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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2309-5</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo Científico</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Caracterización morfológica, filogenia y patogenicidad de <italic>Setophoma terrestris</italic> causante de raíz corchosa y rosada de jitomate (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>) en Sinaloa, México</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>López-López</surname>
						<given-names>Ana María</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Tovar-Pedraza</surname>
						<given-names>Juan Manuel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>León-Félix</surname>
						<given-names>Josefina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Allende-Molar</surname>
						<given-names>Raúl</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Lima</surname>
						<given-names>Nelson Bernardi</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Márquez-Zequera</surname>
						<given-names>Isidro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>García-Estrada</surname>
						<given-names>Raymundo Saúl</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Coordinación Regional Culiacán, 80110, Sinaloa, México; </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A. C.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>80110</postal-code>
					<state>Sinaloa</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Tuxpan, 92895, Veracruz, México</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Tuxpan</city>
					<postal-code>92895</postal-code>
					<state>Veracruz</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Universidad Nacional de Catamarca, Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica, 4700, Catamarca, Argentina</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Nacional de Catamarca</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional de Catamarca</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Ingeniería Agronómica</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>4700</postal-code>
					<state>Catamarca</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="AR">Argentina</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><italic>*</italic></label><bold>
 <italic>Autor de correspondencia</italic>:</bold> Raymundo Saúl García Estrada<email>rsgarcia@ciad.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>12</day>
				<month>11</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>May-Aug</season>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>42</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT2309-5</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>27</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>28</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Objetivos/antecedentes. El jitomate (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>) es uno de los principales cultivos en México. En los años 2017 y 2018, se observaron síntomas de raíz corchosa y rosada con una incidencia de 10 a 20 % en Culiacán, Sinaloa, México. En el follaje, las plantas presentaron clorosis generalizada, con crecimiento raquítico y senescencia de las hojas. En las raíces, se desarrollaron lesiones de color café oscuro y rosa, además de textura corchosa. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar morfológica y molecularmente a los aislados fúngicos asociados a los síntomas de raíz corchosa y rosada en campos de jitomate de Culiacán, Sinaloa, así como evaluar su patogenicidad.</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales y Métodos. </title>
					<p>Se obtuvieron aislados monoconidiales y se identificaron como <italic>Setophoma terrestris</italic> con base en los caracteres morfológicos. Para la confirmación de la identidad, se amplificó y se secuenció la región de los espaciadores transcritos internos (ITS) del ADNr, así como un fragmento del gen 28S del ARNr (LSU).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados. </title>
					<p>Con las secuencias obtenidas se construyó un árbol filogenético con el método de Inferencia Bayesiana y se encontró que las secuencias se agruparon con las secuencias ex-tipo de <italic>Setophoma terrestris</italic>. La patogenicidad de los aislados se verificó mediante la inoculación de discos miceliales en raíces de 10 plántulas de jitomate de un mes de edad. Las raíces de plántulas que se inocularon con discos de PDA sin micelio, sirvieron como control. Treinta días después de la inoculación se observaron síntomas de raíz corchosa y rosada, mientras que las raíces de las plantas de control permanecieron sanas.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión. </title>
					<p>De acuerdo con la caracterización morfológica, la identificación molecular y las pruebas de patogenicidad, se confirmó que <italic>Setophoma terrestris</italic> es el agente causal de la raíz corchosa y rosada en campos agrícolas de jitomate distribuidos en Culiacán, Sinaloa.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Setophoma</kwd>
				<kwd>hongo</kwd>
				<kwd>jitomate</kwd>
				<kwd>inferencia bayesiana</kwd>
				<kwd>enfermedad radical.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="10"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="46"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p>México ocupa el noveno lugar como productor mundial de jitomate (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>). En el ciclo agrícola 2018-2019 produjo un total de 938,009 t, siendo Sinaloa, el estado que encabezó la lista de productores a nivel nacional con 605,261 t (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">SIAP, 2020</xref>). Sin embargo, las plagas y enfermedades son los principales problemas que impactan a este cultivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Jones <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Dentro de las enfermedades en jitomate, la raíz corchosa es escasamente estudiada a pesar de ser muy problemática; dicha enfermedad desarrolla lesiones de color café y raíces corchosas. En un inicio, la lesión es limitada y posteriormente se extiende progresivamente y rodea las raíces, desarrollando lesiones que van desde algunos milímetros hasta varios centímetros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Blancard, 2011</xref>). En este contexto, la enfermedad denominada raíz corchosa, es uno de los problemas más graves en los últimos años en predios agrícolas dedicados al cultivo de jitomate en México (Pardo, 1999; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Martínez-Ruiz <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Aunque la enfermedad de raíz corchosa se observa a menudo en cultivos en invernadero, y su distribución se reportó principalmente en Europa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Schneider, 1966</xref>), Estados Unidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Campbell <italic>et al.,</italic> 1982</xref>), Líbano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Davet, 1973</xref>) y Chile (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Olavarria, 1991</xref>); no hay suficientes estudios relacionados con el agente causal de la enfermedad (USDA, 2017).</p>
			<p>De manera general, la raíz corchosa en jitomate esta asociada a <italic>Pseudopyrenochaeta lycopersici</italic> (sin. <italic>Pyrenochaeta lycopersici</italic>) como su agente causal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Golzar, 2009</xref>); sin embargo, en un estudio realizado en México, se demostró con base en datos morfológicos, análisis filogenéticos y pruebas de patogenicidad, que la raíz corchosa en campos de Sinaloa es causada por <italic>Setophoma terrestris</italic> y que, además, podía causar raíz rosada en el cultivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">López-López <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>Según De <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gruyter <italic>et al</italic>. (2010</xref>), <italic>S. terrestris</italic> y <italic>P. lycopersici</italic> comparten características morfológicas y genéticas muy similares, las cuales se diferenciaron taxonómicamente de acuerdo con análisis filogenéticos con datos de secuencias concatenadas de la región ITS y fragmentos del gen LSU (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Valenzuela-López <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). <italic>Setophoma</italic> es un género de hongo que forma picnidios, los cuales son estructuras de reproducción asexual. El picnidio puede tener forma globosa a subglobosa, así como setas (de allí el origen del prefijo del género “seto”), con un cuello ostiolar alrededor. Dentro de los picnidios se encuentran las esporas denominados conidios, que son hialinos, cilíndricos, aseptados y principalmente gutulados (De Gruyter <italic>et al</italic>., 2010).</p>
			<p><italic>Setophoma terrestris</italic> se ha estudiado mayormente en el cultivo de cebolla (<italic>Allium cepa</italic>), ya que es su principal hospedante, ocasionando la enfermedad conocida como raíz rosada, la cual es de importancia y alto impacto económico a nivel mundial. Este hongo primero ataca el sistema radical y progresivamente afecta a la planta hasta la muerte (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Castillo y Plata, 2010</xref>). También se reportó causando daños a otros hospedantes como: canola (<italic>Brassica napus</italic>) en Canadá (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Yang <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>), calabacita (<italic>Curcubita maxima</italic>) en EE. UU. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rivedal <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>), así como plantas de ajo (<italic>Allium sativum</italic>) y de té (<italic>Camellia sinensis</italic>) en China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Liu <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>En un trabajo previo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">López-López <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>) se demostró por primera vez la naturaleza infecciosa de <italic>Setophoma terrestris</italic> en plantas de jitomate (<italic>S. lycopersicum</italic>) en México, con base a un solo aislado. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar morfológica y molecularmente a los aislados fúngicos asociados a los síntomas de raíz corchosa y rosada en campos de jitomate de Culiacán, Sinaloa, así como evaluar su patogenicidad.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Materiales y Métodos</title>
			<p>Recolección de muestras. Las muestras se recolectaron en cinco sitios (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>), los cuales se encuentran distribuidos en cinco localidades dentro del Valle de Culiacán, así como en los límites de Navolato, Sinaloa, con producción intensiva de jitomate de crecimiento indeterminado en etapa de producción (tres meses de edad). Estos sitios tenían antecedentes de presencia de raíz corchosa y rosada en jitomate. En algunas plantas en etapa de cosecha, se observaron diferentes tipos de síntomas en el área foliar; como clorosis y reducción del crecimiento. Por ello, se hizo un muestreo dirigido de acuerdo a los síntomas mencionados. También, se revisaron las raíces de las plantas mediante su extracción y observación de daños a lo largo de las mismas. Una vez confirmados los síntomas relacionados a la enfermedad en el cultivo, se recolectaron 15 muestras de raíces de jitomate enfermas por cada sitio. Los lugares de colecta fueron invernaderos de tipo casa sombra de aproximadamente 5 ha cada una. Finalmente, se colocaron en bolsas de plástico y se trasladaron a las instalaciones del Laboratorio de Fitopatología, de la Coordinación Culiacán del CIAD para su análisis.</p>
