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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2309-2</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo Científico</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title><italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a reduce la marchitez por <italic>Phytophthora</italic> y modifica la acumulación de taninos en aguacate</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Guevara-Avendaño,</surname>
						<given-names>Edgar</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Solís-García,</surname>
						<given-names>Itzel Anayansi</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Méndez-Bravo,</surname>
						<given-names>Alfonso</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Pineda-García;</surname>
						<given-names>Fernando</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Angeles-Alvarez,</surname>
						<given-names>Guillermo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Madero-Vega,</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Pavía,</surname>
						<given-names>Sylvia P. Fernández-</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Mondragón-Flores,</surname>
						<given-names>Alejandra</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>verchon*,</surname>
						<given-names>Frédérique Re-</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, Xalapa, Veracruz; México </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto de Ecología, A.C.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Ecología, A.C.</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> CONAHCYT-1Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Morelia, Michoacán; México </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, Xalapa, Veracruz; México </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, A.C.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, A.C.</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Carretera Morelia Zinapécuaro km 9.5, Tarímbaro, Michoacán; México </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Campo Experimental Valle de Apatzingán­INIFAP, Carretera Apatzingán­Cuatro caminos km 17.5, Antúnez, Michoacán; México </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Campo Experimental Valle de Apatzingán­INIFAP</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Campo Experimental Valle de Apatzingán­INIFAP</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Red de Diversidad Biológica del Occidente Mexicano, Centro Regional del Bajío, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Av. Lázaro Cárdenas 253, Pátzcuaro, Michoacán. México </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Centro Regional del Bajío, Instituto de Ecología, A.C.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro Regional del Bajío, Instituto de Ecología, A.C.</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Autor de correspondencia: Frédérique Reverchon <email>frederique.reverchon@inecol.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>05</day>
				<month>10</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Apr</season>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>42</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT2309-2</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>06</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo/Antecedentes. </title>
					<p>El objetivo fue corroborar la capacidad como agente de biocontrol de la cepa <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a en árboles de aguacate (<italic>Persea americana</italic>) infectados por <italic>Phytophthora cinnamomi.</italic></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales y Métodos. </title>
					<p>Se implementó un experimento en invernadero con cuatro tratamientos: 1) plantas control; 2) plantas infectadas por <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic>; 3) plantas inoculadas con <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a; 4) plantas infectadas por <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> e inoculadas con <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a. Se evaluaron distintas variables morfo-fisiológicas durante el experimento, hasta 25 días después de la infección (ddi). Además, se analizó la densidad de taninos en cortes de tallo a los 25 ddi, para determinar la respuesta de defensa de los árboles ante la enfermedad.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados. </title>
					<p>La inoculación de la cepa A8a redujo los síntomas de marchitez en un 49% a los 25 ddi, en comparación con las plantas no inoculadas. No se encontraron diferencias en las variables morfo-fisiológicas registradas entre tratamientos. Sin embargo, se detectó una mayor acumulación de taninos en el xilema de tallos de plantas infectadas, mientras que las plantas inoculadas con la cepa A8a mostraron una mayor densidad de taninos en el córtex.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión. </title>
					<p>Nuestros resultados confirman la actividad de biocontrol de <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a en aguacate e indican que la acumulación diferencial de taninos en el córtex de plantas inoculadas con la bacteria podría contribuir a la mayor tolerancia de las plantas de aguacate ante la marchitez por <italic>Phytophthora</italic>.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Biocontrol</kwd>
				<kwd>Defensa química</kwd>
				<kwd>Persea americana</kwd>
				<kwd>Phytophthora cinnamo- mi</kwd>
				<kwd>Potencial hídrico.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="39"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p>México es el principal productor y exportador de aguacate (<italic>Persea americana</italic>) a nivel mundial, con una producción anual de 2,393,849 toneladas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">FAOSTAT, 2020</xref>). A nivel nacional, Michoacán es el estado con mayor producción (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">SIAP, 2019</xref>). Sin embargo, la incidencia de plagas y enfermedades ha restringido la productividad del cultivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Tapia­Rodríguez <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Una de las enfermedades más destructivas de los huertos de aguacate a nivel global es la marchitez o pudrición de la raíz ocasionada por el oomiceto <italic>Phytophthora cinnamomi</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Van den Berg <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). En México, <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> se encuentra presente en las principales zonas productoras de aguacate con una incidencia estimada entre el 5 y el 90 %, considerándose así uno de los principales factores limitantes de la producción de este fruto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Agapito­Amador <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Mondragón­Flores <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>).</p>
			<p><italic>Phytophthora cinnamomi</italic> afecta a todas las variedades de aguacate, teniendo mayor incidencia en suelos con bajo drenaje debido a su mecanismo de infección, la cual ocurre a través de zoosporas motiles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hardham, 2005</xref>) o de clamidosporas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hwang y Ko, 1978</xref>). <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> causa necrosis en las raíces finas, limitando así la adquisición de agua y nutrimentos, la marchitez a nivel foliar y, finalmente, la muerte regresiva de los árboles (Hardham, 2005). Entre las respuestas estructurales y/o bioquímicas de defensa del hospedante a la infección por <italic>P. cinnamomi,</italic> se ha reportado la acumulación de lignina o de calosa para reforzar la pared celular, la acumulación de compuestos fenólicos en raíces y la producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS, por sus siglas en inglés) (van der Berg <italic>et al</italic>., 2018; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Camisón <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>). En otros hospedantes, las respuestas de defensa ante <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> incluyen la acumulación de taninos (Camisón <italic>et al</italic>., 2019). Sin embargo, es necesario seguir investigando los mecanismos de defensa de variedades de <italic>P. americana</italic> ante la infección, para ampliar nuestro entendimiento de este patosistema (van der Berg <italic>et al</italic>., 2021).</p>
			<p>Las estrategias de manejo de la marchitez por <italic>Phytophthora</italic> suelen incluir prácticas culturales encaminadas a reducir la saturación en agua de los suelos, el uso de porta­injertos tolerantes o resistentes al patógeno y la aplicación de fungicidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Belisle <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Ramírez­Gil y Morales­Osorio, 2020</xref>). Factores como el incremento en la resistencia a fungicidas por parte del fitopatógeno, así como las restricciones establecidas en torno a la aplicación de agroquímicos para la exportación de aguacate, han favorecido la búsqueda de estrategias alternativas de control que sean más amigables con el medio ambiente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Cortazar­Murillo <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>). En este contexto, el uso de microorganismos como agentes de control biológico de <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> ha ganado interés. La mayoría de los reportes disponibles sobre el biocontrol de <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> se ha enfocado en evaluar cepas de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> spp., por ser hongos que presentan diferentes mecanismos de antagonismo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">López­Herrera <italic>et al</italic>., 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Martins <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). También se ha sugerido el uso de bacterias como <italic>Serratia</italic> sp. ARP5.1 o <italic>Pseudomonas fluorescens</italic> como agentes promisorios de biocontrol, por la actividad antagónica de sus metabolitos contra <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Granada <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Sumida <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Estos antecedentes demuestran el potencial de bacterias como agentes de biocontrol de <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic>.</p>
			<p>En un estudio previo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Méndez­Bravo <italic>et al</italic>. (2018</xref>) aislaron la cepa <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a a partir de suelo rizosférico de aguacate. Dicha cepa presentó actividad antagónica contra <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> en ensayos de antagonismo directo y a través de la emisión de compuestos volátiles; además, los extractos crudos de <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a inhibieron totalmente el crecimiento de <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Cortazar­Murillo <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>). La capacidad promotora de crecimiento vegetal de <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a fue confirmada en la planta modelo <italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</italic> y en tomatillo (<italic>Physalis ixocarpa</italic>) (Méndez­Bravo <italic>et al</italic>., 2018, 2023). Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la capacidad de biocontrol de <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a, determinando el efecto de su inoculación sobre variables morfo-fisiológicas y porcentaje de marchitez en plantas de aguacate infectadas por <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic>.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Materiales y métodos</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Material biológico</title>
