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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2307-2</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Nota Fitopatológica</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Producción de celulasas y quitinasas por <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f. sp. <italic>cubense</italic> raza 1 en cultivo sumergido</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Hernández-Melchor</surname>
						<given-names>Dulce Jazmín</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ferrera-Cerrato</surname>
						<given-names>Ronald</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>García-Ávila</surname>
						<given-names>Clemente de Jesús</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Alarcón</surname>
						<given-names>Alejandro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1 </label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Colegio de Postgraduados, Posgrado de Edafología, Microbiología de Suelos, Km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo 56264, Texcoco, Estado México. México; </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Texcoco</city>
					<state>Estado México</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2 </label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Centro Nacional de Referencia Fitosanitaria. Dirección General de Sanidad Vegetal, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASICA), Unidad Integral de Servicios, Diagnóstico y Constatación, Carretera Federal México-Pachuca Km 37.5. Tecámac 55740, Estado de México. México;</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Centro Nacional de Referencia Fitosanitaria</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro Nacional de Referencia Fitosanitaria</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Estado de México</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><italic>*</italic></label><bold>
 <italic>Autor de correspondencia</italic>:</bold> Alejandro Alarcón <email>aalarconcp@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>17</day>
				<month>10</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Apr</season>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>42</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT2307-2</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>09</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>21</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Antecedentes/Objetivo. </title>
					<p><italic>Fusarium</italic> tiene la capacidad de producir enzimas hidrolíticas de interés en la industria de los alimentos o alcohólica para descomponer compuestos orgánicos naturales. Este trabajo estudió la capacidad de <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f.sp. <italic>cubense</italic> raza 1 (FocR1) para producir enzimas celulasas y quitinasas en cultivo sumergido utilizando diferentes fuentes de carbono.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales y métodos. </title>
					<p>Cinco cepas de FocR1 (CNRF-MIC17188, CNRFMIC17189, CNRF-MIC17190, CNRF-MIC17191, y CNRF-MIC17192) se utilizaron en cultivo sumergido para la degradación de tres sustratos [papel filtro, papel periódico, y quitina (Sigma®)], evaluando la velocidad de crecimiento radial (VCr) y la actividad enzimática cuantitativa (FPase, CMCase y quitinasa).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados. </title>
					<p>La VCr en las cinco cepas de FocR1 osciló en un rango de 0.043 a 0.051 cm h-1. A los días 7 y 14, las cinco cepas de FocR1 produjeron celulasas y quitinasas al utilizar los tres sustratos. De acuerdo con el análisis estadístico, las cepas CNRF-MIC17191 y CNRF-MIC17192 presentaron los mejores resultados de actividades enzimáticas.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusiones. </title>
					<p>Las cinco cepas de FocR1 pueden utilizarse como una fuente comercial de celulasas y quitinasas, así como ser candidatas potenciales para bioconvertir complejas fuentes de carbono para su futuro aprovechamiento en procesos industriales.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Hongo</kwd>
				<kwd>actividad enzimática</kwd>
				<kwd>fermentación sumergida</kwd>
				<kwd>papel periódico</kwd>
				<kwd>papel filtro</kwd>
				<kwd>quitina.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="25"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p><italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> es un hongo del suelo cuyas especies incluyen una amplia diversidad de cepas responsables de marchitamientos o pudriciones en muchas especies vegetales, como plátanos y algodón (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Khan <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Mon <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). En contraste, varias especies de <italic>Fusarium</italic> participan en el biocontrol de otros fitopatógenos como <italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic> (ascomiceto) y el oomycete <italic>Phytophthora capsici</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Veloso y Díaz, 2012</xref>). Los endófitos fúngicos confieren un biocontrol directo, ya sea por medio de la interacción con patógenos mediante el micoparasitismo y la antibiosis o de la competencia por nutrientes o nichos de raíces. El micoparasitismo es considerado uno de los principales mecanismos del antagonismo hongo-hongo; además, la actividad antagónica de los micoparásitos necrotróficos se atribuye a la producción de antibióticos, toxinas y enzimas hidrolíticas, tales como glucanasa, celulasa y quitinasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">De Silva <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Estas enzimas hidrolíticas producidas por <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> (en especial la pectinasa y la celulasa) pueden usarse para descomponer compuestos orgánicos naturales, así como para biodegradar diferentes sustratos orgánicos como bagazo de caña (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">de Almeida <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), paja de arroz (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Indira <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), paja de moringa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Vázquez-Montoya <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>), utilizando fermentaciones sumergidas o en estado sólido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Hemansi <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Algunas cepas de <italic>Fusarium</italic> participan en formas beneficiosas para el ambiente, no sólo como un antagonista para fitopatógenos sino también como un productor de enzimas de interés industrial para favorecer la biodegradación de sustratos complejos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Xiros <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). Dada la capacidad de algunas especies de <italic>Fusarium</italic> para secretar enzimas extracelulares de importancia industrial, es necesario estudiar la capacidad de especies de <italic>Fusarium</italic> para biodegradar sustratos complejos como fuentes de carbono, con el propósito de reducir los costos de producción de estas enzimas. Por ello, el presente estudio evaluó la producción potencial de enzimas (celulasa y quitinasa) por cinco cepas de <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f. sp. <italic>cubense</italic> raza 1 (FocR1) sembradas en cultivos sumergidos con diferentes fuentes de carbono.</p>
			<p>Se utilizaron cinco cepas de FocR1. Estos hongos, relacionados con el plátano</p>
			<p>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Florencio-Anastasio <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>) se obtuvieron de la colección fúngica del Laboratorio de Micologia del Centro Nacional de Referencia Fitosanitaria (CNRF), perteneciente al Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASICA, México). Estas cepas fúngicas están codificadas como CNRFMIC17188, CNRF-MIC17189, CNRF-MIC17190, CNRF-MIC17191 y CNRF-</p>
			<p>MIC17192. La tasa de crecimiento radial (TCR) de las cinco cepas de FocR1 se estimó de acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">García-Espejo <italic>et al</italic>. (2016</xref>). La cinética de degradación de los tres sustratos complejos [papel de filtro, papel periódico y quitina coloidal (Sigma®)] se determinaron por medio de la siembra de las cepas fúngicas en cultivos sumergidos, por 14 días a 25 ± 2 °C y 200 rpm. Cada ensayo se llevó a cabo por triplicado con el sustrato correspondiente y con la cepa fúngica estudiada. En resumen, se usaron tubos 50 mL-Falcon, cada uno de los cuales contenía 35 mL de un medio mínimo basal (BMM) [Na2HPO4 6 g L-1, KH2PO4 3 g L-1, (NH4)2SO4 2.64 g L-1, MgSO4•7H2O 0.5 g L-1, CaCl2 0.015 g L-1, MnSO4 3 g L-1, ZnSO4 3 g L-1], con un pH de 4.8, ajustado con un buffer de citrato de 0.05 M (García-Espejo <italic>et al</italic>., 2016). Luego se agregó el sustrato respectivo para degradar: a) 1% p/v de quitina, b) una tira (1x11cm) de papel de filtro, y c) una tira (1x11cm) de papel periódico. Cada tubo se inoculó con una concentración de suspensión de esporas (1x106 esporas mL-1) de la cepa fúngica correspondiente. Después de 7 y de 14 días, se tomaron alícuotas de 1.5 mL para determinar la actividad enzimática correspondiente. La actividad total de la celulasa se evaluó a partir del bioensayo con papel de filtro (FPase), y con la actividad de la endoglucanasa (CMCase) realizada por medio de la técnica DNS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Miller, 1959</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Ghose, 1987</xref>), y como D-Glucosa como blanco. La actividad de la quitinasa se realizó por medio del método descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Vargas-Hoyos y Gilchrist-Ramelli (2015</xref>). La producción de azúcares se determinó con el método de Miller (1959) usando N-acetil-D-glucosamina (GlcNAc) como blanco. El procedimiento para realizar las actividades enzimáticas fue descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Hernández-Melchor <italic>et al.</italic> (2022</xref>) y la medición se llevó a cabo a 540 nm con un lector de microplacas (Synergy 2, Biotek®). Cada unidad de actividad enzimática se definió como la cantidad de enzima requerida para liberar 1 μmol min-1 de azúcar reductora y se expresó como equivalentes de glucosa bajo nuestras condiciones experimentales. Las actividades se expresaron en unidades internacionales por litro (IU L-1).</p>
			<p>El experimento consisitió en un diseño completamente al azar, con cuatro tratamientos con tres repeticiones para cada cepa de <italic>Fusarium</italic>. La normalidad de los datos se verificó por medio de la prueba Shapiro-Wilks (P≤0.05). Luego, se realizó el análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) y la prueba de comparación de medias (Tukey, P≤0.05) mediante el programa estadístico SAS (Windows versión 6.2.9200) para evaluar las diferencias significativas entre parámetros (TCR y la capacidad de cada cepa de FocR1 para degradar tres sustratos complejos) y se expresaron como medias ± error estándar.</p>
