<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2307-7</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Nota Fitopatológica</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Armillaria gallica asociado a la pudrición de raíz del aguacate en Michoacán</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Michua-Cedillo</surname>
						<given-names>Jeny</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Téliz-Ortíz</surname>
						<given-names>Daniel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ochoa-Ascencio</surname>
						<given-names>Salvador</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rodríguez-Guzmán</surname>
						<given-names>María del Pilar</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Alarcón</surname>
						<given-names>Alejandro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>León</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos de</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Vázquez-Marrufo</surname>
						<given-names>Gerardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Laboratorio de Diagnóstico Fitosanitario BioLab, 60080, Uruapan, Mich. México </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">BioLab</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">BioLab</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<institution content-type="original">2 Colegio de Postgraduados, 56230 Texcoco, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Agrobiología “Presidente Juárez” UMSNH, 60170 Uruapan, Michoacán. México </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">UMSNH</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">UMSNH</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4 </label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, UMSNH, 58262, Morelia, Michoacán. México </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">UMSNH</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">UMSNH</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><italic>*</italic></label><bold>
 <italic>Autor de correspondencia</italic>:</bold> Jeny Michua-Cedillo <email>michua0206@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>14</day>
				<month>11</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>May-Aug</season>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>42</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT2307-7</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivos y antecedentes</title>
					<p>. La pudrición de la raíz y muerte de árboles de aguacate asociada a <italic>Armillaria</italic> es una enfermedad emergente con alto impacto económico en huertos establecidos en áreas previamente forestales de Michoacán. Actualmente se desconoce con precisión las especies asociadas con síntomas típicos de marchites, amarillamiento, producción excesiva de frutos y micelio subcortical en raíz. El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar molecularmente las especies de <italic>Armillaria</italic> asociadas a la pudrición de la raíz del aguacate.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales y Métodos</title>
					<p>. Para la caracterización morfológica y molecular, en extracto de malta-agar, se procesaron 60 muestras de raíz de árboles provenientes de tres huertos comerciales con presencia putativa de <italic>Armillaria</italic>. ADN de aislados purificados se amplificaron por PCR con genes rpb2 y TEF <italic>α-1.</italic> Las secuencias se alinearon con MAFFT y se realizaron las filogenias con algoritmo de máxima verosimilitud en IQ-TREE.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p>. Se identificaron dos especies de forma consistente: <italic>A. gallica</italic> (20%) con 100% de homología y <italic>A. mexicana</italic> (25%) con 98%. Otra especie que representó el 55% de los aislados no se alineo con ningún grupo. Morfológicamente, los basidiocarpos de <italic>A. gallica</italic> concuerdan con las características de esta especie<italic>.</italic></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusiones</title>
					<p>. Este es el primer reporte de <italic>A. gallica</italic> asociado a la pudrición de la raíz del aguacate en Michoacán.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Basidiocarpo</kwd>
				<kwd>rpb2</kwd>
				<kwd>tef α-1</kwd>
				<kwd>Marchitez</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="24"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p>En México se cosecharon 1.64 millones de ton de aguacate en 2023 lo que representa el 31% de la producción mundial con 179,914.30 ha sembradas. De esta superficie, Michoacán contribuye con 992,816 ton para exportación a EUA, China, Corea, y Chile (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">SIAP, 2023</xref>). El hongo <italic>Armillaria</italic> spp se ha registrado en ecosistemas forestales, frutales y arbolado urbano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Baumgartner, 2004</xref>). Árboles estresados por agentes bióticos o abióticos son más susceptibles a <italic>Armillaria</italic>, particularmente en áreas donde la superficie forestal ha sido sustituida por cultivos comerciales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Valdez <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>). Estudios recientes de este patógeno describen algunas especies como <italic>A. mellea, A. ostoyae</italic> y <italic>A. mexicana</italic> en durazno (<italic>Prunus</italic> sp) y <italic>A. mellea</italic> en forestales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Elías, 2018</xref>)<italic>.</italic></p>
			<p><italic>Armillaria</italic> se ha registrado en Michoacán en algunos cultivos como <italic>Prunus pérsica</italic> y <italic>Persea americana</italic>, en este último se desconoce la especie (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Téliz y Mora 2015</xref>). En durazno se reporta a <italic>A. mellea, A. gallica</italic> y <italic>A. mexicana</italic> en Coatepec Harinas y Temascaltepec, Estado de México (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Elías, 2018</xref>). Las especies presentes en árboles forestales son <italic>A. calvescens, A. gallica, A. mellea,</italic> y <italic>A. ostoyae</italic> reportadas en Chihuahua, Durango, Estado de México, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Puebla, Querétaro, Veracruz, y Morelos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alvarado <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>). Entre las diferentes técnicas para identificar especies con poca variación morfológica destacan la compatibilidad somática y análisis molecular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Schulze <italic>et al.</italic>1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Worrall, 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">White <italic>et al</italic>. 1990</xref>). A nivel molecular, el factor de elongación TEF-<italic>1α</italic> se ha empleado por su utilidad filogenética y ser una region conservada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Hasegawa <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Maphosa y colaboradores (2006</xref>) utilizaron este gen para estudios filogenéticos de <italic>Armillaria</italic> y lograron establecer la relación entre especies de <italic>Armillaria</italic> de los hemisferios norte y sur. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar molecularmente las especies de <italic>Armillaria</italic> asociadas con pudrición de raíz y marchitez del aguacate en el estado de Michoacán.</p>
			<p>Muestreo y procesamiento de raíces y tejidos infectados. Se colectaron raíces con presencia de micelio de <italic>Armillaria</italic> spp. de 20 árboles de aguacate de tres huertos comerciales de los municipios de Charapan, Los Reyes, y Nuevo Parangaricutiro, Michoacán. Un total de 60 muestras se trasladaron al laboratorio para aislar al hongo. El micelio se fragmentó y se desinfestó en una solución de hipoclorito de sodio al 3% y etanol al 70% durante 10 y 5 min, respectivamente. Entre cada solución se realizó un enjuague con agua destilada estéril para posteriormente secar los trozos de micelio en sanitas estériles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aguín <italic>et al</italic>. 2004</xref>).</p>