				<p>Se utilizó como agente potencial de biocontrol la cepa bacteriana <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a, la cual se aisló a partir de suelo rizosférico de un árbol de aguacate asintomático en un huerto de Huatusco, Veracruz (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Méndez­Bravo <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Como agente patógeno se usó la cepa TGR­1­5 de <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic>, donada por el Laboratorio de Patología Vegetal del Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales de la Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo y proveniente de raíces de aguacate con pudrición de un huerto en Tinguindín, Michoacán. Se determinó su virulencia en ensayos en hojas de <italic>Nicotiana benthamiana</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Mondragón­Flores, 2022</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Preparación de inóculo bacteriano y de la suspensión de zoosporas de P. cinnamomi</title>
				<p>Para generar el inóculo bacteriano, la cepa <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a fue cultivada en medio Luria Bertani (LB) - agar e incubada durante 24 h a 26 °C. Transcurrido este tiempo, se suspendió una asada de biomasa bacteriana en agua estéril. La concentración del inóculo bacteriano se ajustó a aproximadamente 1.5 × 108 UFC mL­1, de acuerdo al punto 0.5 de la escala de McFarland.</p>
				<p>La suspensión de zoosporas de <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> se preparó de acuerdo a lo descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Zentmyer y Chen (1969</xref>) con ligeras modificaciones. Brevemente, la cepa <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> TGR 1­5 se cultivó en cajas Petri con agar harina de maíz durante seis días a 25 °C.</p>
				<p>Posteriormente, se realizaron cortes cuadriculares de micelio de aproximadamente 0.5 cm2. Los cuadros de micelio se distribuyeron de forma equitativa en dos cajas Petri nuevas, a cada caja se agregaron 10 mL de medio de cultivo líquido V8 clarificado (0.01 g de CaCO3, 10 mL de jugo V8 Campbell’s® y 990 mL de agua destilada) y se incubaron 24 h a 25 °C. Transcurrido este tiempo, se decantó el medio V8, el micelio se lavó con 10 mL de solución de Zentmyer (1.64 g de Ca(NO3)2, 0.05 g KNO3 y 0.48 g de MgSO4 en 1 L de agua tridestilada) y se incubó durante 30 min a temperatura ambiente con exposición a luz fluorescente. El lavado con solución mineral se repitió seis veces. Posteriormente, el micelio se incubó a 23 °C con exposición a luz fluorescente durante 10 h, seguido de 8 h en oscuridad. Para promover la liberación de zoosporas, se retiró la solución de sales y el micelio se lavó con 10 mL de agua tridestilada a 4 °C. Se agregó nuevamente agua al micelio y se incubó la mezcla durante 20 min a 4 °C. Tras este periodo, se recuperó el agua con las zoosporas de <italic>P. cinammomi</italic>. Finalmente, las zoosporas se tiñeron con azul de lactofenol (2 gotas en 750 mL de solución) para poder realizar el conteo en una cámara de Nuebauer y se ajustó la concentración de la suspensión a 2.5 × 104 zoosporas mL­1.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Implementación del experimento en invernadero</title>
				<p>Para evaluar el potencial de <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a como agente de biocontrol de <italic>P. cinnamo- mi,</italic> se utilizaron 90 plantas de aguacate de la variedad Méndez de aproximadamente dos años de edad, las cuales fueron adquiridos en el vivero “Piedras Blancas” (Lagunillas, Michoacán, México). El experimento consistió en cuatro tratamientos: 1) 30 plantas “control”, únicamente tratadas con agua [C]; 2) 30 plantas infectadas por <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> [Pc]; 3) 15 plantas inoculadas con <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a [B]; y 4) 15 plantas infectadas por <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> e inoculadas con <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a [BPc] (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Reverchon <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>). El día 1, definido como el día de inicio del experimento (t0), la mitad de las plantas (n=45) se infectó con la suspensión de zoosporas de <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic>, de acuerdo a lo descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Aveling (1999</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Masikane <italic>et al.</italic> (2019</xref>). Primero, las plantas se extrajeron de sus bolsas de cultivo y se retiró el exceso de suelo adherido a sus raíces. Posteriormente, su sistema radical se sumergió durante dos horas en una suspensión con una concentración de 4.9 × 102 zoosporas mL­1, la cual se preparó diluyendo 1.6 L de la suspensión de zoosporas de partida en 80 L de agua potable. En el caso de la otra mitad de las plantas, sus raíces fueron sumergidas en 80 L de agua potable con 1.6 L de agua tridestilada (plantas sin infectar). Cada planta fue trasplantada a una bolsa de plástico negro de 10 L, con una mezcla de sustrato compuesto de turba (PROMIX®)­perlita­vermiculita (proporciones 3:1:1, v/v/v) esterilizado a 121 °C durante 1 h, con 1 volumen de suelo del vivero. Después de 48 h, las plantas se sometieron a condiciones de anegamiento (saturación del sustrato) durante cinco días para favorecer el proceso infeccioso de <italic>P. cinnamomi.</italic> Posteriormente, se drenó el exceso de agua y se continuó con el riego de las plantas con agua potable para mantener la humedad del sustrato. La inoculación de <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a se llevó a cabo 15 días antes de la infección de las plantas con <italic>P. cinna- momi</italic>. Para ello, 30 plantas fueron inoculadas con 250 mL de la suspensión de <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp.</p>
				<p>A8a, aplicada en la base del tallo. Quince de estas plantas fueron asignadas al tratamiento [B], las otras 15 plantas al tratamiento [BPc]. La suspensión bacteriana fue aplicada nuevamente el día posterior a la infección (día 2) y de nuevo 15 días después (día 16). Las plantas de aguacate se distribuyeron de forma aleatoria sobre una cama metálica en el invernadero de la Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores de la UNAM - Morelia. El experimento se desarrolló durante los meses de marzo y abril del 2021 a una temperatura promedio de 31</p>
				<p>°C registrada a las 11:00 am.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Medición de variables morfológicas y fisiológicas en plantas de aguacate</title>
				<p>La medición de variables morfológicas y fisiológicas se realizó a los días 1 (t0), 4 (t1),7 (t2), 13 (t3) y 25 (t4) después de la inoculación (ddi) de <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic>. En el caso de las variables morfológicas, se registraron mediciones de altura (cm), diámetro (cm), y número de hojas a partir de seis individuos para los tratamientos C y Pc, en cada tiempo; para los tratamientos B y BPc, se realizaron mediciones de tres individuos. Se calculó el porcentaje de marchitez de cada planta con la fórmula siguiente:</p>
				<mml:math>
					<mml:mi>Marchitez</mml:mi>
					<mml:mo>(%)</mml:mo>
					<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
					<mml:mfrac>
						<mml:mrow>
							<mml:mi>No.</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>de</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi>hojas</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>marchitas</mml:mi>
						</mml:mrow>
						<mml:mrow>
							<mml:mi>No.</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>de</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi>hojas</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>totales</mml:mi>
						</mml:mrow>
					</mml:mfrac>
					<mml:mo>×</mml:mo>
					<mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
				</mml:math>
				<p>de acuerdo a lo reportado en <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Wang <italic>et al.</italic> (2006</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Azil <italic>et al</italic>. (2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>En el caso de las variables fisiológicas, se llevaron a cabo mediciones de tres plantas por tratamiento. La conductancia estomática (mol CO /m2/s), la tasa fotosintética (µmol/m2/s) y la transpiración (mmol/m2/s) se midieron utilizando el sistema portátil de intercambio de gases Li­Cor 6400 (LI­COR, Lincoln, NE, USA). La medición se realizó en dos hojas extendidas y sin daño aparente por planta seleccionada, entre las 8:00 h y a las 11:00 h, con una intensidad de luz de 1500 µmol/m2/s y CO ambiental. El potencial hídrico (MPa) de la planta se midió en el pre­amanecer (5:00 h) y al medio día (14:00 h) con una cámara de presión Scholander 1000 (PMS Instrument Co., Albany, OR, EE.UU.), en dos hojas por cada planta, las cuales fueron cubiertas con papel aluminio media hora antes de la medición para permitir la homogenización del potencial hídrico de la hoja con el tallo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aguilar­Romero <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis histoquímicos de cortes de tallo y determinación de la presencia de calosa y taninos</title>
				<p>Para llevar a cabo la determinación de calosa y de taninos en tallos de aguacate al final del proceso de infección (25 ddi), se cortó un fragmento de tallo de 1.5 cm de longitud en la parte basal de tres plantas por tratamiento, utilizando una tijera de poda. Los fragmentos se procesaron de acuerdo a la metodología descrita en <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Johansen (1940</xref>). Los fragmentos se fijaron durante 24 h en una solución fijadora FAA (alcohol al 70%, formaldehido y agua destilada en proporción 5:5:90). Transcurrido el tiempo de fijación, se retiró la solución FAA y se agregó una solución de etanol-glicerol (1:1, v/v) para preservar las muestras. Posteriormente, las muestras se lavaron con agua corriente, se deshidrataron en concentraciones crecientes de alcohol etílico (30, 50 y 70 %) y se pasaron por una serie de concentraciones crecientes de alcohol terbutílico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Sandoval, 2005</xref>). Los fragmentos de tallo se colocaron en parafina histológica (Hycel) y se realizaron cortes de 15-20 µm de grosor de las caras transversal y radial, utilizando un micrótomo rotatorio (Leica RM2125 RTS). Los cortes se tiñeron con una combinación de ácido tánico al 1 % (en agua); cloruro férrico al 3 % (en agua) y lacmoide al 3 % (en solución de etanol 50 % y agua 50 %) de acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Gurr (1965</xref>). Después, los cortes se lavaron con una solución de bicarbonato de sodio al 1 % (en etanol al 50 %), se deshidrataron en concentraciones graduales de alcohol al 70, 80, 90 y 100 % y se aclararon los tejidos con xileno absoluto. Finalmente, los cortes se montaron en resina sintética y se observaron en un microscopio compuesto (Leica DM750M). La cuantificación de taninos se llevó a cabo utilizando imágenes capturadas con el objetivo 20×, en campo claro. Se tomaron imágenes de los cortes transversales de tallos de aguacate de los cuatro tratamientos a los 25 ddi. Las imágenes obtenidas se analizaron con el Software ImageJ (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/index.html).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadísticos</title>
