>T. atroviride</italic> strain displayed significant differences with the remaining treatments, since it incited the highest percentage of germination in the varieties Purples Ruffles (94 %) and Nufar (96 %), which were statistically equal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>). In the variety Siam Queen, there were no significant differences between the treatments, showing that, although the different <italic>Trichoderma</italic> species did not stimulate the germination of seeds, they did not inhibit it, either, reporting equal results as the control. In the Lemon variety, the only significantly different treatment was <italic>Trichoderma harzianum</italic> of the commercial product, which had a lower response (28 %), whereas the treatments that obtained the highest percentage were the fertilizer (79 %) and <italic>T. viride</italic> (77 %).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f3">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Biostimulating action of native <italic>Trichodermas</italic> in the percentage of germinated seeds of four varieties of basil.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-01-RMEXFIT2303-1-gf3.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The morphometric variables in Var. Purple Ruffles register that, for the fresh biomass in the stem, the native <italic>Trichoderma</italic> strains presented no biostimulating action, whereas <italic>T. asperellum, T. viride</italic> and <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp. displayed no significant differences in comparison with the control, although they did in comparison with <italic>T. harzianum, T. koningii</italic> and <italic>T. longibrachiatum,</italic> in which the biomass was reduced, followed by the commercial variety, the synthetic fertilizer and <italic>T atroviride</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>). In the root biomass, all strains displayed significant differences, whereas <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp. produced the highest increase in root, followed by <italic>T. viride</italic>, unlike <italic>T. harzianum</italic>, <italic>T. longibrachiatum</italic> and <italic>T. koningii</italic>, which are statistically like to the synthetic fertilizer and the control, water. Commercial T. and <italic>T. atroviride</italic> registered the greatest reduction in root biomass. Regarding dry stem biomass, the <italic>Trichoderma</italic> strains registered no increase, either, although they did in the dry root biomass, where <italic>T. viride, T. harzianum</italic> and <italic>koningii</italic> registered the highest value and displayed significant differences with the remaining treatments. In the case of stem length, no significant differences were observed between treatments, although there were in root length, <italic>T. harzianum</italic> and fertilizer recording the greatest increase. In the Var. Lemon, the results show that the fertilizer displayed the greatest value for fresh biomass in stem and root, and it displayed significant differences with the rest of the treatments (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>). In the stem biomass, the native strain that displayed a biostimulating action was <italic>T. asperellum</italic>, whereas <italic>T. harzianum</italic> and <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp. registered a similar response to the control. However, the remaining treatments reduced this variable, displaying significant differences between them. In fresh root biomass<italic>, T. atroviride, T. viride, T. harzianum, T. koningii, Trichoderma</italic> sp. and commercial T. displayed no significant differences in regard to the control, that is, they did not stimulate the seedling growth, yet they did not affect it, either. Meanwhile, <italic>T. asperellum</italic> and <italic>T. longibrachiatum</italic> did reduce it. In dry stem and root biomass, <italic>T. harzianum</italic> and the fertilizer displayed a greater biostimulating effect and did not display significant differences between them. Likewise, the <italic>T. asperellum, atroviride, viride</italic> and <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp. strains were similar to the control treatment. Meanwhile, the rest reduced the action in both varieties. In stem and root length, <italic>T. atroviride</italic> was the strain that displayed the greatest biostimulating action, along with the fertilizer treatment and the remaining treatments displayed variable responses for both roots and stems, displaying a tendency towards the inhibiting effect in growth. The results displayed that this commercial variety did not display a response pattern on the efficiency of a specific <italic>Trichoderma</italic> strain, since in each variable, the action of different <italic>Trichoderma</italic> species was registered, among which <italic>T. asperellum</italic>, <italic>T. harzianum</italic> and <italic>T. atroviride</italic> stood out.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Morphometric parameters of basil Var. Purple Ruffles seedlings against the effect of different <italic>Trichoderma</italic> isolates.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="5"/>
								<col/>
								<col span="3"/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="right" colspan="5">Biomass (g) </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify" colspan="3">Length (cm) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Fresh</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="3">Dry </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Treatment</td>
									<td align="justify">Stem</td>
									<td align="justify">Root</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Stem</td>
									<td align="justify">Root</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">Stem</td>
									<td align="right">Root</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>T. asperellum</italic></td>
									<td align="justify">0.120<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.022<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.008<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.000<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">1.059<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">2.098<sup>ab</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>T. atroviride</italic></td>
									<td align="justify">0.003<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.002<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.000<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.000<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">1.000<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">1.820<sup>ab</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>T. viride</italic></td>
									<td align="justify">0.125<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.025<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.006<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.001<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.878<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">1.651<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>T. longibrachiatum</italic></td>
									<td align="justify">0.094<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.022<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.004<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.000<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.977<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">1.677<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>T. harzianum</italic></td>
									<td align="justify">0.107<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.030<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.007<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.001<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">1.002<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">2.377<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><italic>T. koningii</italic></td>
									<td align="justify">0.102<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.026<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.006<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.001<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">1.024<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">2.054<sup>ab</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>
