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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2310-7</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo Científico</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Etiología epidemiológica de <italic>Erysiphe</italic> sp. y de putativos síntomas virales y fitoplásmicos en frijol Ayocote (<italic>Phaseolus coccineus</italic>)</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ávila-Alistac</surname>
						<given-names>María José Armenta-Cárdenas, Norma</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Zúñiga-Romano</surname>
						<given-names>María del Carmen</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>AcevedoSánchez</surname>
						<given-names>Gerardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Muñoz-Alcalá</surname>
						<given-names>Alfonso</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Gómez-Mercado</surname>
						<given-names>Rene</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Coria-Contreras</surname>
						<given-names>Juan José</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Gutiérrez-Esquivel</surname>
						<given-names>Diana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Cruz-Izquierdo</surname>
						<given-names>Serafín</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>García-González</surname>
						<given-names>Ivonne</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Bibiano-Nava</surname>
						<given-names>Oscar</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Mora-Aguilera</surname>
						<given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Programa de Fitosanidad-Fitopatología. Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Carretera Federal México-Texcoco Km 38.5, Texcoco, CP 56230. Estado de México, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>56230</postal-code>
					<state>Estado de México</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> CP-LANREF. Colegio de Postgraduados, Km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, CP 56230; Estado de México, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>56230</postal-code>
					<state>Estado de México</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Programa de Genética. Colegio de Postgraduados, Km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, CP 56230; Estado de México, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>56230</postal-code>
					<state>Estado de México</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><italic>*</italic></label><bold>
 <italic>Autor de correspondencia</italic>:</bold> Gustavo Mora-Aguilera <email>morag@colpos.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>12</day>
				<month>11</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>May-Aug</season>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>42</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT22310-7</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Introducción/Objetivo</title>
					<p>. El frijol Ayocote (<italic>Phaseolus coccineus</italic>) tiene potencial como fuente de resistencia en programas de fitomejoramiento al exhibir mayor tolerancia a fitopatógenos que <italic>P. vulgaris</italic>. Sin embargo, su caracterización sanitaria es insipiente por lo que este trabajo tuvo como propósito realizar un diagnóstico etiológico-epidemiológico, con énfasis en síntomas presuntivos a organismos virales y fitoplásmicos, y a signos fungosos típicos de cenicilla polvosa.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales y Métodos. </title>
					<p>Se seleccionó una parcela (50 x 62 m) de frijol Ayocote en floración. Se dividió en 80 (8 x 10) cuadrantes (6 x 6 m) y 720 subcuadrantes (2 x 2 m). A partir de 25 plantas con síntomas foliares tipo cenicilla se colectó micelio con cinta adhesiva para observación en microscopia de luz e identificación taxonómica. Se realizaron mediciones longitud-ancho en 60 conidios. Micelio puro colectado <italic>in situ</italic> y <italic>ex situ</italic> de 1-5 foliolos / planta se empleó para análisis genómico mediante PCR con iniciadores universales ITS1 e ITS4. Las muestras se secuenciaron con Macrogen Inc. Corea. Un total de 63 plantas y 121 hojas-trifoliadas con síntomas tipo viral y fitoplásmico se colectaron mediante muestreo dirigido. En 88/121 muestras se realizó análisis genómico mediante PCR con iniciadores universales para <italic>Potyvirus</italic> (1), <italic>Begomovirus</italic> (2) y Fitoplasmas (1). La edición y análisis de secuencias se realizó en SeqAssem y BLASTn/<italic>GenBank</italic>. Construcciones filogenéticas se realizaron en Mega 11 con MUSCLE, Máxima verosimilitud (ML) y modelo de sustitución HKY (1000-Bootstrap). Severidad putativa a cenicilla (%), daño en flor (%), adultos de <italic>Macrodactylus</italic> sp. y vigor de planta (%) se evaluaron en 80 cuadrantes (3subcuadrantes/cuadrante) con App-Monitor®v1.1 configurada con escala de 5-clases. En GoldenSurfer® v10, se realizó análisis geoestadístico Kriging para determinar la interrelación espacial entre estas variables.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados. </title>
					<p>Se identificó a <italic>Erysiphe vignae</italic> asociado a cenicilla de <italic>P. coccineus</italic>. El hongo, con conidios hialinos, ovoides a elipsoides de 31.74 ± 0.3419 µm x 15.11 ± 0.1579 µm, sin presencia de cuerpos de fibrosina, tuvo homología genómica del 100 %. Este constituye el primer reporte en México. Con temperatura y humedad relativa promedio julio-agosto de 16.3 °C (±5.8) y 92.8 % (±10.7), respectivamente, la cenicilla exhibió incidencia y severidad foliar de 65.3 y 22.7 % (±16.9, rango: 0 - 66.5 %), respectivamente. El foco más inductivo (60-80 % severidad) tuvo un patrón agregado de 4-cuadrantes (96 m2, <italic>lag</italic> = 4 y σ2-<italic>s</italic> = 450). La dispersión de inóculo se asoció significativamente con vientos dominantes Norte-Sur y con vigor de planta (<italic>lag</italic> = 4 y σ2-<italic>s</italic> = 470). Daño en flor no fue conclusivo en su asociación espacial con cenicilla y <italic>Macrodactylus</italic> sp., sugiriendo eventos no correlacionados. No se detectaron <italic>Potyvirus</italic>, <italic>Begomovirus</italic> o Fitoplasmas asociados a presuntivos síntomas tipo amarillamiento, distorsión foliar, mosaico, acortamiento de entrenudos, y otros observados <italic>in situ</italic>. Esto confirma la relativa tolerancia/resistencia reportada para <italic>P. coccineus</italic>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión. </title>
					<p>Se reporta por primera vez en México a <italic>E. vignae</italic> (Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae) asociado a <italic>P. coccineus</italic> con niveles epidémicos de moderado a intenso, lo cual indica su condición susceptible a este hongo. Sin embargo, resultados negativos a <italic>Potyvirus</italic>, <italic>Begomovirus</italic> y Fitoplasmas, validan la aparente tolerancia/ resistencia de <italic>P. coccineus</italic> a estos organismos.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Erysiphe vignae</kwd>
				<kwd><italic>Macrodactylus</italic> sp.</kwd>
				<kwd>cenicilla</kwd>
				<kwd>Potyvirus</kwd>
				<kwd><italic>Begomovirus</italic>.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="41"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p>El género <italic>Phaseolus</italic> (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae), con Mesoamérica y Sudamérica como centros de origen, está ampliamente distribuido en el mundo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Graham y Ranalli, 1997</xref>). Este género contiene 56 especies nativas de Mesoamérica (MoraAguilera <italic>et al</italic>., 2023), de las cuales el frijol Ayocote (<italic>Phaseolus coccineus</italic>) ostenta el tercer lugar en importancia económica después del frijol ancho (<italic>P. lunatus</italic>) y frijol común (<italic>P. vulgaris</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">De Ron y Santalla, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Santalla <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>). Además de México, materiales criollos o variedades de <italic>P. coccineus</italic> se cultivan en América Central, Sudamérica, África, Asia y Europa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Giurca, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Watanabe y Tojo, 2006</xref>). El Ayocote es una planta semiperenne vigorosa, aporta 18.4 % de proteína, cantidad menor al promedio del frijol común (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pérez <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>), posee tolerancia al frío y a fitopatógenos como <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> sp<italic>., Uromyces</italic> sp<italic>.</italic>, <italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</italic> y <italic>Xanthomonas campestris</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Vargas <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; Giurca, 2009; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Schwartz <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>). Es notorio que, a partir de genotipos introducidos de Japón, este frijol ha mostrado susceptibilidad a <italic>Pythium myriotylum</italic> con necrosis en tallo y raíz en plantaciones comerciales, y hasta 93-100 % de incidencia en inoculaciones controladas (Watanabe y Tojo, 2006). Este hongo, no se ha reportado en este cultivo en México. Respecto a enfermedades virales, se ha consignado al <italic>Cowpea mild mottle virus</italic> (Betaflexiviridae: Carlavirus) en condición sintomática (lesiones cloróticas, moteado moderado y severo, mosaico moderado y deformación foliar) y asintomática en colectas de Jalisco y Nayarit (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chiquito-Almanza <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>); sin embargo, la prevalencia de agentes virales en frijol Ayocote es menor al 20 %, mientras que en frijol común supera el 97 % en el occidente de México (Chiquito-Almanza <italic>et al</italic>., 2021).</p>
			<p>Estos trabajos permiten sustentar que <italic>P. coccineus</italic> exhibe mayor tolerancia a patógenos que <italic>P. vulgaris</italic>. Esta condición se puede deber a una limitada manipulación genética de la especie lo que ha permitido mantener su natural adaptación a factores de estrés parasítico. Por otra parte, <italic>P. coccineus</italic> exhibe mayor alogamia respecto al frijol común, lo que resulta en mayor diversidad genética expresada en su plasticidad fenotípica, duración de ciclos productivos, color y peso de grano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Vargas <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). La tolerancia parasítica del frijol Ayocote ha justificado su incorporación a programas de fitomejoramiento en México, aunque con mayor énfasis a mejorar atributos productivos. Blanco Tlaxcala fue la primera variedad generada por Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) con este enfoque manteniendo su tolerancia natural a roya y antracnosis (Vargas <italic>et al</italic>., 2014; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pérez <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>). No obstante, <italic>P. coccineus</italic> ha sido de interés como fuente de resistencia para el manejo de <italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</italic> y <italic>Bean golden yellow mosaic virus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Osorno <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Schwartz <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>).</p>
			<p>En el campo experimental de Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Estado de México, en un lote de <italic>P. coccineus</italic> de 3100 m2 establecido para producción de semilla con fines de mejoramiento genético, se detectó alta incidencia de un síntoma presuntivo a cenicilla, en adición a la presencia de distorsión y amarillamiento foliar putativos a infección viral y/o fitoplásmico. Debido a la reconocida tolerancia del Ayocote a fitopatógenos, y con el propósito de caracterizar el comportamiento parasítico para su consideración en futuros estudios de mejoramiento, este trabajo tuvo como propósito determinar la etiología de los síntomas descritos; y establecer el comportamiento espacial de contagio de la putativa cenicilla, el problema más prevalente, para determinar su aptitud epidemiológica considerando que la región de estudio está incluida en el centro de origen y diversificación de <italic>P. coccineus</italic>.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Materiales y Métodos</title>
			<p>Unidad experimental. En julio 2022, ciclo verano-otoño, se seleccionó una parcela experimental (50 x 62 m) de frijol Ayocote en etapa de floración ubicada en el Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo Texcoco, Estado de México (19°46´80´´N, 98°89´76´´O). Las plantas, rebrotes de segundo año, exhibían síntomas severos de una presuntiva cenicilla polvosa y de tipo viral/fitoplásmico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). La parcela tuvo una densidad irregular, heterogeneidad en cobertura, manejo agronómico moderado, control químico de malezas y riego por inundación. Se tomó una imagen de 13mpx mediante un vuelo vertical de 50 m con drone Phantom 3 DJI® para diseñar el muestreo espacial. La parcela se dividió en 80 cuadrantes de 6x6 m y 720 subcuadrantes de 2x2 m para evaluar la severidad del síntoma tipo cenicilla y otros daños predominantes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>A). La delimitación de cuadrantes en campo se realizó con estacas de madera periferales y una red de listón de rafia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>B). En el centroide de parcela se colocó un sensor climático HOBO u23 Pro v2 para medir humedad relativa (HR) y temperatura (°C) a intervalos de 30 min entre 16-julio y 11-agosto de 2022.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Identificación etiológica y genómica del hongo</title>