			<p>La TCR estimada para las cinco cepas de FocR1 se muestra en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>. La cepa CNRF-MIC17190 presentó diferencias significativas (Tukey, α=0.05) para la TCR (0.051 cm h-1) en comparación con las cepas restantes de FocR1. La TCR de CNRF-MIC17190 fue 1.2 mayor a la reportada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Pal <italic>et al</italic>. (2019</xref>) para <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> f. sp. <italic>lini</italic> (0.0399 cm h-1) sembrado a 25±2 °C y entre 21 y 23 veces mayor a lo reportado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Scott <italic>et al</italic>. (2010</xref>) para <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> f.sp <italic>lactucae</italic> (0.0022-0.0024 cm h-1) sembrado a temperaturas de entre 10 y 25 °C. La TCR de hongos filamentosos ayuda a conocer su crecimiento con el tiempo bajo ciertas condiciones de</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Tasa de crecimiento radial (TCR) de cepas de <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f.sp. <italic>cubense</italic> Raza 1 (FocR1) en un medio PDA, a las 192 h. Letras diferentes en las barras son significativamente diferentes (Tukey; p≤0.05). Medias ± error estándar, n=3.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-01-RMEXFIT2307-2-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>cultivo, tales como la temperatura, el sustrato, pH y otras. Además, este parámetro permitió establecer el tiempo para operar bioreactores por lotes sumergidos específicos basados en el uso de microorganismos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Moore <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Valle <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). Las <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 2</xref> a 4 muestran las actividades enzimáticas cuantificadas obtenidas para las cinco cepas de FocR1, a los 7 y 14 días mediante el uso de papel periódico, papel de filtro y quitina coloidal como fuentes de carbono. Al usar papel periódico, la producción de enzimas resultó en diferencias significativas (Tukey, α=0.05) entre cepas de FocR1; las actividades de celulasa más altas (FPasa y CMCasa) se registraron para las cepas CNRF-MIC17191 y CNRFMIC17192 a los 7 y 14 días (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 2</xref>A y B), y la mayor actividad de quitinase se obtuvo para CNRF-MIC17188 y CNRF-MIC17189, a los 7 días (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>C). Sin embargo, al usar papel de filtro como fuente de carbono, las cepas CNRF-MIC17191, CNRFMIC17192 y CNRF-MIC17190 a a los 7 y 14 días, respectivamente, presentaron diferencias significativas (Tukey, α=0.05) en la actividad celulasa, en comparación con el resto de las cepas de FocR1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 3</xref>A y B). En el día 14, las cepas CNRF-MIC17189 y CNRF-MIC17192 presentaron la mayor actividad quitinasa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>C). Finalmente, cuando se aplicó la quitina como fuente de carbono, las</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Actividad enzimática cuantitativa de cinco cepas de <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f.sp. <italic>cubense</italic> Raza 1 (FocR1) usando papel periódico como sustrato, a los 7 y 14 días. <bold>A)</bold> Actividad celulasa (FPase). <bold>B)</bold> Carboximetil celulasa (CMCasa), y <bold>C)</bold> Actividad quitinasa. Letras diferentes sobre las barras en las tres gráficas, son significativamente diferentes (Tukey; p≤0.05). Medias ± error estándar, n=3.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-01-RMEXFIT2307-2-gf2.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Actividad enzimática cuantitativa como cinco cepas de <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f.sp. <italic>cubense</italic> Raza 1 (FocR1) usando papel de filtro como sustrato, a los 7 y 14 days. <bold>A)</bold> Actividad celulasa (FPase). <bold>B)</bold> Carboximetil celulasa (CMCase), y <bold>C)</bold> Actividad de quitinasa. Letras diferentes sobre las barras en las tres gráficas, son significativamente diferentes (Tukey; p≤0.05). Medias ± error estándar, n=3.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-01-RMEXFIT2307-2-gf3.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Actividad enzimática cuantitativa de cinco cepas de <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f.sp. <italic>cubense</italic> Raza 1 (FocR1) usando quitina como sustrato, a los 7 y 14 días. <bold>A)</bold> Actividad celulasa (FPase). <bold>B)</bold> Carboximetil celulasa (CMCase), y <bold>C)</bold> Actividad quitinasa. Letras diferentes sobre las barras en las tres gráficas, son significativamente diferentes (Tukey; p≤0.05). Medias ± error estándar, n=3.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-01-RMEXFIT2307-2-gf4.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>cepas fúngicas presentaron diferencias significativas (Tukey, α=0.05) en la actividad enzimática. Las cepas CNRF-MIC17188 y CNRF-MIC17190, en el día 7, y las cepas CNRF-MIC17188 y CNRF-MIC17189 en el día 14, presentaron FPasa alta, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>A). En el caso de la CMCasa, la cepa CNRF-MIC17192 presentó la mayor actividad enzimática, tanto a los 7 como a los 14 días (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>B). Además, las cepas CNRF-MIC17188 y CNRF-MIC17192, a los 7 y 14 días, respectivamente, presentó una alta actividad de quitinasa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>C). En términos generales, la actividad enzimática varió, dependiendo de la fuente de carbono y la cepa fúngica. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Martinez-Pacheco <italic>et al.</italic> (2020</xref>) mencionaron que los requerimientos nutrimentales de cada especie de <italic>Fusarium</italic> son específicos para la producción de diferentes actividades enzimáticas, debido a la abundancia o limitaciones de los macroo micronutrientes a lo largo del proceso de fermentación que altera la fisiología fúngica; además, la naturaleza de los residuos orgánicos podría influir sobre la expresión de los mecanismos enzimáticos que intervienen en su despolimerización con el tiempo.</p>
