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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2307-6</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Nota Fitopatológica</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Expresión del complejo <italic>RPM1-RIN4-RPS2</italic> en dos especies de cítricos con respuesta contrastante al Huanglongbing</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Mendoza-Pérez</surname>
						<given-names>Eric Ángel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Santillán-Mendoza</surname>
						<given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Maldonado</surname>
						<given-names>Humberto Estrella-</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Matilde-Hernández</surname>
						<given-names>Cristian</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rosa*</surname>
						<given-names>Felipe Roberto Flores-de la</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Adame-García</surname>
						<given-names>Jacel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Tecnológico Nacional de México Campus Úrsulo Galván Extensión Tlapacoyan. Calle Prol. Abasolo s/n, C.P. 93650 Tlapacoyan, Ver. México; </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Tecnológico Nacional de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Tecnológico Nacional de México</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>93650</postal-code>
					<city>Tlapacoyan</city>
					<state>Ver</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias. Centro de Investigación Regional Golfo Centro. Campo Experimental Ixtacuaco. Carretera Federal Martínez de la Torre-Tlapacoyan, Ver. km 4.5. Congregación Rojo Gómez, Tlapacoyan, Veracruz, C.P. 93650, México; </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Tlapacoyan</city>
					<state>Veracruz</state>
					<postal-code>93650</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Tecnológico Nacional de México Campus Úrsulo Galván. A El Paraíso S/N, Campestre, 91667 Úrsulo Galván, Ver. México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Tecnológico Nacional de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Tecnológico Nacional de México</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>91667</postal-code>
					<city>Úrsulo Galván</city>
					<state>Ver</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>
 <italic>Corresponding Author</italic>:</bold> Felipe Roberto Flores-de la Rosa <email>flores.felipe@ inifap.gob.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>13</day>
				<month>11</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>May-Aug</season>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>42</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT2307-6</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p> </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivos/antecedentes. </title>
					<p>El limón persa (<italic>Citrus latifolia</italic>) muestra un nivel muy alto de tolerancia al Huanglongbing (HLB). Un estudio reciente sugiere que genes del complejo <italic>RPM1-RIN4-RPS2</italic> podrían ser parte de los responsables de la toleran- cia al HLB en el limón persa, a diferencia de otras especies muy susceptibles como la naranja (<italic>C. sinensis</italic>). El objetivo del presente trabajo fue comparar la expresión de este complejo génico entre la naranja, altamente susceptible al HLB, y el limón persa, una especie tolerante.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales y Métodos. </title>
					<p>Se obtuvieron las secuencias de los tres genes del complejo para naranja y limón persa de bases de datos de trabajos previamente publicados, se realizaron alineamientos y diseño de iniciadores para expresión génica mediante diversas herramientas bioinformáticas. Posteriormente, se obtuvieron muestras de tejido de naranja y limón persa con síntomas de HLB y se corroboró la infección. Se realizó la comparación de la expresión de los genes <italic>RPM1-RIN4-RPS2</italic> median- te RT-PCR punto final.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados. </title>
					<p>Se determinó la presencia de los tres genes del complejo en naranja y limón persa, además, se determinó que están altamente conservados entre ambas especies. Además, se observó que no existe una expresión diferencial para el gen <italic>RPM1</italic> en tejido sintomático de HLB, sin embargo, sí hay diferencia en la expresión de los genes <italic>RPS2</italic> y <italic>RIN4</italic>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión. </title>
					<p>Los resultados sugieren que la respuesta contrastante al HLB podría estar asociada a la actividad de la interacción de los genes <italic>RIN4</italic> y <italic>RPS2</italic>, por lo cual, esta podría ser de interés para el mejoramiento genético de los cítricos en miras del control del HLB.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras Clave:</title>
				<kwd>PTI</kwd>
				<kwd>ETI</kwd>
				<kwd>Tolerancia al HLB</kwd>