				<p>Identificación morfológica del hongo. Se realizó un muestreo dirigido en 25 plantas con diferente grado de severidad del síntoma tipo cenicilla, único síntoma fungoso detectado. A partir de hojas sintomáticas, con la técnica de cinta adhesivasolución acuosa, se prepararon portaobjetos directamente en campo y laboratorio para revisión de estructuras en microscopio compuesto (40x) e identificación del hongo a nivel género con claves taxonómicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Barnet y Hunter, 1998</xref>). Se realizaron mediciones de 60 conidios con el software ImageJ® y se calculó la media ± desviación estándar de largo y ancho de conidios mediante una muestra estimada con el programa Muestra-N Cuanti v.1 (CP-LANREF, 2020. No publicado). Las observaciones microscópicas se compararon con descripciones taxonómicas especializadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Takamatsu, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cook y Braun, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Glawe, 2008</xref>).</p>
				<p>Extracción de ADN e identificación genómica del hongo. Mediante muestreo dirigido se seleccionaron 10 plantas distribuidas espacialmente en la parcela. Por planta, se colectaron 3-5 hojas con signos del hongo y se colocaron independientemente en bolsas polipapel para traslado a laboratorio donde de inmediato se fotografiaron y seleccionó un foliolo por cantidad y calidad de síntoma-signo. Para evitar contaminantes fungosos, de un foliolo por planta se raspó micelio superficial de infecciones jóvenes con signos activos y crecimiento vigoroso y se colocó en</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Muestreo para identificar y evaluar intensidad de síntomas fungosos, putativos virales/fitoplásmicos, y entomológicos en <italic>Phaseolus coccineus</italic>. <bold>A</bold>. Imagen de 13mpx 50m con drone Phantom 3 DJI®, muestra la cuadrantización de la parcela experimental. En líneas amarillas cuadrantes de 6x6 m, y en blanco subcuadrantes de 2x2 m. Asteriscos indican subcuadrantes/cuadrante seleccionados aleatoriamente; <bold>B</bold>. Instalación <italic>grid</italic> para delimitación de cuadrantes en campo; <bold>C.</bold> Selección de subcuadrante colocando marco de madera 1x1 m para referencia de evaluación; <bold>D</bold>. Síntomas de mosaico punteado (izquierda) y aclaramiento de nervaduras (derecha), putativos a virosis. Plantas marcadas con estacas para trazabilidad; <bold>E</bold>. Amarillamiento generalizado con reducción de crecimiento (izquierda), mosaico con deformación foliar (derecha) presuntivamente viral; <bold>F</bold>. Síntoma foliar con signo micelial fungoso blanquecino putativo a cenicilla; <bold>G</bold>. Haz de foliolo con signo micelial blanquecino. <bold>H.</bold> 
 <italic>Macrodactylus</italic> sp. adultos, y color-morfología floral de <italic>P. coccineus</italic>. Notar en algunos pétalos manchas pequeñas blanquecinas (ver flechas).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT22310-7-gf1.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>tubo Eppendorf con 600 µL de buffer AP y dos balines 1/8. Cada tubo constituyó una muestra/planta. El micelio del tubo se maceró en un disruptor a 30 frecuencias por 15 min. Se retiraron los balines y se agregó 1 µL de β-mercaptoetanol y se pasó por vórtex por 10 s. Se incubó a 56 °C por 45 min. Después se agregó 400 µL de fenol:cloroformo:alcohol isoamílico (25:24:1) y se homogenizó por vórtex. Se centrifugó a 13,500 rpm por 10 min a temperatura ambiente. Se recuperó 500 µL de la fase acuosa y se agregó 500 µL de isopropanol y 50 µL de acetato de amonio, se mezcló por inmersión y se incubó a -20 °C por una noche. Posteriormente, se centrifugó a 13,500 rpm por 10 min. Se desechó el sobrenadante y se lavó con 500 µL de etanol al 80 %. Se centrifugó a 13,500 rpm por 3 min. Se desechó el sobrenadante y se secó la pastilla por 1 h y finalmente se resuspendió en 50 µL de agua libre de nucleasas y se conservó a -20 °C. Por muestra se cuantificó la concentración y pureza de ácidos nucleicos totales con NanoDrop 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific 2000, EUA).</p>
				<p>Para PCR, se utilizaron iniciadores ITS1 e ITS4 que amplifican la región ITS del ADN (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>). La mezcla de reacción consistió en 10 µL de cada iniciador, 0.2 µL de Taq DNA Polimerasa (Invitrogen), 2 µL de ADN (40 ng µL-1) y 16.5 µL agua libre de nucleasas. Las condiciones de PCR incluyeron desnaturalización inicial a 95 °C por 5 min y 31 ciclos con desnaturalización a 94 °C por 1 min, alineamiento a 55 °C por 1 min, extensión a 72 °C por 90 s y una extensión final de 72 °C por 5 min. Los productos PCR se analizaron por electroforesis en gel de agarosa 1.5 % teñido con bromuro de etidio y se visualizaron en un</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Cuadro 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Iniciadores, secuencias y tamaño de amplicon para la identificación genómica de <italic>Potyvirus</italic>, <italic>Begomovirus</italic>, Fitoplasmas y microorganismos eucariontes en plantas de <italic>P. coccineus</italic> con signos de hongo tipo cenicilla, y síntomas putativos a virus y fitoplasma.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Organismo</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Iniciador</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Secuencia</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tamaño (pb)</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Referencia</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Hongo</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">ITS1 ITS4</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">~500</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">
										<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">White et al., 1990</xref>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Potyvirus</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">NIb2F NIb3R</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">GTITGYGTIGAYGAYTTYAAYAA TCIACIACIGTIGAIGGYTGNCC</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">350</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">
										<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Zheng et al., 2008</xref>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Begomovirus</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">PBL1v2040 PCR1c</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">CARTGRTCKATCTTCATACA CATATTTACRARWATGCCA</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">500~650</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">
										<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Rojas et al., 1993</xref>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"/>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">AV494 AC1048</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">GCCYATRTAYAGRAAGCCMAG GGRTTDGARGCATGHGTACATG</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">⁓550</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">
										<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Wyatt y Brown, 1996</xref>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Phytoplasmas</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">P1 P7</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">AAGAGTTTGATCCTGCAGGAT CGTCCTTCATCGGCTCTT</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">1,800</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">
										<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Deng y Hiruki, 1991</xref>; Samart et al., 1996</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"/>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">FU5 RU3N</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">CGGCAATGGAGGAAACT TTCAGCTACTCTTTGTAACA</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">890</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">
										<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Lorenz et al., 1995</xref>
									</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>x Se emplearon iniciadores universales.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>fotodocumentador (UVP, Biolmaging Systems, Epi Chemi II Darkroom). Cinco de 10 muestras amplificaron y se enviaron a secuenciar a Macrogen®, Corea del Sur. Cuatro secuencias de cinco amplicones tuvieron calidad para estudios de identificación (FAC6, FAC7, FAC8 y FAC9). Estas se editaron con el programa SeqAssem (https://acortar.link/r0FdRx) y se compararon en BLASTn (https://blast.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/Blast.cgi) con secuencias del banco de genes (<italic>GenBank</italic>) para determinar identidad con base a similitud comparativa expresado en porcentaje de identidad y <italic>e-value</italic>.</p>
				<p>Análisis filogenético. Una vez identificado a <italic>Erysiphe</italic> sp., para determinar la relación filogenética con otras especies de este género y confirmar la identificación, las secuencias obtenidas fueron alineadas con secuencias descargadas del <italic>GenBank</italic> usando el algoritmo MUSCLE en Mega 11 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). El análisis filogenético se realizó con mismo programa, el método estadístico Máxima verosimilitud (ML), y el modelo de sustitución Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano con 1000 replicaciones Bootstrap. Se incluyó a <italic>Oidium</italic> sp. (número de accesión: EU377475) como grupo externo. El análisis involucró 12 secuencias de aproximadamente 561 pb.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Cuadro 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Secuencias obtenidas del banco de genes NCBI utilizadas para generar la estructura filogenética y comparar con secuencias de amplicones obtenidos de cuatro muestras del hongo tipo cenicilla presente en plantas de <italic>P. coccineus</italic>.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Especie causante de cenicilla</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Número Genbank</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Planta Hospedante</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Lugar y Fecha de reporte</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Erysiphe diffusa</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">FJ378880</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Glycine max</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Australia, 2006</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">E. fallax</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">LC228618</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Carica papaya</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">USA, 2017</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">E. manihoticola</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MT106660</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Manihot esculenta</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Argentina</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">E. pisi</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">KR912079</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Pisum sativum</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">China, 2016</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">E. vignae</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MW293895</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Vigna radiata</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Australia, 2019</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">E. vignae</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MT628286</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">V. radiata</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Australia, 2019</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Erysiphe sp.</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">JQ730709</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Senna septemtrionalis</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">México, 2012</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Oidium sp.</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">EU377475</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Knautia arvensi</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">USA, 2009</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Identificación genómica de virus y fitoplasma</title>
				<p>Colecta de material vegetal. En campo se seleccionaron plantas con síntomas presuntivos a <italic>Potyvirus</italic>, <italic>Begomovirus</italic> y Fitoplasma. Los síntomas consistieron en mosaicos tenues, deformación foliar moderada, amarillamiento generalizado, clorosis foliar, aclaramiento de nervaduras, reducción foliar, y coloración violácea en hojas, pedúnculos y tallos. Las plantas seleccionadas fueron marcadas con estacas y etiquetadas para su posterior muestreo. Se realizaron dos muestreos en diferentes tiempos; en el primer muestreo, se colectaron dos hojas trifoliadas de 32 plantas, cada hoja como repetición (64 muestras) y en el segundo muestreo se colectaron 31 plantas.</p>
				<p>Extracción de ácidos nucleicos (ARN y ADN). Tejido foliar de las 64 muestras del primer muestreo se maceró con nitrógeno líquido. Se pesó 0.1 g de 32 muestras seleccionadas por sintomatología y se realizó extracción de ARN total con el método modificado de Green y Sambrook (2012). Para el segundo muestreo, se realizó la extracción del ARN y ADN total por el método de CTAB 2 % (Yu, 2012; modificado por CP-LANREF, 2021). Por muestra, la concentración y pureza de los ácidos nucleicos fueron cuantificados con el NanoDrop 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific 2000, EUA).</p>
				<p><bold>Identificación genómica de <italic>Potyvirus</italic>
</bold> . Se consideró ácido nucleico de 28 y 18 muestras del primer y segundo muestreo respectivamente. Se emplearon los iniciadores universales NIb2F y NIb3R (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>) que amplifican parcialmente la región codificadora del genoma del género <italic>Potyvirus</italic> (350 pb) para la proteína B de inclusión nuclear (NIb) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Zheng <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>). Primeramente, se realizó la síntesis de ADNc a partir de ARN total y posteriormente la RT-PCR de acuerdo con el protocolo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gonzalez-Cruces <italic>et al.</italic> (2022</xref>). Se realizó una mezcla de reacción de pre RT-PCR con 9.75 µL de H2O libre de nucleasas, 500 nM por iniciador y 2.5 µL de ARN total, incubado a 85 °C durante 3 min. Para RT-PCR, se añadió a la reacción en pre RT-PCR una mezcla con: 2 mM de mix dNTP´s, 1X buffer-RT y 100 U de la enzima transcriptasa inversa (M-MLV-RT), todos de Promega Corp. EUA para obtener un volumen total de reacción de 25 µL. Las condiciones de RT-PCR fueron a 44 °C durante 60 min para incubación, seguido de 92 °C durante 10 min. El volumen final de reacción fue 25 µL constituido por: 12.5 µL de mix Gotaq® G2 Hot star, 500 nM de cada iniciador y 2.5 µL de ADNc. Se ejecutó un programa con desnaturalización inicial a 95 °C por 2 min y 35 ciclos con desnaturalización a 95 °C por 45 s, alineamiento a 45 °C por 45 s, extensión a 72 °C por 45 s y una extensión final a 72 °C por 5 min.</p>