			<p>Aislamiento y conservación de las cepas. Un total de 60 aislamientos se obtuvieron de siembras en cajas de Petri con medio BDS (extracto de malta (AM) con 40 mg de benomyl, 20 mg de dicloran, y 100 mg de estreptomicina) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aguín <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>). En cada caja se colocaron cinco fragmentos de micelio y se mantuvieron a 24°C en oscuridad hasta que el hongo empezó a desarrollar rizomorfos (un mes aproximadamente). La conservación de las cepas se hizo en VCAM (Very Cold Armillaria Medium: 1.5% agar, 0.75% extracto de malta, 0.5% peptona, and 0.75% dextrosa) con cinco réplicas por cepa.</p>
			<p>Extracción de ADN y PCR. El DNA se extrajo a partir de cepas de tres semanas de edad cultivadas en extracto de malta al 1% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>), siguiendo el protocolo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Cenis (2009)</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Morfotipos de <italic>Armillaria</italic> obtenidos de huertas de aguacate de diferentes municipios de la franja aguacatera de Michoacán. <bold>A</bold>. Anverso, <bold>B</bold>. Reverso.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2307-7-gf1.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>La concentración y absorbancia del DNA se cuantificaron en el Nanodrop 2000c Spectrophotometrer®. Se amplificaron regiones de los genes tef <italic>1-a</italic> y rpb2. Para el factor de elongación <italic>tef 1-</italic>α se utilizaron los iniciadores EF1160R (5’CCGATCTTGTAGACGTCCTG3’) y EFR595F (5´CGTGACTTCATCAAGAACATG3´) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Maphosa <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>) y RPB2-6F (5´ TGGGGKWTGGTYTGYCCTGC 3´) y RPB2-7R (5´ CCCATWGCYTGCTTMCCCAT 3´) para el gen rpb2 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Brazee <italic>et al.,</italic> 
 <bold>2011</bold></xref><bold>).</bold> Las reacciones PCR se realizaron en un volumen total de 25 µL con 10 mM de Buffer Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 50 mM KCl, 1.5 µM MgCl2, 25 mM de cada uno de los dNTP’s, 0.2 U de Taq DNA polimerasa, 10 pM de cada uno de los oligos (Invitro-gen, USA) y 25 µg de DNA genómico. Las reacciones de PCR se realizaron en un termociclador Veriti® 96-Well Thermical Cycler (Applied Biosystems, USA). El programa consistió de un ciclo de desnaturalización inicial a 94°C por 2 min, 30 ciclos de desnaturalización a 94°C por 30 seg, alineamiento a 56° por 30 seg, extensión a 72° por 30 seg y elongación final a 72° por 7 min para el factor de elongación. Para el gen rpb2 el primer ciclo fue de 95 °C durante 2 min, posteriormente se realizaron 30 ciclos que comprendían una desnaturalización a 94 °C durante 30 s, una temperatura de alineamiento de 60 °C durante 45 s, y una extensión de 72 °C durante 1 min y una extensión final a 72 °C durante 10 min (Brazee <italic>et al.,</italic> 
 <bold>2011).</bold> Los amplicones generados se examinaron en un gel de agarosa al 2% (p/v) teñido con SYBER Green (Invitrogen, USA). Los productos de amplificación obtenidos fueron secuenciados por la empresa Elim Biopharmaceuticals Inc. (Hayward, CA. USA). Las secuencias obtenidas se editaron a mano para eliminar las ambigüedades en los extremos y se realizó una búsqueda <italic>Blast</italic> para encontrar aquellas con máxima identidad con secuencias del NCBI Genbank. Se obtuvieron los archivos fasta de secuencias de <italic>Armillaria</italic> spp. y de aquellas con mayor homología para realizar análisis filogenético, incluyendo una secuencia de <italic>Desarmillaria tabescens</italic> (KY359140) para su uso como grupo externo. Se realizó alineamiento de secuencias con MAFFT con los parámetros por default (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Katoh <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). El alineamiento obtenido se utilizó para obtener un modelo evolutivo empleando el software ModelFinder (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Kalyaanamoorthy <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Los árboles filogenéticos se generaron empleando los modelos TIM3e+G4 (gen de factor de alargamiento) y GTR+G (gen rpb2) para calcular las distancias genéticas. Se generaron dendrogramas mediante el criterio ML en IQ-TREE (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Nguyen <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). Se obtuvieron los valores SH-aLRT (%), <italic>aBayes support</italic>, y <italic>ultrafast bootstrap (UFBoot) support</italic> para cada bifuración. Debido a la congruencia entre los tres valores de soporte solo se incluyeron en el árbol los porcentajes de SH-aLRT mayores al 50%. Lo árboles se visualizaron y editaron empleando el software FigTree version 1.4.2 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://tree/">http://tree.</ext-link> bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/).</p>
			<p>Amplificación de los genes rpb2, tef α-1 y filogenia. Con la amplificación del gen tef α-1 se obtuvo una banda de 450 a 500 pb. La cepa MICH29 colectada en Charapan se identificó como <italic>A. gallica</italic> de acuerdo con BLAST y los caracteres morfológicos de los basidiocarpos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>El alineamiento con secuencias del GenBank mostró 99% de similitud con la secuencia JF895870 correspondiente a <italic>A. gallica</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Brazee <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>Esta especie se ha reportado en Norte América y se encuentra estrechamente relacionada con <italic>A. calvescens</italic>
 <bold>.</bold> 
 <italic>A. gallica</italic> está reportada en especies forestales de México (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alvarado <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>) y durazno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Elías, 2018</xref>). Sin embargo, este es el primer reporte de <italic>A. gallica</italic> asociada a la pudrición de raíz en aguacate en Michoacán. La cepa MICH32 y MICH32R se alineó con <italic>A. mexicana</italic>, aunque no existen secuencias del gen RPB2 para esta especie. La cepa 21 originaria de San Juan Viejo se situó de manera independiente entre el clado de <italic>A. mellea</italic> y <italic>A. mexicana</italic>; el</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Basidiocarpos de <italic>Armillaria gallica</italic> colectados en Charapan, Michoacán. <bold>A</bold>. Basidiocarpos maduros de <italic>Armillaria gallica</italic> (píleo amarillo con escamas); <bold>B</bold>. Basidiocarpos de <italic>A. gallica</italic> inmaduros con coloración grisácea y escamas; <bold>C</bold>. Basidiocarpo solitario con rizomorfo en la base.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2307-7-gf2.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>porcentaje de alineamiento con estas especies fue de 62% y 66%, respectivamente. Esta especie por tanto no pudo identificarse. Es probable que exista una relación entre estas especies; sin embargo, para esta cepa en particular es necesario realizar la descripción morfológica y filogenia multigen que incluya la amplificación de al menos tres genes (p.e., ITS, TEF y RPB2). No se puede descartar que debido a la heterogenicidad y poca variación en este gen resulte complicado diferenciar entre algunas especies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Hasegawa <italic>et al</italic>. 2010</xref>).</p>
			<p>Las secuencias alineadas con factor de elongación, <italic>tef 1-α,</italic> que mencionan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Maphosa y colaboradores (2006</xref>) sirven para analizar la relación entre especies e identificarlas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Hasegawa <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>). El aislado MICH29 es el único que se agrupó en el clado de <italic>A. gallica</italic> con 100% de identidad respecto a la base de datos del GenBank y un fragmento amplificado entre 600 y 700 pb que es el rango de fragmento obtenido para <italic>Armillaria</italic> utilizando el factor de elongación (Hasegawa <italic>et al.</italic> 2010; Maphosa <italic>et al.</italic> 2006). Con la cepa MICH21, los resultados fueron más consistentes, <italic>Armillaria</italic> sp se agrupó en un clado situado entre <italic>A. mexicana</italic> y <italic>A. mellea</italic>. La relación entre los clados podría deberse a que el hemisferio sur podría ser el origen del ancestro de <italic>Armillaria</italic> spp (Maphosa <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006).</p>