			<p>Aislamiento, purificación y conservación de hongos. Las raíces enfermas se sumergieron en agua potable para eliminar el exceso de suelo sin lastimar el tejido</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Localización de los sitios de recolección de plantas con síntomas de raíz corchosa en agrícolas con producción de jitomate en el valle de Culiacán, Sinaloa. Sitio 1 (24°42’56.58”N, 107°26’42.86”O), Sitio 2 (24°35’21.67”N, 107°24’56.50”O), Sitio 3 (24°46’2.77”N, 107°32’51.30”O), Sitio 4 (24°48’47.44”N, 107°39’26.19”O) y Sitio 5 (24°32’34.07”N, 107°26’44.93”O).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2309-5-gf1.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>vegetal. Posteriormente, a partir de lesiones necróticas desarrolladas en las raíces de jitomate, se cortaron fragmentos de 5 mm de longitud, luego se desinfestaron en la superficie mediante inmersión en una solución de hipoclorito de sodio al 2 % durante 2 minutos, se enjuagaron en agua destilada estéril y se colocaron en placas Petri con medios de cultivo papa dextrosa agar acidificado (APDA) y jugo V8 agar acidificado (V8A), y se incubaron a 25 ºC en oscuridad continua. Posteriormente, se realizó la transferencia de los aislados fúngicos a nuevas placas Petri con V8A y después de 10 días en incubación a 25 ºC, se purificaron los aislados mediante la técnica de cultivos monospóricos (Crous <italic>et al</italic>., 2019). El cuál consistió en colocar los picnidios sobre portaobjetos y los conidios se observaron bajo el microscopio compuesto, a partir de estos conidios, se obtuvieron cultivos monospóricos en placas Petri con medio V8A y a los 7 días después de la siembra se observó el crecimiento de micelio color rosa. La conservación de los aislados fúngicos se realizó colocando discos de 4 mm de diámetro a partir de colonias con cinco días de crecimiento y se preservaron a temperatura ambiente en tubos estériles de 2 mL conteniendo agua destilada estéril para resguardarse en la colección de cepas del Laboratorio de Fitopatología en CIAD, Unidad Culiacán.</p>
			<p>Caracterización morfológica. Con la finalidad de estimular la producción de estructuras asexuales, se colocaron aproximadamente tres raíces de jitomate en cámaras húmedas a temperatura de 20 ºC. A los 30 días, se retiraron y se observaron en el microscopio estereoscópico, localizando los picnidios y colocándolos en portaobjetos con agua destilada estéril para su observación y caracterización.</p>
			<p>La caracterización morfológica de los aislados se realizó usando claves y descripciones reportadas por De <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gruyter <italic>et al</italic>. (2010</xref>). Para ello, se cultivó el hongo en cajas Petri con medio V8A por un periodo de 10 días. Los aislados que no formaron picnidios en el medio V8A, se estimularon mediante el método descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Clerjeau (1973</xref>), el cual consiste en colocar raíces de plántulas de melón (<italic>Cucumis melo</italic>) sobre el micelio del hongo de interés con 5-7 días de crecimiento y posteriormente incubar nuevamente a temperatura ambiente (25-30 ºC) por 15 a 20 días para la producción artificial de picnidios. Una vez que estos se obtuvieron, se examinaron las características de los picnidios, conidios y setas en un microscopio compuesto (Zeiss®, Alemania) con cámara digital integrada (AxioCam) y se realizaron 50 mediciones de cada una de las diferentes estructuras fúngicas asexuales de cada aislado.</p>
			<p>Extracción de ADN, amplificación por PCR y secuenciación. La extracción de ADN total se realizó a partir de colonias fúngicas de siete días de edad, cultivadas en medio V8A. El micelio de cada aislado se raspó con un portaobjetos estéril, se maceró en un mortero estéril usando nitrógeno líquido y se transfirió a un tubo de microcentrífuga de 1.5 mL con 500 µL de solución de Bromuro de hexadeciltrimetilamonio, CTAB (Tris 100 mM, pH 8; 20 mM de EDTA, pH 8; NaCl, 1.4 M y 3 % de CTAB), se mezcló con vórtex por 10 s y se incubó por 60 min a 65 °C. Se agregaron 700 µL de cloroformo-alcohol isoamílico (24:1v/v), se pasó por vórtex por 10 s y se colocó en una centrífuga 5810 R (Eppendorf®, EE. UU.) a 13000 g durante 10 min. Después, el sobrenadante se transfirió a un tubo de microcentrífuga de 1.5 mL y se agregó 700 µL de isopropanol. Los tubos se mezclaron por inversión de cuatro a cinco veces y se dejaron a -20 °C durante 10 min, luego se centrifugó a 13000 g durante 10 min para precipitar el ADN. Posteriormente, se realizaron dos lavados del precipitado con 500 µL de etanol al 70 %, centrifugando a 13000 g por 5 min y desechando el sobrenadante en cada vez. Enseguida, se dejó secar la pastilla de ADN colocando los tubos invertidos sobre papel secante por no más de 15 min para permitir la evaporación del etanol y finalmente, se resuspendió el ADN en 100 µL de agua estéril libre de DNAsa y RNAsa. La calidad y concentración del ADN se evaluó en un espectrofotómetro Q 3000 UV (Quawell, EE. UU.) y electroforesis en geles de agarosa al 1 %, considerando adecuado el ADN con valores de pureza (relación de A260/280) entre 1.8 y 2.0 y concentración (A260) de aproximadamente 2.0 µg µL-1, así como bandas íntegras de alto peso molecular, respectivamente. El ADN se almacenó a -20 °C para su uso posterior.</p>
			<p>La amplificación de la región ITS del DNAr y la subunidad larga (LSU) se realizó mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) en punto final. La región ITS (ITS1-5.8S-IT2) se amplificó usando los iniciadores ITS1 (TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG) e ITS4 (TCCTCCGCTTATTGA TATGC) con 480 pb aproximadamente (White <italic>et al</italic>., 1990), mientras que la banda amplificada del gen LSU (incluyendo los dominios D1 y D2) se realizó mediante una PCR anidada usando los iniciadores PM3 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Takamatsu y Kano, 2001</xref>) /TW14 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Mori <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>) y NL1/ TW14 (Mori <italic>et al</italic>., 2000) para la primera y segunda reacción, respectivamente. La mezcla de reacción se preparó a un volumen final de 25 µL, conteniendo amortiguador de PCR 1X, 2.5 mM de MgCl2, 0.5 mM de dNTPs, 1 µM de cada iniciador, 1U de ADN polimerasa (Promega®, EE. UU.) y 100 ng de ADN. La PCR se realizó bajo las siguientes condiciones de termociclado (termociclador C-1000, Bio-Rad®, EE.UU.): desnaturalización inicial de 95 ºC por 5 min, 35 ciclos de 95 ºC por 30 s, 54 ºC por 30 s, 72 ºC por 30 s, con una extensión final de 72 ºC por 10 min. Para la amplificación del gen 28S se usó las mismas condiciones de termociclado excepto por la temperatura de alineamiento, la cual fue de 52 ºC. Los productos amplificados se analizaron por electroforesis en gel de agarosa al 1 %, teñido con bromuro de etidio. La electroforesis se realizó a 90 V por 40 min y los resultados se visualizaron en un transiluminador M-26X en un sistema de imágenes GelDoc-ItTM 300 (UVP®, EE. UU.). Los productos de PCR se purificaron mediante el kit DNA Clean &amp; Concentrator (Zymo Research®, EE. UU), de acuerdo con las recomendaciones del fabricante y se secuenciaron en la empresa Macrogen (www.macrogen.com) en Seúl, Corea del Sur.</p>
			<p>Análisis filogenético. La calidad de las secuencias de nucleótidos y el método de ensamblaje se realizaron utilizando el Paquete <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Staden (Staden <italic>et al.,</italic> 2000</xref>). Las secuencias se limpiaron y las generadas a partir de la región del ITS y la subunidad grande (LSU) del ARNr se alinearon con secuencias de diferentes especies del género <italic>Setophoma</italic> obtenidas del GenBank y a partir de datos de referencia publicados (De <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gruyter <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Liu <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>). Se generaron alineamientos múltiples de secuencias utilizando ClustalW tal como se implementó en MEGA 11 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Tamura <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>) y se mejoraron manualmente para permitir la máxima similitud entre el conjunto de datos. Las estimaciones filogenéticas bayesianas se infirieron con MrBayes 3.2.6 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Ronquist <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>) implementado en el clúster CIPRES (https://www.phylo.org/portal2/home.action) y seleccionando el modelo de sustitución nucleotídica que mejor se ajustó a los datos de esta investigación,</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Información de los aislados fúngicos y números de acceso del GenBank de especies de <italic>Setophoma</italic> usadas en el análisis filogenético.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Taxon</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Código de colección</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Hospedante</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">País</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">No. de acceso LSU</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">No. de acceso ITS</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">Setophoma antiqua</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">LC6594</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">Camellia sinensis</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">China</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MK511947</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MK511909</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"/>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">LC6595</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">C. sinensis</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">China</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MK511948</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MK511910</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">S. chromolaenae</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">CBS 135105x</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">Chromolaena odorata</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Brasil</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">KF251747</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">KF251244</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">S. cyperi</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">CBS 141450x</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">Cyperus sphaerocephala</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Sudáfrica</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">KX228337</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">KX228286</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">S. endophytica</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">CGMCC 3.19528</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">C. sinensis</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">China</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MK511956</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MK511931</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"/>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">LC3164</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">C. sinensis</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">China</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MK511957</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MK511932</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">S. longinqua</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">LC6593x</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">C. sinensis</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">China</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MK511946</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MK511908</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">S. poaceicola</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MFLUCC 16-0880x</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">-</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Tailandia</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">KY550386</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">KY568988</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">Setophoma</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">CGMCC 3.19526</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">Carbonatita en cueva</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">China</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MK511965</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MK511944</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">S. sacchari</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MFLUCC 12-0241</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">Saccharum officinarum</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Tailandia</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">KJ476147</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">KJ476145</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>xaislados ex-tipo. Los números de acceso de las secuencias generadas en este estudio se destacan en negrita.