			<p>Las actividades más altas de CMCasa regstradas para las cepas CNRF-</p>
			<p>MIC17191 y CNRF-MIC17192 se obtuvieron a los 14 días, mediante el uso de papael periódico (1859 IU L-1) o quitina (1045 IU L-1) como fuentes de carbono, respectivamente. Dichos valores son comparables con los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Yuan <italic>et al</italic>. (2012</xref>), quienes evaluaron la actividad de la celulasa de una cepa de <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> al usar carboximetilcelulosa como fuente de carbono en un cultivo sumergido (1430 IU L-1). En cambio, los valores de CMCasa mencionados por Yuan <italic>et al</italic>. (2012) fueron 2.8 veces más bajos que los registrados en el presente estudio por la cepa CNRF-MIC17192 (4063 IU L-1), cuando se usó papel de filtro como fuente de carbono. Por otro lado, los mejores resultados para la actividad de FPasa se obtuvieron para las cepas CNRF-MIC17191 y CNRF-MIC17192 en el día 7, al usar papel periódico (754 IU L-1 and 906 IU L-1, respectively) y papel de filtro (930 IU L-1 y 1011 IU L-1, respectivamente) como fuentes de carbono. Para las cepas CNRF-MIC17188 y CNRF-MIC17190, la mayor actividad de FPasa se detectó en el día 7, al usar quitina como fuente de carbono (2259 IU L-1 and 1859 IU L-1). Estos resultados son comparables a los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Ramanathan <italic>et al</italic>. (2010</xref>), quienes estudiaron la capacidad enzimática de <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> usando 1 % de carboximetilcelulosa como fuente de carbono a 50 °C y un pH de 6 durante 12 d. Además, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Xiros <italic>et al</italic>. (2009</xref>) obtuvieron valores similares de actividad de FPasa de <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> aislados de comino, que alcanzó valores máximos de 850 IU L-1 después de 70 h en un cultivo basado en mazorcas de maíz sin granos y en granos usados por cerveceros como fuentes de carbono. Asimismo, los resultados de FPasa usando quitina como sustrato son similares a los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">da Rosa-Garzon <italic>et al</italic>. (2019</xref>), quienes realizaron un cultivo sumergido con <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> en el cual la FPasa (~ 2000 IU L-1) se produjo a niveles similares en cultivos de caseína y harina de plumas. Con respecto a la actividad de la quitinasa, los resultados más significativos se consiguieron para las cepas CNRF-MIC17188 y CNRF-MIC17189 con el uso de papel periódico, para las cepas CNRF-MIC17189 y CNRF-MIC17192 con el papel de filtro, y para las cepas CNRF-MIC17188 y CNRF-MIC17192 con quitina como fuente de carbono. Existen algunos reportes científicos acerca de la capacidad de especies de <italic>Fusarium</italic> para producir quitinasas en cultivos sumergidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Mathivanan <italic>et al</italic>., 1998</xref>), aunque algunas especies pueden liberar quitinasas involucradas en el biocontrol de hongos fitopatógenos como <italic>Puccinia arachidis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Patil <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>). En este sentido, varios autores demostraron la capacidad de varias especies de <italic>Fusarium</italic> para usar sustratos complejos como fuentes de carbono para producir complejos multienzimáticos bajo un proceso controlado de fermentación en un bioreactor. Por ejemplo, <italic>F. verticillioides</italic> puede producir enzimas de celulosa por medio de carboximetilcelulosa o residuos de pasto (<italic>Andropogon gayanus</italic>) como fuente de carbono en cultivos sumergidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">de Almeida <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Vázquez-Montoya <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Indira <italic>et al.</italic> (2016</xref>) estudiaron la capacidad de <italic>F. subglutinans</italic> para producir celulasas por medio de paja de arroz pretratado y preparado con agua dulce o de mar (277.5 U mL-1 and 126.72 U mL-1, respectivamente). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Martínez-Pacheco <italic>et al.</italic> (2020</xref>) optimizaron la capacidad de <italic>F. solani</italic> para producir xilanasas extracelulares por medio del diseño Box-Wilson. Estas enzimas son relevantes para los procesos biotecnológicos (industria alimenticia, de papel y pulpa de celulosa, y química). Si bien muchas enzimas fúngicas han sido seleccionadas por su eficiencia para degradar sustratos complejos, su producción a gran escala es dependiente de varios factores como variaciones en pH, temperatura y concentración de sustratos para las enzimas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Hemansi <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), los cuales deben ser estudiados y estandarizados para llevar a cabo la optimización de dicho bioproceso. Esto último resalta la importancia de nuestra investigación, para que, a pesar de que algunas cepas de <italic>Fusarium</italic> son conocidas por ser fitopatógenos, estos hongos también puedan producir complejos extracelulares multi-enzimáticos (enzimas celulasas y quitinasas, por ejemplo) que puedan ser caracterizados y purificados, ya que poseen características únicas en comparación con enzimas producidas por otros géneros fúngicos. Adicionalmente, algunas especies saprofitas de <italic>Fusarium</italic> tienen la capacidad de degradar diferentes sustratos (desechos agroindustriales) bajo cultivos sumergidos controlados en bioreactores, por lo que estas especies fúngicas pueden reducir los costos de producción de enzimas y permitir la separación de la biomasa fúngica del sobrenadante que contiene el producto objetivo a lo largo de un bioproceso, a diferentes escalas de producción. No obstante lo anterior, el uso adicional de especies o cepas de <italic>Fusarium</italic> debe ser cuidadosamente valorado para evitar implicaciones negativas al usar agentes fitopatógenos, así como para cumplir con ciertas evaluaciones de bioseguridad y riesgos ecológicos.</p>