 <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp.</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.137<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.040<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.006<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.0007<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">1.024<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">1.980<sup>ab</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>
 <italic>T.</italic> commercial</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.048<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.004<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.005<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.0009<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.933<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">1.887<sup>ab</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Fertilizer</td>
									<td align="justify">0.044<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.015<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.003<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.000<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.878<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">2.421<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Control</td>
									<td align="justify">0.125<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.012<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.008<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.001<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.864<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="right">2.200<sup>ab</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>Means with the same letter in each column are statistically equal (Tukey, <italic>p</italic> ≤0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Main <italic>Trichoderma</italic> treatments with the highest positive (1st. and 2nd. photo from the left) or negative response (3rd. photo on the right) in the growth of four basil cultivars.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-01-RMEXFIT2303-1-gf4.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Morphometric parameters of basil Var. Lemon against the effect of different <italic>Trichoderma</italic> isolates<italic>.</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="4"/>
								<col span="3"/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="right" colspan="4">Biomass (g) </td>
									<td align="justify" colspan="3"> 
 </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Length (cm)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Treatment</td>
									<td align="justify">Fresh</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="4">Dry </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Stem</td>
									<td align="justify">Root</td>
									<td align="justify">Stem</td>
									<td align="justify">Root</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Stem</td>
									<td align="justify">Root</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>T. <italic>asperellum</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.103<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.048<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.005<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.001<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.600<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">3.101<sup>d</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>T. <italic>atroviride</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.061<sup>bcde</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.037<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.002<sup>cd</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.001<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.8650<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">4.9102<sup>ab</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>T. <italic>viride</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.082<sup>abcd</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.039<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.005<sup>abcd</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.002<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.579<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">3.412<sup>cd</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>T. <italic>longibrachiatum</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.024<sup>e</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.006<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.001<sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.000<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.497<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">1.237<sup>e</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>T. <italic>harzianum</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.091<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.027<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.007<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.002<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.593<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">3.511<sup>cd</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>T. <italic>koningii</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.045<sup>cde</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.018<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.003<sup>bcd</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.001<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.654<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">3.036<sup>d</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>
 <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp.</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.087<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.033<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.006<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.002<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.645<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">3.955<sup>bcd</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">T. commercial</td>
									<td align="justify">0.035<sup>de</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.017<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.002<sup>cd</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.001<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.550<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">3.300<sup>cd</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Fertilizer</td>
									<td align="justify">0.123<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.092<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.007<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.003<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.554<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">5.026<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Control</td>
									<td align="justify">0.088<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.021<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.005<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.001<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.512<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">4.352<sup>abc</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>Means with the same letter in each column are statistically equal (Tukey, <italic>p</italic>≤0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>In the variety Siam Queen, <italic>T. asperellum</italic>, <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp. were statistically equal to the fertilizing treatment, displaying the highest value in the fresh stem and root biomass, followed by <italic>T. koningii</italic>, <italic>T. longibrachiatum</italic> and <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp., whereas <italic>T. harzianum</italic> and commercial T. presented a similar response to the control, producing a similar growth in the seedlings (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>). The rest of the treatments such as <italic>T. atroviride, T. viride</italic> and the control caused a reduction in this variable. In the dry stem and root biomass, the treatments displayed a similar behavior, showing no significant differences between them. This was not the case in the variable of stem and root lengths, where the response in both cases was highly variable in comparison with the native <italic>Trichoderma</italic> strains, in which, for stem length, <italic>T. longibrachiatum</italic> displayed an efficiency in the biostimulating action.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Morphometric parameters of basil Var. Siam Queen against the effect of different</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="5"/>