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>CBS: Colección de aislados en Centraal bureauvoor Schimmelcultures, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, Países Bajos; IMI: Colección de aislados de CABI Europe UK Centre, Egham, Reino Unido; CPC: Colección de trabajo de Pedro W. Crous, alojada en CBS. CGMCC: Centro General de Recolección de Cultivos Microbiológicos de China, Instituto de Microbiología, Academia de Ciencias de China, Beijing, China; LC: Colección de trabajo de Lei Cai, alojada en el Instituto de Microbiología, Academia China de Ciencias, Beijing, China; MUCL: Mycothèque de l’Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Bélgica.</p>
			<p>de acuerdo con el criterio de información de Akaike (AIC) obtenido con MrModeltest 2.3 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Nylander, 2004</xref>). El número de generaciones fue de 10.000.000 y las probabilidades posteriores se calcularon después de descartar el primer 25 % de las iteraciones. Los árboles filogenéticos se visualizaron con TreeView (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Page, 1996</xref>).</p>
			<p>Pruebas de patogenicidad. La patogenicidad de siete aislados fúngicos se determinaron mediante la inoculación en la raíz principal de plántulas de jitomate cv. 8444 de 30 días de edad. Se utilizaron 10 plantas por cada uno de los aislados, además de 10 plantas no inoculadas que se sirvieron como control. Se utilizaron discos de V8A de 4 mm de diámetro con crecimiento activo del hongo por aislado, los cuales se colocaron sobre una herida previamente realizada con un palillo de madera (mondadiente). El disco micelial se sujetó a la herida de la raíz usando papel Parafilm® (EE. UU.). En las plantas testigo, se realizó la herida y se colocó un disco con medio de cultivo V8A sin crecimiento fúngico. Las plantas se mantuvieron en un invernadero a temperatura de 20-35 ºC durante 30 días. Posteriormente, se extrajeron las raíces inoculadas y se reaislaron los hongos en medio V8A. Una vez desarrollado el micelio, se consideraron las características morfológicas y culturales como son pigmentación del medio V8A, así como los caracteres cualitativos y cuantitativos de setas, picnidios y conidios de acuerdo a lo descrito previamente. La prueba se repitió dos veces.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>Resultados y Discusión</title>
			<p>Se observaron síntomas de clorosis y senescencia de hojas, así como reducción del crecimiento de plantas de jitomate (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 2</xref>A-C) en una incidencia que varió de 10 a 20 % en los cinco diferentes campos agrícolas comerciales muestreados en el valle de Culiacán, Sinaloa, México. Las raíces sintomáticas desarrollaron lesiones de color café oscuro, hinchadas y con textura corchosa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>D-E) y rosada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>F). Estos síntomas en el área foliar y sistema radical concuerdan con los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">López-López <italic>et al.</italic> (2020</xref>); mientras que el mismo agente causal afectaron plantas de jitomate reportados en Brasil, Canadá, EE. UU. y Venezuela (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Farr y Rossman, 2022</xref>). Asimismo, estos síntomas se registraron en otros hospedantes, como en cebolla china (<italic>Allium fistulosum</italic>) en China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Luong <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>). De manera similar, los síntomas de la enfermedad de raíz corchosa y rosada en jitomate coinciden con los descritos para <italic>S. terrestris</italic> en cebolla (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Schwartz y Mohan, 2008</xref>).</p>
			<p>La sintomatología de raíz rosada puede ser similar a la causada por <italic>Pseudopyrenochaeta lycopersici</italic>, la cual se registró en un amplio número de hospedantes como sorgo (<italic>Sorghum</italic>), maíz (<italic>Zea mays</italic>), caña de azúcar (<italic>Saccharum officinarum</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Sprague, 1950</xref>), césped (<italic>Cynodon dactylon</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Conners, 1967</xref>), puerro (<italic>Allium porrum</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hall <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>), melón (<italic>Cucumis melo</italic>), calabacita (<italic>Curcubita pepo</italic>), trigo (<italic>Triticum</italic>) y espinaca (<italic>Spinacia oleracea</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">USDA, 1960</xref>) y en árboles de sauce (<italic>Salix</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Pfleger y Vaughn, 1972</xref>). Por otra parte en el cultivo de jitomate lo han reportado en Australia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Golzar, 2009</xref>), África (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Testen <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>) Alemania (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">ValenzuelaLópez <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>) y en Estados Unidos como patógeno asociado a la pudrición café de la raíz del jitomate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Vrisman <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Síntomas de raíz corchosa y rosada en jitomate. <bold>A-C)</bold> Clorosis, crecimiento deficiente y senescencia en plantas. <bold>D</bold>-<bold>F)</bold> Lesiones en la raíz de color café oscuro, hinchadas, con textura corchosa y rosada.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2309-5-gf2.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Aislamiento e identificación morfológica. De las 15 muestras (plantas) de raíces de jitomate con síntomas de raíz corchosa y rosada por sitios, se trabajaron con siete aislados fúngicos, provenientes de los cinco sitios previamente señalados en el mapa con sus respectivas coordenadas en el Valle de Culiacán. La técnica que funcionó para el aislamiento de los hongos fue colocar secciones de tejidos infectados en cámara húmeda para la estimulación de los picnidios en los tejidos de las raíces a temperatura de 4 ºC (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Gilchrist-Saavedra <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>).</p>
			<p>Los aislados obtenidos corresponden a <italic>Setophoma terrestris</italic>, y las colonias fueron de color rosa anverso y reverso, con crecimiento radial (80 mm) a los 7 días de crecimiento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 3</xref>A-B). Dichas características de crecimiento del hongo en medio V8A fueron similares a las reportadas por De <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gruyter <italic>et al</italic>. (2010</xref>).</p>
			<p>La examinación morfológica de las estructuras asexuales mostraron picnidios globosos a obpiriformes, de color negro a café oscuro (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>C) y de 142-220 × 104-140 µm. Se observó la presencia de setas de color café oscuro, septadas, de 52-114 × 2-8 µm y que rodeaban el cuello ostiolar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>D). Los conidios fueron hialinos, cilíndricos, de 2-8 × 1-3 µm, y con dos gútulas muy características en sus extremos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 3</xref>E-F). Todos los caracteres morfológicos observados coincidieron con los reportados por otros autores (Koenning <italic>et al</italic>., 2007; Wiriyajitsomboon, 2015; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Yang <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rivedal <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Zhang <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). A pesar de que algunas mediciones fueron variables entre sí, estos datos no son contundentes para diferenciar entre una u otra especie, por lo cual se requieren de herramientas moleculares y análisis filogenéticos para la confirmación a nivel de especie.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Colonias y estructuras de reproducción asexual de <italic>Setophoma terrestris</italic>. <bold>A)</bold> Colonia de <italic>S. terrestris</italic> en medio V8A con 7 días de crecimiento. <bold>B)</bold> Crecimiento de colonia en el reverso de la placa. <bold>D)</bold> Picnidio. <bold>D)</bold> Setas. <bold>E-F)</bold> Conidios gutulados.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2309-5-gf3.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Medidas de estructuras asexuales en aislados de <italic>Setophoma terrestres</italic> obtenidos en plantas de jitomate.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Setas (µm)</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Picnidio (µm)</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Conidio (µm)</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Referencia</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">yNA</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">yNA</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">4.5-5.5 × 1.8-2.3</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Koenning et al., 2007</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">≈ 100-120</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">≈ 200</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">≈ 4-5</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Wiriyajitsomboon, 2015</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">≈ 100</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">≈ 300</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">≈ 5</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">
									<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Yang et al., 2017</xref>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">yNA</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">yNA</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">5.0 × 2.0</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">
									<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rivedal et al., 2018</xref>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">55-150</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">160-230</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">4.0-5.0 × 1.5-2.0</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">