				<kwd>Transcriptómica.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="35"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p>A nivel mundial, la citricultura está sufriendo graves estragos causados por el daño que el Huanglongbing (HLB) genera en todas las especies y variedades de cítricos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ghosh <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>). El HLB es causado por tres diferentes especies del género <italic>Candidatus</italic> Liberibacter (<italic>C</italic>L): <italic>C</italic>L americanus (<italic>C</italic>Lam), causando HLB en cultivares de Brasil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Teixeira <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>), <italic>C</italic>L africanus (<italic>C</italic>Laf), presente en el con- tinente africano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">da Graςa <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>) y <italic>C</italic>L asiaticus (<italic>C</italic>Las), la más distribuida a nivel mundial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ajene <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>), y presente en zonas citrícolas de México (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Huang <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>).</p>
			<p>A pesar de que se considera que todas las especies de cítricos de importancia agrícola son susceptibles a la enfermedad, existe un gradiente de susceptibilidad entre las diferentes especies, siendo principalmente marcada la diferencia entre cítricos ácidos y dulces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">McCollum <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Gao <italic>et al.</italic> 2023</xref>). La naranja Va- lencia (<italic>C. sinensis</italic>), considerada un cítrico dulce, es uno de los cítricos más im- portantes en México, tanto en extensión sembrada como en derrama económica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">SIAP, 2022</xref>); sin embargo, a su vez, es una de las especies más susceptibles al HLB. Numerosos estudios con el uso de herramientas ómicas han demostrado que la infección por <italic>C</italic>Las ocasiona significativas alteraciones metabólicas, fisiológicas y moleculares en <italic>C. sinensis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Fu <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Chin <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Curtolo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Lally <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Ribeiro <italic>et al.,</italic> 2023</xref>), las cuales culminan en grandes pérdidas económicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Li <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>). Por otro lado, algunas especies de cítricos ácidos han sido reportadas como menos susceptibles o tolerantes al HLB, por ejemplo: el limón rugoso (<italic>C. jambhiri</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Yu <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>), la lima australiana (<italic>C. australasica</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Weber <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>) y el limón persa (<italic>C. latifolia</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Sivager <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>).</p>
			<p>El caso del limón persa es de alta importancia para México, y Veracruz es el</p>
			<p>principal productor y exportador de este fruto a nivel mundial. Por lo cual, es pri- mordial comprender los mecanismos que están involucrados en la tolerancia al HLB. A este respecto, primero se asoció dicha tolerancia a una mayor capacidad de mantener sin alterar algunas funciones fisiológicas como la fotosíntesis, la conduc- tancia estomática y la transpiración (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Sivager <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>). Posteriormente, se obser- vó que, a diferencia de lo observado en <italic>Poncirus trifoliata</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Rawat <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>), la familia de genes <italic>CDR</italic> no está relacionada con la tolerancia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Flores-de la Rosa <italic>et al.,</italic> 2023</xref>). Recientemente se secuenció y ensambló el transcriptoma del limón persa infectado con <italic>C</italic>Las, en el cual se observó diferentes genes expresados diferencial- mente, pero fue de especial importancia notar genes relacionados con la inmunidad activada por efectores (ETI, por siglas en inglés) que mostraban un incremento en la expresión, como es el caso del gen <italic>RPS2</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Estrella-Maldonado <italic>et al.,</italic> 2023</xref>).</p>
			<p>El gen <italic>RPS2</italic> pertenece a un complejo conformado por los genes <italic>RPM1-RIN4- RPS2</italic>. La relación que existe entre estos genes está intrincadamente relacionada con la respuesta de la planta a la infección por ciertos patógenos. Por ejemplo, el gen <italic>RPM1</italic> funge como un receptor de efectores de la bacteria <italic>Pseudomonas syringae</italic> y activa ETI en <italic>Arabidopsis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Rose <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>), dicha activación es me- diada por la fosforilación del gen <italic>RIN4</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Lee <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>), es decir, <italic>RIN4</italic> induce la expresión de <italic>RPM1</italic>. Por otro lado, el gen <italic>RPS2</italic> puede activar la inmunidad contra la bacteria antes mencionada; no obstante, su interacción con el gen <italic>RIN4</italic> es de re- gulación negativa, es decir, la expresión de <italic>RPS2</italic> inhibe a <italic>RIN4</italic> y viceversa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Alam <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>).</p>
