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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2310-2</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Nota Fitopatológica</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Detección y caracterización molecular de un fitoplasma del grupo 16SrII asociado a la enfermedad de ‘escoba de bruja’ en cactus (Opuntia sp.)</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ortega-Acosta,</surname>
						<given-names>Candelario</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rojas-Martínez</surname>
						<given-names>Reyna Isabel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ochoa-Martínez,</surname>
						<given-names>Daniel L.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Silva-Valenzuela,</surname>
						<given-names>Manuel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original"> Postgrado en FitosanidadFitopatología, Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Montecillo. Km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco. Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México, México. C. P. 56264.</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Postgrado en FitosanidadFitopatología</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<state>Estado de México</state>
						<postal-code>56264</postal-code>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Autor de correspondencia: Reyna Isabel Rojas-Martínez <email>rojas@colpos.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>12</day>
				<month>11</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>May-Aug</season>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>42</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT2310-2</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo/Antecedentes. </title>
					<p>Los fitoplasmas son patógenos obligados de plantas, tienen una fuerte especificidad con sus hospedantes, los síntomas típicos inducidos por estos patógenos incluyen reducción de crecimiento y declinamiento generalizado, entre otros, y rara vez ocasionan muerte de la planta. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el fitoplasma asociado al síntoma de ‘escoba de bruja’ en un cactus ornamental (<italic>Opuntia</italic> sp.).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales y Métodos. </title>
					<p>En cuatro viveros comerciales en Texcoco, Estado de México, se tomaron cuatro muestras de cactus ornamental con síntomas de ‘escoba de bruja’. Se realizó extracción de ADN de las muestras y se sometieron a PCR con iniciadores específicos para fitoplasmas (P1/P7 y R16F2n/R16R2). La determinación del fitoplasma en estudio se realizó por PCR, RFLP <italic>in vitro</italic>, secuenciación y análisis filogenético.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados. </title>
					<p>De acuerdo con los diferentes análisis que se realizaron, se determinó que el fitoplasma asociado al nopal ornamental pertenece al subgrupo 16SrII-C.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión. </title>
					<p>Con base en los resultados obtenidos, se establece que un fitoplasma del subgrupo16SrII-C está asociado con el síntoma de ‘escoba de bruja’ del cactus ornamental (<italic>Opuntia</italic> sp<italic>.</italic>).</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave</title>
				<kwd>deformación</kwd>
				<kwd>patógenos no cultivables</kwd>
				<kwd>RFLP <italic>in vitro</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="24"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec>
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p>Diferentes cactus se han cultivado e introducido en algunas partes del mundo como ornamentales y comestibles. Los cactus son susceptibles a las infecciones por fitoplasmas y desarrollan enfermedades con síntomas caracterizados por un crecimiento en forma de escoba de bruja y patrones de mosaico verde en la epidermis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cai <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>). El movimiento global de bulbos, esquejes y semillas de plantas de ornato y consumo humano ha permitido la introducción de nuevos patógenos a diversos nichos ecológicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Miedaner y Garbelotto, 2024</xref>). Cuando la flora nativa es susceptible a un patógeno introducido puede dar lugar a una rápida declinación lo que puede ocasionar su extinción (Miedaner y Garbelotto, 2024). En los últimos años se han observado con mayor frecuencia plantas ornamentales con síntomas de fitoplasmas, patógenos con amplia plasticidad genética que les permite alojarse e infectar a cualquier tipo de planta, un ejemplo es ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma asteris’, el cual se ha encontrado en más de 80 especies monocotiledóneas y dicotiledóneas en diferentes partes del mundo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lee <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). Los fitoplasmas son parásitos obligados de plantas e insectos y en la mayoría de los casos necesitan de ambos hospedantes para dispersarse en la naturaleza (Whitcomb y Tully, 1989), estas bacterias se caracterizan por tener un genoma pequeño, como consecuencia de esto, una limitada capacidad metabólica, por lo que forzosamente requieren de un insecto vector y una planta hospedante para reproducirse. Los fitoplasmas son patógenos que han colonizado ambos reinos: animal y vegetal, y los síntomas que inducen interfieren en el desarrollo de la planta ya que causan proliferación, virescencia y filodia, principalmente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bertaccini, 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>Considerando la importancia de generar conocimiento científico de los patóge-</p>