									<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Zhang et al., 2019</xref>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">68-84 × 2-3</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">237-345 × 105-250</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">5-7 × 2-3</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">
									<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">López-López et al., 2020</xref> (CCLF01)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">52-114 × 3-6</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">150-183 × 133-156</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">6-7 × 2-3</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">zCCLF02</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">60-108 × 2-5</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">142-160 × 124-132</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">6-8 × 2-3</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">zCCLF03</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">46-102 × 3-5</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">200-233 × 110-130</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">4-6 × 2-3</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">zCCLF04</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">55-106 × 3-4</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">220-231 × 105-133</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">2-3 × 1-1.5</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">zCCLF05</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">67-90 × 2.5-4</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">216-255 × 104-140</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">3-4 × 1-2</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">zCCLF06</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">90-107 × 3-8</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">175-180 × 140-155</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">5-8 × 2-3</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">zCCLF07</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">60-101 × 3-5</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">160-175 × 137-153</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">5-6 × 2-3</td>
								<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">zCCLF08</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>yNA: No aplica / No se reportaron</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>zLas mediciones generadas en este estudio se destacan en negrita en referencias.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Respecto a los rangos de valores morfométricos, se observó que los siete aislados de <italic>S. terrestris</italic> de este estudio se distribuyeron en tres grupos de acuerdo a medidas ascendentes: grupo 1 integrado por el aislado CCLF05, grupo 2 por CCLF06 y CCLF04, y por último el grupo 3 con los aislados CCLF07, CCLF08, CCFL02 y CCLF03. Es importante mencionar que en el grupo 3, también se encuentra el aislado (CCLF01) reportado previamente en otro estudio en Sinaloa, México (LópezLópez <italic>et al</italic>., 2020).</p>
			<p>Por su parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Luong <italic>et al.</italic> (2008</xref>) identificaron a <italic>S. terrestris</italic> como agente causal de raíz rosada en cebolla utilizando características de la colonia y observaron el pigmento rosa en el medio de cultivo, así como las setas en los picnidios y conidios típicos de este género en algunas raíces rosadas. Además, observaron grandes gútulas en los conidios de sus aislados, las cuales coinciden con las reportadas en este estudio. Estas mismas características microscópicas en los conidios fueron descritas por De <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Gruyter y Boerema (2002</xref>).</p>
			<p>Similarmente, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Ikeda <italic>et al.</italic> (2012</xref>) identificaron como agente causal de raíz rosada en calabacita a <italic>S. terrestris</italic> y obtuvieron dos aislados que formaron picnidios de color café a negro oscuro, de forma subglobosa a globosa y con cuello ostiolar con setas alrededor. Estas setas se observaron de forma cilíndrica y de color café a café oscuro, y sus medidas fueron 104-262 × 3.5-6.9 µm. Estas características y medidas coinciden con las obtenidas en este estudio.</p>
			<p>Por otra parte, las medidas pueden tener ligeras diferencias entre los aislados y lo antes señalado se puede deber a múltiples factores ambientales que afectan el desarrollo del patógeno, tal como lo mencionaron Burton <italic>et al.</italic> (1997), haciendo una relación con los síntomas de la enfermedad en melón y sandía e identificando al agente causal con base a estructuras morfológicas y analisis de secuencias ITS. A diferencia de nuestros aislados, los picnidios reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Duarte y Barreto (2015</xref>), no cuentan con las típicas setas alrededor del ostíolo, señalando que este atributo no es un carácter genérico. Asimismo, las características que comparten los hongos <italic>P. lycopersici</italic> y <italic>S. terrestris</italic> son muy similares a diferencia que, en <italic>P. lycopersici</italic> las setas de sus picnidios son superiores a 200 µm de longitud, mientras que <italic>S. terrestris</italic> regularmente oscilan desde 50-150 µm aproximadamente (De <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gruyter, 2010</xref>).</p>
			<p>Análisis filogenético. Las secuencias alineadas correspondientes a la región ITS y la subunidad mayor (LSU), resultaron en una longitud total de 1,345 nucleótidos. El análisis filogenético generado con MrBayes basado en el conjunto de datos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>) mostraron que todos los aislados obtenidos en este estudio se agruparon con la especie <italic>Setophoma terrestris</italic>, con un soporte alto de probabilidad posterior (1.0).</p>
			<p>Por otra parte, en el análisis filogenético se observaron dos agrupamientos, los cuales en su mayoría aborda todos los aislados con un 0.88 de probabilidad posterior, excepto por el aislado CCLF05, el cual se agrupó de manera separada y presentó la mayor diferencia filogenética. Asimismo, con lo previamente mencionado y de acuerdo a la morfometría se agrupo en un solo grupo. Con base en esto, se pudo comprobar nuevamente que <italic>Pseudopyrenochaeta lycopersici</italic>, no es la especie responsable de causar la enfermedad conocida como raíz corchosa y rosada en Sinaloa, México.</p>
			<p>El análisis filogenético de este estudio concuerda con la identidad molecular reportada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rivedal <italic>et al.</italic> (2018</xref>), quienes utilizaron la región ITS, encontrando que el ADN de todos sus aislados mostraron una similitud del 99 % con <italic>Setophoma terrestris.</italic> Asimismo, esas secuencias también se compararon con las reportadas por De <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gruyter <italic>et al</italic>. (2010</xref>), obteniendo resultados similares. Por otra parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Duarte y Barreto (2015</xref>) utilizaron el mismo criterio de análisis de inferencia bayesiana, pero como la diferencia que se apoyaron únicamente en secuencias LSU, mientras que en este trabajo se analizaron secuencias concatenadas ITS y LSU. Esto es de gran importancia ya que en estos años se ha demostrado y avalado que estos géneros son muy cercanos entre sí y se distinguen únicamente al realizar análisis filogenéticos con secuencias concatenadas (De Gruyter <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010). Dicha información es de gran importancia, ya que el género <italic>Phoma</italic> ha crecido para adaptar a más de 3000 especies que forman picnidios con conidios hialinos y septados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aveskamp <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>), reevaluando así varios estudios relacionados con este género al identificarse correctamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Boerema <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Árbol Bayesiano obtenido con datos combinados de secuencias ITS y LSU. El árbol muestra las relaciones filogenéticas de las especies de <italic>Setophoma</italic>. Los valores de probabilidad posterior Bayesiana por encima de 0.70 se muestran en los nodos. La especie <italic>Pseudopyrenochaeta lycopersici</italic> se utilizó como grupo externo y la barra de escala indica el número de cambios esperados por sitio.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2309-5-gf4.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Pruebas de patogenicidad. Treinta días después de la inoculación, las hojas mostraron amarillamiento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figuras 5</xref>A-B). Las raíces de jitomate inoculadas mostraron textura corchosa y coloración rosada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>C), los cuales fueron similares a los síntomas observados en campo. De los reaislamientos, se obtuvieron colonias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>D) y estructuras fúngicas idénticas a las del hongo inoculado, lo que</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f5">
					<label>Figura 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Pruebas de patogenicidad en plantas de jitomate. <bold>A-B)</bold> Plantas de jitomate variedad 8444 inoculadas con <italic>S. terrestris</italic> y mostrando síntoma de amarillamiento. <bold>C)</bold> Síntoma de raíz corchosa a los 30 días después de la inoculación con <italic>S. terrestris.</italic> 
 <bold>D)</bold> Colonia obtenida del reaislamiento <italic>in vitro</italic> de <italic>S. terrestris.</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2309-5-gf5.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>confirmó la patogenicidad de los siete aislados inoculados, mientras que las raíces de las plantas control permanecieron asintomáticas.</p>
			<p>Los resultados de las pruebas de patogenicidad de este estudio, concuerdan con los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Zhang <italic>et al</italic>. (2019</xref>), quienes observaron síntomas típicos de raíz rosada en ajo. Asimismo, este patógeno también se ha encontrado causando daño a otros hospedantes como: canola (<italic>Brassica napus</italic>) en Canadá (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Yang <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>), calabacita (<italic>Curcubita maxima</italic>) en EE. UU. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rivedal <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>), planta del té (<italic>Camellia sinensis</italic>) en China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Liu <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>Los síntomas observados en las pruebas de patogenicidad del estudio llevado a cabo por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Zhang <italic>et al</italic>. (2019</xref>), mostraron que <italic>S. terrestris</italic> causó clorosis, marchitez y muerte en plantas de ajo en un lapso de 40 días, dato similar a lo descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">López-López <italic>et al</italic>. (2020</xref>), y que a su vez concuerda con los resultados en este estudio. Esto demuestra que <italic>Pseudopyrenochaeta lycopersici</italic> no es el agente causal de la raíz corchosa en campos de jitomate en Sinaloa, México, como se estuvo considerando por mucho tiempo.</p>