			<p>Interesantemente, evidencia experimental demostró que la sobre expresión del gen <italic>RIN4</italic> facilita la colonización de <italic>C</italic>Las en el floema de cítricos y la generación de síntomas de HLB (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cheng <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>), lo que sugiere que el grado de susceptibi- lidad al HLB podría estar asociado al nivel de actividad del gen <italic>RIN4</italic>. Por lo tanto, con base en lo anterior, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue comparar la expresión de los genes del complejo <italic>RPM1-RIN4-RPS2</italic> en dos especies con respuesta con- trastante al HLB: la naranja Valencia, altamente susceptible, y el limón persa, con una tolerancia alta a la infección por <italic>C</italic>Las.</p>
			<p>Se obtuvo la secuencia de los transcritos de los genes <italic>ClRPM1</italic>, <italic>ClRIN4</italic> y <italic>Cl- RPS2</italic> a partir del transcriptoma de limón persa ensamblado por Estrella-Maldona- do <italic>et al.</italic> (2023), para lo cual se realizó un análisis BLAST local utilizando las se- cuencias de los genes <italic>CsRPM1</italic>, <italic>CsRIN4</italic> y <italic>CsRPS2</italic> recuperadas de la base de datos Citrus Genome Database (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.citrusgenomedb.org/)">https://www.citrusgenomedb.</ext-link>org/). Posteriormente, se realizó un alineamiento entre los homólogos de cada especie, mediante el software en línea T-COFFE (https://tcoffee.crg.eu/apps/tcoffee/index.html). En la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> se presenta el alineamiento de los genes <italic>CsRIN4</italic> y <italic>ClRIN4</italic>.</p>
			<p>Una vez identificados y obtenidos los genes, se diseñaron iniciadores para me- dir su expresión, lo cual se realizó en el software en línea Eurofins (https://euro- finsgenomics.eu/en/ecom/tools/pcr-primer-design/). Se generaron los siguientes iniciadores: para el gen <italic>RPM1</italic> se obtuvieron los iniciadores <italic>RPM1-F</italic> (5´-GCCCT- GGATTTGCTGAAG-3´) y <italic>RPM1-R</italic> (5´- GCAATATTCAACAACTCTGGGA-3´)</p>
			<p>con los cuales se esperaba obtener un producto de 130 pb; para el gen <italic>RIN4</italic> se dise- ñaron los iniciadores <italic>RIN4-F</italic> (5´- GCGAGAGGAGAGAAACAGTGCAGG -3´) y <italic>RIN4-R</italic> (5´- GACGATGATGGGGTGTGGTGGA -3´) diseñados para obtener un producto de 165 pb; por último, para el gen <italic>RPS2</italic> se obtuvieron los iniciadores <italic>RPS2-F</italic> (5´-TGGTTCGATATGTAGTGGGG-3´) y <italic>RPS2-R</italic> (5´-CTGCTTCACT-GCTGTTAGAC-3´) para obtener un producto de 135 pb. Todas las reacciones de amplificación se llevaron a cabo a 60 °C para la temperatura de alineamiento. Para realizar los ensayos de expresión del complejo, se obtuvieron muestras de hojas fisiológicamente maduras con síntomas de HLB de naranja Valencia y limón persa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Los tejidos se colectaron de tres árboles diferentes de cada espe- cie. La colecta se realizó de una parcela experimental, infectada naturalmente con <italic>C</italic>Las, que se localiza en el INIFAP Campo Experimental Ixtacuaco (CEIXTA), ubicado a 112 msnm (20° 02’ 36’’ N. 97° 05’ 52.5’’ OE). Los árboles tienen siete años de edad y estaban injertados en el portainjerto Swingle. Las muestras fueron congeladas inmediatamente en nitrógeno líquido y llevadas al laboratorio de Diag- nóstico Fitosanitario del CEIXTA. El tejido fue macerado y dividido en dos partes, una para la detección de <italic>C</italic>Las y la otra para el ensayo de expresión.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Alineamiento de las secuencias de los genes <italic>CsRIN4</italic> y <italic>ClRIN4</italic>.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2307-6-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Para la detección de <italic>C</italic>Las, se realizó la extracción de ADN utilizando el proto- colo descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Rodríguez-Quibrera <italic>et al.</italic> (2022</xref>), tras lo cual se realizó el análisis de integridad y calidad de ADN mediante electroforesis en gel de agarosa (1 %, 90 V por 60 min) y espectrofotometría nanodrop, respectivamente. Posteriormente, se utilizó parcialmente el protocolo descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lin <italic>et al.</italic> (2010</xref>), que consiste en la amplificación de un fragmento del gen 16<italic>S</italic> ribosomal con los iniciadores <italic>Las-O- F</italic> (5′-CGGTGAATGTATTAAGCTGAGGCGTTCC-3′) y <italic>Las-O-R</italic> (5′-TACCCA- CAACAAAATGAGATACACCAACAACTTC-3′).</p>