			<p>Los resultados del alineamiento y análisis filogenético del gen TEF <italic>α-1</italic>, corroboran que la relación entre especies de <italic>Armillaria</italic> es muy estrecha y que se tienen que considerar otros parámetros para distinguirlas, por ejemplo, el morfológico. Algunas especies están significativamente ligadas y la amplificación de ITS no es suficiente para distinguirlas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Coetzee <italic>et al.</italic> 2001</xref>). Con este gen, las especies de <italic>Armillaria</italic> del hemisferio norte se estuvieron estrechamente relacionadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dunne <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>). Este hecho está relacionado con la hibridación interespecífica como ocurre con <italic>A. gallica</italic> y <italic>A. calvescens,</italic> donde ambas especies son parcialmente infértiles</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Análisis filogenético con secuencias de especies de <italic>Armillaria</italic> provenientes de aguacate y del GenBank amplificadas con el gen <italic>tef α-1</italic>. El aislado MICH29 se agrupó directamente con la especie <italic>Armillaria gallica.</italic> Las cepas MICH32 y MICH32R están estrechamente relacionadas con <italic>Armillaria mexicana,</italic> mientras que MICH21 se agrupó entre el clado de <italic>A. mellea y A. mexicana.</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2307-7-gf3.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>y por eso hay compatibilidad de talos. Aunque los IGS e ITS son las regiones más amplificadas para este género no son confiables por que se presentan casos en donde no se pueden distinguir las especies, debido a la alta diversidad de los IGS entre aislados.</p>
			<p>Con el presente estudio se amplía la distribución geográfica de <italic>A. gallica</italic> a Michoacán, además de los registros previos en Chihuahua, Durango, Estado de México, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Puebla, Querétaro, Veracruz, Morelos (Elías, 2017). Respecto al gen rpb2 no hay secuencias de todas las especies en Genbank; sin embargo, la secuencia de la cepa MICH29 se alineó 100% con <italic>A. gallica</italic>. La cepa MICH21 se alineó con el clado de <italic>A. mellea</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
			<p>La amplificación del gen rpb2 ha sido útil en la discriminación de especies de basidiomicetos estrechamente relacionadas. No obstante, este gen no discriminó entre las especies <italic>A. calvescens</italic> y <italic>A. gallica</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Brazee <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>). Al presente, el gen rpb2 se ha empleado poco para examinar especies estrechamente relacionadas de <italic>Armillaria</italic> pero a comparación de las secuencias IGS e ITS se han utilizado en varios estudios filogenéticos. Regiones de ADNr también proporcionan una resolución deficiente para distinguir especies estrechamente relacionadas de <italic>Armillaria</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Ota <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Kim <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>). Además, los micelios diploides a menudo contienen secuencias heterogéneas que pueden confundir el análisis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">McLaughlin y Hsiang; 2010</xref>; Kim <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Análisis filogenético de secuencias de especies de <italic>Armillaria</italic> provenientes de aguacate y del GenBank amplificadas con el gen rpb2. La cepa MICH29 y MICH29R se agrupan directamente con la especie <italic>Armillaria gallica,</italic> mientras que MICH21 está relacionada con <italic>A. mellea.</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2307-7-gf4.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusiones</title>
			<p>Se encontraron tres especies de <italic>Armillaria</italic> presentes en huertos de aguacate establecidos en suelos con antecedente forestal en Michoacán. <italic>A. gallica</italic> se identificó en siete de 10 muestras con síntomas más severos de pudrición de raíz en comparación con las otras dos especies identificadas. <italic>A. mexicana</italic> se detectó 25% de las muestras y una especie no identificada, <italic>Armillaria</italic> sp, en 55%. Factor de elongación fue el gen más adecuado para identificar especies de <italic>Armillaria.</italic> Se sugiere explorar otros genes para generar una filogenia concatenada. La identificación morfológica de especies de <italic>Armillaria</italic> es complicada debido a los caracteres estrechos entre especies. Es necesario fundamentar los resultados moleculares con datos morfológicos.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimientos</title>
			<p>A CONHACYT por la beca otorgada para el programa doctoral, al equipo del CEMEB por el apoyo en el desarrollo de los protocolos de extracción y PCR. A los productores por su colaboración en la toma de muestras.</p>
		</ack>
		<ref-list>
			<title>Literatura Citada</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation>Aguín, CO, Sainz, JM y Mansilla, VP (2004). Armillaria species infesting vineyards in northwestern Spain. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 110, 683-687. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EJPP.0000041553.98879.51">https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EJPP.0000041553.98879.51</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Aguín</surname>
							<given-names>CO</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sainz</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mansilla</surname>
							<given-names>VP</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2004</year>
					<article-title>Armillaria species infesting vineyards in northwestern Spain</article-title>
					<source>European Journal of Plant Pathology</source>
					<volume>110</volume>
					<fpage>683</fpage>
					<lpage>687</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EJPP.0000041553.98879.51">https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EJPP.0000041553.98879.51</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<mixed-citation>Alvarado, RD (2007). Pudrición de raíz por Armillaria/Armillaria root rot. Armillaria (Fr.) Staude. (Agaricales, Marasmiaceae). En: T Cibrián D, R Alvarado y SE García (Eds.), Enfermedades forestales en México (pp. 211-215). Mundi-Prensa, Chapingo, México.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Alvarado</surname>
							<given-names>RD</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2007</year>
					<chapter-title>Pudrición de raíz por Armillaria/Armillaria root rot. Armillaria (Fr.) Staude. (Agaricales, Marasmiaceae)</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>D</surname>
							<given-names>T Cibrián</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alvarado</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>García</surname>
							<given-names>SE</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Enfermedades forestales en México</source>
					<fpage>211</fpage>
					<lpage>215</lpage>
					<publisher-name>Mundi-Prensa</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Chapingo, México</publisher-loc>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<mixed-citation>Baumgartner, K (2004). Root collar excavation for postinfection control of Armillaria root disease of grapevine. Plant Disease, 88, 1235-1240. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.11.1235">https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.11.1235</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Baumgartner</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2004</year>
					<article-title>Root collar excavation for postinfection control of Armillaria root disease of grapevine</article-title>
					<source>Plant Disease</source>
					<volume>88</volume>
					<fpage>1235</fpage>