			<p>nos emergentes con potencial de ser diseminados de manera fácil y eficiente por insectos vectores a cultivos de interés económico, es necesario conocer los diferentes grupos de fitoplasmas que pueden estar presentes en los cactus ornamentales que, por sus características fenotípicas se comercializan ampliamente en el centro de México, convirtiéndose en fuente de inóculo. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue detectar e identificar al fitoplasma asociado a engrosamiento y proliferación de cladodios en un cactus ornamental.</p>
			<p>Detección de fitoplasmas. Se obtuvieron cuatro muestras de nopal con sínto ma de ‘escoba de bruja’ provenientes de cuatro viveros de Texcoco, Estado de México (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>B-C). La extracción de ADN se realizó con el método CTAB 2 %, y la amplificación del ADNr (100 ng µL-1) se realizó con iniciadores universales para fitoplasmas, P1 (5´-AAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAGGATT-3´) y P7 (5´-CGTCCTTCATCGGCTCTT-3´) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Deng y Hiruki, 1991</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Schneider <italic>et al.,</italic> 1995</xref>) que amplifican 1.8 kb, seguido de una segunda PCR (reacción anidada) con el par R16F2n (5´-GAAACGACTGCTAAGACTGG-3´) y R16R2(5´TGACGGGCGGTGTGTACAAACCCCG-3´)</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>A) Amplificaciones de ADNr 16S de fitoplasmas obtenidos con los iniciadores R16F2n/R16R2. Carril M; Marcador molecular 100 pb, carril +; ADN proveniente de <italic>Dimorphotheca sinuata</italic> infectada con “<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma asteris” (16SrI-B), carril -; Control negativo, PCR sin templete, carril 1-4; muestras de nopal (<italic>Opuntia</italic> sp.) con síntoma de ‘escoba de bruja’, proveniente de viveros ubicados en Texcoco, Estado De México; B-C) Síntomas de “escoba de bruja” en nopal ornamental.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2310-2-gf1.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Gundersen y Lee, 1996</xref>) que amplifican 1.2 kb. Las reacciones de PCR se realizaron en un termociclador Techne® TC-300, con un protocolo de amplificación descrito previamente por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Ortega-Acosta <italic>et al.</italic> (2019</xref>). Como control positivo se utilizó ADN de <italic>Dimorphotheca sinuata</italic> infectada con ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma asteris’ (16SrI-B). De la PCR anidada se cargaron 5 µL de producto amplificado y se observaron en un gel de agarosa 1 % teñido con bromuro de etidio y se visualizó en un transiluminador UV.</p>
			<p>Análisis de RFLP. Aproximadamente 500 ng de cada uno de los productos obtenidos de la segunda PCR con los iniciadores R16F2n/R16R2 se sometieron a un análisis de polimorfismos de longitud de fragmentos de restricción (RFLP, por sus siglas en inglés) utilizando las siguientes enzimas de restricción; <italic>Rsa</italic>I, <italic>Mse</italic>I (Tru 91), <italic>Kpn</italic>I, <italic>EcoR</italic>I (Promega, USA) y <italic>Hae</italic>III (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) a 37 °C durante 4 h. Para este análisis solo se consideraron las enzimas claves que se utilizan para identificar grupos de fitoplasmas. El número y tamaño de los fragmentos resultantes se analizaron mediante electroforesis en gel de agarosa 3 %. Los patrones de restricción obtenidos se compararon con los publicados previamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Lee <italic>et al.,</italic> 1998</xref>) y con los obtenidos en la herramienta <italic>i</italic>PhyClassifier de una cepa de referencia del subgrupo 16SrII-C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Zhao <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>).</p>
			<p>Secuenciación y análisis filogenético. Los productos obtenidos de PCR anidada se purificaron, y se secuenciaron en ambas direcciones (Macrogen Inc. Corea) y posteriormente se generó un árbol filogenético con el método neighbor-joining en MEGA X (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Kumar <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>) utilizando secuencias de diferentes grupos y subgrupos de fitoplasmas. En este caso, <italic>Acheloplasma laidlawii</italic> se utilizó como grupo externo.</p>
			<p>Los resultados obtenidos indicaron la presencia de fitoplasmas en las cuatro muestras de cactus ornamentales con síntomas de ‘escoba de bruja’ (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>A). La secuencia consenso obtenida en este estudio se depositó en el Banco de Genes del NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) con el número de acceso 0N413680.1. El análisis BLAST de la secuencia, indicó 100 % de similitud con secuencias de cactus witches’ broom phytoplasma (grupo 16SrII, subgrupo C) (números de acceso MH644006-MH644007)<italic>.</italic> El análisis de patrones electroforéticos con enzimas de restricción confirmó que el fitoplasma en estudio es miembro del subgrupo 16SrII-C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>B). Por otro lado, el perfil electroforético <italic>in silico</italic> de la cepa de referencia AJ293216.2 del subgrupo 16SrII-C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>C) que considera 17 enzimas de restricción, estuvo en concordancia con el resultado de RFLP obtenido con la digestión hecha en el laboratorio con las cinco enzimas clave que dan certeza del grupo al que pertenece determinado fitoplasma. El análisis filogenético ubicó al fitoplasma en estudio (0N413680), en el subgrupo 16Sr II-C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>Los fitoplasmas requieren para su reproducción a diversos hospedantes, ya sean vegetales o insectos. Algunos insectos reportados