			<p>Para los ensayos de expresión génica del complejo en estudio, se realizó la ex- tracción de ARN mediante un protocolo basado en CTAB al 2 % (Estrella-Mal- donado <italic>et al.,</italic> 2023). El ARN obtenido fue analizado para su integridad y calidad mediante electroforesis horizontal en gel de agarosa (1 %, 90 V por 60 min) y espectrofotometría nanodrop, respectivamente. Los ARN obtenidos de alta calidad fueron tratados para eliminar el ADN residual mediante la enzima DNAsa RQ1 (Promega) de acuerdo a las instrucciones del fabricante. Se realizó la síntesis del ADNc, partiendo de una concentración de 500 ng µL<sup>-1</sup> de ARN tratado con DNAsa, mediante la enzima M-MLV (Promega), siguiendo las instrucciones del fabricante. Se realizó la amplificación de los genes del complejo en estudio mediante RT-PCR. Para esta amplificación, la reacción fue buffer de PCR 1X, MgCl<sub>2</sub> 25 mM, 10 mM de cada dNTP, 10 µM de cada iniciador, 1 U de DNA Taq polimerasa y 300 ng de ADNc, teniendo un volumen final de reacción de 10 µL. El ciclo térmico de ampli- ficación consistió en una desnaturalización inicial a 94 °C, seguido de 30 ciclos de desnaturalización a 94 °C por 30 s, alineamiento a 60 °C por 30 s y polimerización a 72 °C por 15 s, tras lo cual se realizó una extensión final a 72 °C por 3 min. El producto de la amplificación fue analizado mediante gel de agarosa al 2 %, teñido en bromuro de etidio al 1.2 % y visualizado en luz UV. Se utilizó el gen <italic>F-box</italic> como control endógeno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Mafra <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>). Cada muestra se amplificó por triplicado como réplica técnica.</p>
			<p>Respecto a la detección del agente causal del HLB en las muestras, se obtuvo un fragmento único de 470 pb (datos no mostrados) en las muestras sintomáticas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>) de limón persa (tres muestras) y naranja Valencia (tres muestras), lo que corrobora la infección de las muestras con <italic>C</italic>Las de acuerdo al protocolo utilizado. De acuerdo a los resultados de expresión génica, en la amplificación por RT- PCR se observó que en lo relativo al gen <italic>RPM1</italic> no hay diferencia observable entre las muestras de naranja Valencia y limón persa. Por otro lado, para el gen <italic>RPS2</italic> se observó diferencia en la intensidad de la banda amplificada, siendo mayor en limón persa que en naranja, sugiriendo que existe diferencia en la actividad de este gen ante la infección por <italic>C</italic>Las, lo que concuerda con lo observado previamente por Estrella-Maldondo <italic>et al.</italic> (2023). Sin embargo, la principal diferencia se observó en la amplificación del gen <italic>RIN4</italic>, este gen se ve claramente amplificado en naranja Va- lencia, mientras que no es detectable la amplificación de dicho gen en limón persa. Esto sugiere que existe una mayor actividad del gen <italic>RIN4</italic> en una especie altamente susceptible al HLB, en contraste con una especie con un alto nivel de tolerancia como el limón persa, similar a lo que se ha propuesto de la participación del gen <italic>RIN4</italic> en la infección de <italic>C</italic>Las (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cheng <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>). Los resultados se muestran en</p>
			<p>la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>.</p>
			<p>Recientemente se ha descrito que el HLB es una enfermedad que está más re- lacionada con una respuesta de defensa exacerbada y descontrolada ante <italic>C</italic>Las que en sí por el daño causado por el patógeno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Ma <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>), por lo cual comprender los mecanismos que se alteran en la defensa de la planta es imprescindible para el diseño de estrategias de control de esta enfermedad. Los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio son evidencia que soportan la hipótesis de que la infección por <italic>C</italic>Las y el desarrollo del HLB está facilitado por la expresión del gen <italic>RIN4</italic>. Este fenómeno se ha observado en otros patosistemas, en los cuales <italic>RIN4</italic> actúa como un represor de la Inmunidad Activada por Patrones Moleculares (PTI) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Ray <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>), especialmente inactivando la respuesta por <italic>RPS2</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Belkhadir <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>), mientras que su fosforilación induce la activación de ETI (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Xu <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>). Es importante destacar que la sobre expresión de <italic>RIN4</italic> ha demostrado que inhibe la deposición de calosa en respuesta a los patógenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Afzal <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>; Ray <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019), dicha inhibición de la producción de calosa es uno de los mecanismos que utiliza <italic>C</italic>Las para translocarse dentro del floema (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bernardini <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>), mientras que el incremento de calosa en zonas con baja presencia de <italic>C</italic>Las se debe más a la respuesta descontrolada de la planta (Archor <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020; Ma <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Síntomas de HLB presentes en hojas de limón persa (A) naranja Valencia (B) y frutos de limón persa (C) y na- ranja Valencia (D).