					<lpage>1240</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.11.1235">https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.11.1235</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<mixed-citation>Brazee, NJ, Hulvey, JP y Wick, RL (2011). Evaluation of partial tef1, rbp2, and Nlsu sequences for identification of isolates representing Armillaria calvescens and Armillaria gallica from northeastern North America. Fungal Biology, 115, 741-749. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2011.05.008">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2011.05.008</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Brazee</surname>
							<given-names>NJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hulvey</surname>
							<given-names>JP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wick</surname>
							<given-names>RL</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>Evaluation of partial tef1, rbp2, and Nlsu sequences for identification of isolates representing Armillaria calvescens and Armillaria gallica from northeastern North America</article-title>
					<source>Fungal Biology</source>
					<volume>115</volume>
					<fpage>741</fpage>
					<lpage>749</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2011.05.008">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2011.05.008</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<mixed-citation>Cenis, JL (1992). Rapid extraction of fungal DNA for PCR amplification. Nucleic Acids Research, 20, 9. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/20.9.2380">https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/20.9.2380</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Cenis</surname>
							<given-names>JL</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1992</year>
					<article-title>Rapid extraction of fungal DNA for PCR amplification</article-title>
					<source>Nucleic Acids Research</source>
					<volume>20</volume>
					<fpage>9</fpage>
					<lpage>9</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/20.9.2380">https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/20.9.2380</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<mixed-citation>Coetzee, MP, Wingfield, BD, Harrington, TC, Steimel, J, Coutinho, AT y Wingfield, JM (2001). The root rot fungus Armillaria mellea introduced into South Africa by early Dutch settlers. Molecular Ecology, 10, 387-396. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01187.x">https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01187.x</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Coetzee</surname>
							<given-names>MP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wingfield</surname>
							<given-names>BD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Harrington</surname>
							<given-names>TC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Steimel</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Coutinho</surname>
							<given-names>AT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wingfield</surname>
							<given-names>JM</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2001</year>
					<article-title>The root rot fungus Armillaria mellea introduced into South Africa by early Dutch settlers</article-title>
					<source>Molecular Ecology</source>
					<volume>10</volume>
					<fpage>387</fpage>
					<lpage>396</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01187.x">https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01187.x</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<mixed-citation>Coetzee, MP, Bloomer, P, Ridley, GS y Wingfield, MJ (2003). Molecular identification and phylogeny of Armillaria isolates South America and Indo-Malaysia. Mycologia, 95, 285-293. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.2307/3762039">https://doi.org/10.2307/3762039</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Coetzee</surname>
							<given-names>MP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bloomer</surname>
							<given-names>P</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ridley</surname>
							<given-names>GS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wingfield</surname>
							<given-names>MJ</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2003</year>
					<article-title>Molecular identification and phylogeny of Armillaria isolates South America and Indo-Malaysia</article-title>
					<source>Mycologia</source>
					<volume>95</volume>
					<fpage>285</fpage>
					<lpage>293</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.2307/3762039">https://doi.org/10.2307/3762039</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<mixed-citation>Dunne, CP, Glen, M, Tommerup, IC, Shearer, BL y Hardy, GJ (2002). Sequence variation in the rDNA ITS of Australian Armillaria species and intra-specific variation of Armillaria luteobubalina. Australasian Plant Pathology, 31, 241-251. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1071/AP02015">https://doi.org/10.1071/AP02015</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Dunne</surname>
							<given-names>CP</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Glen</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tommerup</surname>
							<given-names>IC</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shearer</surname>
							<given-names>BL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hardy</surname>
							<given-names>GJ</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2002</year>
					<article-title>Sequence variation in the rDNA ITS of Australian Armillaria species and intra-specific variation of Armillaria luteobubalina</article-title>
					<source>Australasian Plant Pathology</source>
					<volume>31</volume>
					<fpage>241</fpage>
					<lpage>251</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1071/AP02015">https://doi.org/10.1071/AP02015</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<mixed-citation>Elías, RD, Medel, R, Alvarado, D, Hanna, J, Ross, AL, Kim, M y Kopfenstein, N (2018). Armillaria mexicana, a new described species from México New Armillaria species from Mexico. Mycologia, 110, 347-360. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2017.1419031">https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2017.1419031</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Elías</surname>
							<given-names>RD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Medel</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alvarado</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hanna</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ross</surname>
							<given-names>AL</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kim</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kopfenstein</surname>
							<given-names>N</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Armillaria mexicana, a new described species from México New Armillaria species from Mexico</article-title>
					<source>Mycologia</source>
					<volume>110</volume>
					<fpage>347</fpage>
					<lpage>360</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2017.1419031">https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2017.1419031</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<mixed-citation>Hasegawa, E, Ota, Y, Hattori, T y Kikuchi, T (2010). Sequence-based identification of Japanese Armillaria species using the elongation factor-1 alpha gene. Mycologia, 102, 898-910. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3852/09-238">https://doi.org/10.3852/09-238</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hasegawa</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ota</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hattori</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kikuchi</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<article-title>Sequence-based identification of Japanese Armillaria species using the elongation factor-1 alpha gene</article-title>
					<source>Mycologia</source>
					<volume>102</volume>
					<fpage>898</fpage>
					<lpage>910</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3852/09-238">https://doi.org/10.3852/09-238</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<mixed-citation>Katoh, K, Rozewicki, J y Yamada, KD (2017). MAFFT online service: multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization. Briefings in Bioinformatics, bbx108. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbx108">https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbx108</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Katoh</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rozewicki</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yamada</surname>