				<p><bold>Identificación genómica de <italic>Begomovirus</italic>
</bold> . Se analizó material vegetal de 17 muestras (segundo muestreo). Se utilizaron dos pares de iniciadores universales para el género <italic>Begomovirus</italic>: PBL1v2040 / PCR1c (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Rojas <italic>et al</italic>., 1993</xref>) y Av494 / Ac1048 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Wyatt y Brown, 1996</xref>). La mezcla de PCR con los iniciadores PBL1v2040 / PCR1c se realizaron con un volumen final de 25 µL: 1X de buffer GoTaq®, 0.2 mM de mix dNTP´s, 300 nM de los iniciadores PBL1v2040 PCR1c,</p>
				<p>0.5 U de GoTaq® G2 y 2 µL de ADN. El volumen final se aforó con agua libre de nucleasas hasta obtener 25 µL. El programa incluyó desnaturalización inicial a 95 °C por 3 min y 30 ciclos con desnaturalización a 94 °C por 30 s, alineamien to a 50 °C por 30 s, extensión a 72 °C por 45 s, y una extensión final de 72 °C por 5 min. El PCR se realizó en el termociclador Arktik Thermal Cycler (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Para el caso de iniciadores AV494 / AC1048, la mezcla de PCR consistió en un volumen final de 25 µL: 15 μL de H2O, 5 μL de Buffer Green 5X, 2 μL de MgCl2 (7.5 mM), 0.5 μL de dNTPs (10 mM), 0.5 μL de cada iniciador (10 mM), 0.25 μL de GoTaq® DNA Polimerasa (U μL-1) (Promega) y 2 μL de ADN. Las condiciones de PCR incluyeron desnaturalización inicial a 95 °C por 4 min y 30 ciclos con desnaturalización a 95 °C por 1 min, alineamiento a 55 °C por 2 min, extensión a 72 °C por 60 s, y una extensión final de 72 °C por 10 min.</p>
				<p>Identificación genómica de fitoplasmas. Se analizó material vegetal de 42 muestras (segundo muestreo). Para la primera etapa de PCR anidado se utilizaron los iniciadores P1 / P7 (Samart <italic>et al</italic>., 1996; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Deng y Hiruki, 1991</xref>). La mezcla de PCR se preparó para un volumen final de 25 µL integrada por: 12 μL de H2O libre de nucleasas, 2.5 μL de Buffer 1X, 0.6 μL de MgCl2 (50 mM), 0.5 μL de dNTPs (10 mM), 2 μL de cada iniciador (10 mM), 0.4 μL de Taq DNA Polimerasa (U μL-1) (Invitrogen) y 5 μL de ADN. Se ejecutó un programa consistente en desnaturalización inicial a 95 ºC por 5 min, seguido de 35 ciclos a 95 ºC por 30 s, alineamiento a 52 ºC por 75 s, extensión a 72 ºC por 90 s y extensión final a 72 ºC por 10 min. El PCR se realizó en el termociclador T-100 (BioRad).</p>
				<p>En la segunda etapa de PCR anidado se utilizaron los iniciadores FU5 y RU3N dirigidos a la región amplificada 16S (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Lorenz <italic>et al</italic>., 1995</xref>). Los productos obtenidos en la PCR-directa se diluyeron (1:30) con agua destilada estéril y se utilizó como ADN molde con las mismas concentraciones anteriormente descritas. Se ejecutó un programa consistente en desnaturalización inicial a 94 ºC por 2 min, seguido de 40 ciclos a 94 ºC por 30 s, alineamiento a 56 ºC por 40 s, extensión a 72 ºC por 90 s y extensión final a 72 ºC por 5 min. El PCR se realizó en el termociclador T-100 (BioRad). El producto de PCR se analizó por electroforesis en gel de agarosa</p>
				<p>1.5 % teñido con bromuro de etidio y se visualizó con luz UV en fotodocumentador (UVP, Biolmaging Systems, Epi Chemi II Darkroom).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis epidemiológico</title>
				<p>Muestreo y evaluación. Por cuadrante, se seleccionaron 3/9 subcuadrantes como unidades de muestreo para evaluar variables de intensidad de daño y ocurrencia de adultos de <italic>Macrodactylus</italic> sp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) como posible agente dispersor de presuntiva cenicilla en estructuras florales. La selección de subcuadrantes se hizo mediante un método aleatorio con MS Excel Aleatoriza v1.0 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">CP-LANREF, 2022</xref>. No publicado) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>A). Cada unidad de muestreo se delimitó con un marco de madera portátil de 1x1 m ubicado en el centroide del subcuadrante para acotar el área de evaluación de variables (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>C-D). En unidades de muestreo con menos del 25 % de cobertura foliar, el muestreo se direccionó a otra sección del subcuadrante correspondiente.</p>
				<p>Variables evaluadas. Se utilizó App-Monitor® v1.1 Android®, disponible en PlayStore® (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">CP-LANREF, 2022</xref>) para caracterizar la parcela experimental y medición de variables. Se registró coordenada geográfica, entidad federativa, municipio, localidad, nombre del cultivo, superficie, fenología, nivel de tecnificación, riego y densidad de plantación. Se configuró un muestreo de severidad de cenicilla, daño de flor y vigor de planta mediante una escala aritmética de 5-clases: <italic>1</italic>=0 %, <italic>2</italic>=0.0125 %, <italic>3</italic>=25.01-50 %, <italic>4</italic>=50.01-75 % y <italic>5</italic>=75.01-100 % (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>F-G). Adicional-mente, se contabilizó el número de adultos de <italic>Macrodactylus</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>H). Las evaluaciones se realizaron integrando la cobertura total de tejido vegetal visible acotado al marco de muestreo, independiente del número de plantas.</p>
				<p>Análisis geoespacial. Los registros en App-Monitor®v1.1, se exportaron en <italic>MS Excel®</italic>. La matriz de datos se estructuró en formato espacial de tipo: X = filas (cuadrante<italic>-i</italic>), Y = columnas (subcuadrante<italic>-j</italic>) y Z = variables<italic>-k</italic> para análisis espacial geoestadístico en <italic>Golden Surfer</italic>® v10. Para generar un valor por cuadrante, a partir de los tres subcuadrantes evaluados, se seleccionó el máximo obtenido con la escala aritmética de 5-clases para severidad de cenicilla, daño de flor y vigor de planta. Para <italic>Macrodactylus</italic> sp., se obtuvo el acumulado de insectos por cuadrante. El análisis geoestadístico por variable se realizó con el método Kriging representado en mapas de contornos. La dependencia y autocorrelación espacial se calculó mediante variogramas omnidireccionales (360°) ajustados a un modelo esférico. Se obtuvieron los indicadores variográficos <italic>lag-distance</italic> y <italic>sill</italic> o meseta (σ2-<italic>s</italic>) para determinar la dependencia espacial a nivel parcela (Gonzalez-Cruces <italic>et al</italic>., 2021).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>Resultados y Discusión</title>
			<p>Identificación morfológica y génica del hongo. Los síntomas observados en campo consistieron en manchas irregulares de aspecto blanco polvoso sobre el haz foliar, principalmente en hojas del estrato medio y bajo de la planta. En síntomas avanzados se identificaron manchas de color amarillento. En hojas jóvenes, se observó una ligera distorsión y reducción de área foliar debido a mayor abundancia del hongo. En flores se presentó ligera distorsión foliar y manchas blanquecinas en ausencia del aspecto polvoso. También se observó presencia abundante de <italic>Macrodactylus</italic> sp., principalmente en la flor. Esta es una plaga de algunos cultivos como el maíz y frijol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aragón <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>), por lo que potencialmente podría ser un dispersor fungoso debido a sus hábitos alimenticios y movilidad.</p>
			<p>En microscopio compuesto se confirmó que el aspecto polvoso correspondió a signos del hongo representado por conidios, conidióforos e hifas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>A-C). En flor no se logró obtener estructuras fungosas. Los conidióforos fueron cilíndricos y erectos, con célula basal recta o ligeramente curva seguidas por dos células apicales más cortas. Exhibieron conidiogénesis tipo <italic>Pseudoidium</italic> (maduración de conidios asincrónica, uno a la vez) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>B-C). Conidios hialinos, ovoides a elipsoides de 31.74 ± 0.3419 µm x 15.11 ± 0.1579 µm sin presencia de cuerpos de fibrosina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>A-E). Tubos germinativos con longitud de 1-2 veces el largo de los conidios, con desarrollo terminal o subterminal y ápices lobulados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>D-E). De acuerdo a las características morfológicas se determinó que el hongo pertenece al género <italic>Erysiphe</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bradshaw <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Tovar-Pedraza <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Takamatsu, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cook y Braun, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Glawe, 2008</xref>). No se observaron estructuras sexuales. Electroforesis en gel de agarosa confirmó la amplificación de la región espaciadora interna transcrita (ITS) del ADN ribosómico nuclear (~500 pb) de cinco muestras de ADN del hongo, así como ADN de controles positivos de PCR pertenecientes a los géneros <italic>Alternaria</italic> y <italic>Fusarium</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>G). Cuatro secuencias tuvieron la calidad para análisis comparativo con acervos del <italic>GenBank</italic> mediante BLASTn. Este análisis permitió confirmar al género y determinar que el agente causal de cenilla en frijol Ayocote fue <italic>Erysiphe vignae</italic> con porcentaje de homología del 100 % (<italic>e</italic>value = 0). Las secuencias fueron registradas en <italic>GenBank</italic> con números de accesión OQ448664 (FAC6), OQ448665 (FAC7), Q448666 (FAC8), y OQ448667 (FAC9).</p>
			<p>Asimismo, con una confiabilidad del 94 %, las cuatro secuencias se agruparon con dos secuencias pertenecientes a <italic>Erysiphe vignae</italic> (MW293895, MT628286) asociadas a <italic>Vigna radiata</italic> (<italic>Fabaceae</italic>) de Australia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>H). Los resultados morfológicos y genómicos de este estudio fueron consistentes con las características reportadas para esta especie por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Kelly <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Deng <italic>et al.</italic> (2022</xref>).</p>
			<p>Además de reportes de <italic>E. vignae</italic> infectando <italic>Vigna radiata</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Kelly <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>), se ha consignado en otras fabáceas como en frijol negro (<italic>V. mungo</italic>) en Austra lia, espelón (<italic>V. unguiculata</italic>) en Brasil, y en frijol común (<italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</italic>) en Sudamérica y China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Deng <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>; Kelly <italic>et al</italic>., 2021). En Sinaloa, México, se ha reportado a <italic>E. diffusa</italic> como agente causal de la cenicilla en frijol común con incidencias de hasta el 10 % del área sembrada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Félix-Gastélum <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">FélixGastélum <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>). Sin embargo, no existen reportes de <italic>E. vignae</italic> afectando a fabáceas en México (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Schoch <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>)<italic>.</italic> Por lo anterior, este trabajo representa el primer reporte de <italic>E. vignae</italic> asociado al frijol Ayocote (<italic>Phaseolus coccineus</italic>) en condiciones del Altiplano central mexicano. Este género, y en general los Erysiphales, son parásitos obligados con relativa especificidad de hospedero (Deng <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Félix-Gastélum <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>), por lo que puede ser asumido que la asociación hongo-planta es indicativo de causalidad. No obstante, estudios etiológicos formales deben ser conducidos en el futuro para determinar la patogénesis y para evaluar</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Identificación morfológica y genómica de la cenicilla en frijol Ayocote (<italic>Phaseolus coccineus</italic>). <bold>A</bold>. conidios hialinos, ovoides a elipsoides; <bold>B-C</bold>. conidióforos cilíndricos y erectos; <bold>D-F</bold>. conidios en germinación; <bold>G</bold>. Amplificación de la región espaciadora interna transcrita (ITS) del ADN ribosómico nuclear (~500 pb) de cinco muestras de ADN de cenicilla (1-5), dos controles positivos de PCR (+) pertenecientes a la región ITS del género <italic>Alternaria</italic> y <italic>Fusarium</italic>, marcador de peso molecular (M) de 1 kb plus Invitrogen y control negativo de PCR (-); <bold>H</bold>. árbol filogenético realizado por Máxima verosimilitud (ML) y el modelo de sustitución Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano con 1000 replicaciones Bootstrap, basado en la región ITS de secuencias de hongos pertenecientes al género <italic>Erysiphe</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). Las secuencias de estudio son: FAC6, FAC7, FAC8 y FAC9 (punto rojo). Se incluyó a <italic>Oidium</italic> sp. (número de accesión: EU377475) como grupo externo.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT22310-7-gf2.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>el comportamiento de acervos de <italic>P. coccineus</italic> a la infección del hongo, análogo a trabajos con frijol común (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Deng <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>).</p>