			<p>Por otra parte, se comprobó que <italic>S. terrestris</italic> es un patógeno de lento crecimiento y desarrollo, ya que en las pruebas de patogenicidad de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rivedal <italic>et al.</italic> (2018</xref>) mostraron síntomas de raíz rosada a las 12 semanas después de la inoculación en calabaza de invierno, mientras que en nuestras pruebas fue de 4 semanas, esto pudiera deberse a que la relación patógeno-hospedante es diferente. De manera similar, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Yang <italic>et al.</italic> (2017</xref>) utilizaron discos miceliales de <italic>S. terrestris</italic> en Canola, observando a los 21 días síntomas de raíz corchosa y rosada, lo cual concuerda con el tiempo aproximado en este estudio. El tiempo que tarda el patógeno en colonizar el tejido vegetal puede verse afectado por las condiciones en las que se encuentre, es decir, después de multiples reactivaciones en medios de cultivo su tasa de crecimiento varia (de Gruyer y Borema, 2002), posiblemente perdiendo así el grado de virulencia original de cada aislado, y por consecuencia, retrasar la visibilidad de los síntomas de la enfermedad en estudio.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusiones</title>
			<p>De acuerdo con la caracterización morfológica, identificación molecular y pruebas de patogenicidad, se confirmó que <italic>Setophoma terrestris</italic> es el agente causal de la enfermedad conocida como raíz corchosa y rosada en campos agrícolas de jitomate distribuidos en Culiacán, Sinaloa. El análisis morfológico mostró que en <italic>Setophoma terrestres</italic> se observaron picnidios de 142-220 × 104-140 µm, setas de color café oscuro de 52-114 × 2-8 µm y conidios de 2-8 × 1-3 µm. Asimismo, se obtuvieron tres agrupamientos de los aislados donde se observaron variaciones de valores morfométricos y filogenéticos. Los síntomas que presentaron las plantas de jitomate infectadas fue corchosis y raíz rosada, así como, disminución de cantidad de raíces.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Scientific Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Morphological characterization, phylogeny and pathogenesis of Setophoma terrestris causing corky and pink roots of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in Sinaloa, Mexico</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective / Background. </title>
					<p>Tomato (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>) is one of Mexico’s main crops. In the years 2017 and 2018, symptoms of corky and pink roots were observed with an incidence of 10 to 20% in Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico. In the foliage, plants presented a generalized chlorosis, with stunted growth and senescence in the leaves. In the roots, brown and pink lesions were formed, as well as a corky texture. The objective of this study was to morphologically and molecularly characterize fungal isolates associated to corky and pink root in tomato orchards in Culiacan, Sinaloa, as well as to evaluate their pathogenicity.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and methods. </title>
					<p>Monoconidial isolates were obtained and they were identified as <italic>Setophoma terrestris</italic>, based on their morphological characteristics. To confirm the identity, the area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the rDNA was amplified and sequenced, along with a fragment of the gene 28S of the rRNA (LSU).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results. </title>
					<p>Using the sequences obtained, a phylogenetic tree was created using the Bayesian Inference and it was found that the sequences were grouped with the ex-type sequences of <italic>Setophoma terrestris</italic>. The pathogenicity of the isolates was verified by inoculating mycelial discs into the root of 10 one-month-old tomato seedlings. The roots of the seedlings inoculated with PDA discs without mycelium served as a control. Thirty days after inoculation, corky and pink root symptoms appeared, whereas the roots of control plants remained healthy.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion. </title>
					<p>According to the morphological characterization, the molecular identification and the pathogenicity tests, <italic>Setophoma terrestris</italic> was confirmed to be the causal agent of corky and pink root in agricultural tomato orchards in Culiacan, Sinaloa.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Setophoma</kwd>
				<kwd>fungus</kwd>
				<kwd>tomato</kwd>
				<kwd>bayesian inference</kwd>
				<kwd>root disease.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>Mexico is the ninth most important producer of tomato (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>) in the world. In the 2018-2019 agricultural cycle, the country produced a total of 938,009 t, with Sinaloa being the state at the top of the list of nationwide producers with 605,261 t (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">SIAP, 2020</xref>). However, pests and diseases are the main problems that impact this crop (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Jones <italic>et al</italic>. 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Out of the diseases in tomato, corky root is scarcely studied, despite being very troublesome; it creates brown lesions and corky roots. Initially, the lesions are limited and later extends progressively and surrounds the roots, developing lesions that range from a few milimeters to several centimeters (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Blancard, 2011</xref>). In this context, the disease called corky root is one of the most sever problems in recent years in agricultural plots dedicated to the tomato crop in Mexico (Pardo, 1999; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Martínez-Ruiz <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Although the corky root disease is often found in greenhouse crops and its distribution was initially reported in Europe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Schneider, 1966</xref>), United States (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Campbell <italic>et al.,</italic> 1982</xref>), Lebanon (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Davet, 1973</xref>) and Chile (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Olavarria, 1991</xref>), there are not enough studies related with the causal agent of the disease (USDA, 2017). Generally, corky root in tomato is associated with <italic>Pseudopyrenochaeta lycopersici</italic> (sin. <italic>Pyrenochaeta lycopersici</italic>) as its causal agent (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Golzar, 2009</xref>). However, a study carried out in Mexico proved, with morphological bases, phylogenetic analyses and pathogenicity tests, that corky root in Sinaloa fields is caused by <italic>Setophoma terrestris</italic> and additionally, it could cause pink root in the crop (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">López-López <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>According to De <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gruyter <italic>et al</italic>. (2010</xref>), <italic>S. terrestris</italic> and <italic>P. lycopersici</italic> share very similar morphological characteristics, which were taxonomically differentiated according to phyogenetic analyses with linked sequeneces from the ITS area and fragments of the LSU gene (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Valenzuela-López <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p><italic>Setophoma</italic> is a fungal genus that forms pycnidia, which are asexual reproductive structures. The pycnidium can have a globular to semi-globular structure, almost setae-like, with an ostiolar neck around it. Inside the pycnidia are the spores called conidia, which are hyaline, cylindrical, septated and mainly guttulate (De <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gruyter <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p><italic>Setophoma terrestris</italic> has been mostly studied in onion (<italic>Allium cepa</italic>) crops, since they are its main host, causing the disease known as pink root, which is important and has a large global economic impact. This fungus attacks the root system first, and progressively affects the entire plant until its death (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Castillo and Plata, 2010</xref>). It has also been reported to cause damage in other hosts such as canola (<italic>Brassica napus</italic>) in Canada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Yang <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>), zucchini (<italic>Curcubita maxima</italic>) in the USA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rivedal <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>), as well as garlic (<italic>Allium sativum</italic>) and tea (<italic>Camellia sinensis</italic>) plants in China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Liu <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>An earlier study (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">López-López <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>) proved, for the first time, the infectious nature of <italic>Setophoma terrestris</italic> in tomato plants (<italic>S. lycopersicum</italic>) in Mexico, based on one single isolate. The aim of this study was to morphologically and molecularly characterize the fungal isolations associated with the symptoms of corky root and pink root in tomato orchards in Culiacán, Sinaloa, as well as to evaluate their pathogenicity.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>Materials and Methods</title>
				<p>Sample collection. Samples were taken from five sites (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>), which were distributed in five locations in the valley of Culiacán, as well as on the limits of Navolato, Sinaloa, with an intensive tomato production with undetermined growth in the production stage (age three months). These sites had a history of corky and pink root in tomato. In some plants at the harvest stage, different types of symptoms were observed in the foliar area, such as chlorosis and reduction in growth. Therefore, targeted sampling was conducted according to the symptoms mentioned. In addition, the roots of the plants were examined by extraction and observation of the damage along them. Once the symptoms related to the disease of the crop were confirmed, 15 samples of diseased tomato roots were gathered from each site. The collection sites were shade house-tye greenhouses, each one approximately 5 ha. Finally, they were placed in plastic bags and transported to the Phytopathology Laboratory of the Coordinación Culiacán of CIAD for analysis.</p>
				<p>Isolation, purification and conservation of fungi. The diseased roots were submerged in drinking water to remove excess soil without hariming the plant tissue. Subsequently, from necrotic lesions developed in tomato roots, fragments of 5 mm in length were cut, then surface-disintested by immersion in a 2% sodium hypochlorite solution for 2 minutes. They were rinsed in sterile distilled water and placed in Petri dishes containing acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA) and acidified V8 agar medium (V8A) and incubated at 25 ºC in continuous darkness. Afterwards, the fungal isolates were transfered to new Petri dishes with V8A,</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Location of the sites of recollection of plants with corky root symptoms in agricultural systems with tomato production in the valley of Culiacan, Sinaloa. Site 1 (24°42’56.58”N, 107°26’42.86”W), Site 2 (24°35’21.67”N, 107°24’56.50”W), Site 3 (24°46’2.77”N, 107°32’51.30”W), Site 4 (24°48’47.44”N, 107°39’26.19”W) and Site 5 24°32’34.07”N, 107°26’44.93”W).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2309-5-gf6.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>and after 10 days in incubation at 25 ºC, the isolations were purified using the monosporic culture technique (Crous <italic>et al</italic>., 2019), which consisted of placing the pycnidia on microscope slides and the conidia were placed under a compound microscope. From these conidia, monospore cultures were obtained in Petri dishes with V8A medium, and 7 days after planting, a pink mycelial growth was observed. The fungal isolates were preserved by placing discs, 4 mm in diameter, from colonies with 5 days of growth into sterile 2 mL tubes containing sterile distilled water and stored at room temperature in the strain collection of the Phytopathology Laboratory in the Culiacán Unit of CIAD.</p>