							<given-names>KD</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>MAFFT online service: multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization</article-title>
					<source>Briefings in Bioinformatics</source>
					<fpage>bbx108</fpage>
					<lpage>bbx108</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbx108">https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbx108</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<mixed-citation>Kalyaanamoorthy, S, Minh, BQ, Wong, KF, von Haeseler, A y Jermiin, LS (2017). ModelFinder: Fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nature Methods, 14, 587-589. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285">https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kalyaanamoorthy</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Minh</surname>
							<given-names>BQ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wong</surname>
							<given-names>KF</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>von Haeseler</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jermiin</surname>
							<given-names>LS</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>ModelFinder: Fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates</article-title>
					<source>Nature Methods</source>
					<volume>14</volume>
					<fpage>587</fpage>
					<lpage>589</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285">https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<mixed-citation>Kim, MS, Klopfenstein, NB, Hanna, JW y McDonald, GI (2006). Characterization of North American Armillaria species: Genetic relationships determined by ribosomal DNA sequences and AFLP markers. Forest Pathology, 36, 145-164. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2006.00441.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2006.00441.x</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kim</surname>
							<given-names>MS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Klopfenstein</surname>
							<given-names>NB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hanna</surname>
							<given-names>JW</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>McDonald</surname>
							<given-names>GI</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2006</year>
					<article-title>Characterization of North American Armillaria species: Genetic relationships determined by ribosomal DNA sequences and AFLP markers</article-title>
					<source>Forest Pathology</source>
					<volume>36</volume>
					<fpage>145</fpage>
					<lpage>164</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2006.00441.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2006.00441.x</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<mixed-citation>McLaughlin, JA y Hsiang, T (2010). Identification protocol for six Armillaria species from northeastern North America. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 40, 536-548. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1139/X10-015">https://doi.org/10.1139/X10-015</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>McLaughlin</surname>
							<given-names>JA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hsiang</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<article-title>Identification protocol for six Armillaria species from northeastern North America</article-title>
					<source>Canadian Journal of Forest Research</source>
					<volume>40</volume>
					<fpage>536</fpage>
					<lpage>548</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1139/X10-015">https://doi.org/10.1139/X10-015</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<mixed-citation>Maphosa, L, Wingfield, BD, Coetzee, PA, Mwenje, E y Wingfield, MJ (2006). Phylogenetic relationships among Armillaria species inferred from partial elongation factor 1-alpha DNA sequence data. Australian Plant Pathology, 35, 513-520. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1071/AP06056">https://doi.org/10.1071/AP06056</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Maphosa</surname>
							<given-names>L</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wingfield</surname>
							<given-names>BD</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Coetzee</surname>
							<given-names>PA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mwenje</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wingfield</surname>
							<given-names>MJ</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2006</year>
					<article-title>Phylogenetic relationships among Armillaria species inferred from partial elongation factor 1-alpha DNA sequence data</article-title>
					<source>Australian Plant Pathology</source>
					<volume>35</volume>
					<fpage>513</fpage>
					<lpage>520</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1071/AP06056">https://doi.org/10.1071/AP06056</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<mixed-citation>Nguyen, LT, Schmidt, HA, von Haeseler, A y Minh, BQ (2015). IQ-TREE: A fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum likelihood phylogenies. Molecular Biology Evolution, 32, 268-274. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu300">https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu300</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Nguyen</surname>
							<given-names>LT</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schmidt</surname>
							<given-names>HA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>von Haeseler</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Minh</surname>
							<given-names>BQ</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>IQ-TREE: A fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum likelihood phylogenies</article-title>
					<source>Molecular Biology Evolution</source>
					<volume>32</volume>
					<fpage>268</fpage>
					<lpage>274</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu300">https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu300</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<mixed-citation>Ota, Y, Kim, MS, Neda, H, Klopfenstein, NB y Hasegawa, E (2011). The phylogenetic position of an Armillaria species from Amami-Oshima, a subtropical island of Japan, based on elongation factor and ITS sequences. Mycoscience, 52, 53-58. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10267-010-0066-3">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10267-010-0066-3</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ota</surname>
							<given-names>Y</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kim</surname>
							<given-names>MS</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Neda</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Klopfenstein</surname>
							<given-names>NB</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hasegawa</surname>
							<given-names>E</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>The phylogenetic position of an Armillaria species from Amami-Oshima, a subtropical island of Japan, based on elongation factor and ITS sequences</article-title>
					<source>Mycoscience</source>
					<volume>52</volume>
					<fpage>53</fpage>
					<lpage>58</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10267-010-0066-3">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10267-010-0066-3</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<mixed-citation>Rizzo, DM y Harrington, TC (1993). Declination and biology of clones of Armillaria ostoyae, A. gemina and A. calvescens. Mycologia, 85, 164-174. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010076">https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010076</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rizzo</surname>
							<given-names>DM</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Harrington</surname>
							<given-names>TC</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1993</year>
					<article-title>Declination and biology of clones of Armillaria ostoyae, A. gemina and A. calvescens</article-title>
					<source>Mycologia</source>
					<volume>85</volume>
					<fpage>164</fpage>