			<p>El frijol Ayocote ha sido reconocido en general por su resistencia y tolerancia a plagas, enfermedades y al frio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chiquito-Almanza <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>; 2018; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Schwember <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Vargas et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Giurca, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Osorno <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Schwartz et al., 2006</xref>). Por ejemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Ruíz-Salazar y colaboradores (2019</xref>) resaltan que el frijol Ayocote presenta resistencia al tizón común (<italic>Xanthomonas axonopodis</italic> pv. <italic>phaseoli</italic>) y antracnosis (<italic>Colletotrichum lindemutianum</italic>). Sin embargo, en ningún trabajo se reporta <italic>E. vignae</italic>. La cenicilla, causada por otras especies de <italic>Erysiphe</italic>, es un factor limitante del rendimiento en algunas regiones productoras de frijol común a nivel mundial y puede causar hasta 69 % de pérdidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Deng <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Félix-Gastélum <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>Identificación genómica de virus y fitoplasmas. Con los iniciadores universales empleados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Zheng <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>), no se detectó la presencia de <italic>Potyvirus</italic> en un total de 46 foliolos con síntomas de mosaico, amarillamiento, deformación foliar y aclaramiento de nervaduras (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>D, F). Similarmente, con dos pares de iniciadores universales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Wyatt y Brown, 1996</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Rojas <italic>et al</italic>., 1993</xref>), no se detectó al género <italic>Begomovirus</italic> en 17 muestras con síntomas de amarillamiento generalizado y ligera deformación (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>E). En frijol común, ambos géneros se han reportado en México por lo que fueron enfatizados en este estudio y por coincidencia de algunos centros de origen y cultivación entre éste y el Ayocote (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Mora-Aguilera <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>). En particular, el muestreo se incrementó para <italic>Potyvirus</italic> por la mayor prevalencia del <italic>Bean common mosaic virus</italic>, posiblemente por su aptitud de transmisión por semilla y por varias especies de áfidos (Hemitera: Aphididade) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gonzalez-Cruces <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chiquito-Almanza <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). La ocurrencia de <italic>Begomovirus</italic>, i.e. <italic>Bean golden yellow mosaic virus</italic>, ha declinado a partir de los 90’s cuando tuvo impacto epidémico en frijol (Chiquito-Almanza <italic>et al</italic>., 2021; Rojas <italic>et al</italic>., 1993). En frijol común se ha reportado a nivel mundial 23 especies virales pertenecientes a nueve géneros (<italic>Potyvirus, Comovirus Nepovirus, Sobemovirus, Alfamovirus, Cucumovirus, Tobamovirus, Begomovirus</italic> y <italic>Curtovirus</italic>), predominando 11 especies del género <italic>Potyvirus</italic> como principales enfermedades virales en frijol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Meziadi <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). En frijol Ayocote existen escasos estudios etiológicos virales en México (Chiquito-Almanza <italic>et al</italic>., 2021; 2018). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Osorno y colaboradores (2007</xref>) sugieren que <italic>P. coccineus</italic> exhibe resistencia al <italic>Bean golden yellow mosaic virus</italic>, debido a dos genes. Un gen recesivo, que confiere resistencia a clorosis foliar y un gen dominante que evita la deformación de vainas infectadas con el virus. Sin embargo, el <italic>Cowpea mild mottle virus</italic> (Betaflexiviridae: Carlavirus), con <italic>Bemisia tabaci</italic> (Hemitera: Aleyrodidae) como vector, se ha reportado en Jalisco y Nayarit en condición sintomática (lesiones cloróticas, moteado severo y moderado, moderado mosaico y deformación foliar) y asintomática (Chiquito-Almanza <italic>et al</italic>., 2018). Ese virus no fue analizado en este estudio por lo que se debe considerar en el futuro. No obstante, los resultados de este trabajo y otros sugieren la tolerancia y/o resistencia de <italic>P. coccineus</italic> a patógenos virales. Por ejemplo, en un estudio regional al occidente de México se determinó que la incidencia de plantas con síntomas virales en esta especie fue menor al 20 %, consignándose únicamente al <italic>Cowpea mild mottle virus</italic>, mientras que en frijol común superó el 97 % asociado al menos a 1/9 especies de un total de cinco géneros de virus identificados (Chiquito-Almanza <italic>et al</italic>., 2021).</p>
			<p>El diagnóstico para fitoplasma también resultó negativo en 42 muestras analizadas con iniciadores universales y PCR anidado (Samart <italic>et al</italic>., 1996; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Lorenz <italic>et al</italic>., 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Deng y Hiruki, 1991</xref>). Este análisis se repitió varias veces, con ajuste del protocolo PCR y remuestreo en campo, debido a los síntomas observados, en general asociados con estos organismos. Estos incluyeron deformación foliar, coloración café o violeta, con evidente coloración violácea en nervaduras del envés de hojas más jóvenes, achaparramiento y acortamiento de entrenudos, ligero amarillamiento en hojas del estrato medio, y aborto y/o retraso de emisión floral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>A-B). Sin embargo, la electroforesis en gel de agarosa para los productos PCR obtenidos sólo mostró bandas del testigo positivo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>C). Actualmente, solo se ha reportado a ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma asteris’ en las fabáceas <italic>Macroptilium lathyroides</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alves <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>) y <italic>Crotalaria juncea</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bianco <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), con síntomas de reducción foliar, amarillamiento y atrofia. Así mismo, se ha reportado a las chicharritas <italic>Empoasca kraemeri</italic>, <italic>E. fabae</italic> y <italic>E. papayae</italic> (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) asociados a un complejo de síntomas de tipo viral y fitoplásmico en frijol común (LozanoGutiérrez <italic>et al</italic>., 2017; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Sánchez-Castro <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>En este trabajo se detectó presencia de adultos de chicharritas, pero no se procedió a su identificación. Esto sugiere la necesidad de investigaciones futuras para descartar la presencia de fitoplasma(s) en frijol Ayocote con empleo de mayor número de unidades productivas y muestras vegetales, y establecer la asociación de estos mollicutes en potenciales insectos vectores. La relevancia principal, más que productiva, podría ser en el empleo de <italic>P. coccineus</italic> como eventual fuente de resistencia en estudios de mejoramiento con frijol común, lo cual requiere una completa caracterización fitosanitaria en esta especie.</p>
			<p>Análisis geoespacial. El análisis geoestadístico por el método Kriging y variogramas omnidireccionales de inductividad epidémica de la cenicilla, daño en flor, densidad de frailecillo y vigor de planta evidenciaron claramente la alta capacidad infectiva de la cenicilla (<italic>E. vignae</italic>), en frijol Ayocote considerando que los presuntivos síntomas virales y fitoplásmicos no fueron etiológicamente confirmados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>A-C). La incidencia de cenicilla fue 65.3 % (unidad subcuadrante) con severidad promedio de 22.7 % (±16.9, rango: 0 - 66.5 %). Estos niveles de daño son moderados a altos por lo que <italic>E. vignae</italic> debe considerarse un patógeno de alto riesgo para <italic>P. coccineus.</italic></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Síntomas en campo presuntivos a infección por fitoplasma en frijol Ayocote (<italic>Phaseolus coccineus</italic>). <bold>A</bold>. Síntomas putativos a fitoplasmas. Incluye deformación foliar, coloración café o violeta, con evidente coloración violáceas en nervaduras del envés de hojas jóvenes, achaparramiento, ligero amarillamiento foliar <bold>B</bold>. Ejemplo de seis hojas trifoliadas con síntomas presuntivos a fitoplasmas incluidas en diagnóstico PCR; <bold>C</bold>. Electroforesis en gel de agarosa de 24 muestras procesadas por PCR anidado. Únicamente los testigos positivos amplificaron por PCR.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT22310-7-gf3.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Mapas de contorno geoestadístico Kriging y variogramas gráficos de variables fitosanitarias y vigor en frijol Ayocote. <bold>A</bold>. Severidad de cenicilla, <bold>B</bold>. Daño en flor, <bold>C</bold>. Densidad de frailecillo (<italic>Macrodactylus</italic> sp.) y, <bold>D</bold>. Vigor de planta. Para el análisis de frailecillos se obtuvo la suma de tres subcuadrantes analizados por cuadrante. Para el análisis de severidad de cenicilla, daño de flor, y vigor de planta se consideró el daño máximo obtenido por cuadrante. Variogramas omnidireccionales se obtuvieron por el método esférico. Eje X = <italic>lag</italic> de distancia en cuadrantes y Y = la varianza (σ2).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT22310-7-gf4.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>El contagio de la cenicilla exhibió un patrón de agregados con dependencia espacial máxima de cuatro cuadrantes en el foco principal (96 m2, <italic>lag</italic> = 4 y σ2-<italic>s</italic> =450) y de 1-2 cuadrantes en los focos secundarios (48 m2, <italic>lag</italic> = 2 y σ2-<italic>s</italic>= 350, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>A). El foco principal, exhibido por la continuidad del color rojo de la escala de daño, tuvo un rango de severidad 60 - 80 % y un marcado efecto de orilla asociado al mayor porcentaje de vigor de planta (entre 50-75 %) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>D). Esta aseveración se evidencia con la coincidencia en general de los contornos colorimétricos de mayor valor en la escala entre los cuadrantes (<italic>c</italic>) 6-10 y bloques (<italic>b</italic>) 2-6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>A y 4D). Esto concuerda con la naturaleza foliar infecciosa de estos hongos, los cuales garantizan la reinfección a mayor biomasa ya que esta favorece condiciones microclimáticas aptas para el patógeno como la posibilidad de reducir la exposición directa a luz solar la cual inhibe la germinación de esporas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Craig y Weyne, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hückelhoven y Panstruga, 2011</xref>). En este trabajo, la cenicilla en campo se presentó con una temperatura y humedad relativa promedio (julio-agosto) de 16.3°C (±5.8) y 92.8 % (±10.7), respectivamente. La dependencia espacial direccional, y la forma de los agregados; sin embargo, también validó el efecto de vientos dominantes Norte-Sur para la conformación de gradientes. Es también conocida la alta aptitud epidemiológica de los Erysiphales debido a la abundante producción intermitente de conidios con fácil liberación y dispersión aérea (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Deng <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Glawe, 2008</xref>). La heterogeneidad del vigor en planta, quizás debido al segundo año de cultivación o la plasticidad fenotípica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Vargas <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), explicó la conformación de agregados diferenciados de vigor y la identificación de dependencia espacial (<italic>lag</italic> = 4 y σ2-<italic>s</italic> = 470) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>D). Epidemiológicamente, el daño de flor no fue conclusivo en su asociación con la incidencia de cenicilla. Esto concordó con la ausencia de signos a nivel microscópico. Espacialmente, este daño tuvo una distribución aleatoria de focos moderados con dependencia de 1-2 cuadrantes y 30- 40 % severidad (<italic>lag</italic> = 1.5 y σ2-<italic>s</italic> = 250) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>B). La ausencia de correspondencia colorimétrica de este mapa de contorno con el de cenicilla foliar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>A) sugiere que estos eventos no están infecciosamente correlacionados.</p>
			<p>Análogamente, la densidad espacial de adultos de <italic>Macrodactylus</italic> sp., aunque fue heterogénea y se observaron dos grandes agregados principales, entre 1-10 <italic>c</italic> y 6-8 <italic>b</italic>, y entre 5-10 <italic>c</italic> y 1-3 <italic>b</italic>, con uno y cuatro focos (&gt; 18 insectos/centroide), respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>C), tampoco se asoció con el mapa de contorno de dispersión de daño en flor, o de cenicilla en hoja, como se hipotetizó originalmente. No se detectó daño por alimentación del insecto en flores, órgano donde se le detectó con mayor prevalencia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>H). Su rol como posible polinizador, importante en <italic>P. coccineu</italic>s, no fue evaluado. Se ha reportado que <italic>Macrodactylus</italic> sp. en etapas adultas pueden alimentarse de flores, frutos, granos de polen y secreciones de savia dulce de diversos cultivos como maíz y frijol común (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aragón <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). La implicación del frailecillo en la dispersión de <italic>E. vignae</italic> no puede considerarse concluyente. Para ese fin, es necesario conducir estudios espacio-temporales extensivos.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusiones</title>