				<p>El análisis de los resultados se realizó en RStudio, v. 2022.12.0. Se comprobó la normalidad de los datos mediante la prueba de Shapiro­Wilk y la homocedasticidad de varianza con la prueba de Bartlett. Los datos obtenidos a partir de las mediciones de variables morfológicas y fisiológicas, así como de la cuantificación del contenido de taninos, se analizaron mediante análisis de varianza de dos y de una vía respectivamente, seguidas por una prueba de comparaciones pareadas de Tukey para datos con una distribución normal. Los datos que no presentaron distribución normal se analizaron con un análisis de Kruskal­Wallis y suma de rangos de Wilcoxon con ajuste de Bonferroni­Holm. Los resultados fueron considerados como significativos con una <italic>P ≤</italic> 0.05.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Resultados</title>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Cambios en las variables morfo-fisiológicas de plantas de aguacate en respuesta a la inoculación de <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a y la infección por <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic>
</bold></title>
				<p>Nuestros resultados muestran que la inoculación de <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a en plantas infectadas con <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> (tratamiento BPc) disminuyó el porcentaje de marchitez hasta en un 49 % a los 25 ddi, en comparación con plantas infectadas y no inoculadas con la bacteria (tratamiento Pc) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Adicionalmente, se observó que la marchitez en plantas infectadas con <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> incrementó a través del tiempo, pasando de 2.9 % (1 ddi) a 50%</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Efecto de la inoculación de <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a y <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> en árboles de aguacate a los 1, 4, 7, 13 y 25 ddi. A) Porcentaje de marchitez causada por <italic>P. cinnamomi;</italic> B) altura de los árboles (cm); C) diámetro del tallo (cm). Las barras muestran el promedio de los datos (n = 6, tratamientos C y Pc; n = 3, tratamientos B y BPc) ± d.e. Letras diferentes indican diferencias significativas (ANOVA de dos vías, <italic>P ≤</italic> 0.05). En la figura 1A, (+) representa diferencia significativa en relación con (­) entre tiempos, para el tratamiento Pc (ANOVA, <italic>P ≤</italic> 0.05). D) Fotografías representativas de la parte aérea y del sistema radical de árboles de aguacate a los 25 ddi, en los cuatro tratamientos. C: control; Pc: infectado con <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic>; B: inoculado con <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a; BPc: infectado con <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> e inoculado con <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-01-RMEXFIT2309-2-gf1.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>al final del experimento (25 ddi). En contraste, el porcentaje de marchitez disminuyó en plantas infectadas e inoculadas con <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a a lo largo del experimento, pasando de 40.4 % a los 13 ddi a 7.1 % a los 25 ddi (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>A). No obstante, estas diferencias no fueron significativas, probablemente debido a la variación existente dentro de los tratamientos. No se observaron diferencias significativas en la altura de las plantas y diámetro de su tallo entre tratamientos para un mismo tiempo, ni en la interacción del tiempo con el tratamiento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figuras 1</xref>B, C). Tampoco se observaron diferencias significativas en la conductancia estomática, tasa fotosintética y transpiración entre los distintos tratamientos, independientemente de los tiempos de medición (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>). Sin embargo, el potencial hídrico a los 25 ddi fue significativamente menor en plantas infectadas con <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> (tratamientos Pc y BPc) en comparación con plantas no infectadas (tratamientos C y B), tanto en su medición a las 5:00 h (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>A) como a las 14:00 h (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>B). No se observaron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos Pc y BPc en cuanto al potencial hídrico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Cuadro 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Tasa fotosintética, conductancia estomática y transpiración en árboles de aguacate infectados con <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> e inoculados con <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Variables fisiológicas</th>
									<th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tratamientos</th>
									<th colspan="5" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Días después de la infección (ddi)</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">1</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">4</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">7</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">13</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">25</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="4">Tasa fotosintética (µmol/m<sup>2</sup>/s)</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">C</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">0.7 +- 1.1a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">2.8 +- 4.4a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">4.1 +- 3.6a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">1.1 +- 0.6a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">4.4 +- 1.9a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center;">Pc</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">0.7 +- 0.7a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">1.8 +- 3.0a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">0.9 +- 1.7a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">1.5 +- 1.8a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">3.7 +- 1.9a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center;">B</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">0.8 +- 1.1a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">1.7 +- 2.7a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">3.4 +- 2.8a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">2.4 +- 2.0a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">0.7 +- 1.0a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center;">BPc</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">1.0 +- 0.9a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">2.1 +- 1.1a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">4.3 +- 3.3a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">1.8 +- 2.1a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">1.8 +- 2.2a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="4">Conductancia estomática (mol CO<sub>2</sub> /m<sup>2</sup>/s)</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">C</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">0.5 +- 0.5a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">5.2 +- 6.9a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">5.0 +- 4.5a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">0.9 +- 0.4a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">3.7 +- 2.2a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center;">Pc</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">0.3 +- 0.1a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">2.9 +- 3.6a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">1.1 +- 1.1a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">1.3 +- 1.8a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">2.8 +- 1.8a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center;">B</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">0.2 +- 0.1a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">2.3 +- 2.4a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">4.5 +- 3.8a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">3.5 +- 4.6a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">0.7 +- 0.8a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center;">BPc</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">0.4 +- 0.1a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">2.0 +- 0.8a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">3.6 +- 2.9a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">1.4 +- 1.5a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">2.0 +- 2.3a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Transpiración (mmol/m<sup>2</sup>/s)</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">C</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">0.2 +- 0.2a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">1.2 +- 1.6a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">1.2 +- 1.0a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">1.0 +-1.0a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">1.1 +- 0.6a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center;">Pc</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">0.1 +- 0.0a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">0.7 +- 0.8a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">0.3 +- 0.3a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">0.4 +- 0.1a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">0.8 +- 0.5a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center;">B</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">0.0 +- 0.0a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">0.6 +- 0.6a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">1.4 +- 1.1a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">1.6 +- 1.3a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">0.2 +- 0.2a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">BPc</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.1 +- 0.0a</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.6 +- 0.2a</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">1.0 +- 0.8a</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.4 +- 0.4a</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.6 +- 0.6a</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Los valores reportados muestran el promedio de tres réplicas ± e.e. Los datos de conductancia estomática se encuentran expresados como su valor real multiplicado por 100. Letras diferentes indican diferencias significativas entre tratamientos por cada tiempo (ANOVA, <italic>P ≤</italic> 0.05).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Potencial hídrico foliar en árboles de aguacate a los días 1, 4, 7, 13 y 25 ddi. A) Potencial hídrico foliar (MPa) a las 5:00 am; B) potencial hídrico foliar a las 14:00 pm. Las barras muestran el promedio de los datos (n = 3 ± d.e). Letras diferentes indican diferencias significativas entre tratamientos dentro de un mismo tiempo. El potencial hídrico medido a los 1, 4 y 25 ddi se analizó con un ANOVA de una vía y prueba de Tukey (<italic>P ≤</italic> 0.05). Los datos obtenidos a los 7 y 13 ddi se analizaron con un análisis de varianza de Kruskal­Wallis y suma de rangos de Wilcoxon por ser datos no paramétricos (<italic>P ≤</italic> 0.05).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-01-RMEXFIT2309-2-gf2.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Acumulación de taninos en tallos de aguacate en respuesta a la infección por <italic>P. cinna- momi</italic> y a la inoculación de <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a</bold></title>