					<lpage>174</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010076">https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010076</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<mixed-citation>Schulze, S, Bahnweg, G, Moller, M y Sandermann Jr, H (1997). Identification of the genus Armillaria by specific amplification of an rDNA-ITS fragment and evaluation of genetic variation within A. ostoyae by rDNA-RFLP and RAPD analysis. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 27, 225-239. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1997.tb00865.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1997.tb00865.x</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Schulze</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bahnweg</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moller</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sandermann</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
							<suffix>Jr</suffix>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1997</year>
					<article-title>Identification of the genus Armillaria by specific amplification of an rDNA-ITS fragment and evaluation of genetic variation within A. ostoyae by rDNA-RFLP and RAPD analysis</article-title>
					<source>European Journal of Forest Pathology</source>
					<volume>27</volume>
					<fpage>225</fpage>
					<lpage>239</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1997.tb00865.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1997.tb00865.x</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<mixed-citation>Sistema de Información Agroalimentaria (SIAP) (2023). Producción Agrícola Anual. Disponible en: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://nube.siap.gob.mx/avance_agricola/">https://nube.siap.gob.mx/avance_agricola/</ext-link> (Consultado el 2 de marzo de 2023).</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="report">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>Sistema de Información Agroalimentaria (SIAP)</collab>
					</person-group>
					<year>2023</year>
					<source>Producción Agrícola Anual</source>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://nube.siap.gob.mx/avance_agricola/">https://nube.siap.gob.mx/avance_agricola/</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<mixed-citation>D Téliz y A Mora (2015). El Aguacate y su Manejo Integrado. 1ª reimpresión, 2ª Ed., bba (Biblioteca Básica de Agricultura), Colegio de Postgraduados. 321 p.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Téliz</surname>
							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mora</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<source>El Aguacate y su Manejo Integrado</source>
					<publisher-name>bba (Biblioteca Básica de Agricultura)</publisher-name>
					<publisher-name>Colegio de Postgraduados</publisher-name>
					<fpage>321 p</fpage>
					<lpage>321 p</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<mixed-citation>Valdez, M, Córdoba, J, Valenzuela, R y Fierros, MA (2004). Incremento del fitopatógeno Armillaria mellea (Vahl. Fr) Karsten en bosque de pino-encino, en relación al grado de disturbio por tratamiento silvícola. Revista Chapingo Serie Forestales y del Ambiente, 10, 99-103.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Valdez</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Córdoba</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Valenzuela</surname>
							<given-names>R</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fierros</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2004</year>
					<article-title>Incremento del fitopatógeno Armillaria mellea (Vahl. Fr) Karsten en bosque de pino-encino, en relación al grado de disturbio por tratamiento silvícola</article-title>
					<source>Revista Chapingo Serie Forestales y del Ambiente</source>
					<volume>10</volume>
					<fpage>99</fpage>
					<lpage>103</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<mixed-citation>White, TJ, Bruns, T, Lee, S y Taylor, J (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. En: MA Innis, DH Gelfand, JJ Sninsky y TJ White, PCR Protocols. A Guide to Methods and Applications (pp. 315-322), Academic Press: San Diego.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>White</surname>
							<given-names>TJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bruns</surname>
							<given-names>T</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lee</surname>
							<given-names>S</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Taylor</surname>
							<given-names>J</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1990</year>
					<chapter-title>Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Innis</surname>
							<given-names>MA</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gelfand</surname>
							<given-names>DH</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sninsky</surname>
							<given-names>JJ</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>White</surname>
							<given-names>TJ</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>PCR Protocols. A Guide to Methods and Applications</source>
					<fpage>315</fpage>
					<lpage>322</lpage>
					<publisher-name>Academic Press</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>San Diego</publisher-loc>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B24">
				<mixed-citation>Worrall, JJ (1994). Population structure of Armillaria species in several forest types. Mycologia, 86, 401-407. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1994.12026427">https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1994.12026427</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Worrall</surname>
							<given-names>JJ</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1994</year>
					<article-title>Population structure of Armillaria species in several forest types</article-title>
					<source>Mycologia</source>
					<volume>86</volume>
					<fpage>401</fpage>
					<lpage>407</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1994.12026427">https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1994.12026427</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Phytopathological Note</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Armillaria gallica associated with avocado root rot in Michoacán</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Aims and background</title>
					<p>. Root rot and the death of avocado trees related to <italic>Armillaria</italic> is an emerging disease with a high economic impact in orchards established in previously forested areas of Michoacán. Nowadays, the species related with typical symptoms of wilting, yellowing, excessive fruit production and subcortical mycelia in the roots is unknown. The aim of this investigation was to molecularly characterize the species of <italic>Armillaria</italic> associated to avocado root rot.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and methods</title>
					<p>. For the morphological and molecular characterization, 60 root simples from trees found in three commercial orchards with a putative presence of <italic>Armillaria</italic> were processed in a malt-agar extract. The DNA of purified isolations were amplified by PCR with genes RPB2 and TEF <italic>α-1.</italic> The sequences were aligned using MAFFT and the phylogenies were constructed using the maximum likelihood algorithm in IQ-TREE.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p>. Two species were consistently identified: <italic>A. gallica</italic> (20%) with a 100% homology, and <italic>A. mexicana</italic> (25%), with 98%. Another species that represented 55% of the isolations was not aligned with any group. Morphologically, the <italic>A. gallica</italic> basidiocarps coincide with the characteristics of this species<italic>.</italic></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions</title>
					<p>. This is the first report on <italic>A. gallica</italic> associated to avocado root rot in Michoacán.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Basidiocarp</kwd>
				<kwd>RPB2</kwd>
				<kwd>TEF <italic>α-1</italic></kwd>