								<col/>
								<col span="3"/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="right" colspan="5">Biomass (g) </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify" colspan="3">Length (cm) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Treatment</td>
									<td align="justify">Fresh</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="3">Dry </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Stem</td>
									<td align="justify">Root</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">Stem</td>
									<td align="justify">Root</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Stem</td>
									<td align="justify">Root</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>T. <italic>asperellum</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.121<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.045<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.007<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.002<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.752<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">2.286<sup>cd</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>T. <italic>atroviride</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.047<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.015<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.003<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.0007<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.836<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">2.458<sup>bc</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>T. <italic>viride</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.065<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.008<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.021<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.002<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.683<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">2.577<sup>bc</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>T. <italic>longibrachiatum</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.104<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.034<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.007<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.001<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.880<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">2.258<sup>cd</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>T. <italic>harzianum</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.092<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.014<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.007<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.001<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.757<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">2.642<sup>abc</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>T. <italic>koningii</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.107<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.032<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.007<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.001<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.779<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">1.995<sup>d</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>
 <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp.</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.121<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.042<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.008<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.002<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.679<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">2.707<sup>ab</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">T. commercial</td>
									<td align="justify">0.075<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.015<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.005<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.002<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.692<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">2.494<sup>bc</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Fertilizer</td>
									<td align="justify">0.124<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.047<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.007<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.002<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.681<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">3.000<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Control</td>
									<td align="justify">0.089<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.032<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.007<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.002<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.511<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">2.626<sup>abc</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>Means with the same letter in each column are statistically equal (Tukey, <italic>p</italic> ≤0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>However, for root length, the fertilizer stood out, stimulating root growth further, followed by; <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp., whereas in the stem, <italic>T. asperellum, T. atroviride, T. harzianum</italic> and <italic>T. koningii</italic> followed in order of importance. Nevertheless, <italic>T. viride</italic> and commercial T. reduced their biostimulating effects on the plant, behaving with the same or less influence than the control. In the variety Nufar, against the native <italic>Trichoderma</italic> strains, it it varied when showing significant differences between the treatments (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure2</xref>). Regarding the fresh stem biomass, no <italic>Trichoderma</italic> displayed a biostimulating and only the fertilizer displayed the highest value.</p>
				<p>Meanwhile, <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp., <italic>T. harzianum</italic> and <italic>T. asperellum</italic> were similar to the control treatment, showing no significant differences between them. However, <italic>T. atroviride, T. viride, T. longibrachiatum, T. koningii</italic> and commercial T. inhibited growth in the stem biomass. The opposite was the case for fresh root biomass, where <italic>T. viride</italic> and <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp. stimulated root growth, along with the commercial T. treatment, where no significant differences were observed, although it was the case for the <italic>T. asperellum, T. harzianum, T. koningii</italic> strains, the fertilizer and the control treatment, which had no positive or negative influences on this variable. This is not the case with <italic>T. atroviride</italic> and <italic>T. longibrachiatum</italic>, which caused a reduction in the root biomass (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>). In the dry stem and root weight, commercial T. and the fertilizer increased this variable and displayed significant differences with the rest of the treatments, where <italic>T. viride</italic> and <italic>T. harzianum</italic> were similar to the control, since they displayed the same response, whereas the rest of the treatments displayed a reduction in these dry weights. Regarding stem length, <italic>T. asperellum</italic> and <italic>T. atroviride</italic> increased its growth, yet in roots, no strain stood out regarding its stimulating action, except for <italic>T. harzianum</italic> and <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp. which did not stimulate growth, but did not lead to a negative in it, either.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Morphometric parameters of basil Var. Nufar against the effect of different <italic>Trichoderma</italic> isolates.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="5"/>
								<col/>