				<p>Se cuantificó el porcentaje del área ocupada por taninos a los 25 ddi. La infección por <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> triplicó el área de taninos en el xilema interno y externo, comparado con las plantas del control (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). En contraste, la inoculación de <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a indujo una mayor acumulación de taninos en el córtex, aunque ésta no fue estadísticamente significativa. La inoculación de <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a multiplicó por dos la acumulación de taninos en el córtex de las plantas no infectadas por el patógeno (37.5 % en el tratamiento B), e indujo un incremento del 16.9 % en el área de taninos en el córtex de las plantas infectadas (tratamiento BPc), comparado con plantas infectadas pero no inoculadas con la bacteria. Adicionalmente, en plantas infectadas, la inoculación de la cepa A8a redujo la acumulación de taninos en el xilema externo e interno (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>), evidenciando un cambio en el patrón de acumulación de taninos inducido por la cepa de biocontrol. En cuanto a la determinación de calosa, no se encontró en ninguno de los tejidos analizados.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Cuadro 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Porcentaje del área de taninos ocupada a los 25 ddi en las diferentes secciones de tallo de árboles de aguacate infectados por <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> e inoculados con <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tratamientos</th>
									<th colspan="3" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Porcentajes del área de taninos (%)</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Córtex</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Xilema externo</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Xilema interno</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center;">C</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">17.9 +- 16.0a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">16.5 +- 0.9a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">16.0 +- 4.2a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center;">Pc</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">24.5 +- 10.6a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">55.0 +- 26.2a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">50.3 +- 25.1a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center;">B</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">37.5 +- 9.0a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">26.1 +- 16.1a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">17.1 +- 3.8a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">BPc</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">41.4 +- 1.4a</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">15.1 +- 1.1a</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">27.4 +- 0.7a</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>Los valores reportados muestran el promedio de dos mediciones ± e.e. Letras diferentes indican diferencias significativas entre tratamientos para una misma área del tallo (Kruskal­Wallis, <italic>P ≤</italic> 0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discusión</title>
			<p>A través de un experimento curso temporal en invernadero, encontramos que la inoculación de <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a en plantas de aguacate infectadas con <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> redujo hasta en un 49 % la marchitez por <italic>Phytophthora</italic>, 25 días después de la infección, en comparación con plantas infectadas pero no inoculadas con la bacteria. En trabajos previos, reportamos el potencial de <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a para inhibir a <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> en pruebas <italic>in vitro</italic> y su capacidad para producir compuestos antimicrobianos volátiles del grupo de las pirazinas y cetonas, así como compuestos difusibles como macrolactina, dificidina, bacileno y bacilisina (Méndez- Bravo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Cortazar­Murillo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2023</xref>). El presente estudio permitió corroborar la</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Acumulación de taninos en secciones transversales del córtex (C), xilema externo y xilema interno de tallos de aguacate de los cuatro tratamientos a los 25 ddi. <bold>Figuras A - C</bold>: Tratamiento Control. <bold>A</bold>. Se observan pocas células taníferas (T) dispersas en el tejido. <bold>B</bold>. Las células taníferas (T) se observan en el parénquima radial. Se indican los vasos (V) y el parénquima radial (r). <bold>C</bold>. Se observan pocas células taníferas (T) en el parénquima axial y radial (r). Ph = floema secundario. Escala: A-C. 30 μm. <bold>Figuras D - F</bold>: Tratamiento Pc. <bold>D</bold>. Se observan abundantes células taníferas (T). <bold>E.</bold> Las células taníferas (T) se observan tanto en el parénquima radial como axial. V = vasos. <bold>F</bold>. Las células taníferas (T) se concentran en las células radiales. Escala: D. 60 μm. E y F. 30 μm. <bold>Figuras G - I:</bold> Tratamiento B. <bold>G.</bold> Sección transversal a través del floema (Ph) y del córtex (C). Se observan algunas células taníferas (T) en medio de células del parénquima llenas de almidón (asteriscos). <bold>H</bold>. Una larga cadena de vasos (V) se observa en el centro de la imagen. Sólo se observan algunas células taníferas (T) en el parénquima radial. <bold>I.</bold> Las células taníferas (T) son aún menos frecuentes que en el xilema externo. Escala: G. 25 μm. H y I. 30 μm. <bold>Figuras J - L:</bold> Tratamiento BPc. <bold>J.</bold> Se observan células taníferas (T). <bold>K</bold>. Se observan vasos (V) agrupados o aislados y algunas células taníferas (T) en el parénquima radial. <bold>L</bold>. Algunas células taníferas (T) se observan de manera aislada en el parénquima axial. Los vasos (V) se agrupan en cadenas radiales o en grupos de cuatro. Escala: J L. 35 μm.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-01-RMEXFIT2309-2-gf3.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>capacidad de la cepa A8a para el control de la marchitez por <italic>Phytophthora</italic> en su hospedante natural, <italic>P. americana</italic>. Nuestros resultados enfatizan el potencial de las rizobacterias para inhibir el crecimiento de <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> y los daños ocasionados por la marchitez por <italic>Phyto- phthora,</italic> confirmando lo previamente descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Ramírez-Gil y Morales-Osorio (2020</xref>) con la cepa <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. BC3 o por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Ramírez­Restrepo <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>) con <italic>Serratia plymuthica</italic> AED38. Aunque la reducción en la incidencia de síntomas de marchitez en el tratamiento BPc no fue estadísticamente significativa, la elevada variación intra-tratamiento, independientemente de la actividad de biocontrol de <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a, podría haber repercutido en la ausencia de diferencias significativas. Esta alta variación podría estar asociada a la plasticidad fenotípica que suele observarse en aguacate y en sus porta­injertos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ashworth y Clegg, 2003</xref>), y podría controlarse aumentando el número de réplicas o la duración del experimento. Un monitoreo más largo de los efectos de la cepa A8a en las plantas inoculadas es por lo tanto necesario, ya que, al ser plantas leñosas, las respuestas del aguacate a tratamientos biológicos enfocados a mejorar su crecimiento y productividad pueden tardar en observarse (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Barra <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). En este experimento, no fue posible extender la duración del experimento debido a la muerte de las plantas del tratamiento Pc después de los 25 ddi. <italic>Phytophthora cinnamomi</italic> ataca las raíces secundarias de los árboles de aguacate, responsables de la absorción de nutrimentos y agua, provocando marchitez, defoliación, reducción en la productividad y, consecuentemente, la muerte del árbol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hardham, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Méndez­Bravo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). Estos síntomas pueden estar asociados en parte al desarrollo de un estrés hídrico severo en la planta infectada. En nuestro estudio, la infección por <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> generó mayor estrés hídrico en las plantas infectadas (Pc y BPc) que en las no infectadas (C y B) a los 25 ddi, lo que concuerda con los resultados obtenidos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Sterne <italic>et al.</italic> (1978</xref>). De forma interesante, la marchitez en plantas infectadas (Pc) fue hasta un 49 % superior a los síntomas en plantas infectadas pero inoculadas con <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a (BPc), lo que sugiere que la cepa A8a reduce el daño ocasionado por <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> sin compensar el estrés hídrico. Adicionalmente, no se detectaron diferencias significativas en la conductancia estomática y transpiración, ni en la tasa fotosintética, entre plantas sanas y plantas infectadas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Ploetz y Schafeer (1989)</xref> sugieren que el efecto de <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> en la asimilación de CO2, la transpiración y la conductancia estomática en árboles de aguacate no es consistente, a menos de que se agregue otro factor de estrés como condiciones de anegamiento, lo cual induce consistentemente estrés hídrico en árboles infectados. Los valores más bajos de las variables fisiológicas observados a los 7 ddi en el tratamiento Pc (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>), aunque no significativamente, podrían confirmar esta hipótesis, ya que se mantuvieron condiciones de anegamiento durante cinco días en nuestro experimento.</p>
			<p>La infección por <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> y la inoculación con <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a indujeron modificaciones en la acumulación de taninos presentes en las diferentes secciones del tallo de aguacate a los 25 ddi. En el tratamiento Pc, se observó la acumulación de taninos en los xilemas externo e interno. Los compuestos fenólicos, entre ellos los taninos, desempeñan una función importante en los mecanismos de defensa vegetal ante el estrés biótico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Gallardo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>), a través de mecanismos que involucran la inhibición de enzimas fúngicas extracelulares, reducción de la disponibilidad de nutrientes e inhibición de la fosforilación oxidativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Rashad <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). La acumulación de taninos en el xilema, en respuesta a la infección por <italic>P. cinnamomi,</italic> probablemente forma parte de la respuesta de defensa de la planta y contribuye a su resistencia ante la marchitez por <italic>Phytophthora</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Phillips <italic>et al</italic>., 1987</xref>). Por otro lado, las plantas inoculadas con la cepa A8a (tratamientos B y BPc) presentaron una mayor acumulación de taninos en el córtex que las plantas no inoculadas (tratamientos C y Pc, respectivamente). La acumulación de compuestos fenólicos en tejidos vegetales como efecto positivo de la inoculación de agentes de biocontrol también ha sido demostrada en otros patosistemas. Por ejemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Javed <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>) describieron que la inoculación con <italic>Bacillus megaterium</italic> y <italic>Pseudomonas fluorescens</italic> incrementó la deposición de compuestos fenólicos en secciones vasculares de tallos y raíces de frijol mungo (<italic>Vigna radiata</italic>) infectados por <italic>Macrophomina phaseolina</italic>, lo que impidió la colonización del micelio en el lumen de los vasos xilemáticos, a diferencia de las plantas no tratadas con estas bacterias. La observación de una mayor densidad de taninos en los cortes histológicos de córtex provenientes de los tratamientos inoculados con <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a sugiere una acción del agente de biocontrol sobre una de las primeras barreras físicas de defensa vegetal y su posible contribución en la tolerancia de las plantas de aguacate ante la marchitez por <italic>Phyto- phthora</italic>. Sin embargo, investigaciones futuras deberán enfocarse en elucidar los mecanismos que rigen la capacidad de biocontrol de la cepa A8a.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusiones</title>