				<kwd>Wilting</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>In Mexico, 1.64 million tons of avocado were planted in 2023, accounting for 31% of the world’s production with 179,914.30 ha planted. Out of this surface, Michoacán contributes with 992,816 tons for export to the USA, China, Korea and Chile (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">SIAP, 2023</xref>). The fungus <italic>Armillaria</italic> spp has been recorded in forest and fruit-producing ecosystems, as well as urban trees (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Baumgartner, 2004</xref>). Trees under biotic or abiotic stresses are more susceptible to <italic>Armillaria</italic>, particularly in areas in which the forest surface has been replaced with commercial crops (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Valdez <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>). Recent studies on this pathogen describe some species as <italic>A. mellea, A. ostoyae</italic> and <italic>A. mexicana</italic> in peach (<italic>Prunus</italic> sp) and <italic>A. mellea</italic> in forests (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Elías, 2018</xref>)<italic>.</italic></p>
				<p><italic>Armillaria</italic> has been recorded in Michoacán in some crops such as <italic>Prunus pérsica</italic> and <italic>Persea americana</italic>; in the latter, the species is unknown (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Téliz and Mora 2015</xref>). In peach trees, there are reports of <italic>A. mellea, A. gallica</italic> and <italic>A. mexicana</italic> in Coatepec Harinas and Temascaltepec, State of Mexico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Elías, 2018</xref>). The species found in forest trees are <italic>A. calvescens, A. gallica, A. mellea,</italic> and <italic>A. ostoyae</italic>, reported in Chihuahua, Durango, State of Mexico, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Puebla, Querétaro, Veracruz and Morelos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alvarado <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>). Among the different techniques to identify species with little morphological variation, somatic compatibility and molecular analysis stand out (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Schulze <italic>et al.</italic>1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Worrall, 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">White <italic>et al</italic>. 1990</xref>). At a molecular level, elongation factor TEF-<italic>1α</italic> has been used for its phylogenetic usefulness and for being a preserved region (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Hasegawa <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Maphosa and collaborators (2006</xref>) used this gene for phylogenetic studies on <italic>Armillaria</italic> and they established the relationship between <italic>Armillaria</italic> species of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The aim of this investigation was to molecularly identify the <italic>Armillaria</italic> species related to root rot and wilting of avocado in the state of Michoacán.</p>
				<p>Sampling and processing of roots and infected tissues. Roots with <italic>Armillaria</italic> spp. Mycelia were collected from 20 avocado trees in commercial orchards in the municipal areas of Charapan, Los Reyes and Nuevo Parangaricutiro, Michoacán. A total of 60 samples was transported to the laboratory to isolate the fungus. The mycelium was fragmented and disinfested in a 3% sodium hypochlorite solution and 70% ethanol for 10 and 5 min, respectively. Between solutions, it was rinsed with sterile distilled water to later dry the mycelium pieces in sterile wet wipes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aguín <italic>et al</italic>. 2004</xref>).</p>
				<p>Isolation and conservation of the strains. A total of 60 isolations were obtained from plantations in Petri dishes with a BDS medium (malt extract (AM) with 40 mg of benomyl, 20 mg of dicloran and 100 mg of streptomycin) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aguín <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>). In each dish, five fragments of mycelium were placed and kept at 24°C in the dark until the fungus began developing rhizomorphs (one month approximately). The strains were preserved in VCAM (Very Cold <italic>Armillaria</italic> Medium: 1.5% agar, 0.75% malt extract, 0.5% peptone and 0.75% dextrose) with five replications per strain.</p>
				<p>DNA extraction and PCR. The DNA was extracted from three-week-old strains planted ina 1% malt extract (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>), following the protocol by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Cenis (2009)</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title><italic>Armillaria</italic> morphotypes taken from avocado orchards in different municipal areas of the avocado belt in Michoacán. <bold>A</bold>. Front, <bold>B</bold>. Reverse.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2307-7-gf5.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>TheconcentrationandabsorbanceoftheDNAwerequantifiedintheNanodrop2000c Spectrophotometer®. Regions of genes TEF <italic>1-a</italic> and RPB2 were amplified. For the TEF <italic>1-α</italic> elongation factor, primers EF1160R (5’CCGATCTTGTAGACGTCCTG3’) and EFR595F (5´CGTGACTTCATCAAGAACATG3´) were used (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Maphosa <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>), along with RPB2-6F (5´ TGGGGKWTGGTYTGYCCTGC 3´) and RPB2-7R (5´ CCCATWGCYTGCTTMCCCAT 3´) for gene RPB2 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Brazee <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>). The PCR reactions were carried out in a total volume of 25 µL with 10 mM of Tris-HCl pH 8.0 Buffer, 50 mM KCl, 1.5 µM MgCl2, 25 mM of each one of the dNTP’s, 0.2 U of Taq polymerase DNA, 10 pM of each oligo (Invitrogen, USA) and 25 µg of genomic DNA. The PCR reactions were carried out in a Veriti® 96-Well Thermal Cycler (Applied Biosystems, USA). The program consisted of an initial denaturalization cycle at 94°C for 2 min, 30 denaturalization cycles at 94°C for 30 s, an alignment at 56° for 30 s, an extension at 72° for 30 sec and a final elongation at 72° for 7 min for the elongation factor. For gene RPB2, the first cycle was at 95 °C for 2 min, followed by 30 cycles made up of a denaturalization at 94 °C for 30 s, an alignment temperature of 60 °C for 45 s, and an extension at 72 °C for 1 min and a final extension at 72 °C for 10 min (Brazee <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011). The amplicons generated were examined in a 2% agarose gel (p/v) dyed with SYBER Green (Invitrogen, USA). The amplification products obtained were sequenced by the company Elim Biopharmaceuticals Inc. (Hayward, CA. USA). The sequences obtained were edited by hand to eliminate the ambiguities in the ends and a <italic>Blast</italic> search was conducted to find those with a maximum identity with the Genebank NCBI sequences. The fasta files of <italic>Armillaria</italic> spp. sequences and those with higher homology were obtained for phylogenetic analysis, including a sequence of <italic>Desarmillaria tabescens</italic> (KY359140) for use as an outgroup. Sequence alignment was performed using MAFFT with default parameters (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Katoh <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). The resulting alignment was used to obtain an evolutionary model using the ModelFinder software (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Kalyaanamoorthy <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Phylogenetic trees were generated using the TIM3e+G4 (elongation factor gene) and GTR+G (gen RPB2) models to calculate genetic distances. Dendrograms were generated using the ML criterion in IQ-TREE (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Nguyen <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). SH-aLRT (%), <italic>aBayes support</italic> and <italic>ultrafast bootstrap (UFBoot) support</italic> values were obtained for each bifurcation. Due to the congruence between the three support values, only SH-aLRT percentages greater than 50% were included in the tree. The trees were visualized and edited using the FigTree software, version 1.4.2 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/)">http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/).</ext-link>
				</p>