				<p>Morphological characterization. In order to stimulate the production of asexual structures, approximately three tomato roots were placed in moist chambers at a temperature of 20 ºC. After 30 days, they were removed and observed under a sterescopic microscope, locating the pycnidia and placing them on miscroscope slides with sterile distilled water for their observation and characterization.</p>
				<p>The morphological characterization of the isolates was performed using keys and descriptions reported by De <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gruyter <italic>et al</italic>. (2010</xref>). In order to do this, the fungus was cultivated in Petri dishes with an V8A medium for 10 days. The isolations that did not form pycnids in the V8A medium were stimulated using the method described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Clerjeau (1973</xref>), which consists in placing melon (<italic>Cucumis melo</italic>) seedling roots on the mycelium of the fungus of interest with 5-7 days of growth and later incubate once again, at room temperature (25-30 ºC) for 15 to 20 days for the artificial production of pycnidia. Once produced, the characteristics of the pycnidia, conidia and setae were examined under a compound microscope (Zeiss®, Germany) with a built-in digital camera (AxioCam) and 50 measurements were taken of each one of the different asexual fungal structures of each isolate.</p>
				<p>DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing. Total DNA extraction as carried out from seven-day-old fungal colonies, cultivated in an V8A medium. The mycelium of each isolation was scraped with a sterile microscope slide, macerated with a sterile mortar using liquid nitrogen and transferred to a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube with 500 µL of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide solution, CTAB (Tris 100 mM, pH 8; 20 mM of EDTA, pH 8; NaCl, 1.4 M and 3% of CTAB), mixed in a vortex for 10 s and incubated for 60 min at 65 °C. Later, 700 µL of isolamilic clorophorm-alcohol (24:1v/v) was added, run through a vortex for 10 s and placed in a 5810 R centrifuge (Eppendorf®, EE. UU.) at 13000 g for10 min. Next, the supernatant was transfered to a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube and 700 µL of isopropanol were added. The tubes were mixed by inversion 4 to 5 times and left at -20 °C for 10 min, and were then centrifuges at 13000 g for 10 min to precipitate the DNA. Subsequently, the precipitate was washed twice with 500 µL of ethanol at 70%, centrifuging at 13000 g for 5 min and the supernatant was discarded every time. Afterwards, the DNA pellet was left to dry by placing the inverted tubes on absorbent paper for no more than 15 min to allow the evaporation of the ethanol and finally, the DNA was resuspended to allow the ethanol to evaporate and finally, the DNA was resuspended in 100 µL of sterile water, DNAse- and RNAse-free. The quality and concentration of the DNA was evaluated in a Q 3000 UV spectrophotometer (Quawell, EE. UU.) and electrophoresis in 1% agarose gel, with DNA being considered adequate when it had purity levels (ratio of A260/280) ranging between 1.8 and 2.0 and a concentration (A260) of approximately 2.0 µg µL-1, as well as intact high-molecular weight bands, respectively. The DNA was stored at -20 °C for later use.</p>
				<p>The amplification of the ITS region of the rDNA and the long subunit (LSU) was performed using endpoint polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The ITS region (ITS1- 5.8S-IT2) was amplified using primers ITS1 (TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG) and ITS4 (TCCTCCGCTTATTGA TATGC) with 480 pb, approximately (White <italic>et al</italic>., 1990), whereas the amplified band of the LSU gene (including domains D1 and D2) was performed with a nested PCR using primers PM3 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Takamatsu and Kano, 2001</xref>) /TW14 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Mori <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>) and NL1/TW14 (Mori <italic>et al</italic>., 2000) for the first and second reaction, respectively. The reaction mixture was prepared at a final volume of 25 µL, containing 1X PCR buffer, 2.5 mM of MgCl2, 0.5 mM of dNTPs, 1 µM of each primer, 1U of polymerase DNA (Promega®, USA) and 100 ng of DNA. The PCR was carried out under the following thermocycling conditions (C-1000 thermocycler, Bio-Rad®, USA): initial denaturalization at 95 ºC for 5 min, 35 cycles at 95 ºC for 30 s, 54 ºC for 30 s, 72 ºC for 30 s, with a final extension of 72 ºC for 10 min. For the emplification of the 28S gene, the same thermocycling conditions were used, except for the temperature of alignment, which was 52 ºC. The amplified products were anayzed by electrophoresis in 1% agarose gel dyed with ethidium bromide. Electrophoresis was carried out at 90 V for 40 min and the results were viewed in an M-26X transluminator in a GelDoc-ItTM 300 image system (UVP®, USA). The PCR products were purified using the DNA Clean &amp; Concentrator kit (Zymo Research®, USA), following the recommendations by the manufacturer and they were sequenced in the Macrogen company (www.macrogen. com) in Seoul, South Korea.</p>
				<p>Phylogenetic analysis. The quality of the nucleotide sequences and the assembly method were carried out using the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Staden package (Staden <italic>et al.,</italic> 2000</xref>). The sequences were cleaned and thos generated from the iTS region and the large sububit (LSU) of the rRNA were aligned with sequences from different species of the <italic>Setophoma</italic> genus obtained from the GenBank and from published reference data (De <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gruyter <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Liu <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>). Multiple alignments were generated from sequences using ClustalW as implemented in MEGA 11 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Tamura <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>) and they were improved manually to allow the maximim similarity between the dataset.The Bayesian phylogenetic estimations were infered with MrBayes 3.2.6 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Ronquist <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>) implementes in the cluster CIPRES (https:// <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.phylo.org/portal2/home.action)">www.phylo.org/portal2/home.action)</ext-link> and selecting the nucleotide substitution model that best fit the data of this investigation, according to the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) obtained with MrModeltest 2.3 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Nylander, 2004</xref>). The number of generatiosn was 10,000,000 and the subsequent probabilities were calculated after discarding the first 25% of the iteracions. The phylogenetic trees were viewed using TreeView (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Page, 1996</xref>).</p>
				<p>Prathogenicity tests. The pathogenicity of seven fungal isolates were determined by inoculating them in the main roots of 30-day-old cv. 8444 tomato seedlings. Ten plants were used for each one of the isolations, along with 10 non-inoculated plants there served as a control. V8A plugs, 4 mm in diameter, with an active growth</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Information of fungal isolates and GenBank accession numbers of <italic>Setophoma</italic> species used in the phylogeneti analysis.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Species</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Collection code</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Host</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Country</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Access number LSU</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Access number ITS</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">Setophoma antiqua</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">LC6594</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">Camellia sinensis</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">China</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MK511947</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MK511909</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;"/>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">LC6595</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">C. sinensis</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">China</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MK511948</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MK511910</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">S. chromolaenae</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">CBS 135105x</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">Chromolaena odorata</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Brazil</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">KF251747</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">KF251244</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">S. cyperi</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">CBS 141450x</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">Cyperus sphaerocephala</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">South Africa</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">KX228337</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">KX228286</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">S. endophytica</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">CGMCC 3.19528</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">C. sinensis</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">China</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MK511956</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MK511931</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;"/>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">LC3164</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">C. sinensis</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">China</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MK511957</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MK511932</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">S. longinqua</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">LC6593x</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">C. sinensis</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">China</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MK511946</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MK511908</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">S. poaceicola</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MFLUCC 16-0880x</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">-</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Thailand</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">KY550386</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">KY568988</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">Setophoma sp.