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2307-6-gf2.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Expresión del complejo <italic>RPM1-RIN4-RPS2</italic> mediante RT-PCR en naranja Valencia, especie altamente susceptible al HLB, y limón Persa especie con un alto nivel de tolerancia al HLB.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2307-6-gf3.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>El presente estudio muestra evidencia de que existe una expresión diferencial del gen <italic>RIN4</italic> entre cítricos infectados naturalmente con <italic>C</italic>Las (seis muestras ana- lizadas), de acuerdo a su nivel de susceptibilidad al HLB. Es necesario realizar estudios adicionales que confirmen esta hipótesis; sin embargo, nuestros resultados sugieren que el gen <italic>RIN4</italic> es un blanco molecular importante para la inducción de tolerancia al HLB mediante herramientas biotecnológicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Sun <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>). </p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimientos</title>
			<p> </p>
			<p>Se agradece al Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCYT) por el financiamiento realizado al proyecto “Fortalecimiento del equipo e infraestructura para el estudio y control de las principales enfermedades de cítricos para incidir en el bienestar social de la zona citrí- cola de Veracruz” (No. Proyecto 322068). E.A.M.P. Agradece la beca otorgada por el CONAHCYT para la realización de su tesis de licenciatura en el proyecto mencionado.</p>
		</ack>
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							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yu</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brlansky</surname>
							<given-names>RH.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gmitter</surname>
							<given-names>FGJr</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Reprogramming of a defense signaling pathway in rough lemon and sweet orange is a critical element of the early response to ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’</article-title>
					<source>Horticulture Research</source>
					<volume>4</volume>
					<fpage>17063</fpage>
					<lpage>17063</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Expression of the <italic>RPM1-RIN4-RPS2</italic> complex in two citrus species with contrasting response to Huanglongbing</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p> </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetive/Antecedents</title>
					<p>. Persian lime (<italic>Citrus latifolia</italic>) shows a very high level of tolerance to Huanglongbing (HLB). A recent study suggests that genes from the <italic>RPM1-RIN4-RPS2</italic> complex could be partly responsible for HLB tolerance in Persian lime, unlike other highly susceptible species such as orange (<italic>C. sinensis</italic>). The objective of this study was to compare the expression of this gene complex between orange, highly susceptible to HLB, and Persian lime, a tolerant species.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and Methods. </title>
					<p>Sequences of the three genes of the complex for orange and Persian lime were obtained from databases of previously published works, alignments and primer design for gene expression were performed using various bioinformatics tools. Subsequently, tissue samples from symptomatic HLB- infected orange and Persian lime were obtained and infection was confirmed. The expression of the <italic>RPM</italic>1-<italic>RIN</italic>4-<italic>RPS</italic>2 genes was compared using endpoint RT-PCR.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results. </title>
					<p>The presence of all three genes of the complex was determined in both orange and Persian lime, and it was also determined that they are highly conserved between both species. Additionally, it was observed that there is no differential expression for the RPM1 gene in symptomatic HLB tissue; however, there is a difference in the expression of the RPS2 and RIN4 genes.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion. </title>
					<p>The results suggest that the contrasting response to HLB could be associated with the activity of the interaction of the RIN4 and RPS2 genes, thus, this could be of interest for citrus genetic improvement aiming at HLB control.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>PTI</kwd>
				<kwd>ETI</kwd>
				<kwd>HLB Tolerance</kwd>
				<kwd>Transcriptomics</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>Globally, citrus cultivation is suffering severe damage due to the effects of Huanglongbing (HLB) on all citrus species and varieties (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ghosh <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). HLB is caused by three different species of the genus <italic>Candidatus</italic> Liberibacter (<italic>C</italic>L): <italic>C</italic>L americanus (<italic>C</italic>Lam), which affects cultivars in Brazil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Teixeira <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>), <italic>C</italic>L africanus (<italic>C</italic>Laf), found on the African continent (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">da Graça <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>), and <italic>C</italic>L asiaticus (<italic>C</italic>Las), the most widespread species globally (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ajene <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>) and present in citrus-growing areas of Mexico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Huang <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>).</p>