como vectores de fitoplasmas son: <italic>Macrosteles quadrilineatus, Haplaxius crudus, Dictyophara europaea, Euscelidius variegatus</italic> y <italic>Hyalesthes obsoletus</italic>, entre otros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alma <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). En plantas</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Análisis RFLP del ADNr 16S de fitoplasmas amplificado con los iniciadores R16F2n/R16R2 y digeridos con cinco enzimas de restricción: EcoRI, HaeIII, KpnI, MseI y RsaI M: marcador molecular 100 pb (Promega, USA); A) Control positivo ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma asteris’ (I-B); B) Muestra sintomática de nopal de este estudio (Número de acceso: 0N413680); C) Patrones de restricción <italic>in silico</italic>, generados a partir de las secuencias del gen DNAr 16S del Cactus witches’-broom phytoplasma 16SrII-C (Número de acceso: AJ293216.2) de los sitios de reconocimiento de 17 enzimas de restricción.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2310-2-gf2.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>se encuentran en el floema, incluyendo las células inmaduras de este tejido que aún conservan sus núcleos mientras que en insectos vectores se localizan en diversos tejidos de manera intra o extracelular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bertaccini <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>). En plantas ornamentales se han identificado 14 grupos de fitoplasmas de los 16 que existen, así como 30 subgrupos, todos ellos induciendo diferentes sintomatologías (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bellardi <italic>et al</italic>, 2018</xref>). ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma asteris’ es el principal grupo que infecta especies ornamentales en todo el mundo. Hasta ahora, se ha informado que más de 60 especies de plantas ornamentales están infectadas con fitoplasmas en todo el mundo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Madhupriya, 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Recientemente, se reportó en Turquía a ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma aurantifolia’related strain (16SrII-B group) en un cactus ornamental que mostraba síntomas similares a los observados en las plantas de este estudio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ayvaci <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>). En México se han reportado varios grupos de fitoplasmas asociados al nopal tunero que tienen “engrosamiento del cladodio” o “planta macho”, enfermedad más importante en este cultivo ya que disminuye significativamente la producción en todas las zonas nopaleras del país (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hernández-Pérez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Suaste <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aguilar, 2019</xref>). Los síntomas de esta enfermedad consisten en un amarillamiento parcial de la planta, reducción gradual del tamaño de la penca y fruto, engrosamiento y desarrollo cordiforme del cladodio, así como la inhibición de la brotación vegetativa y floral; en etapas finales se detiene la producción de la planta sin que ésta muera. En esta sintomatología se han encontrado asociados a diferentes grupos de fitoplasmas, entre los que se encuentran el 16SrII (Hernández-Pérez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009), 16SrI (‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma asteris’) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Zak <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>), 16SrXIII (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Suaste <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>) y al 16SrVI (‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma trifolii’) (Aguilar, 2019). A pesar de la amplia distribución geográfica de los fitoplasmas, su gama de hospedantes e </p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Árbol filogenético construido por el método de neighbor-joining con secuencias del ADNr 16S depositadas en el Banco de Genes, se muestra la relación entre los fitoplasmas del grupo 16SrI y 16SrII con el fitoplasmas que induce ‘escoba de bruja’ en nopal (<italic>Opuntia</italic> sp<italic>.</italic>) (Número de acceso: 0N413680.1). La barra indica el número de sustituciones por nucleótidos.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2310-2-gf3.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>importancia como microrganismos fitopatógenos, existe poco entendimiento sobre las rutas de defensa que tiene la planta para evitar su establecimiento, lo cual puede dar lugar a estrategias alternativas para su manejo y así disminuir su impacto en la agricultura. Por otro lado, en México existen normas que regulan el establecimiento y movilidad de este tipo de ornamentales como la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Ley General de Vida Silvestre (2000)</xref> y la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Norma Oficial Mexicana de Protección a Especies Nativas de México de Flora y Fauna Silvestre (2002)</xref>. Asimismo, la comercialización internacional de cactáceas está regulada por la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres (2008)</xref>. Respecto a los recursos fitogenéticos para la agricultura y la alimentación contamos con la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ley Federal de Producción, Certificación y Comercio de Semillas (2007)</xref>. En la comercialización, el uso de signos distintivos está regulado en el ámbito internacional por los Acuerdos sobre Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual y Comercio en la Organización Mundial de Comercio y en México a diferencia de otros países se ha permitido que estos patógenos se establezcan en diferentes especies de cactáceas ornamentales, los cuales se pueden convertir en una fuente importante de inoculo para otros cultivos, aunado a esto, tampoco se conocen los insectos vectores que pueden estar involucrados en su trasmisión hacia otros cultivos de importancia agrícola.</p>