			<p>El patógeno asociado a cenicilla en <italic>Phaseolus coccineus</italic> fue <italic>Erysiphe vignae</italic> (Erysiphales: Erysiphacea). Este representa el primer reporte en frijol Ayocote en México. La cenicilla exhibió incidencia del 65.3 % y severidad promedio de 22.7 % (±16.9, rango: 0 - 66.5 %). Estos niveles de daño son moderados a altos por lo que <italic>E. vignae</italic> debe considerarse un patógeno de riesgo para <italic>P. coccineus</italic>. El patrón agregado de contagio de <italic>E. vignae</italic> estuvo asociado con vigor de planta y direccionalidad de vientos dominantes. Este patrón no se relacionó con otros daños como manchas blanquecinas en flores y ocurrencia de <italic>Macrodactylus</italic> (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). <italic>E. vignae</italic> podría también ser de riesgo para frijol común (<italic>P. vulgaris</italic>) en México ya que no se ha reportado. No se detectaron especies del género <italic>Potyvirus</italic> y <italic>Begomovirus,</italic> ni mollicutes de tipo fitoplasma asociados a síntomas de amarillamiento, distorsión foliar, mosaico moderado, acortamiento de entrenudos y coloración morada foliar y de tallo lo que valida la tolerancia/resistencia reportada en general para <italic>P. coccineus</italic>. La importancia potencial alimenticia del frijol Ayocote, y su aplicabilidad en programas de resistencia, obliga a incentivar investigaciones etiológico-epidemiológicas en <italic>P. coccineus</italic>.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimientos</title>
			<p> </p>
			<p>Los autores agradecen el apoyo del equipo CP-LANREF y participantes del curso COLPOS de Epidemiología Agrícola FIT612; al MC Jorge Valdez por su guía en mediciones microscópicas y edición fotográfica; Al CONAHCYT por becas otorgadas y al COLPOS por la oportunidad de realizar estudios de postgrado.</p>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Scientific Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Epidemiological etiology of Erysiphe sp. and putative viral and phytoplasma-like symptoms in Ayocote bean (Phaseolus coccineus)</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p> </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Introduction/Objective. </title>
					<p>Ayocote bean (<italic>Phaseolus coccineus</italic>) has potential as a source of resistance in breeding programs because it exhibits greater tolerance to plant pathogens than <italic>P. vulgaris</italic>. However, its sanitary characterization is insipient; therefore, the purpose of this work was to carry out an etiological-epidemiological diagnosis, with emphasis on presumptive symptoms of viral and phytoplasmic organisms, and a typical fungal signs of powdery mildew.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and Methods</title>
					<p>. A plot (50 x 62 m) of flowering Ayocote bean was selected. It was divided into 80 (8 x 10) quadrats (6 x 6 m) and 720 subquadrats (2 x 2 m). From 25 plants with powdery-mildew-type leaf symptoms, mycelium was collected with adhesive tape for light microscopy observation and taxonomic identification. Length-width measurements were made on 60 conidia. Pure mycelium collected <italic>in situ</italic> and <italic>ex situ</italic> from 1-5 leaflets/plant was used for genomic analysis by PCR with universal primers ITS1 and ITS4. Samples were sequenced in Macrogen Inc. Korea. A total of 63 plants and 121 trifoliate leaves with viral and phytoplasmic symptoms were collected by direct sampling. In 88/121 samples, genomic analysis was performed by PCR with universal primers for <italic>Potyvirus</italic> (1), <italic>Begomovirus</italic> (2), and Phytoplasmas (1). Sequence editing and analysis were performed in SeqAssem and BLASTn/GenBank. Phylogenetic constructions were developed in Mega 11 with MUSCLE, Maximum Likelihood (ML), and HKY substitution model (1000-Bootstrap). Putative powdery mildew severity (%), flower damage (%), <italic>Macrodactylus</italic> sp. adult density, and plant vigor (%) were evaluated in 80 quadrats (3subquadrats/quadrat) with App-Monitor®v1.1 configured with a 5-class scale. In GoldenSurfer® v10, Kriging geostatistical analysis was performed to determine the spatial interrelationship between these variables.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p>. Erysiphe vignae was identified as associated with powdery mildew of P. coccineus. The fungus, with hyaline, ovoid to ellipsoid conidia measuring 31.74 ± 0.3419 µm x 15.11 ± 0.1579 µm, without the presence of fibrosin bodies, had 100% genomic homology. This is the first report in Mexico. With average July-August temperature and relative humidity of 16.3 °C (±5.8) and 92.8 % (±10.7), respectively, powdery mildew leaf incidence and severity were 65.3 and 22.7 % (±16.9, range: 0 - 66.5 %), respectively. The most inductive focus (60- 80 % severity) had an aggregate e 4-quadrat pattern (96 m2, lag = 4 and σ2-s = 450). Inoculum dispersal was significantly associated with dominant North-South winds and plant vigor (lag = 4 and σ2-s = 470). Flower damage was inconclusive in its spatial association with powdery mildew and Macrodactylus sp. suggesting uncorrelated events. No Potyvirus, Begomovirus, or Phytoplasmas were detected associated with yellowing, leaf distortion, mosaic, internode shortening, and other symptoms observed in situ. This confirms the relative tolerance/resistance reported for P. coccineus.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion</title>
					<p>. E. vignae (Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae) associated with P. coccineus is reported for the first time in Mexico with moderate to intense epidemic level, which indicates its susceptible condition to this fungus. However, negative results for Potyvirus, Begomovirus, and Phytoplasmas, validate the apparent tolerance/ resistance of P. coccineus to these organisms.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd>Erysiphe vignae</kwd>
				<kwd>Macrodactylus sp. powdery mildew</kwd>
				<kwd>Potyvirus</kwd>
				<kwd>Begomovirus.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p><italic>Phaseolus</italic> genus (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) is widely distributed in the world, although the origin centers are Mesoamerica and South America (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Graham y Ranalli, 1997</xref>). Among the 56 landrace species to Mesoamerica in this genus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Mora-Aguilera <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>), ‘Ayocote’ bean (<italic>Phaseolus coccineus</italic>) is the third most economically important after the ‘ancho’ bean (<italic>P. lunatus</italic>), and common bean (<italic>P. vulgaris</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">De Ron and Santalla, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Santalla <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>). Other landrace materials or cultivars of <italic>P. coccineus</italic> are cultivated in Central America, South America, Africa, Asia, and Europe, in addition to Mexico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Giurca, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Watanabe and Tojo, 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>The Ayocote bean is a vigorous and semiperennial plant that provides 18.4 % of protein, an amount lower than average of common beans (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pérez <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>), but high tolerance to cold and plant pathogens such as <italic>Colletotrichum</italic> sp<italic>., Uromyces</italic> sp<italic>.</italic>, <italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</italic> y <italic>Xanthomonas campestris</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Vargas <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Giurca, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Schwartz <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>). Notoriously, since Japanese genotypes were introduced, this bean has been susceptibility to <italic>Pythium myriotylum</italic> showing stem and root necrosis in commercial plantations, reaching 93-100 % incidence under controlled inoculations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Watanabe and Tojo, 2006</xref>). However, this fungus has not been reported in Mexico for this crop. Regarding viral diseases, <italic>Cowpea mild mottle virus</italic> (Betaflexiviridae: Carlavirus) has been reported in symptomatic conditions (chlorotic lesions, moderate and severe mottling, moderate mosaic, and tissue deformation), and asymptomatic from Jalisco y Nayarit (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Chiquito-Almanza <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>); however, the viral agent prevalence in Ayocote bean is lower 20 %, whereas in common bean it is over 97 % in western Mexico (Chiquito-Almanza <italic>et al</italic>., 2021).</p>
				<p>These studies support that <italic>P. coccineus</italic> exhibits greater tolerance to pathogens than <italic>P. vulgaris</italic>. This tolerance condition can be due to restricted genetic manipulation of the specie, allowing natural adaptation to parasitic stress factors. On the other hand, <italic>P. coccineus</italic> exhibits greater allogamy compared to the common bean, leading to greater genetic diversity expressed as phenotypic plasticity, productive cycle duration, color, and weight of bean-grain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Vargas <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). The parasitic tolerance of Ayocote bean has justified the incorporation into breeding programs in Mexico, although emphasizing to improve productive features. The first cultivar developed by Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) was ‘Blanco Tlaxcala’ with this approach, keeping natural tolerance to rust and anthracnose (Vargas <italic>et al</italic>., 2014; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pérez <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>). Nonetheless, <italic>P. coccineus</italic> has been of concern as a resistance source for <italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</italic> y <italic>Bean golden yellow mosaic virus</italic> management (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Osorno <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Schwartz <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>In the experimental field from Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Estado de México, in a plot of <italic>P. coccineus</italic> with 3100 m2 planted for seed production and genetic improvement purposes, high incidence of symptoms presumptive to powdery mildew was detected, in addition to presence of distortion and leaf yellowing putatively associated to virus or phytoplasmic infection. Due to the recognized tolerance of Ayocote bean to plant pathogens, in order to characterize the parasitic behavior for future breeding programs, this work aimed to determine the etiology of described symptomps; to analize the spatial contagious behavior of presumptive powdery mildew, the most prevalent disease, for determining the epidemiological fitness considering that study region falls within the origin and diversification center of <italic>P. coccineus</italic>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title>
				<p>Experimental plot. On July 2022, summer-autumn crop cycle, a plot (50 x 62m) of Ayocote bean on flowering stage from Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo Texcoco, Estado de México (19°46´80´´N, 98°89´76´´W) was selected. The plants, second-year resprouts, exhibited severe symptoms of presumptive powdery mildew and viral/phytoplasmic type (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>). The characterization plot showed irregular density crop, discontinue canopy, moderate agronomic management, weeds control, and flood irrigation. A 13mpx image was captured through a 50 m vertical flight using a DJI® Phantom-3 drone for spatial sampling design. The plot was divided into 80-quadrants and 720-subcuadrants with 6x6 m and 2x2 m, respectively, to assess the powdery mildew severity type and other prevalent symptoms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>A). Field quadrant marking was carried out using peripheral wooden-stakes and slat-net made (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>B). A HOBO u23 Pro v2 weatherproof data logger to measure temperature (°C) and relative humidity (HR) setting at 30 min intervals between 16-July and 11-August 2022 was placed at plot centroid.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Etiological and genomic identification of the fungus</title>
					<p>Morphological identification of the fungus. A targeted sampling was performed in 25 plants with different severity levels of the powdery mildew symptom, the only fungal symptom detected. On symptomatic leaves, using the adhesive tape- aqueous solution technique, microscope slides <italic>in situ</italic> and laboratory were prepared for structure review under a compound microscope (40x) and fungal identification at genus level using taxonomic keys (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Barnet and Hunter, 1998</xref>). Sixty conidia were measured with ImageJ® software and the average ± standard deviation of conidia length and width were calculated using a sample determined by Muestra-N Cuanti v.1.0 (CP-LANREF, 2020. Unpublished). Microscopic observations were compared with specialized taxonomic descriptions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Takamatsu, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cook and Braun, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Glawe, 2008</xref>).</p>