				<p>Although all agriculturally important citrus species are considered susceptible to the disease, there is a gradient of susceptibility among different species, with a notable difference between sour and sweet citrus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">McCollum <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Gao <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>). The Valencia orange (<italic>C. sinensis</italic>), considered a sweet citrus, is one of the most important citrus fruits in Mexico, both in terms of planted area and economic impact (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">SIAP, 2022</xref>); however, it is also among the species most susceptible to HLB. Numerous studies using omics tools have shown that <italic>C</italic>Las infection causes significant metabolic, physiological, and molecular alterations in <italic>C. sinensis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Fu <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Chin <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Curtolo <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Lally <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Ribeiro <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>), leading to significant economic losses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Li <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). On the other hand, some sour citrus species have been reported as less susceptible or tolerant to HLB, for example, rough lemon (<italic>C. jambhiri</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Yu <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>), Australian finger lime (<italic>C. australasica</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Weber <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>), and Persian lime (<italic>C. latifolia</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Sivager <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>The case of Persian lime is of high importance for Mexico, with Veracruz being</p>
				<p>the leading producer and exporter of this fruit worldwide. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms involved in HLB tolerance is crucial. Initially, this tolerance was associated with a greater ability to maintain unaltered physiological functions such as photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Sivager <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). Later, it was observed that, unlike in <italic>Poncirus trifoliata</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Rawat <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>), the <italic>CDR</italic> gene family is not related to tolerance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Flores-de la Rosa <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>). Recently, the transcriptome of Persian lime infected with <italic>C</italic>Las was sequenced and assembled, revealing differentially expressed genes, notably those related to effector-triggered immunity (ETI) showing increased expression, such as the <italic>RPS2</italic> gene (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Estrella-Maldonado <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>).</p>
				<p>The <italic>RPS2</italic> gene is part of a complex comprised of the <italic>RPM1-RIN4-RPS2</italic> genes. The relationship among these genes is intricately linked to the plant’s response to infection by certain pathogens. For instance, the <italic>RPM1</italic> gene acts as a receptor for effectors from the bacterium <italic>Pseudomonas syringae</italic> and triggers effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in <italic>Arabidopsis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Rose <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>), with this activation mediated by the phosphorylation of the <italic>RIN4</italic> gene (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Lee <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>); that is, <italic>RIN4</italic> induces the expression of <italic>RPM1</italic>. On the other hand, the <italic>RPS2</italic> gene can activate immunity against the aforementioned bacterium; however, its interaction with the <italic>RIN4</italic> gene is negatively regulated, meaning the expression of <italic>RPS2</italic> inhibits <italic>RIN4</italic> and vice versa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Alam <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>Interestingly, experimental evidence showed that overexpression of the <italic>RIN4</italic> gene facilitates the colonization of <italic>C</italic>Las in the phloem of citrus and the generation of HLB symptoms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cheng <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>), suggesting that susceptibility to HLB might be associated with the level of activity of the <italic>RIN4</italic> gene. Therefore, based on the above, the aim of the present work was to compare the expression of the genes in the <italic>RPM1-RIN4-RPS2</italic> complex in two species with contrasting responses to HLB: Valencia orange, highly susceptible, and Persian lime, with high tolerance to <italic>C</italic>Las infection.</p>