</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">CGMCC 3.19526</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">Carbonatite in a cave</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">China</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MK511965</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MK511944</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">S. sacchari</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MFLUCC 12-0241</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;">Saccharum officinarum</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Thailand</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">KJ476147</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">KJ476145</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;"/>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">CBS 333.39x</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center; font-style:italic;"/>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Brazil</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MH867535</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">MH856038</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>xisolates ex-type. The accession numbers of the sequences generated in this study are in bold.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>CBS: Collection of isolates in the Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcultures, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands; IMI: Collection of isolates in CABI Europe UK Centre, Egham, United Kingdom; CPC: Pedro W. Crous work collection, stored in CBS. CGMCC: General Center for the Collection of Microbiological Cultures of China, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; LC: Lei Cai wok collection, stored in the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; MUCL: Mycothèque de l’Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>of the fungus per isolate were used, which were placed on a lesion made earlier with a toothpick. The mycelial disk was attached to the lesion of the root using Parafilm® paper (USA). In the control plants, the lesion was made and a disc with V8A culture medium was placed, without fungal growth. The plants were kept in a greeenhouse at 20-35 ºC for 30 días. The inoculated roots were then removed and the fungi were reisolates in an V8A medium. Once the mycelium was developed, the morphological and cultural characteristics were considered, such as pigmentation of the V8A medium, as well as the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of mushrooms, pycnidia and conidia, according to earlier descriptions. The test was repeated twice.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>Results and Discussion</title>
				<p>Symptoms of chlorosis and leaf senescence were observed, as well as the reduction in tomato plant growth (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figures 2</xref>A-C) in an incidence that varied from 10 to 20% in the five different commercial agricultural fields sampled in the valley of Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico. The symptomatic roots developed dark brown lesions, swollen and with a corky texture (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2</xref>D-E) and pink (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2</xref>F). These symptoms in the foliar area and root system coincide with those reported by López-López <italic>et al.</italic> (2020), whereas the same causal agent affected tomato plants reported in Brazil, Canada, USA and Venezuela (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Farr and Rossman, 2022</xref>). Likewise, these symptoms were reported in other hosts such as scallions (<italic>Allium fistulosum</italic>) in China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Luong <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>). Similarly, the symptoms of the corky and pink root diseases coincide with those described for <italic>S. terrestris</italic> in onion (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Schwartz and Mohan, 2008</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Symptoms of corky and pink roots in tomato. <bold>A-C)</bold> Chlorosis, deficient growth and senescence in plants. <bold>D</bold>-<bold>F)</bold> Dark brown lesions on the root, with swelling, a corky texture and a pink color.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2309-5-gf7.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Pink root symptomatology may be similar to that caused by <italic>Pseudopyrenochaeta lycopersici</italic>, which was found in a wide number of hosts such as sorghum (<italic>Sorghum</italic>), maize (<italic>Zea mays</italic>), sugarcane (<italic>Saccharum officinarum</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Sprague, 1950</xref>), grass (<italic>Cynodon dactylon</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Conners, 1967</xref>), leek (<italic>Allium porrum</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Hall <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>), cantaloupe (<italic>Cucumis melo</italic>), zucchini (<italic>Curcubita pepo</italic>), wheat (<italic>Triticum</italic>) and spinach (<italic>Spinacia oleracea</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">USDA, 1960</xref>), as well as willow trees (<italic>Salix</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Pfleger and Vaughn, 1972</xref>). On the other hand, in tomato, it has been reported in Australia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Golzar, 2009</xref>), Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Testen <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), Germany (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Valenzuela-López <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>) and in the United States as a pathogen associated to the brown rot in tomato root (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Vrisman <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>Isolation and morphological identification. Out of the 15 samples (plants) of tomato roots with symptoms of corky and pink roots by sites, seven fungal isolates were used, which came from the five sites previously indicated on the map with their respective coordenates in the valley of Culiacan. The technique that worked for the isolation of fungi was to place sections of infected tissue in a humid chamber to stimulate the pycnidia in the root tissues at 4 ºC (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Gilchrist-Saavedra <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>). The isolates obtained correspond to <italic>Setophoma terrestris</italic>, and the colonies were pink on both sides, with a root growth (80 mm) after 7 days of growing (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figures 3</xref>A-B). These characteristics of growth of the fungus in V8A medium were similar to those reported by De <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gruyter <italic>et al</italic>. (2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>The morphological examination of the asexual structures displayed black to dark brown globular to obpyriform pycnidia, (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref>C) and measuring 142- 220 × 104-140 µm. The presence of dark brown septated setae was observed, measuring 52-114 × 2-8 µm and that surrounded the neck ostilar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref>D). The conidia were hyaline, cyllindrical, measuring 2-8 × 1-3 µm, and with two very characteristic biguttulate on its tips (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref>E-F). All the morphological characteristcis coincided with those reported by other authors (Koenning <italic>et al</italic>., 2007; Wiriyajitsomboon, 2015; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Yang <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rivedal <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Zhang <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>). Despite some measurements being variable between each other, these data are not forceful to differentiate between species, therefore molecular tools and phylogenetic analyses are required to confirm at the level of species.</p>
				<p>Regarding the ranges of the morphometric values, the seven <italic>S. terrestris</italic> of this study were distributed into three groups, according to upstream measures: group</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Colonies and asexual reproductive structures of <italic>Setophoma terrestris</italic>. <bold>A)</bold> Colony of <italic>S. terrestris</italic> in a V8A medium with 7 days of growth. <bold>B)</bold> Colony growth on the reverse of the dish. <bold>D)</bold> Pycnidium. <bold>D)</bold> Setae. <bold>E-F)</bold> Biguttulate conidia.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2309-5-gf8.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Measurements of asexual structures in <italic>Setophoma terrestres</italic> isolates obtained from tomato plants.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Setae (µm)</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Pycnidium (µm)</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Conidia (µm)</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Reference</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">yNA</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">yNA</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">4.5-5.5 × 1.8-2.3</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Koenning et al., 2007</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">≈ 100-120</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">≈ 200</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">≈ 4-5</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">Wiriyajitsomboon, 2015</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">≈ 100</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">≈ 300</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">≈ 5</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">
										<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Yang et al., 2017</xref>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">yNA</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">yNA</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">5.0 × 2.0</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">
										<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rivedal et al., 2018</xref>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">55-150</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">160-230</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">4.0-5.0 × 1.5-2.0</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">
										<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Zhang et al., 2019</xref>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">68-84 × 2-3</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">237-345 × 105-250</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">5-7 × 2-3</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">