					<p>DNA extraction and genomic identification of the fungus. A targeted sampling was performed in 10 plants spatially distributed on the plot. Per plant, 3-5 leaves with signs of the fungus were collected and placed independently in ‘polipapel’ bags for transporting to laboratory. Leaves immediately were photographed. Only one leaflet was selected by quantity and quality of symptom-sign criteria. In order to avoid fungal contaminants, one leaf per plant was scraped from surface mycelium in early infections showing active signs and severe growth. Collected mycelium was placed in an Eppendorf tube with 600 µL of AP buffer and two 1/8”</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f5">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Sampling methodology to identify and assess severity of fungal, presumtive viral/phytoplasmal symptoms, and entomological signs on <italic>Phaseolus coccineus</italic>. <bold>A</bold>. 13mpx image at 50m using DJI® Phantom-3 drone, showing quadrantization of experimental plot. Yellow-lines correspond to 6x6 m quadrants, and white-lines to 2x2 m subquadrants. Asterisks indicate randomly selected subquadrants/quadrants; <bold>B</bold>. Field quadrant marking with wooden-stakes and a slat-net; <bold>C.</bold> Selection of subquadrant by placing wooden frame 1x1 m for assessment guidance; <bold>D</bold>. Dotted mosaic symptoms (left) and vein clearing (right), putative to virosis. Plants marked with stakes for traceability samples; <bold>E</bold>. Generalized yellowing with growth reduction (left), mosaic with leaf deformation (right) presumptive viral; <bold>F</bold>. Leaf symptom with white fungal mycelial growth putative to powdery mildew; <bold>G</bold>. Front leaflet showing white mycelial growth. <bold>H.</bold> 
 <italic>Macrodactylus</italic> sp. adults, and flowering color- morphology of <italic>P. coccineus</italic>. Note some petals showing small white-spots (see arrows).</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT22310-7-gf5.gif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>pellets. Each tube was considered as a sample/plant. The mycelium in tube was macerated in a disruptor at 30 frequencies for 15 min. The pellets were removed. One µL of β-mercaptoethanol was added, vortexed for 10 s and incubated at 56°C for 45 min. After that, 400 µL of phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) was added, homogenized by vortex, and centrifuged at 13,500 rpm for 10 min at laboratory temperature. Five hundred µL of aqueous phase was recovered, 500 µL of isopropanol and 50 µL of ammonium acetate were added, mixed by immersion, and incubated at -20 °C overnight. Subsequently, it was centrifuged at 13,500 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was discarded and washed with 500 µL of ethanol at 80%. It was centrifuged at 13,500 rpm for 3 min. The supernatant was discarded, and the pellet was dried for 1 h and finally resuspended in 50 µL of nuclease-free water and stored at -20 °C. Per sample, the concentration and purity of total nucleic acids were quantified with NanoDrop 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific 2000, EUA). For PCR, ITS1 and ITS4 primers amplifying the ITS region of the DNA were used (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>). The reaction mixture consisted of 10 µL of each primer, 0.2 µL of Taq <italic>DNA</italic> Polymerase (Invitrogen), 2 µL of DNA (40 ng µL-1) and 16.5 µL of nuclease-free water. PCR conditions consisted initial denaturation at 95 °C for 5 min, 31 cycles with denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min, alignment at 55 °C for 1 min, extension at 72 °C for 90 s, and a final extension at 72 °C for 5 min. PCR products were analyzed by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis stained with ethidium bromide and visualized in a photodocumenter (UVP, Biolmaging Systems, Epi Chemi II Darkroom). Five of 10 samples were amplified and sent for sequencing to</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t3">
							<label>Table 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Primers, sequences, and amplicon size for genomic identification of <italic>Potyvirus</italic>, <italic>Begomovirus</italic>, Phytoplasmas and eukaryotic microorganisms in <italic>P. coccineus</italic> plants exhibiting signs of powdery mildew and putative virus and phytoplasma symptoms.</title>
							</caption>
							<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Organism</th>
										<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Primer</th>
										<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Sequence</th>
										<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Size (bp)</th>
										<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Reference</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Fungus</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">ITS1 ITS4</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">~500</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">
											<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">White et al., 1990</xref>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Potyvirus</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">NIb2F NIb3R</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">GTITGYGTIGAYGAYTTYAAYAA TCIACIACIGTIGAIGGYTGNCC</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">350</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">
											<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Zheng et al., 2008</xref>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Begomovirus</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">PBL1v2040 PCR1c</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">CARTGRTCKATCTTCATACA CATATTTACRARWATGCCA</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">500~650</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">
											<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Rojas et al., 1993</xref>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"/>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">AV494 AC1048</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">GCCYATRTAYAGRAAGCCMAG GGRTTDGARGCATGHGTACATG</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">⁓550</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">
											<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Wyatt y Brown, 1996</xref>
										</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Phytoplasmas</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">P1 P7</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">AAGAGTTTGATCCTGCAGGAT CGTCCTTCATCGGCTCTT</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">1,800</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">
											<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Deng y Hiruki, 1991</xref>; Samart et al., 1996</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"/>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">FU5 RU3N</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">CGGCAATGGAGGAAACT TTCAGCTACTCTTTGTAACA</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">890</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">
											<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Lorenz et al., 1995</xref>
										</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2">
									<p>x Universal primers were used.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Macrogen®, South Korea. Four sequences of five amplicons had quality required for identification studies (FAC6, FAC7, FAC8 and FAC9). All sequences were edited with SeqAssem software (https://acortar.link/r0FdRx) and compared in BLASTn (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) with GenBank sequences to determine pathogen identity based on percent identity and <italic>e</italic>-value.</p>
					<p>Phylogenetic analysis. Once <italic>Erysiphe</italic> sp. was identified, in order to determine the phylogenetic relationship among other species of this genus, as well as to confirm identity, the sequences obtained were aligned against sequences downloaded from GenBank using the MUSCLE algorithm in Mega 11 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>). The phylogenetic analysis was performed with the same software, using the Maximum Likelihood (ML) statistical method, and Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano substitution model with 1000 Bootstrap replications. <italic>Oidium</italic> sp. (accession number: EU377475) was included as an outgroup. The analysis included 12 sequences of approximately 561 bp.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t4">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Sequences obtained from the NCBI Genebank used to construct the phylogenetic tree for comparison with amplicon sequences obtained from four samples of powdery mildew fungus present in <italic>P. coccineus</italic> plants.</title>
							</caption>
							<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Powdery mildew causing species</th>
										<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Genbank accession</th>
										<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Plant Host</th>
										<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Location and Date of report</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Erysiphe diffusa</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">FJ378880</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Glycine max</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Australia, 2006</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">E. fallax</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">LC228618</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Carica papaya</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">USA, 2017</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">E. manihoticola</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MT106660</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Manihot esculenta</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Argentina</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">E. pisi</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">KR912079</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Pisum sativum</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">China, 2016</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">E. vignae</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MW293895</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Vigna radiata</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Australia, 2019</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">E. vignae</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MT628286</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">V. radiata</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Australia, 2019</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Erysiphe sp.</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">JQ730709</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Senna septemtrionalis</td>
										<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Mexico, 2012</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Oidium sp.</td>
										<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">EU377475</td>
										<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Knautia arvensi</td>
										<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">USA, 2009</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Genomic identification of viruses and phytoplasma</title>
					<p>Plant sample collection. Plants exhibiting presumptive symptoms of <italic>Potyvirus</italic>, <italic>Begomovirus</italic> and Phytoplasma were selected <italic>in situ</italic>. Symptoms included faint mosaics, moderate leaf deformation, generalized yellowing, leaf chlorosis, vein clearing, leaf reduction, and violaceous coloration on leaves, peduncles and stems. Plants selected were marked with wood-stakes and labeled for later sampling. The sampling was conducted at two different periods; in the first, two trifoliate leaves were collected in 32 plants, each leaf as a replicate (64 samples), and in the second, 31 plants were collected.</p>
					<p>Nucleic acids extraction (RNA and DNA). Leaf tissue of the 64 samples from first sampling was macerated in liquid nitrogen. A total of 0.1 g was weighed in 32 samples selected by symptoms and total RNA was extracted using the modified Green and Sambrook method (2012). For the second sampling, total RNA and DNA extraction was performed using the 2 % CTAB method (Yu, 2012; modified by CP-LANREF, 2021). Per sample, concentration and purity of nucleic acids were quantified with NanoDrop 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific 2000, USA).</p>
					<p><bold>
 <italic>Potyvirus</italic> genomic identification</bold>. Nucleic acid of 28 and 18 samples from the first and second sampling, respectively, were analyzed. NIb2F and NIb3R universal primers (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>) which amplify part of the coding region of the <italic>Potyvirus</italic> genome (350 bp) for the nuclear inclusion protein B (NIb) were used (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Zheng <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>). Firstly, cDNA synthesis of total RNA was performed and subsequently RT-PCR according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gonzalez-Cruces <italic>et al.</italic> (2022</xref>) protocol. A pre-RT-PCR reaction mixture was performed with 9.75 µL of nuclease-free H2O, 500 nM per primer and 2.5 µL of total RNA, incubated at 85 °C for 3 min. For RT-PCR, a mixture with 2 mM mix dNTP’s, 1X buffer-RT and 100 U of reverse transcriptase enzyme (M-MLV-RT), all from Promega Corp. USA was added to the pre-RT-PCR reaction obtaining a total reaction volume of 25 µL. RT-PCR conditions were 44 °C for 60 min for incubation, followed of 92 °C for 10 min. The final reaction volume was 25 µL consisted of: 12.5 µL of Gotaq® G2 Hot star mix, 500 nM of each primer and 2.5 µL of cDNA. A program with initial denaturation at 95 °C for 2 min, 35 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 45 s, alignment at 45 °C for 45 s, extension at 72 °C for 45 s, and final extension at 72 °C for 5 min was performed.</p>
					<p><bold>
 <italic>Begomovirus</italic> genomic identification</bold>. Leaf tissue from 17 samples (second sampling) was analyzed. Two universal primer pairs for the <italic>Begomovirus</italic> genus were used: PBL1v2040 / PCR1c (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Rojas <italic>et al</italic>., 1993</xref>) and Av494 / Ac1048 (Table</p>