								<col span="3"/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="right" colspan="5">Biomass (g) </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify" colspan="3">Length (cm) </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Fresh</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="center" colspan="3">Dry </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Treatment</td>
									<td align="justify">Stem</td>
									<td align="justify">Root</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">Stem</td>
									<td align="justify">Root</td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">Stem</td>
									<td align="justify">Root</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>T. <italic>asperellum</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.092<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.040<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.004<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.002<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.986<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">2.978<sup>ab</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>T. <italic>atroviride</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.052<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.016<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.002<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.001<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.982<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">3.358<sup>ab</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>T. <italic>viride</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.092<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.0725<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.005<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.002<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.744<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">2.704<sup>ab</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>T. <italic>longibrachiatum</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.050<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.013<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.002<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.0002<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.908<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">2.070<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>T. <italic>harzianum</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.101<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.025<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.005<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.002<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.815<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">3.371<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>T. <italic>koningii</italic>
</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.081<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.029<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.003<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.001<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.846<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">2.714<sup>ab</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><bold>
 <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp.</bold></td>
									<td align="justify">0.102<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.072<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.004<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.002<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.786<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">3.508<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">T. commercial</td>
									<td align="justify">0.086<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.021<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.002<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.005<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.970<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">2.662<sup>ab</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Fertilizer</td>
									<td align="justify">0.150<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.042<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.009<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.002<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.745<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">3.489<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Control</td>
									<td align="justify">0.106<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.032<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="right">0.006<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">0.002<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify"> </td>
									<td align="justify">0.726<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="justify">3.623<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>Means with the same letter in each column are statistically equal (Tukey, <italic>p</italic> ≤0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><italic>Trichoderma</italic> is highly versatile in its way of acting and every species reacts differently to the niches where it developed. During the germination of the cultivars, <italic>T. atroviride</italic> and <italic>T. koningii</italic> generated the highest biostimulating effect, especially in the cv. Nufar. This suggests that its efficiency may be related to its mycelial and/ or spore growth potential and increase of chemical substances associated to plant hormones. This is consistent with reports by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Contreras-Cornejo <italic>et al</italic>. (2018</xref>), when mentioned out that the germination of spores produces a greater release of plant hormones and/or growth stimulating metabolites than when the fungus is applied in the mycelial phase. In the cv. Purple Ruffles, the action of the different <italic>Trichoderma</italic> species was slow in the first nine days, which tests its capacity to assimilate possible compounds. In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Prinsi <italic>et al.</italic> (2020</xref>) report that the basil varieties display a high variability in the contents and properties of phenols and that purple basil varieties, such as Purple Ruffles, produces a greater amount of anthocyanins, which have diverse effects, such as the pigmentation of flowers, seeds and the protection of vegetative organs against biotic and abiotic stress (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Hatier and Gould, 2008</xref>). At the end of the days of evaluation in the percentage of germination, the different <italic>Trichoderma</italic> species displayed a biostimulating effect on basil leaves and roots. This may be due to the mechanisms of this type of microorganism. In regard to this, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Delgado-Sánchez (2013</xref>) reported out that <italic>Trichoderma</italic> sp. in seeds reduces the mechanical resistance of the testa and facilitates the breaking of latency. In addition, it has been pointed out that <italic>Trichoderma</italic> also acts in the solubilization of nutrients such as phosphates, Fe, Mn and Mg (Acuario and España, 2016), which may improve the nutrition of embryos and increase their rapid growth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bader, 2020</xref>). The results for germination percentages coincide with this. Additionally, it is evident that most of the native <italic>Trichoderma</italic> strains displayed a greater efficiency than the commercial <italic>Trichoderma</italic>. This result coincides with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Cubillos <italic>et al.</italic> (2009</xref>), who evaluated the differential response of a native <italic>T. harzianum</italic> strain isolated from <italic>Elaeis guineensis</italic> and a commercial <italic>Trichoderma</italic> strain, where they found that both treatments stimulated the germination of passionfruit seeds, with percentages of 64.4 and 93.3 %, in comparison with the control (53.3 %), where the native strain improved the growth and germination rates. Likewise, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Castillo <italic>et al.</italic> (2022</xref>) confirmed the positive effect of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> in the germination of agave seeds, obtaining percentages of 85 %, suggesting the use of this microorganism in pre- germination.</p>