				<p>The transcript sequences of the <italic>ClRPM1</italic>, <italic>ClRIN4</italic>, and <italic>ClRPS2</italic> genes were obtained from the assembled Persian lime transcriptome by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Estrella-Maldonado <italic>et al</italic>. (2023</xref>), using local BLAST analysis with the <italic>CsRPM1</italic>, <italic>CsRIN4</italic>, and <italic>CsPS2</italic> gene sequences retrieved from the Citrus Genome Database <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www/">(https://www</ext-link>. citrusgenomedb.org/). Subsequently, an alignment between the homologs of each species was performed using the online T-COFFEE software (https://tcoffee.crg. eu/apps/tcoffee/index.html). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref> presents the alignment of the <italic>CsRIN</italic>4 and <italic>ClRIN</italic>4 genes.</p>
				<p>Once the genes were identified and obtained, primers were designed to measure their expression, which was carried out using the Eurofins online software (https://eurofinsgenomics.eu/en/ecom/tools/pcr- primer-design/). The following primers were generated: for the <italic>RPM1</italic> gene, the primers RPM1-F (5´-GCCCTGGATTTGCTGAAG-3´) and RPM1-R (5´-GCAATATTCAACAACTCTGGGA-3´) were obtained,</p>
				<p>expected to yield a 130 bp product; for the <italic>RIN4</italic> gene, the primers RIN4-F (5´-GCGAGAGGAGAGAAACAGTGCAGG-3´) and RIN4-R (5´-GACGATGATGGGGTGTGGTGGA-3´) were designed, aimed to produce a 165 bp product; finally, for the <italic>RPS2</italic> gene, the primers RPS2-F (5´-TGGTTCGATATGTAGTGGGG-3´) and RPS2-R (5´-CTGCTTCACTGCTGTTAGAC-3´) were obtained to yield a 135 bp product. All amplification reactions were performed at 60 °C for the annealing temperature. To conduct the expression assays for the complex, samples of physiologically mature leaves with HLB symptoms from Valencia orange and Persian lime (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>) were collected. Tissues were gathered from three different trees of each species. The collection was carried out in an experimental plot naturally infected with <italic>C</italic>Las, located at the INIFAP Campo Experimental Ixtacuaco (CEIXTA), situated at an elevation of 112 meters above sea level (20° 02’ 36’’ N, 97° 05’ 52.5’’ W). The trees were seven years old and grafted onto Swingle rootstock. Samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and transported to the CEIXTA Phytosanitary Diagnosis laboratory. The tissue was macerated and divided into two parts, one for <italic>C</italic>Las detection and the other for the expression assay.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Alignment of <italic>CsRIN4</italic> and <italic>ClRIN4</italic> genes sequences.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2307-6-gf4.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>For <italic>C</italic>Las detection, DNA extraction was performed using the protocol described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Rodríguez-Quibrera <italic>et al</italic>. (2022</xref>), followed by DNA integrity and quality analysis through agarose gel electrophoresis (1%, 90 V for</p>
				<p>60 min) and nanodrop spectrophotometry, respectively. Subsequently, a portion of the protocol described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lin <italic>et al.</italic> (2010</xref>) was used, involving the amplification of a fragment of the 16S ribosomal gene with the primers Las-O-F (5′-CGGTGAATGTATTAAGCTGAGGCGTTCC-3′) and Las-O-R (5′-TACCCACAACAAAATGAGATACACCAACAACTTC-3′).</p>
				<p>For the gene expression assays of the complex under study, RNA extraction was performed using a 2% CTAB protocol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Estrella-Maldonado <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>). The RNA obtained was analyzed for integrity and quality using horizontal agarose gel electrophoresis (1%, 90 V for 60 min) and nanodrop spectrophotometry, respectively. High-quality RNAs were treated to eliminate residual DNA using the DNase RQ1 enzyme (Promega) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. cDNA synthesis was carried out starting from a concentration of 500 ng µL-1 of DNase-treated RNA using the M-MLV enzyme (Promega), following the manufacturer’s instructions. Amplification of the genes of the complex under study was performed by RT-PCR. For this amplification, the reaction mixture contained 1X PCR buffer, 25 mM MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 10 mM of each dNTP, 10 µM of each primer, 1 U of DNA Taq polymerase, and 300 ng of cDNA, resulting in a final reaction volume of 10 µL. The thermal cycling profile consisted of an initial denaturation at 94 °C, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, annealing at 60 °C for 30 s, and elongation at 72 °C for 15 s, with a final extension at 72 °C for 3 min. The amplification product was analyzed on a 2% agarose gel, stained with 1.2% ethidium bromide, and visualized under UV light. The <italic>F-box</italic> gene was used as an endogenous control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Mafra <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). Each sample was amplified in triplicate as a technical replicate.</p>