			<p>En conclusion, este trabajo demostró que algunas fuentes de carbono, tales como papel periódico, papel de filtro o la quitina, pueden ser inductores eficientes para la producción de celulasa y quitinasa por parte de <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f.sp. <italic>cubense</italic> Raza 1 (FocR1) en cultivos sumergidos. Estas cepas de FocR1 son especies fúngicas prometedoras, para futuras aplicaciones biotecnológicas, ya que crecen rápidamente bajo condiciones sumergidas controladas con la adición de sustratos de bajo costo, secretando y produciendo enzimas extracelulares importantes.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimientos</title>
			<p> </p>
			<p>Este trabajo contó con el apoyo financiero del Proyecto 292399 “Fondo Institucional de Fomento Regional para el Desarrollo Científico, Tecnológico y de Innovación-Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología” (FORDECyT-CONACyT).</p>
		</ack>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Phytopathological Note</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Cellulase and chitinase production by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense race 1 in submerged culture</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background/Objective. </title>
					<p><italic>Fusarium</italic> has the capability to produce hydrolytic enzymes that can be used in the food and alcohol industries to break down natural organic compounds. This work studied the ability of <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f. sp. <italic>cubense</italic> race 1 (FocR1) to produce cellulases and chitinases enzymes in submerged culture using different carbon sources.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and methods. </title>
					<p>Five strains of FocR1 (CNRF-MIC17188, CNRF- MIC17189, CNRF-MIC17190, CNRF-MIC17191, and CNRF-MIC17192) were used in submerged culture for the degradation of three substrates [filter paper, newspaper, and chitin (Sigma®)], from where the radial growth rate (RGr) and the quantitative analysis of enzyme activities (FPase, CMCase and chitinase) were evaluated.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results. </title>
					<p>The RGr of the five FocR1 strains oscillated in a range of 0.043 to 0.051 cm h-1. At 7 and 14 days, the five FocR1 strains produced cellulases and chitinases using the three substrates. Based on the statistical analysis, the strains CNRF- MIC17191 and CNRF-MIC17192 showed best results about enzymatic activities.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion. </title>
					<p>The five strains of FocR1 can be exploited as a commercial source of cellulases and chitinases, as well as potential candidates for bioconverting complex C-sources for further utilization in industrial processes.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Fungi</kwd>
				<kwd>enzymatic activity</kwd>
				<kwd>submerged fermentation</kwd>
				<kwd>newspaper</kwd>
				<kwd>filter paper</kwd>
				<kwd>chitin</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p><italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> is a soil-borne fungus whose species include a wide diversity of strains responsible for wilts or rots on many plant species such as banana and cotton (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Khan <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Mon <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). In contrast, several <italic>Fusarium</italic> species participate in the biocontrol of other fungal phytopathogens like <italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic> (ascomycete) and the oomycete <italic>Phytophthora capsici</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Veloso and Díaz, 2012</xref>). Fungal endophytes confer a direct biocontrol either by interacting with pathogens via mycoparasitism and antibiosis or by competing for nutrients or root niches. Mycoparasitism is considered a major contributor to fungus-fungus antagonism; moreover, the antagonistic activity of necrotrophic mycoparasites is attributed to the production of antibiotics, toxins, and hydrolytic enzymes such as glucanase, cellulase and chitinase (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">De Silva <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). These hydrolytic enzymes produced by <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> (mainly pectinase and cellulase) can be used in food and alcohol industries to break down natural organic compounds, and for biodegrading different organic substrates such as sugarcane bagasse (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">de Almeida <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), rice straw (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Indira <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), moringa straw (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Vázquez-Montoya <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>), under submerged and solid state fermentations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Hemansi <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Some <italic>Fusarium</italic> strains participate in beneficial ways for the environment not only as an antagonist to phytopathogens but also as a producer of enzymes of industrial interest to favor the biodegradation of complex substrates (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Xiros <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). Given the ability of certain species of <italic>Fusarium</italic> to secrete extracellular enzymes of industrial importance, it is necessary to study the ability of <italic>Fusarium</italic> species to biodegrade complex substrates which are utilized as carbon sources, with the purpose of reducing the production costs of these enzymes. Thus, this study evaluated the potential enzyme production (cellulase and chitinase) by five strains of <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f. sp. <italic>cubense</italic> race 1 (FocR1) grown under submerged cultures with different carbon sources.</p>
				<p>Five strains of FocR1 were utilized. These banana associated fungi (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Florencio-Anastasio <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>) were obtained from the fungal collection of Laboratorio de Micologia of the Centro Nacional de Referencia Fitosanitaria (CNRF) belonged to the Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASICA, Mexico). These fungal strains are coded as CNRF-MIC17188, CNRF-MIC17189, CNRF-MIC17190, CNRF-MIC17191, and CNRF-MIC17192. The radial growth rate (RGr) of the five FocR1 strains was estimated according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">García-Espejo <italic>et al</italic>. (2016</xref>). The degradation kinetics of three complex substrates [filter paper, newspaper, and colloidal chitin (Sigma®)] were determined by growing the fungal strains in submerged cultures for 14 days at 25 ± 2 °C, and 200 rpm. Each assay was carried out by triplicate with the corresponding substrate and with the fungal strain under study. Briefly, 50 mL-Falcon tubes were utilized; each tube contained 35 mL of basal minimum medium (BMM) [Na2HPO4 6 g L-1, KH2PO4 3 g L-1, (NH4)2SO4 2.64 g L-1, MgSO4•7H2O 0.5 g L-1, CaCl2 0.015 g L-1, MnSO4 3 g L-1, ZnSO4 3 g L-1], with a pH of 4.8 adjusted with a 0.05 M citrate buffer (García-Espejo <italic>et al</italic>., 2016). Afterwards, the respective substrate to be degraded was added: a) 1% w/v of chitin, b) one strip (1x11cm) of filter paper, and c) one strip (1x11cm) of newspaper. Each tube was inoculated with a spore suspension concentration (1x106 spores mL-1) of the corresponding fungal strain. After 7 and 14 days, 1.5 mL aliquots were taken for determining the corresponding enzyme activity. The total cellulase activity was evaluated from the bioassay with filter paper (FPase), and with the endoglucanase activity (CMCase) performed by the DNS technique (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Miller, 1959</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Ghose, 1987</xref>), and by using D-Glucose as blank. The chitinase activity was performed by means of the method described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Vargas-Hoyos and Gilchrist- Ramelli (2015</xref>). The production of sugars was determined with the method of Miller (1959) using N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) as blank. The procedure to carry out the enzymatic activities was described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Hernández-Melchor <italic>et al.</italic> (2022</xref>), the measurement was performed at 540 nm with a microplate reader (Synergy 2, Biotek®). Each unit of enzyme activity was defined as the amount of the enzyme required to release 1 μmol min-1 of the reducing sugar and expressed as equivalents of glucose under our experimental conditions. The activities were expressed as international units per liter (IU L-1).</p>
				<p>Experiment consisted in a completely randomized design with four treatments with three replicates for each <italic>Fusarium</italic> strain. Normality of data was checked out by using the test Shapiro-Wilks (P≤0.05). Then, both analysis of variance (ANOVA) and mean comparison test (Tukey, P≤0.05) were performed with the statistical SAS program (Windows version 6.2.9200), to assess significant differences among parameters (RGr and the capability of each FocR1 strains for degrading three complex substrates), and expressed as means ± standard error.</p>
				<p>The RGr estimated for the five strains of FocR1 are presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>. The strain CNRF-MIC17190 showed significant differences (Tukey, α=0.05) for the RGr (0.051 cm h-1) when compared to the remaining FocR1 strains. The RGr of CNRF-MIC17190 was 1.2 times higher than that reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Pal <italic>et al</italic>. (2019</xref>) for <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> f. sp. <italic>lini</italic> (0.0399 cm h-1) growing at 25±2 °C, and 21 to 23 times higher than that reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Scott <italic>et al</italic>. (2010</xref>) for <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> f.sp <italic>lactucae</italic> (0.0022-0.0024 cm h-1) growing at temperatures ranging from 10 to 25 °C. The RGr of filamentous fungi helps knowing their growth over time under certain cultural conditions such as temperature, substrate, pH, among others; in addition, this parameter allow the establishment of the time for operating specific submerged batch bioreactors based on the utilization of microorganisms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Moore <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Valle <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