				<p>In the study it became evident that some varieties such as Purple Ruffles, the commercial T. and <italic>T. atroviride</italic> strains had the greatest reduction effect on the root biomass. This negative response of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> has been observed in several studies, such as what was reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Bazghaleh <italic>et al.</italic> (2020</xref>), who point out that <italic>Trichoderma</italic> species may present variable effects on the plant that range from promoting or inhibiting growth up to inducing resistance or increasing the susceptibility of the plant. This is due to the complex <italic>Trichoderma</italic>-plant molecular interactions, that trigger transcriptomic changes on both sides, therefore, the fungal strain and the plant genotype are the main determinants of the final result (Gutierrez- Moreno <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021). In general, the biostimulating effect of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> was evident in the root biomass and length, where its action favored both the increase in cell mass and root length. In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Khan <italic>et al.</italic> (2020</xref>) reported out that some <italic>Trichoderma</italic> species produce secondary effects (6-pentyl-a-pyrone, heptilidic acid and peptaibols) that aid in the transportation of metals, symbiosis, cell competition and differentiation, involved in cell growth and development. In the variables evaluated, more than one <italic>Trichoderma</italic> strain displayed a greater efficiency than the fertilizer or commercial <italic>Trichoderma</italic>. This action is highly important in the use of new strains in the agricultural production system, in which there is an intention of reducing the application of synthetic agrochemicals or strains that are not native to the region. In this context, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Sani <italic>et al.</italic> (2020</xref>) point out that the use of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> could reduce the demand for fertilizer, as shown by their studies with <italic>Trichoderma</italic> and biocarbon, where they reduced the use of NPK fertilizer by half, without affecting the crop yield. In the Lemon variety, although the different action of the <italic>Trichoderma</italic> species was registered in each variable, the ones that commonly stood out were <italic>T. asperellum</italic>, <italic>T. harzianum</italic> and <italic>T. atroviride</italic>. This is consistent with a report by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Zin <italic>et al.</italic> (2020</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Asis <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>), when they pointed out that <italic>T. harzianum, asperellum</italic> and <italic>atroviride</italic> are the most commonly applied as commercial biostimulants in diverse agricultural crops, due to their rapid growth and adaptability to the rhizosphere of the host plant. It is also important to mention that the responses of the different strains evaluated may be related to the type of cultivar to which they were inoculated, due to the compounds or substances that this variety produces, since not all strains displayed a positive association in it, thus the importance of evaluating the different strains with different cultivars. In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Harman (2011</xref>) mentions that the selection of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> strains for their application on a specific crop requires evaluations of multiple strain × cultivar combinations and choosing the best experimental configuration for this purpose is still a complicated task.</p>
				<p>In Siam Queen, <italic>T. asperellum</italic> also stood out from the other treatments, presenting an efficient biostimulation in seedlings, while the action of <italic>T. harzianum</italic> was different in each variable. This is the opposite of what <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abdullah <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>) point out when they report that <italic>T. harzianum</italic> is considered one of the main products that are effective in increasing the absorption of phosphorous and other micronutrients, it improves germination, growth attributes in sprouts and roots, as well as the chlorophyll. However, this action variability in our study may be due to the type of cultivar having no positive interaction with this microorganism and/ or the metabolites it produces. In this context, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Alfiky <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>) indicate that <italic>Trichoderma</italic> secretes effectors to modulate plant growth and immunity, where proteins, small RNAs and different types of secondary metabolites (SM), including the COVs (volatile organic compounds), carry out critical functions in the <italic>Trichoderma</italic>-plant interactions. Likewise, the ability of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> to promote growth is attributed to the ability to quickly colonize the roots of the plant, resulting in the protection of the plant against phytopathogens, which increases the ability for yield and the exudation of plant hormones or the solubilization of some nutrients (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Acurio and España 2016</xref>). In seedlings of the variety Nufar, most of the native strains stimulated their root growth, except for <italic>T. atroviride</italic> and <italic>T. longibrachiatum</italic>, which caused a decrease in the root biomass. It is possible that the <italic>Trichoderma</italic> strains have shown a greater biostimulating effect on the root, unlike the stem, since the root system secretes useful compounds for the optimal establishment of <italic>Trichoderma</italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Guzman-Guzman <italic>et al.</italic> (2019</xref>) report that the plant roots release substances that affect the composition of the microbiota present in the rhizosphere and this leads to the establishment of symbiosis, which involves the promotion of plant growth. This coincides with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Contreras-Cornejo <italic>et al.</italic> (2014</xref>), who mention that this effect is due to the production of auxins, which increase the development of roots, specifically in the species <italic>atroviride</italic> and <italic>virenus</italic>. In the variety Nufar, it has been confirmed to be one of the common cultivars in the market due to its essential oils that release a soft and sweet mild scent (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kellie and Currey, 2019</xref>). Due to this feature, antagonistic microorganisms have been reported to associate more efficiently in the roots, due to the chemical compounds they secrete and which can interact by symbiosis (Guzman-Guzmán <italic>et al</italic>., 2019). The native <italic>Trichoderma</italic> strains evaluated may have possibly caused greater stimulation in this cultivar, due to its adaptation to the substances secreted by its roots.</p>
				<p>In this experiment, the <italic>T. atroviride</italic> strain was observed to cause a greater biostimulation effect on the germination of the Nufar and Purple Ruffles cultivars, whereas in root and stem biomass and length, <italic>T. asperellum</italic> and <italic>T. harzianum</italic> presented a greater efficiency, with a variable response between them, depending on the cultivar evaluated. The effect of commercial T. was always lower than in all other variables, regardless of the cultivar. The efficiency of the native <italic>Trichoderma</italic> strains was related to the type of native strain and the basil cultivar. This shows the variability in response of the different <italic>Trichoderma</italic> strains and the constant need to study them.</p>
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				<title>Acknowledgments</title>
				<p>To the Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), especially to Dra. Alejandra Nieto Garibay. Also to the Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCYT) for the scholarship for master´s studies.</p>
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