			<p>En este trabajo se confirma la actividad de biocontrol de <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a ante la marchitez por <italic>Phytophthora</italic>, actividad previamente reportada <italic>in vitro,</italic> y sugiere que dicha actividad puede deberse en parte a la acumulación diferencial de taninos en el córtex de las plantas inoculadas con la bacteria. Futuros estudios podrían corroborar el potencial de biocontrol de <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a en condiciones de campo. Finalmente, para garantizar su máxima eficiencia en campo, es importante verificar la colonización exitosa de la cepa A8a en la rizósfera de <italic>P. americana</italic> y mejorar nuestro entendimiento de sus interacciones con la microbiota rizosférica nativa del aguacate, para poder contribuir a un manejo integral más sustentable de la marchitez por <italic>Phytophthora</italic>.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Agradecimientos</title>
			<p>Este trabajo fue financiado por el proyecto FOSEC-SEP-CONAHCYT no. A1-S-30794. También agradecemos el apoyo de CONAHCYT mediante una beca postdoctoral otorgada al primer autor (Programa “Estancias Posdoctorales por México” no. 417707). Agradecemos a Silvana Martén Rodríguez por el uso del invernadero; a Alejandro Méndez Bravo y a Yareli Pérez­Bautista por su apoyo durante el muestreo; a Marlene Díaz Celaya por su apoyo técnico en el proceso de liberación de zoosporas de <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> y a Gerardo Rodríguez Alvarado por su contribución en el aislamiento de la cepa de <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic>.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.avocadosource.com/CAS_Yearbooks/CAS_53_1969/CAS_1969_PG_103-107.pdf">https://www.avocadosource.com/CAS_Yearbooks/CAS_53_1969/CAS_1969_PG_103-107.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Scientific Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Bacillus sp. A8a reduces leaf wilting by Phytophthora and modifies tannin accumulation in avocado</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective / Background. </title>
					<p>The objective was to assess the biocontrol capacity of <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a in avocado (<italic>Persea americana</italic>) plants infected by <italic>Phytophthora cinnamomi.</italic></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and Methods. </title>
					<p>A greenhouse experiment was implemented with four treatments: 1) control plants; 2) plants infected with <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic>; 3) plants inoculated with <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a; 4) plants infected with <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> and inoculated with <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a. We evaluated several morpho­physiological variables during the experiment, which lasted 25 days after infection (dai). Moreover, we analyzed tannin density in stems at 25 dai to determine the plant defense response against the disease.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results. </title>
					<p>Inoculation with strain A8a reduced wilting symptoms by 49 % at 25 dai, compared with non-inoculated plants. No differences were detected in morpho- physiological variables between treatments. However, a greater tannin accumulation was registered in the xylem of infected plants, whilst plants inoculated with strain A8a displayed a larger tannin density in the cortex.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion. </title>
					<p>Our results confirm the biocontrol activity of <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a in avocado plants and suggest that tannin differential accumulation in the cortex of plants inoculated with the bacteria may contribute to the enhanced tolerance of avocado plants against <italic>Phytophthora</italic> root rot.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd>Biocontrol</kwd>
				<kwd>Chemical defense</kwd>
				<kwd>Persea americana</kwd>
				<kwd>Phytophthora cinnamomi</kwd>
				<kwd>Water potential.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>Mexico is the main producer and exporter of avocado (<italic>Persea americana</italic>) in the world, with an annual production of nearly 2.4 million tons (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">FAOSTAT, 2020</xref>). Nationwide, Michoacán is the state with the highest production (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">SIAP, 2019</xref>). However, the incidence of pests and diseases has restricted the productivity of the crop (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Tapia­Rodríguez <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). One of the most destructive diseases of avocado orchards worldwide is the wilting or root rot caused by the oomycete <italic>Phytophthora cinnamomi</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Van den Berg <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). In Mexico, <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> is found in the main avocado­producing areas, with an estimated incidence of 5 to 90%, thus considered one of the main limiting factors of the production of this fruit (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Agapito­Amador <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Mondragón­Flores <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>).</p>
				<p><italic>Phytophthora cinnamomi</italic> affects all avocado varieties and has a higher incidence in soils with poor drainage, due to its infection mechanism, which takes place through motile zoospores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hardham, 2005</xref>) or chlamydospores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hwang and Ko, 1978</xref>). <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> causes necrosis in fine roots, thus limiting the uptake of water and nutrients, subsequently induces leaf wilting, and finally, leaf wilting, and finally, tree dieback (Hardham, 2005). Among the structural and/or biochemical defense responses of the host to the infection by <italic>P. cinnamomi,</italic> the accumulation of lignin or callose has been reported as a reinforcement of the cell wall, combined with the accumulation of phenolic compounds in roots and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (van der Berg <italic>et al</italic>., 2018; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Camisón <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>). In other hosts, the defense responses against <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> include the accumulation of tannins (Camisón <italic>et al</italic>., 2019). However, further research on the defense mechanisms in <italic>P. americana</italic> varieties against the infection by <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> are necessary to broaden our understanding of this pathosystem (van der Berg <italic>et al</italic>., 2021).</p>
				<p>The management strategies of <italic>Phytophthora</italic> root rot usually include cultural practices aimed at reducing water saturation in soils, the use of pathogen­tolerant or resistant rootstocks and the use of fungicides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Belisle <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; Ramírez­ Gil and Morales­Osorio, 2020). Factors such as the increase in the resistance of the phytopathogen to fungicides, as well as the restrictions surrounding the use of agrochemicals for the export of avocado, have favored the search for alternative, more eco­friendly control strategies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Cortazar­Murillo <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>). In this context, the use of microorganisms as biological control agents of <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> has gained increasing interest. Most of the available reports on the biocontrol of <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> have focused on evaluating strains of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> spp., since these are fungi that display different antagonism mechanisms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">López-Herrera <italic>et al</italic>., 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Martins <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). Bacteria such as <italic>Serratia</italic> sp. ARP5.1 or <italic>Pseudomonas fluorescens</italic>, have also been suggested as promising biocontrol agents, due to the antagonistic activity of their metabolites against <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Granada <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Sumida <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). These previous reports show the potential of bacteria as biocontrol agents of <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic>.</p>
				<p>In an earlier study, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Méndez­Bravo <italic>et al</italic>. (2018</xref>) isolated the strain <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a from the rhizospheric soil of avocado. This strain displayed antagonistic activity against <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> in direct antagonism tests and through the emission of volatile compounds. In addition, the crude extracts of <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a completely inhibited the growth of <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Cortazar­Murillo <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>). The plant growth promoting ability of <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a was confirmed in the model plant <italic>Arabidopsis thaliana</italic> and in tomatillo (<italic>Physalis ixocarpa</italic>) (Méndez­Bravo <italic>et al</italic>., 2018, 2023). Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the biocontrol ability of <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a, through the evaluation of the effect of its inoculation on morpho- physiological variables and percentage of wilt on avocado plants infected by <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>Materials and Methods</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Biological material</title>
					<p>Bacterial strain <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a, which was isolated from the rhizospheric soil of an avocado tree with Phytophthora wilt symptoms in an orchard in Huatusco, Veracruz (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Méndez­Bravo <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), was used as a potential biocontrol agent. The pathogenic agent used in this study was the strain TGR­1­5 of <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic>, donated by the Plant Pathology Laboratory of the Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales of the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo- and isolated from rotting avocado roots in an orchard in Tinguindín, Michoacán. Its virulence was determined in tests performed on <italic>Nicotiana benthamiana</italic> leaves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Mondragón­Flores, 2022</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><bold>Preparation of bacterial inoculant and of the <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> zoospore suspension</bold></title>