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							<title>Radial growth rate (RGr) of <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f.sp. <italic>cubense</italic> Race 1 (FocR1) strains in PDA medium, at 192 h. Different letters on bars are significantly different (Tukey; p≤0.05). Means ± standard error, n=3.</title>
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					<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figures 2</xref> to 4 show the quantified enzymatic activities achieved by the five FocR1 strains, at days 7 and 14, by using newspaper, filter paper, and colloidal chitin as carbon sources. By using newspaper, the enzyme production resulted in significant differences (Tukey, α=0.05) among FocR1 strains; the highest cellulase activities (FPase and CMCase) were recorded for strains CNRF-MIC17191 and CNRF- MIC17192 at days 7 and 14 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>A and B), and the highest chitinase activity was obtained for CNRF-MIC17188 and CNRF-MIC17189, at day 7 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>C). However, by using filter paper as a carbon source, the strains CNRF- MIC17191, CNRF-MIC17192 and CNRF-MIC17190 at days 7 and 14 respectively, had significant differences (Tukey, α=0.05) on cellulase activities when compared to the rest of FocR1 strains (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>A and B). At day 14, the strains CNRF- MIC17189 and CNRF-MIC17192 showed the highest chitinase activity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>C). Finally, when chitin was applied as a carbon source, the fungal strains showed significant differences (Tukey, α=0.05) on the enzymatic activity. Strains CNRF- MIC17188 and CNRF-MIC17190, at day 7, and strains CNRF -MIC17188 and CNRF-MIC17189 at day 14, had high FPase, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>A). In the case of CMCase, the strain CNRF-MIC17192 showed the highest enzyme activity</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Quantitative enzymatic activity of five strains of <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f.sp. <italic>cubense</italic> Race 1 (FocR1) using newspaper as substrate, at 7 and 14 days. <bold>A)</bold> Cellulase activity (FPase). <bold>B)</bold> Carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase). <bold>C)</bold> Chitinase activity. Different letters over the bars in the three graphs are significantly different (Tukey; p≤0.05). Means ± standard error, n=3.</title>
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				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Quantitative enzymatic activity of five strains of <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f.sp. <italic>cubense</italic> Race 1 (FocR1) using filter paper as substrate, at 7 and 14 days. <bold>A)</bold> Cellulase activity (FPase). <bold>B)</bold> Carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase). <bold>C)</bold> Chitinase activity. Different letters over the bars in the three graphs are significantly different (Tukey; p≤0.05). Means ± standard error, n=3.</title>
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					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
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							<title>Quantitative enzymatic activity of five strains of <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f.sp. <italic>cubense</italic> Race 1 (FocR1) using chitin as substrate, at 7 and 14 days. <bold>A)</bold> Cellulase activity (FPase). <bold>B)</bold> Carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase). <bold>C)</bold> Chitinase activity. Different letters over the bars in the three graphs are significantly different (Tukey; p≤0.05). Means ± standard error, n=3.</title>
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				<p>at both 7 and 14 days (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>B). In addition, strains CNRF-MIC17188 and CNRF-MIC17192, at 7 and 14 days, respectively, showed high chitinase activity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>C). Overall, results on enzyme activity varied depending on the carbon source and on the fungal strain. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Martinez-Pacheco <italic>et al.</italic> (2020</xref>) mentioned that the nutritional requirements of each <italic>Fusarium</italic> species are specific for producing different enzymatic activities, this is due to the abundance or limitation of macro- or micronutrients throughout the fermentation process that alters fungal physiology; in addition, the nature of organic residues may influence the expression of enzyme mechanisms that intervene in their depolymerization over time.</p>
				<p>The highest CMCase activities recorded for strains CNRF-MIC17191 and CNRF-MIC17192 were achieved at 14 days, by using either newspaper (1859 IU L-1) or chitin (1045 IU L-1) as carbon source, respectively. Those values are comparable to those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Yuan <italic>et al</italic>. (2012</xref>) who evaluated the cellulase activity from one strain of <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> by using carboxymethylcellulose as a carbon source in submerged culture (1430 IU L-1). Conversely, the CMCase values mentioned by Yuan <italic>et al</italic>. (2012) were 2.8 times lower than those recorded in the present study by the strain CNRF-MIC17192 (4063 IU L-1) when filter paper was applied as a carbon source. On the other hand, the best results of FPase activity were obtained for strains CNRF-MIC17191 and CNRF-MIC17192 at day 7, when using newspaper (754 IU L-1 and 906 IU L-1, respectively) and filter paper (930 IU L-1 and 1011 IU L-1, respectively) as