				<p><bold>Amplification of genes RPB2, TEF <italic>α-1</italic> and phylogeny.</bold> The amplification of gene TEF α-1 yielded a band between 450 and 500 pb. Strain MICH29, gathered in Charapan, was identified as <italic>A. gallica</italic> according to BLAST analysis and the morphological characteristics of the basidiocarps (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title><italic>Armillaria gallica</italic> basidiocarps gathered in Charapan, Michoacán. <bold>A</bold>. Mature <italic>Armillaria gallica</italic> basidiocarps (yellow cap with scales); <bold>B</bold>. Immature gray <italic>A. gallica</italic> basidiocarps with scales; <bold>C</bold>. Single basidiocarp with a single rhizomorph on the base.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2307-7-gf6.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The alignment with sequences from the GenBank displayed a similarity of 99% with sequence JF895870 corresponding to <italic>A. gallica</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Brazee <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>This species has been reported in North America and it is broadly related to <italic>A. calvescens</italic>. <italic>A. gallica</italic> has been reported in forest species in Mexico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alvarado <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>) and in peach trees (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Elías, 2018</xref>). However, this is the report on <italic>A. gallica</italic> associated to avocado root rot in Michoacán. Strain MICH32 and MICH32R was aligned with <italic>A. mexicana</italic>, although no sequences of gene RPB2 exist for this species. The strain 21 from San Juan Viejo was used independently between the clade of <italic>A. mellea</italic> and <italic>A. mexicana</italic>; the percentages of alignment with these species were 62% and 66%, respectively. Therefore, this species cannot be identified. There is probably a relation between these species, although for this particular strain, it is necessary to carry out a morphological description and multigene phylogeny that includes the amplification of at least three genes (e.g., ITS, TEF and RPB2). It cannot be ruled out that due to heterogenicity and little variation in this gene, it may be difficult to differentiate between some species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Hasegawa <italic>et al</italic>. 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>The sequences aligned with the elongation factor, TEF <italic>1-α,</italic> mentioned by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Maphosa and collaborators (2006</xref>) help analyze the relation between species and identify them (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Hasegawa <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>). Isolate MICH29 is the only one that was grouped in the clade of <italic>A. gallica</italic> with an identity of 100% in regard to the GenBank data base and a fragment amplified between 600 and 700 pb, which is the fragment range obtained for <italic>Armillaria</italic>, using the elongation factor (Hasegawa <italic>et al.</italic> 2010; Maphosa <italic>et al.</italic> 2006). Using strain MICH21 the results were more consistent; <italic>Armillaria</italic> sp was grouped in a clade located between <italic>A. mexicana</italic> and <italic>A. mellea</italic>. The relationship between clades may be due to the possibility of the Southern Hemisphere being the origin of the ancestor of <italic>Armillaria</italic> spp (Maphosa <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006).</p>
				<p>The results of the alignment and phylogenetic analysis of gene TEF <italic>α-1</italic> confirm that the relation between <italic>Armillaria</italic> species is very narrow, and that other parameters have to be considered to tell them apart, such as morphologic ones. Some species are significantly linked and ITS amplification is not enough to tell them apart (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Coetzee <italic>et al.</italic> 2001</xref>). With this gene, the <italic>Armillaria</italic> species of the Northern Hemisphere were found to be widely related (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dunne <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>). This fact is related to the interspecific hybridization, as in the case of <italic>A. gallica</italic> and <italic>A. calvescens,</italic> where both species are partially infertile, which is why there is thallus compatibility. Although the IGS and ITS are the most amplified regions for this genus, they are not reliable because there are cases in which the species cannot be differentiated, due to the high diversity of the IGS between isolations.</p>
				<p>With this study, the geographic distribution of <italic>A. gallica</italic> broadens to Michoacán, in addition to the previous records in Chihuahua, Durango, State of Mexico, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Puebla, Querétaro, Veracruz, Morelos (Elías, 2017). Regarding gene RPB2, there are not sequences of all the species in the</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Phylogenetic analysis with <italic>Armillaria</italic> species sequences from avocado and from the GenBank amplified with the gene TEF <italic>α-1</italic>. Isolate MICH29 was directly grouped with the species <italic>Armillaria gallica.</italic> Strains MICH32 and MICH32R are broadly related to <italic>Armillaria mexicana,</italic> whereas MICH21 was grouped between the clade of <italic>A. mellea</italic> and <italic>A. mexicana</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2307-7-gf7.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Genbank. However, the sequence of strain MICH29 was aligned 100% with <italic>A. gallica</italic>. Strain MICH21 was aligned with the clade of <italic>A. mellea</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Phylogenetic analysis of sequences of <italic>Armillaria</italic> species from avocado and the GenBank amplified with gene RPB2. Strain MICH29 and MICH29R are grouped directly with the species <italic>Armillaria gallica,</italic> while MICH21 is related to <italic>A. mellea.</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2307-7-gf8.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The amplification of gene RPB2 has been useful in the discrimination of species of closely related basidiomycetes. Nevertheless, this gene did not discriminate between the species of <italic>A. calvescens</italic> and <italic>A. gallica</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Brazee <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>). To date, gene RPB2 has been scarcely used to examine closely related <italic>Armillaria</italic> species, but in comparison with the IGS and ITS sequences, they have been used in several phylogenetic studies. Regions of rDNA also provide a deficient resolution to differentiate closely related <italic>Armillaria</italic> species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Ota <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Kim <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>). In addition, the diploid mycelia often contain heterogenous sequences that may make analysis confusing (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">McLaughlin and Hsiang; 2010</xref>; Kim <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusions</title>
				<p>Three <italic>Armillaria</italic> were found in avocado orchards established in soils with forest backgrounds in Michoacán. <italic>A. gallica</italic> was identified in seven out of 10 samples with more severe root rot symptoms in comparison with the other two species identified.</p>
				<p><italic>A. mexicana</italic> was found in 25% and one unidentified species, <italic>Armillaria</italic> sp, in 55%. The elongation factor was the most adequate gene to identify species of <italic>Armillaria.</italic> The exploration of other genes is suggested to generate a concatenated phylogeny. The morphological identification of <italic>Armillaria</italic> species is complicated, due to the narrow characteristics between species. It is necessary to support molecular results with morphological data.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Acknowledgments</title>
				<p>To CONHACYT for the scholarship granted for the doctoral program, to the CEMEB team for their support in the development of the extraction protocols and PCR. To the producers for their collaboration in the extraction of samples.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>