					<p>To produce the bacterial inoculant, the strain <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a was streaked on Luria Bertani (LB) agar medium and incubated for 24 h at 26 °C. After this time, a loopful of bacterial biomass was suspended in sterile water. The concentration of the inoculant was adjusted to approximately 1.5 × 108 CFU mL­1, according to the 0.5 standard of the McFarland scale.</p>
					<p>The <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> zoospore suspension was prepared as described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Zentmyer and Chen (1969</xref>) with slight modifications. Briefly, the <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> TGR 1­5 strain was cultivated in Petri dishes with cornmeal agar for six days at 25 °C. Later, mycelial squares of approximately 0.5 cm2 were cut, evenly distributed into two new Petri dishes and 10 mL of clarified V8 liquid culture medium (0.01 g of CaCO3, 10 mL of Campbell’s® V8 juice and 990 mL of distilled water) and incubated for 24 h at 25 °C. After this time, the V8 medium was discarded, the mycelium was washed with 10 mL of Zentmyer solution (1.64 g of Ca(NO3)2, 0.05 g KNO3 and 0.48 g of MgSO4 in 1 L of distilled water) and incubated for 30 min at room temperature under fluorescent light. The wash procedure with mineral solution was repeated six times. The mycelium was then incubated at 23 °C with exposure to fluorescent light for 10 h, followed by 8 h in the dark. To promote the release of zoospores, the salt solution was removed and the mycelium was washed with 10 mL of distilled water at 4 °C. Subsequently, water was added again and the mycelium - water mixture was incubated for 20 min at 4 °C. After this time, the water with <italic>P. cinammomi</italic> zoospores was recovered. Finally, the zoospores were stained with lactophenol blue (2 drops in 750 mL of solution) to be able to count them in a Nuebauer chamber and the concentration of the suspension was adjusted to 2.5 × 104 zoospores mL­1.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Implementation of the greenhouse experiment</title>
					<p>To evaluate the potential of <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a as a biocontrol agent against <italic>P. cinnamomi,</italic> 90 avocado plants of the Méndez variety, of approximately two years­ old, were acquired from the “Piedras Blancas” nursery (Lagunillas, Michoacán, Mexico). The experiment consisted of four treatments: 1) 30 “control” plants, treated only with water [C]; 2) 30 plants infected with <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> [Pc]; 3) 15 plants inoculated with <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a [B]; and 4) 15 plants infected with <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> and inoculated with <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a [BPc] (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Reverchon <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>). On day 1, defined as the first day of the experiment (t0), half of the plants (n=45) were infected with the <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> zoospore suspension, as described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Aveling (1999</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Masikane <italic>et al.</italic> (2019</xref>). First, the plants were retrieved from their grow bags and the excess soil was removed from their roots. Later, their root system was submerged for two hours in a suspension with a concentration of 4.9 × 102 zoospores mL­1, which was prepared by diluting 1.6 L of the starting zoospore suspension in 80 L of drinking water. The roots from the other half of the plants were submerged in 80 L of drinking water with 1.6 L of distilled water (non­infected plants). Each plant was transplanted into a 10 L black plastic bag, with a substrate mixture of peat (PRO­MIX®)­perlite­vermiculite (ratio 3:1:1, v/v/v) sterilized at 121 °C for 1 h, with 1 volume of plant nursery soil. After 48 h, the plants were placed under waterlogging conditions (substrate saturation) for five days to favor the infectious process of <italic>P. cinnamomi.</italic> Next, the excess water was drained and plants were watered with drinking water throughout the experiment to maintain the humidity of the substrate. <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a was inoculated 15 days before the infection of the plants with <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic>. For this, 30 plants were inoculated with 250 mL of the <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a suspension, applied on the base of the stem. Fifteen of these plants were assigned to treatment [B], and the other 15 plants, to treatment [BPc]. The bacterial suspension was applied again on the day after the infection (day 2) and once again 15 days later (day 16). The avocado plants were distributed randomly over a metal bed in the greenhouse of the Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores (National School for Higher Studies) of the UNAM - Morelia. The experiment was carried out in March and April, 2021, at an average temperature of 31 °C recorded at 11:00 am.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Measurement of morphological and physiological variables in avocado plants</title>
					<p>The measurement of morphological and physiological variables was carried out at days 1 (t0), 4 (t1),7 (t2), 13 (t3) and 25 (t4) after inoculation (dai) with <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic>. The morphological variables that were recorded were height (cm), diameter (cm), and number of leaves, each measured from six individuals for treatments C and Pc, at each time; for treatments B and BPc, measurements were taken from three individuals. The percentage of wilting of each plant was calculated using the following formula:</p>
					<mml:math>
						<mml:mi>Marchitez</mml:mi>
						<mml:mo>(%)</mml:mo>
						<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
						<mml:mfrac>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>No.</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>of</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi>wilted</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>leaves</mml:mi>
							</mml:mrow>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>No.</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>of</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi>total</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>leaves</mml:mi>
							</mml:mrow>
						</mml:mfrac>
						<mml:mo>×</mml:mo>
						<mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
					</mml:math>
					<p>as reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Wang <italic>et al.</italic> (2006</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Azil <italic>et al</italic>. (2021</xref>).</p>
					<p>For physiological variables, three plants were measured per treatment. Stomatal conductance (mol CO2/m2/s), photosynthetic rate (µmol/m2/s) and transpiration (mmol/m2/s) were measured using the portable gas exchange system Li­Cor 6400 (LI­COR, Lincoln, NE, USA). The measurements were performed on two extended leaves with no apparent damage per selected plant, between 8:00 h and 11:00 h, with a light intensity of 1500 µmol/m2/s and environmental CO2. The water potential (MPa) of the plant was measured at pre­dawn (5:00 h) and at mid­day (14:00 h) with a Scholander 1000 pressure chamber (PMS Instrument Co., Albany, OR, EE.UU.), in two leaves per plant, which were covered with aluminum foil half an hour before measuring to allow the water potential of the leaf and of the stem to become homogenized (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aguilar­Romero <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Histochemical analyses of stem sections and determination of the presence of callose and tannins</title>
					<p>To determine callose and tannins in the avocado stems at the end of the infection process (25 dai), a 1.5 cm­long fragment of stem was cut from the basal part of three plants per treatment using pruning shears. The fragments were processed following the methodology described in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Johansen (1940</xref>). The fragments were fixed for 24 h in an FAA solution (70 % alcohol, formaldehyde and distilled water in a 5:5:90) ratio. After the fixation period, the FAA solution was removed and an ethanol-glycerol solution was added (1:1, v/v) to preserve the samples. Later, the samples were washed with tap water, dehydrated in increasing concentrations of ethyl alcohol (30, 50 and 70 %) and were passed through a series of increasing concentrations of tert­butyl alcohol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Sandoval, 2005</xref>). The stem fragments were placed in histological paraffin (Hycel) and 15-20 µm-thick cuts were made on the transverse and radial faces, using a rotary microtome (Leica RM2125 RTS). The sections were stained with a combination of 1 % tannic acid (in water); 3 % ferric chloride (in water) and 3 % lacmoid (in a 50 % ethanol and 50 % water solution), according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Gurr (1965</xref>). The sections were then washed with a 1% sodium bicarbonate solution (in 50 % ethanol), dehydrated in gradual concentrations of alcohol at 70, 80, 90 and 100 % and the tissues were clarified with absolute xylene. Finally, the sections were mounted on synthetic resin and observed under a compound microscope (Leica DM750M). The tannins were quantified using images captured with a 20× lens in bright-field microscopy. Images were taken of the transversal sections of avocado stems of the four treatments at 25 dai. The obtained images were analyzed using the Software ImageJ (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/index.html).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Statistical analyses</title>
					<p>The results were analyzed in RStudio, v. 2022.12.0. Data normality was verified using the Shapiro­Wilk test and the variance homogeneity, with the Bartlett test. The data obtained from the measurements of morphological and physiological variables, as well as from the quantification of the content of tannins, were analyzed using two­way and one­way analyses of variance, respectively, followed by Tukey’s test for normally distributed data. The data that did not exhibit a normal distribution were analyzed using a Kruskal­Wallis test and a Wilcoxon rank­sum test with a Bonferroni-Holm adjustment. Results were considered significant with a <italic>P ≤</italic> 0.05.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Results</title>
				<sec>
					<title><bold>Changes in the morpho-physiological variables of avocado plants in response to the inoculation of <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a and infection by <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic>
</bold></title>
					<p>Our results show that the inoculation of <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a in plants infected with <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> (treatment BPc) reduced the percentage of wilting by up to 49 % at 25 dai, in comparison to infected plants that were not inoculated with the bacteria (treatment Pc) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>). In addition, wilting in plants infected with <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> increased with time, going from 2.9 % (1 dai) to 50 % at the end of the experiment (25 dai). In contrast, the percentage of wilting decreased in infected plants inoculated with <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a throughout the experiment, going from 40.4</p>