					<p>1) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Wyatt and Brown, 1996</xref>). PCR mix with PBL1v2040 / PCR1c primers were performed with a final volume of 25 µL: 1X GoTaq® buffer, 0.2 mM dNTP mix, 300 nM of PBL1v2040 - PCR1c primers, 0.5 U of GoTaq® G2 and 2 µL of DNA. The final volume was measured with nuclease-free water to 25 µL. The program included initial denaturation at 95 °C for 3 min, 30 cycles with denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, alignment at 50 °C for 30 s, extension at 72 °C for 45 s, and a final extension at 72 °C for 5 min. The PCR was performed on the Arktik Thermal Cycler (Thermo Fisher Scientific). For AV494 / AC1048 primers, the PCR mix consisted of a final volume of 25 µL: 15 μL of H2O, 5 μL of 5X Buffer Green, 2 μL of MgCl2 (7. 5 mM), 0.5 μL of dNTPs (10 mM), 0.5 μL of each primer (10 mM), 0.25 μL of GoTaq® DNA Polymerase (U μL-1) (Promega) and 2 μL of DNA. </p>
					<p>PCR conditions included initial denaturation at 95 °C for 4 min, 30 cycles with denaturation at 95 °C for 1 min, alignment at 55 °C for 2 min, extension at 72 °C for 60 s, and a final extension at 72 °C for 10 min.</p>
					<p>Phytoplasma genomic identification. Leaf tissue from 42 samples (second sampling) was analyzed. The primers P1 / P7 were used for the first nested PCR step (Samart <italic>et al</italic>., 1996; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Deng and Hiruki, 1991</xref>). The PCR mix was prepared for a final volume of 25 µL consisting of: 12 μL of nuclease-free H2O, 2.5 μL of 1X Buffer, 0.6 μL of MgCl2 (50 mM), 0.5 μL of dNTPs (10 mM), 2 μL of each primer (10 mM), 0.4 μL of Taq DNA Polymerase (U μL-1) (Invitrogen), and 5 μL of DNA. An initial denaturation program was performed at 95 ºC for 5 min and 35 cycles at 95 ºC for 30 s, alignment at 52 ºC for 75 s, extension at 72 ºC for 90 s, and final extension at 72 ºC for 10 min. The PCR was performed in the T-100 thermal cycler (BioRad).</p>
					<p>Primers FU5 and RU3N targeting the amplified 16S region were used in the second nested PCR step (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Lorenz <italic>et al</italic>., 1995</xref>). PCR-direct products obtained were diluted (1:30) in sterile distilled water and used as template DNA with the same concentrations described above. An initial denaturation program was performed at 94 ºC for 2 min and 40 cycles at 94 ºC for 30 s, alignment at 56 ºC for 40 s, extension at 72 ºC for 90 s, and final extension at 72 ºC for 5 min. PCR was performed on the T-100 thermal cycler (BioRad). PCR product was analyzed by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis stained with ethidium bromide and visualized with UV light in photodocumenter (UVP, Biolmaging Systems, Epi Chemi II Darkroom).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Epidemiological Analysis</title>
					<p>Sampling and assessment. Per quadrat, 3/9 subquadrats were selected as sampling units to assess variables of disease intensity and <italic>Macrodactylus</italic> sp. adults incidence (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) as a potential agent spread of presumptive powdery mildew on flower structures. Subquadrant selection was randomized using MS Excel Aleatoriza v1.0 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">CP-LANREF, 2022</xref>. Unpublised) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>A). A 1x1 m portable wooden-frame was placed at centroid by subquadrant to delimit the area of assessment variables (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>C-D). For sampling units having less than 25% leaf canopy, sampling was addressed to a different section inside the respective subquadrant.</p>
					<p>Assessment variables. App-Monitor® v1.1 Android®, available in PlayStore® (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">CP- LANREF, 2022</xref>) was used to characterize the experimental plot and assesement variables. Geographic coordinates, state, municipality, locality, crop name, crop area, phenology, technological level, irrigation, and planting density were entered. A severity sampling of powdery mildew, flower damage and plant canopy was set up through a 5-classes arithmetic scale: <italic>1</italic>=0%, <italic>2</italic>=0.01-25%, <italic>3</italic>=25.01-50%, <italic>4</italic>=50.01- 75% and <italic>5</italic>=75.01-100% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>F-G). Furthermore, <italic>Macrodactylus</italic> sp. adults were counted (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>H). Regardless of plant number available, assessments were performed considering of canopy of visible plant tissue within sampling portable wooden-frame.</p>
					<p>Geospatial analysis. The records in App-Monitor® v1.1 were exported in MS Excel®. Data matrix was structured in spatial array: <italic>X</italic> = rows (quadrant<italic>-i</italic>), <italic>Y</italic> = columns (subquadrant<italic>-j</italic>), and <italic>Z</italic> = variables<italic>-k</italic> for geostatistical analysis in <italic>Golden Surfer</italic>® v10. The maximum value obtained with the 5-class arithmetic scale for powdery mildew severity, flower damage and plant canopy were chosen to calculate a value for each quadrant based on three subquadrants assessed. For <italic>Macrodactylus</italic> sp. the cumulative insects per quadrant were determined. Geostatistical analysis by variable was performed using the Kriging method and displayed as contour maps. Spatial dependence and autocorrelation were calculated using omnidirectional variograms (360°) fitted to Spherical model. Variographic indicators <italic>lag-distance</italic> and <italic>sill</italic> or plateau (σ2-<italic>s</italic>) to determine spatial dependence at plot level were obtained (Gonzalez-Cruces <italic>et al</italic>., 2021).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>Results and Discussion</title>
				<p>Fungal morphological and genetic identification. Symptoms observed <italic>in situ</italic> were irregular white powdery spots on the leaf surface, predominantly on middle and lower leaves of the plant. Yellowish spots were identified in advanced symptoms. Slight distortion and reduction of leaf area was observed on young leaves due to a greater fungus abundance. Flowers showed slight leaf distortion and whitish spots but no powdery appearance. An abundant presence of <italic>Macrodactylus</italic> sp. was also observed, mainly in flowers. This pest affects several crops such as maize and bean (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aragón <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>), and therefore could be a potential spreader of fungi due to feeding and mobility habits.</p>
				<p>The powdery appearance was confirmed by compound microscopy corresponding to signs of fungus characterized by conidia, conidiophores, and hyphae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>A-C). Fungal structures were not obtained in flowers. The conidiophores were cylindrical and erect, with straight or slightly curved basal cell followed by two shorter apical cells. Conidiogenesis <italic>Pseudoidium</italic>-type was exhibited (asynchronous conidial maturation, one at a time) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>B-C). Hyaline, ovoid to ellipsoid conidia of 31.74 ± 0.3419 µm x 15.11 ± 0.1579 µm, and absence fibrosine bodies (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>A-E). Germ tubes with 1 to 2-fold the length of conidia, terminal or subterminal development, and lobed apices (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>D-E).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Morphological and genomic identification of powdery mildew in Ayocote bean (<italic>Phaseolus coccineus</italic>). <bold>A</bold>. hyaline, ovoid to ellipsoid conidia; <bold>B-C</bold>. cylindrical and erect conidiophores; <bold>D-F</bold>. germinating conidia; <bold>G</bold>. Amplification of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA (~500 bp) of five samples of cenicilla DNA (1-5), two positive PCR controls (+) belonging to the ITS region of <italic>Alternaria</italic> and <italic>Fusarium</italic> genera, 1 kb molecular weight marker (M) plus Invitrogen and negative PCR control (-); <bold>H</bold>. phylogenetic tree performed by Maximum Likelihood (ML) and the Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano substitution model with 1000 Bootstrap replications, based on ITS region of fungal sequences belonging to <italic>Erysiphe</italic> genus (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). The study sequences are: FAC6, FAC7, FAC8 and FAC9 (red dot). <italic>Oidium</italic> sp. (accession number: EU377475) was included as outgroup.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT22310-7-gf6.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Morphological characteristics determined that the fungus belongs to the <italic>Erysiphe</italic> genus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bradshaw <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Tovar-Pedraza <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Takamatsu, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Cook y Braun, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Glawe, 2008</xref>). Sexual structures were not observed. Agarose gel electrophoresis confirmed amplification of internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA (~500 bp) in five fungal DNA samples, including DNA from positive PCR controls belonging to <italic>Alternaria</italic> and <italic>Fusarium</italic> genera (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>G). Four sequences were suitable for BLASTn comparative analysis with GenBank collections. The genus was confirmed by the BLASTn, hence <italic>Erysiphe vignae</italic> was determined as causal agent of powdery mildew in Ayocote bean with 100 % homology (<italic>e</italic>-value = 0). Sequences were registered in GenBank with accession numbers OQ448664 (FAC6), OQ448665 (FAC7), Q448666 (FAC8), and OQ448667 (FAC9). Furthermore, at 94 % reliability, the four sequences clustered closely to two sequences belonging to <italic>Erysiphe vignae</italic> (MW293895, MT628286) associated to <italic>Vigna radiata</italic> (Fabaceae) from Australia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>H). Morphological and genomic results in this study were consistent with reported features by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Kelly <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Deng <italic>et al.</italic> (2022</xref>) for this specie.</p>
				<p>In addition to reports of <italic>E. vignae</italic> infecting <italic>Vigna radiata</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Kelly <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>), in other fabaceae such as black bean (<italic>V. mungo</italic>) in Australia, espelon (<italic>V. unguiculata</italic>) in Brazil, and common bean (<italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</italic>) in South America and China have also been reported (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Deng <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>; Kelly <italic>et al</italic>., 2021). In Sinaloa, Mexico, <italic>E. diffusa</italic> has been reported as causal agent of common bean powdery mildew disease reaching incidences up to 10% in the planted area (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Félix-Gastélum <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Félix-Gastélum <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>). However, <italic>E. vignae</italic> is not reported affecting fabaceae in Mexico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Schoch <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>)<italic>.</italic> Therefore, this study provides the first report of <italic>E. vignae</italic> associated to Ayocote bean (<italic>Phaseolus coccineus</italic>) in conditions of the central Mexican Altiplano. This genus, as well as Erysiphales in overall, constitute an obligate parasite having relative host-specificity (Deng <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Félix-Gastélum <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>), thus, fungal-plant association can be assumed as causality indicator. However, in the future, etiological studies conducting to determine the pathogenesis and to evaluate the behavior of <italic>P. coccineous</italic> stocks to fungal infection, analogously to common bean studies (Deng <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022).</p>