										<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">López-López et al., 2020</xref> (CCLF01)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">52-114 × 3-6</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">150-183 × 133-156</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">6-7 × 2-3</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">zCCLF02</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">60-108 × 2-5</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">142-160 × 124-132</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">6-8 × 2-3</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">zCCLF03</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">46-102 × 3-5</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">200-233 × 110-130</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">4-6 × 2-3</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">zCCLF04</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">55-106 × 3-4</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">220-231 × 105-133</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">2-3 × 1-1.5</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">zCCLF05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">67-90 × 2.5-4</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">216-255 × 104-140</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">3-4 × 1-2</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">zCCLF06</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">90-107 × 3-8</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">175-180 × 140-155</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">5-8 × 2-3</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">zCCLF07</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">60-101 × 3-5</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">160-175 × 137-153</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">5-6 × 2-3</td>
									<td style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;">zCCLF08</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>yNA: Not applicable / Not reported.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>zThe measurements generated in this study are highlighted in bold in references.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>1, composed ot isolate CCLF05; group 2, by CCLF06 and CCLF04, and finally, group 3, with isolates CCLF07, CCLF08, CCFL02 and CCLF03. It is important to mention that group 3 also includes the isolate (CCLF01) reported previously in another study in Sinaloa, Mexico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">López-López <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>In turn, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Luong <italic>et al.</italic> (2008</xref>) identified <italic>S. terrestris</italic> as the causal agent of pink root in onion, using characteristics of the colony and they observed the pink pigment in the culture medium, as well as the setae in the pycnidia and conidia, typical of this root in some pink roots. Additionally, large guttulates were observed in the conidia of their islates, which coincide with those reported in this study. These same microscopic characteristics in the conidia were described by De <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Gruyter and Boerema (2002</xref>).</p>
				<p>Similarly, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Ikeda <italic>et al.</italic> (2012</xref>) identified <italic>S. terrestris</italic> as the causal agent of pink root in zucchini and they obtained two isolates that formed brown to dark black pycnidia, subglobular to globular in shape and with a neck ostilar with setae around it. These were found to be cyllindrical in shape and brown to dark brown, and measured 104-262 × 3.5-6.9 µm. These characteristics coincide with those obtained in this study.</p>
				<p>On the other hand, measurements may vary slightly between the isolates and the above may be due to multiple environmental factors that affect the development of the pathogen, as mentioned by Burton <italic>et al.</italic> (1997), making a relationship with the symptoms of the disease in cantaloupe and watermelon and identifying the causal agent based on morphological structures and analysis of ITS sequences. Unllike our isolates, the pycnidia reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Duarte and Barreto (2015</xref>) do not have the typical setae around the ostiole, indicating that this attribute is not a generic characteristic. Likewise, the characteristics shared by the fungi <italic>P. lycopersici</italic> and <italic>S. terrestris</italic> are very similar to the difference that in <italic>P. lycopersici</italic> the setae of its pycnidia are over 200 µm long, wereas <italic>S. terrestris</italic> regularly range between 50-150 µm, approximately (De <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gruyter, 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>Phylogenetic analysis. The aligned sequences corresponding to the ITS region and the long subunit (LSU) resulted in a total length of 1,345 nucleotides. The phylogenetic analysis generated with MrBayes based on the data set (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4</xref>) indicated that all the isolations obtained in this study were grouped with the species <italic>Setophoma terrestris</italic>, with a high posterior probability support (1.0).</p>
				<p>On the other hand, the phylogenetic analysis shows two groupings, which mostly addresses all isolates with 0.88 subsequent probability, except for isolate CCLF05, which was grouped separately and displayed the largest phylogenetic difference. Likewise, with the previously mentioned and according the the morphometry, was grouped in only one group. Based on this, it was possible to verify, once again, that <italic>Pseudopyrenochaeta lycopersici</italic> is not the species that causes the disease known as corky and pink root in Sinaloa, Mexico.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f9">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Bayesian Tree obtained with combined data from sequences ITS and LSU. The tree shows the phylogenetic relations of the <italic>Setophoma</italic> species. The Bayesian posterior probability values of over 0.70 are shown in the nodes. The species <italic>Pseudopyrenochaeta lycopersici</italic> was used as an external group and the scale bar indicates the number of expected changes per site.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2309-5-gf9.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The phylogenetic of this study coincides with the molecular identity reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rivedal <italic>et al.</italic> (2018</xref>), who used the ITS region, finding that the DNA of all its isolates displayed a 99% similarity with <italic>Setophoma terrestris.</italic> Likewise, those sequences were also compared with those reported by De <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gruyter <italic>et al</italic>. (2010</xref>) and similar results were obtained. On the other hand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Duarte and Barreto (2015</xref>) used the same Bayesian inference analysis criterion, with the difference that they relied only on LSU sequences, whereas in this study, concatenated ITS and LSU</p>
				<p>sequences were used. This is of great importance, since in recent years, it has been proven and supported that these genera are very closely related and can only be distinguished through phylogenetic analysis with concatenated sequences (De <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gruyter <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>). This information is extremely important, since the <italic>Phoma</italic> genus has grown to encompass over 3000 species that form pycnidia with hyaline and septated conidia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aveskamp <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>), thereby reevaluating several studies related to this genus upon correct identification (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Boerema <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>).</p>
				<p>Pathogenicity tests. Thirty days after inoculation, the leaves displayed yellowing (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figures 5</xref>A-B). The inoculated tomato roots displayed a corky texture and pink coloring (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 5</xref>C), which were similar to the symptoms observed on the field.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f10">
						<label>Figure 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Pathogenicity tests in tomato plants. <bold>A-B)</bold> Tomato plants of the 8444 variety inoculated with <italic>S. terrestris</italic> and showing symptoms of yellowing. <bold>C)</bold> Corky root symptom 30 days after inoculation with <italic>S. terrestris.</italic> 
 <bold>D)</bold> Colony obtained from the <italic>in vitro</italic> reisolation of <italic>S. terrestris.</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2309-5-gf10.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>From the reisolations, colonies (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 5</xref>D) and fungal structures identical to those of the inoculated fungus were obtained, which confirmed the pathogenicity of the seven inoculated isolates, while the roots of the control plants remained asymptomatic.</p>
				<p>The results of the pathogencity tests of this study coincide with those reportd by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Zhang <italic>et al</italic>. (2019</xref>), who observed typical pink root symptoms in garlic. This pathogen has also been found damaging other hosts such ascanola (<italic>Brassica napus</italic>) in Canada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Yang <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>), zucchini (<italic>Curcubita maxima</italic>) in the USA (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rivedal <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>), and tea plants (<italic>Camellia sinensis</italic>) in China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Liu <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>The symptoms observed in the pathogenicity tests in the study conductes by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Zhang <italic>et al</italic>. (2019</xref>) showed that <italic>S. terrestris</italic> caused chlorosis, wilting and death in garlic plants within a span of 40 days, similar to descriptions by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">López-López <italic>et al</italic>. (2020</xref>), which also coincides with the results in this study. This proves that <italic>Pseudopyrenochaeta lycopersici</italic> is not the causal agent of corky root in tomato fields in Sinaloa, Mexico, as it was considered for a long time.</p>
				<p>Furthermore, <italic>S. terrestris</italic> was proven to be a slow-growing pathogen, since the pathogenicity tests by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rivedal <italic>et al.</italic> (2018</xref>) presented pink root symptoms 12 weeks after inoculation in winter squa, whereas in our tests it was 4 weeks, probably due to the pathogen-host relation being different. Similarly, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Yang <italic>et al.</italic> (2017</xref>) used mycelial <italic>S. terrestris</italic> plugs on canola, and found symptoms of corky and pink root after 21 days, which coincides with the approximate time of this study. The time taken for the pathogen to colonize the plant tissue may be affected by the conditions it is in, i.e., after multiple reactivations in culture medium, its growth rate varies (de Gruyer and Borema, 2002), possibly thereby losing the original degree of virulence of each isolation, consequently delaying the visibility of disease symptoms under study.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusions</title>
				<p>According to the morphological characterization, molecular identification and pathogenicity tests, <italic>Setophoma terrestris</italic> was confirmed to be the causal agent of the disease known as corky and pink root in agricultural tomato fields distributed in Culiacan, Sinaloa. The morphological analysis showed that in <italic>Setophoma terrestres</italic> presented pycnidia measuring 142-220 × 104-140 µm, dark brown setae measuring 52-114 × 2-8 µm and conidia measuring 2-8 × 1-3 µm. Likewise, three groups of isolates were obtained, in hich variations of morphometric and phylogenetic values were observed. The symptoms presented by infected plants were corkiness, pink root and a reduction in root quantity.</p>
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