					<p>% at 13 dai to 7.1 % at 25 dai (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>A). Nevertheless, these differences were not significant, most likely due to the intra-treatment variation.</p>
					<p>No significant differences were observed in plant height and stem diameter between treatments for a given time, nor in the interaction between time and treatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figures 1</xref>B, C). Moreover, no significant differences were detected in the stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate and transpiration between treatments, regardless of the time of measurement (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>). However, the water potential at 25 dai was significantly lower in plants infected with <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> (treatments Pc and BPc) than in non­infected plants (treatments C and B), both in their measurement at 5:00 h (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>A) and at 14:00 h (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>B). No significant differences were observed between treatments Pc and BPc in terms of water potential (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Accumulation of tannins in avocado stems in response to the infection by P. cinnamomi and to the inoculation of Bacillus sp. A8a</title>
					<p>The percentage of the area covered by tannins at 25 dai was quantified. The infection caused by <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> tripled the area of tannins in the inner and outer xylem, compared to the control plants (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>). In contrast, the inoculation of <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a induced a greater accumulation of tannins in the cortex, although not significantly. The inoculation of <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a doubled the accumulation of tannins in the cortex of the uninfected plants (37.5 % in treatment B), and induced an increase of 16.9 % in the area of tannins in the cortex of infected plants (treatment BPc), in comparison with infected plants that were not inoculated with the bacteria. In addition, in infected plants, the inoculation of strain A8a reduced the accumulation of tannins in the inner and outer xylem (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>), displaying a shift in the accumulation pattern of tannins induced by the biocontrol strain. Finally, callose was not found in any of the analyzed tissues.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f4">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Effect of the inoculation of <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a and <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> in avocado trees at 1, 4, 7, 13 and 25 dai (days after infection). A) Percentage of wilting caused by <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic>; B) tree height (cm); C) stem diameter (cm). Bars show the average of the data (n = 6, treatments C and Pc; n = 3, treatments B and BPc) ± s.d. Different letters indicate significant differences (two-way ANOVA, <italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05). In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>A, (+) indicates significant differences between times, compared with (-), for the Pc treatment (ANOVA, <italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05). D) Representative photographs of the aerial parts and root systems of avocado trees at 25 dai, in the four treatments. C: control; Pc: infected with <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic>; B: inoculated with <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a; BPc: infected with <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> and inoculated with <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-01-RMEXFIT2309-2-gf4.png"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration in avocado trees infected with <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> and inoculated with <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a.</title>
							</caption>
							<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Physiological variables</th>
										<th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Treatments</th>
										<th colspan="5" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Days after infection (dai)</th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">1</th>
										<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">4</th>
										<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">7</th>
										<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">13</th>
										<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">25</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="4">Photosynthetic rate (µmol/m<sup>2</sup>/s)</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">C</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">0.7 +- 1.1a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">2.8 +- 4.4a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">4.1 +- 3.6a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">1.1 +- 0.6a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">4.4 +- 1.9a</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center;">Pc</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">0.7 +- 0.7a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">1.8 +- 3.0a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">0.9 +- 1.7a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">1.5 +- 1.8a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">3.7 +- 1.9a</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center;">B</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">0.8 +- 1.1a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">1.7 +- 2.7a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">3.4 +- 2.8a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">2.4 +- 2.0a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">0.7 +- 1.0a</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center;">BPc</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">1.0 +- 0.9a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">2.1 +- 1.1a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">4.3 +- 3.3a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">1.8 +- 2.1a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">1.8 +- 2.2a</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="4">Stomatal conductance (mol CO<sub>2</sub> /m<sup>2</sup>/s)</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">C</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">0.5 +- 0.5a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">5.2 +- 6.9a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">5.0 +- 4.5a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">0.9 +- 0.4a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">3.7 +- 2.2a</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center;">Pc</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">0.3 +- 0.1a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">2.9 +- 3.6a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">1.1 +- 1.1a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">1.3 +- 1.8a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">2.8 +- 1.8a</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center;">B</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">0.2 +- 0.1a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">2.3 +- 2.4a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">4.5 +- 3.8a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">3.5 +- 4.6a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">0.7 +- 0.8a</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center;">BPc</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">0.4 +- 0.1a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">2.0 +- 0.8a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">3.6 +- 2.9a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">1.4 +- 1.5a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">2.0 +- 2.3a</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="4" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000;">Transpiration (mmol/m<sup>2</sup>/s)</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">C</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">0.2 +- 0.2a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">1.2 +- 1.6a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">1.2 +- 1.0a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">1.0 +-1.0a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">1.1 +- 0.6a</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center;">Pc</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">0.1 +- 0.0a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">0.7 +- 0.8a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">0.3 +- 0.3a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">0.4 +- 0.1a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">0.8 +- 0.5a</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center;">B</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">0.0 +- 0.0a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">0.6 +- 0.6a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">1.4 +- 1.1a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">1.6 +- 1.3a</td>
										<td style="text-align:center;">0.2 +- 0.2a</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">BPc</td>
										<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.1 +- 0.0a</td>
										<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.6 +- 0.2a</td>
										<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">1.0 +- 0.8a</td>
										<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.4 +- 0.4a</td>
										<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">0.6 +- 0.6a</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2">
									<p>Values show the average of three replicates ± e.e. Stomatal conductance data are expressed as their original value multiplied by 100. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments within each time (ANOVA, <italic>P ≤</italic> 0.05).</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussion</title>
				<p>Using a greenhouse time­course experiment, we found that the inoculation of <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a in avocado plants that were infected with <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> reduced wilting symptoms by up to 49 %, 25 days after infection, in comparison with infected plants that were not inoculated with the bacteria. In previous studies, we reported the potential of <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a to inhibit <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> in <italic>in vitro</italic> tests and its ability to produce volatile antimicrobial compounds from the group of pyrazines and ketones, as well as diffusible compounds such as macrolactin, difficidin, bacillaene and bacilysin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Méndez-Bravo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Cortazar­Murillo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2023</xref>). This study helped verify the ability of strain A8a to control wilting by <italic>Phytophthora</italic> in its natural host, <italic>P. americana</italic>. Our results emphasize the potential</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Leaf water potential in avocado trees at 1, 4, 7, 13 and 25 dai. A) Leaf water potential (MPa) at 5:00 am; B) foliar water potential at 14:00 pm. Bars show the average of the data (n = 3 ± s.d.). Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments at the same time. The water potential measured at 1, 4 and 25 dai was analyzed with a one­way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (<italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05). Non-parametric data recorded at 7 y 13 dai were analyzed with Kruskal­Wallis and Wilcoxon rank sum tests (<italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-01-RMEXFIT2309-2-gf5.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Percentage of the area occupied by tanniniferous cells at 25 dai in differ­ ent stem sections of avocado trees infected by <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> and inocu­ lated with <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Treatments</th>