				<p>Regarding the detection of the HLB causal agent in the samples, a unique fragment of 470 bp (data not shown) was obtained in symptomatic samples (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>) from Persian lime (three samples) and Valencia orange (three samples), corroborating the infection of the samples with <italic>C</italic>Las according to the protocol used.</p>
				<p>According to the gene expression results, RT-PCR amplification showed that there is no observable difference between the Valencia orange and Persian lime samples for the <italic>RPM1</italic> gene. However, for the <italic>RPS2</italic> gene, a difference in the intensity of the amplified band was observed, being greater in Persian lime than in orange, suggesting a difference in the activity of this gene in response to <italic>C</italic>Las infection, consistent with previous observations by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Estrella-Maldonado <italic>et al</italic>. (2023</xref>). However, the main difference was observed in the amplification of the <italic>RIN4</italic> gene, which is clearly amplified in Valencia orange, while amplification of this gene is not detectable in Persian lime. This suggests a higher activity of the <italic>RIN4</italic> gene in a species highly susceptible to HLB, in contrast to a species with a high level of tolerance such as Persian lime, similar to the proposed role of the <italic>RIN4</italic> gene in <italic>C</italic>Las infection (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cheng <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). The results are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Symptoms of HLB present in Persian lime leaves (A), Valencia orange (B), Persian lemon (C) and Valencia orange (D) fruits.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2307-6-gf5.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Expression of the <italic>RPM1-RIN4-RPS2</italic> complex by RT-PCR in Valencia orange, a species highly susceptible to HLB, and Persian lime, a species with a high level of tolerance to HLB.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2307-6-gf6.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>It has recently been described that Huanglongbing (HLB) is more closely related to an exaggerated and uncontrolled defense response to <italic>C</italic>Las than to the damage caused directly by the pathogen itself (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Ma <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). Therefore, understanding the mechanisms altered in plant defense is crucial for designing strategies to control this disease. The findings of this study provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that <italic>C</italic>Las infection and HLB development are facilitated by the expression of the <italic>RIN4</italic> gene. This phenomenon has been observed in other pathosystems, where <italic>RIN4</italic> acts as a repressor of Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Ray <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), particularly by inactivating the response through <italic>RPS2</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Belkhadir <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>), while its phosphorylation induces Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI) activation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Xu <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). It is significant that overexpression of <italic>RIN4</italic> has been shown to inhibit callose deposition in response to pathogens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Afzal <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>; Ray <italic>et al</italic>., 2019), such inhibition of callose production being one of the mechanisms <italic>C</italic>las uses to translocate within the phloem (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bernardini <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>), whereas the increase in callose in areas with low CLas presence is more due to the plant’s uncontrolled response (Archor <italic>et al</italic>., 2020; Ma <italic>et al</italic>., 2022).</p>
				<p>This study presents evidence of differential expression of the <italic>RIN4</italic> gene among citrus naturally infected with <italic>C</italic>Las (six samples analyzed), according to their susceptibility level to HLB. Further studies are required to confirm this hypothesis; however, our results suggest that the <italic>RIN4</italic> gene is an important molecular target for inducing HLB tolerance using biotechnological tools (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Sun <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Acknowledgments</title>
				<p> </p>
				<p>Acknowledgment is given to Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCYT) for the funding provided to the project “Fortalecimiento del equipo e infraestructura para el estudio y control de las principales enfermedades de cítricos para incidir en el bienestar social de la zona citrícola de Veracruz” (Project No. 322068). E.A.M.P. is grateful for the scholarship awarded by CONAHCYT for the completion of their undergraduate thesis within the mentioned project.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>