carbon source; for strains CNRF-MIC17188 and CNRF-MIC17190 the highest FPase activity was detected at day 7, by using chitin as carbon source (2259 IU L-1 and 1859 IU L-1). These results are comparable to those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Ramanathan <italic>et al</italic>. (2010</xref>) who studied the enzymatic capacity of <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> using 1% carboxymethylcellulose as carbon source at 50 °C and pH 6 for 12 d. Also, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Xiros <italic>et al</italic>. (2009</xref>) obtained similar values of FPase activity from <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> isolated from cumin which achieved maximum values of 850 IU L-1, after 70 h in culture based on corn cobs and brewer spent grains as carbon sources. Likewise, results of FPase by using chitin as a substrate are similar to those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">da Rosa-Garzon <italic>et al</italic>. (2019</xref>) who carried out a submerged culture with <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> in which the FPase (~ 2000 IU L-1) was produced at similar levels in casein and feather-meal cultures. Regarding chitinase activity, the most significant results were achieved for strains CNRF-MIC17188 and CNRF-MIC17189 by using newspaper, for strains CNRF-MIC17189 and CNRF-MIC17192 with filter paper, and for strains CNRF-MIC17188 and CNRF-MIC17192 by using chitin as carbon source. There are few scientific reports about the capability of <italic>Fusarium</italic> species to produce chitinases under submerged cultures (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Mathivanan <italic>et al</italic>., 1998</xref>), but some species may release chitinases that are involved for the biocontrol of fungal phytopathogens like <italic>Puccinia arachidis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Patil <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>). In this regard, various authors demonstrated the ability of several species of <italic>Fusarium</italic> to use complex substrates as a carbon source to produce multienzyme complexes under controlled fermentation process in a bioreactor. For instance, <italic>F. verticillioides</italic> may produce cellulose enzymes by using carboxymethylcellulose or residues of Gamba grass (<italic>Andropogon gayanus</italic>) as carbon sources in submerged cultures (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">de Almeida <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Vázquez-Montoya <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Indira <italic>et al.</italic> (2016</xref>) studied the ability of <italic>F. subglutinans</italic> to produce cellulases by using pretreated rice straw in Mandel’s media and prepared with fresh water or seawater (277.5 U mL-1 and 126.72 U mL-1, respectively). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Martínez-Pacheco <italic>et al.</italic> (2020</xref>) optimized the ability of <italic>F. solani</italic> to produce extracellular xylanases by using the Box-Wilson design. These enzymes are relevant for biotechnological processes (food, paper and cellulose pulp, textile and chemical industries). Although many fungal enzymes have been selected on their efficiency for biodegrading complex substrates, their large-scale production is influenced by several factors like pH variations, temperature, and enzyme-substrate concentration (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Hemansi <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), which must be studied and standardized to carry out effective scaling-up of such bioprocess. The latter highlights the importance of our research, so that even though some strains of <italic>Fusarium</italic> are well- known to be as phytopathogens, these fungi may also produce multi-enzymatic extracellular complexes (cellulase and chitinase enzymes, for instance) which can be characterized and purified, and they possess unique characteristics when compared to enzymes produced by other fungal genera. In addition, some saprophytic species of <italic>Fusarium</italic> have the capability to degrade different substrates (agro-industrial wastes) under controlled submerged cultures in bioreactors, thus these fungal species may reduce the costs of enzyme production, and allow the separation of the fungal biomass from the supernatant that contains the target product throughout a safe bioprocess at different production scales. Nevertheless, the further utilization of <italic>Fusarium</italic> species or strains may be carefully valorized in order to avoid negative implications when using pathogenic agents, and to concur with certain safety and ecological risk assessments.</p>
				<p>In conclusion, this paper showed that carbon sources like newspaper, filter paper and chitin can be efficient inductors for cellulase and chitinase production by <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f.sp. <italic>cubense</italic> race 1 (FocR1) in submerged cultures. These FocR1 strains are promising fungal species for further biotechnological application since these fungi grow fast under controlled submerged conditions with the addition of low-cost substrates thus, secreting and producing important extracellular enzymes.</p>
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				<title>Acknowledgments</title>
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				<p>This work was financially supported by the Grant 292399 “Fondo Institucional de Fomento Regional para el Desarrollo Científico, Tecnológico y de Innovación-Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología” (FORDECyT-CONACyT).</p>
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