									<th colspan="3" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Area occupied by tannins (%)</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Cortex</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Outer xylem</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Inner xylem</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center;">C</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">17.9 +- 16.0a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">16.5 +- 0.9a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">16.0 +- 4.2a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center;">Pc</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">24.5 +- 10.6a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">55.0 +- 26.2a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">50.3 +- 25.1a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center;">B</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">37.5 +- 9.0a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">26.1 +- 16.1a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">17.1 +- 3.8a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">BPc</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">41.4 +- 1.4a</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">15.1 +- 1.1a</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">27.4 +- 0.7a</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>Values represent the average of two measurements ± e.e. Different letters indicate significant differences between treatments for the same stem area (Kruskal-Wallis, <italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>of rhizobacteria to inhibit the growth of <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> and reduce the damage caused by wilting by <italic>Phytophthora,</italic> confirming previous reports by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Ramírez-Gil and Morales­Osorio (2020</xref>) with strain <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. BC3 or by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Ramírez­Restrepo <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>) with <italic>Serratia plymuthica</italic> AED38. Although the reduction of the incidence of wilting symptoms in treatment BPc was not statistically significant, the high intra­treatment variation, regardless of the biocontrol activity of <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a, may have led to the lack of significant differences. This high variation may be related to the phenotypical plasticity that is usually found in avocado and in its rootstocks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ashworth and Clegg, 2003</xref>), and may be controlled by increasing either the number of replicates or the duration of the experiment. A longer monitoring of the effects of strain A8a on inoculated plants is therefore necessary, since, as a woody plant, the responses of avocado to biological treatments aimed at improving its growth and productivity may take time to appear (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Barra <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). In this case, it was not possible to extend the duration of the experiment due to the death of the plants in treatment Pc at 25 dai. <italic>Phytophthora cinnamomi</italic> attacks the feeder roots of the avocado trees, which are responsible for the absorption of nutrients and water, causing wilting, defoliation, loss of productivity and, ultimately, the death of the tree (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hardham, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Méndez­Bravo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). These symptoms may be partly related to the development of a severe water stress in the infected plant. In this study, the infection by <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> produced greater water stress in infected plants (Pc y BPc) than in uninfected plants (C and B) at 25 dai, in agreement with results obtained by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Sterne <italic>et al.</italic> (1978</xref>). Interestingly, wilting in infected plants (Pc) was up to 49 % higher than that of infected plants which were inoculated with <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a (BPc), suggesting that strain A8a reduces the damage caused by <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> without compensating the water stress. In addition, no significant differences were</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Tannin accumulation in cross­sections of the cortex (C), outer xylem and inner xylem of avocado stems from the four treatments at 25 dai. A - C: Control treatment. A. A few tanniniferous cells (T) are observed interspersed in the tissue. B. Tanniniferous cells (T) are observed in the ray parenchyma. Vessels (V) and rays (r) are indicated. C. A few tanniniferous cells (T) are observed in the axial parenchyma and in some radial parenchyma (r). Ph = secondary phloem. Scale: A - C. 30 μm. Figures D - F: treatment Pc. D. Abundant tanniniferous cells (T) are observed. E. Tanniniferous cells (T) are in the radial as well as in the axial parenchyma. V = vessels. F. Tanniniferous cells (T) are mostly concentrated in the radial cells. Scale: D. 60 μm. E and F. 30 μm. Figures G - I: treatment B. G. Cross-section through the secondary phloem (Ph) and cortex (C). Some tanniniferous cells are interspersed amid parenchyma cells full with starch (asterisks). H. A long radial chain of vessels (V) can be observed in the center of the image. Only a few tanniniferous cells (T) are observed in the radial parenchyma. I. Tanniniferous cells (T) are even scarcer than in the outer xylem. Scale: G. 25 μm. H and I. 30 μm. Figures J - L: treatment BPc. J. Tanniniferous cells (T) are observed. K. Grouped or solitary vessels (V) and some tanniniferous cells (T) are observed in the radial parenchyma. L. Few tanniniferous cells (T) are observed in the axial parenchyma. Vessels (V) are grouped in radial chains or in groups of four. Scale: J - L. 35 μm.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-01-RMEXFIT2309-2-gf6.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>found in the stomatal conductance and transpiration, nor in the photosynthetic rate, between healthy and infected plants. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Ploetz and Schafeer (1989)</xref> suggest that the effect of <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> on CO2 assimilation, transpiration and stomatal conductance in avocado trees is not consistent, unless another stress factor is added, such as waterlogged conditions, which consistently induces water stress in infected trees. The lowest values of the physiological variables were observed 7 dai in the Pc treatment (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>), although not significant, may confirm this hypothesis, since waterlogged conditions were maintained for five days in our experiment.</p>
				<p>The infection by <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> and the inoculation with <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a induced modifications in the accumulation of tannins in the different sections of the avocado stem at 25 dai. In the Pc treatment, the accumulation of tannins was observed in the outer and inner xylem. Phenolic compounds, such as tannins, play an important part in the plant defense mechanisms against biotic stress (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Gallardo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>), and are involved in the inhibition of extracellular fungal enzymes, the reduction in nutrient availability and the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Rashad <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). The accumulation of tannins in the xylem in response to the infection by <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> is probably part of the plant’s defense and contributes to its resistance to wilting by <italic>Phytophthora</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Phillips <italic>et al</italic>., 1987</xref>). On the other hand, plants inoculated with strain A8a (treatments B and BPc) presented a greater accumulation of tannins in the cortex than non­inoculated plants (treatments C and Pc, respectively). The accumulation of phenolic compounds in plant tissues as a positive effect of the inoculation of biocontrol agents has been shown in other pathosystems. For example, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Javed <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>) described that inoculation with <italic>Bacillus megaterium</italic> and <italic>Pseudomonas fluorescens</italic> increased the deposition of phenolic compounds in vascular sections of stems and roots in mung bean plants (<italic>Vigna radiata</italic>) infected by <italic>Macrophomina phaseolina</italic>, which prevented the colonization of the mycelium in the lumen of the xylem vessels, unlike the plants not treated with these bacteria. The observation of a higher density of tannins in the histological cortex cross­sections from the treatments inoculated with <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a suggests an action of the biocontrol agent on one of the first physical barriers of the plant’s defense and its possible contribution in the tolerance of the avocado plants against wilting by <italic>Phytophthora</italic>. However, future research should focus on elucidating the mechanisms that regulate the biocontrol capacity of strain A8a.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusions</title>
				<p>This work confirms the biocontrol activity of <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a against wilting by <italic>Phytophthora</italic>, which was previously reported <italic>in vitro,</italic> and suggests that this activity may be partly due to the differential accumulation of tannins in the cortex of the plants inoculated with the bacteria. Future studies may confirm the biocontrol potential of <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. A8a in field conditions. Finally, to maximize its efficiency in the field, it is critical to corroborate the successful colonization of the <italic>P. americana</italic> rhizosphere by strain A8a and to improve our understanding of its interactions with the native microbiota in the avocado rhizosphere, in order to contribute to a more sustainable integrated management of wilting by <italic>Phytophthora</italic>.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Acknowledgments</title>
				<p> </p>
				<p>This study was funded by project FOSEC­SEP­CONAHCYT no. A1­S­30794. Our thanks also go to CONAHCYT for their support in the form of a postdoctoral scholarship granted to the main author (“Estancias Posdoctorales por México” Program no. 417707). We are grateful to Silvana Martén Rodríguez for facilitating the use of the greenhouse; to Alejandro Méndez Bravo and Yareli Pérez­ Bautista for their support during sampling; to Marlene Díaz Celaya for her technical support in the release of <italic>P. cinnamomi</italic> zoospores and to Gerardo Rodríguez Alvarado for his contribution in the isolation of the <italic>P. cinnamomi strain.</italic></p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>