				<p>Overall, Ayocote bean has been recognized for the resistance and tolerance to pests, diseases, and cold (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chiquito-Almanza <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>; 2018; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Schwember <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Vargas <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Giurca, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Osorno <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Schwartz <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>). For instance, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Ruíz-Salazar <italic>et al</italic>. (2019</xref>) highlight resistance to common blight (<italic>Xanthomonas axonopodis</italic> pv. <italic>phaseoli</italic>) and anthracnose (<italic>Colletotrichum lindemutianum</italic>) in Ayocote bean. However, <italic>E. vignae</italic> is not reported by some research. Powdery mildew, caused by other <italic>Erysiphe</italic> species, represents a yield restricting factor for some common bean growing regions worldwide, reaching losses up to 69 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Deng <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Félix-Gastélum <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>Genomic identification of viruses and phytoplasmas. <italic>Potyvirus</italic> was not detected with the universal primers used (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Zheng <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>) in a total of 46 leaves showing symptoms of mosaic, yellowing, leaf deformation and vein clearing (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>D, F). Analogous, the genus Begomovirus was not detected using two pairs of universal primers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Wyatt and Brown, 1996</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Rojas <italic>et al</italic>., 1993</xref>) in 17 samples showing symptoms of yellowing and slight deformation leaf (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>E). In common bean, both genera were reported in Mexico, and therefore were included for this study, as well as by the coincidence with some origin centers and cultivation between common bean and Ayocote bean (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Mora-Aguilera <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>). Particularly, the sampling for Potyvirus was increased due to the higher prevalence of <italic>Bean common mosaic virus</italic>, probably associated to seed transmission efficiency and several aphid species present (Hemitera: Aphididade) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Gonzalez-Cruces <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>; Chiquito- Almanza <italic>et al</italic>., 2021). Begomovirus occurrence, i.e. <italic>Bean golden yellow mosaic virus</italic>, has decreased since the 90’s when it had an epidemic impact on bean crop (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chiquito-Almanza <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>; Rojas <italic>et al</italic>., 1993). Worldwide, 23 viral species belonging to nine genera have been reported in common bean (<italic>Potyvirus, Comovirus Nepovirus, Sobemovirus, Alfamovirus, Cucumovirus, Tobamovirus, Begomovirus</italic> y <italic>Curtovirus</italic>), which 11 predominant species belonging to Potyvirus genus are the main causing viral diseases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Meziadi <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>The Ayocote bean viral etiological researchs in Mexico are scarce (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Chiquito-Almanza <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>; 2018). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Osorno <italic>et al</italic>. (2007</xref>) suggests that <italic>P. coccineus</italic> exhibits resistance to <italic>Bean golden yellow mosaic virus</italic>, due two genes. A recessive gene conferring resistance to leaf chlorosis and a dominant gene avoiding deformation of virus-infected seed pods. However, <italic>Cowpea mild mottle virus</italic> (Betaflexiviridae: Carlavirus), transmitted by <italic>Bemisia tabaci</italic> (Hemitera: Aleyrodidae), has been reported in Jalisco and Nayarit under symptomatic (chlorotic lesions, severe and moderate mottling, moderate mosaic, and leaf deformation) and asymptomatic conditions (Chiquito-Almanza <italic>et al</italic>., 2018). This virus was not analyzed in this study and therefore must be considered in future studies. However, findings in this and other studies suggest tolerance and/or resistance of <italic>P. coccineus</italic> to viral pathogens. For instance, a regional study in western Mexico revealed less than 20 % incidence of plants exhibiting viral symptoms in this species, reporting only <italic>Cowpea mild mottle virus</italic>, whereas more than 97 % in common bean were associated to at least 1/9 species of five identified virus genera (Chiquito-Almanza <italic>et al</italic>., 2021).</p>
				<p>Diagnosis was also negative for phytoplasma in 42 samples analyzed using universal primers and nested PCR (Samart <italic>et al</italic>., 1996; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Lorenz <italic>et al</italic>., 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Deng y Hiruki, 1991</xref>). The analysis was repeated several times, with PCR protocol setting and resampling <italic>in situ</italic>, due to the symptoms observed, overall associated with these organisms. These symptoms included leaf deformation, brown or violet coloration, evident purplish coloration on the veins of back younger leaves, stunting and internodes shortening, slight leaves yellowing in middle stratum, and abortion and/or delay of flower emissions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>A-B). However, agarose gel electrophoresis of the PCR products obtained only showed bands of the positive control (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>C). Currently, <italic>‘Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma asteris’ has only been reported on fabaceae <italic>Macroptilium lathyroides</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alves <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>) and <italic>Crotalaria juncea</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bianco <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), exhibiting leaf reduction, yellowing, and stunting symptoms. The leafhoppers <italic>Empoasca kraemeri</italic>, <italic>E. fabae</italic>, and <italic>E. papayae</italic> (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) have also been reported associated with a viral and phytoplasmic symptom complex in common bean (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Lozano-Gutiérrez <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Sánchez-Castro <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>). The presence of leafhopper adults was reported in this study, although identification was not performed. Therefore, future researches are needed to discard phytoplasma(s) presence in Ayocote bean using a greater number of production units and plant samples, in order to determine the association of these mollicutes as potential insect-vectors. Rather than productive, the main relevance of <italic>P. coccineus</italic> might be the potential use as resistance source in breeding studies of common bean, for which a comprehensive phytosanitary characterization of this specie is required.</p>
				<p>Geospatial analysis. Geostatistical analysis by Kriging method and omnidirectional variograms of powdery mildew epidemic inductivity, flower damage, <italic>Macrodactylus</italic> sp. density and plant canopy, clearly evidenced the high infective capacity of powdery mildew (<italic>E. vignae</italic>) in Ayocote beans, even though the presumptive viral and phytoplasmic symptoms were not etiologically confirmed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>A-C). Powdery mildew incidence was 65.3% (subquadrant unit) and average severity 22.7% (±16.9, range: 0 - 66.5%). These severity levels are moderate to high, therefore <italic>E. vignae</italic> must be considered a high-risk pathogen for <italic>P. coccineus</italic>. Spatial contagion of powdery mildew exhibited an aggregate pattern conform by four quadrant as maximum spatial dependence in the main outbreak (96 m2, <italic>lag</italic> = 4, and σ2-<italic>s</italic> = 450), and 1-2 quadrants in secondary outbreaks (48 m2, <italic>lag</italic> = 2 and σ2- <italic>s</italic>= 350, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>A). The main outbreak, exhibited by the red color continous in the scale, had a severity range of 60 - 80% and a noticeable border effect associated with highest plant canopy (range 50-75 %) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>D). This statement is evidenced by overall coincidence of the highest value colorimetric contours on the scale between the quadrants (<italic>c</italic>) 6-10 and blocks (<italic>b</italic>) 2-6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>A and 4D). The infectious foliar of these fungi is consistent with their biological nature, which ensuring re-infection at higher biomass with microclimatic conditions suitable for inductive pathogenic, such as reduced exposure to direct sunlight, which inhibits spore germination (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Craig and Weyne, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hückelhoven and Panstruga, 2011</xref>). In this work, powdery mildew occurred at average temperatures and relative humidity (July-August) of 16.3 °C (±5.8) and 92.8 % (±10.7), respectively. However, the directional spatial</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Presumptive field symptoms of phytoplasma infection in Ayocote bean (<italic>Phaseolus coccineus</italic>). <bold>A</bold>. Putative symptoms to phytoplasmas. Including leaf deformation, brown or violet coloration, obvious purplish coloration on veins of back young leaves, stunting, slight yellowing of leaves; <bold>B</bold>. Examples of six trifoliate leaves showing presumptive symptoms of phytoplasmas, included in PCR diagnosis; <bold>C</bold>. Agarose gel electrophoresis of 24 samples processed by nested PCR. PCR-amplified positive controls only.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT22310-7-gf7.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Geostatistical Kriging contour maps and variograms of phytosanitary variables and vigor in Ayocote bean. <bold>A</bold>. Powdery mildew severity, <bold>B</bold>. Flower damage, <bold>C</bold>. Density of <italic>Macrodactylus</italic> sp. adults and <bold>D</bold>. Plant canopy. For adult analysis, cumulative of three subquadrants per quadrant was calculated. For the analysis of powdery mildew severity, flower damage, and plant canopy, the maximum damage obtained per quadrant was calculated. Omnidirectional variograms were obtained by the Spherical method. X-axis = distance-<italic>lag</italic> in quadrants and Y-axis= variance (σ2).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT22310-7-gf8.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>dependence, and aggregate structure; also validated that dominant North-South winds effect in the gradient conformation. Moreover, the high epidemiological fitness of Erysiphales is well known by the abundant and intermittent conidial production with easily released and spread by air (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Deng <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Glawe, 2008</xref>). Plant canopy heterogeneity, probably due to the second growing year or phenotypic plasticity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Vargas <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), explained the conformation of differentiated plant canopy aggregates and identification of spatial dependence (<italic>lag</italic> = 4 and σ2-<italic>s</italic> =470) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>D). In epidemiological terms, flower damage was not associated conclusively with powdery mildew incidence. This agreed with signs absent at the microscopic level. The spatial distribution of this damage had randomly distributed, moderate outbreaks with dependence upon 1-2 quadrants and 30 - 40 % severity (<italic>lag</italic> = 1.5 y σ2-<italic>s</italic> = 250) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>B). No colorimetric correspondence between flowers damage and powdery mildew incidence maps (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>A) suggested events without infectious correlation.</p>
				<p>Similarly, the spatial density of <italic>Macrodactylus</italic> sp. adults, although heterogeneous, two main large aggregates were located between 1-10 <italic>c</italic> and 6-8 <italic>b</italic>, and between 5-10 <italic>c</italic> and 1-3 <italic>b</italic>, containing one and four foci (&gt; 18 insects/centroid), respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>C). A contour map of flower damage dispersion or powdery mildew on leaf, as originally hypothesized, was not associated with <italic>Macrodactylus</italic> sp. spatial distribution. No feeding damage was detected in flowers, where adults were more prevalent (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>H). The <italic>Macrodactylus</italic> sp. role as potential pollinator, important in <italic>P. coccineus</italic>, was not evaluated. The adults have been reported feeding on flowers, fruits, pollen grains, and sweet sap secretions of several crops such as maize and common bean (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aragón <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). <italic>Macrodactylus</italic> sp. involvement in <italic>E. vignae</italic> dissemination is not conclusive. For this purpose, comprehensive spatio- temporal studies need to be conducted.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusions</title>
				<p>The pathogen associated with powdery mildew on <italic>Phaseolus coccineus</italic> was <italic>Erysiphe vignae</italic> (Erysiphales: Erysiphacea). This is the first report on Ayocote bean in Mexico. Powdery mildew exhibited an incidence of 65.3 % and average severity of 22.7 % (±16.9, range: 0 - 66.5 %). These severity levels were from moderate to high, and therefore <italic>E. vignae</italic> must be considered a pathogen of high-risk for <italic>P. coccineus</italic>. Aggregate pattern of <italic>E. vignae</italic> infection was associated with plant canopy and directionality of dominant winds. The pattern was not associated with other damage such as whitish spots on flowers and occurrence of <italic>Macrodactylus</italic> sp. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). <italic>E. vignae</italic> can also be a risk for common bean (<italic>P. vulgaris</italic>) in Mexico because it has not been reported. Potyvirus and Begomovirus species and phytoplasma-type mollicutes associated with yellowing symptoms, leaf distortion, moderate mosaic, internode shortening, and purple coloration of leaves and stems were not detected, validating the tolerance/resistance reported for <italic>P. coccineus</italic>. Potential nutritional importance of the Ayocote bean, as well as the implementation in breeding resistance programs, requires the encouragement of etiological-epidemiological research in <italic>P. coccineus</italic>.</p>
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				<title>Acknowledgments</title>
				<p> </p>
				<p>The authors are grateful for the support of the CP-LANREF team and participants of COLPOS course on Agricultural Epidemiology FIT612; to MC Jorge Valdez for his guidance in microscopic measurements and photographic editing; to CONAHCYT for grants awarded; and to COLPOS for the opportunity to conduct postgraduate studies.</p>
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