			<p>Por otro lado, la ventaja que se tiene ahora para identificar con criterios filogenéticos y moleculares permite de manera precisa conocer la asociación de más de un fitoplasma en hospedantes con la misma o diferente sintomatología, o bien, los síntomas ocasionados por un solo grupo de fitoplamas como el 16SrI. Esto ha permitido que el concepto de enfermedad en el caso de los fitoplasmas esté cambiando; en muchos de los casos se indica que las propiedades biológicas características de un determinado fitoplasma están vinculadas con un grupo o subgrupo establecido con criterios filogenéticos, por lo que estas propiedades biológicas solo se pueden utilizar como criterios secundarios para considerar a un fitoplasma como agente causal de una enfermedad.</p>
			<p>Con base en los resultados obtenidos, se establece que un fitoplasma del subgrupo16SrII-C está asociado con el síntoma de ‘escoba de bruja’ de un cactus ornamental (<italic>Opuntia</italic> sp<italic>.</italic>).</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>Literatura Citada</title>
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				<mixed-citation>Aguilar, P.N.Y. (2019). Manejo integrado del engrosamiento del cladodio en tres cultivares de nopal tunero en Teotihuacán, Estado de México. [Tesis de Doctorado en Ciencias, Colegio de Postgraduados], México.</mixed-citation>
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							<surname>Lessio</surname>
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					<year>2019</year>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Phytopathological Note</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Detection and molecular characterization of a 16SrII group phytoplasma associated with ‘witches broom’ disease in cactus (Opuntia sp.)</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p> </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective/Background</title>
					<p>. Phytoplasmas are obligate plant pathogens that exhibit strong specificity with their hosts. Typical symptoms induced by these pathogens include stunted growth and general decline, among others, and they rarely lead to plant death. The aim of this research was to determine the phytoplasma associated with the ‘witch’s broom’ symptom in an ornamental cactus (<italic>Opuntia</italic> sp.).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and Methods</title>
					<p>. Four samples of ornamental cacti exhibiting ‘witch’s broom’ symptoms were collected from four commercial nurseries in Texcoco, State of Mexico. DNA extraction was performed on the samples, followed by PCR using specific primers for phytoplasmas (P1/P7 and R16F2n/R16R2). Phytoplasma determination was carried out through PCR, <italic>in vitro</italic> RFLP, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p>. According to the various analyses conducted, it was determined that the phytoplasma associated with the ornamental cactus belongs to the subgroup 16SrII-C.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion</title>
					<p>. Based on the obtained results, it is established that a phytoplasma from the 16SrII-C subgroup is associated with the ‘witch’s broom’ symptom in the ornamental cactus (<italic>Opuntia</italic> sp.).</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>deformation</kwd>
				<kwd>uncultivable pathogens</kwd>
				<kwd><italic>in vitro</italic> RFLP.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>Different cacti have been planted and introduced in some parts of the world as ornamental and edible plants. Cacti are susceptible to infections by phytoplasmas and they develop diseases with symptoms characterized by growth in the shape of a witch’s broom and a green mosaic pattern on the epidermis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cai <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>). The global movement of bulbs, trimmings and seeds of ornamental and for human consumption has enabled the introduction of new pathogens to diverse ecological niches (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Miedaner and Garbelotto, 2024</xref>). When the native flora is susceptible to an introduced pathogen, this can give rise to a rapid decline, which may lead to its extinction (Miedaner and Garbelotto, 2024). In recent years, increasing amounts of ornamental plants have been found to have symptoms of phytoplasmas, pathogens with a broad genetic plasticity, which helps them inhabit and infect any type of plant, an example of which is ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma asteris’, which has been found in over 80 monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species in different parts of the world (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lee <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). Phytoplasmas are obligate plant and insect parasites, and in most cases, they need both hosts to disperse in nature (Whitcomb and Tully, 1989). These bacteria are characterized by having a small genome, and as a consequence, they have a limited metabolic capacity, thus they necessarily require an insect vector and a host plant to reproduce. Phytoplasmas are pathogens that have colonized both the animal and plant kingdoms, and the symptoms they induce interfere with plant development, since they cause proliferation, virescence and phyllody primarily (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bertaccini, 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>Considering the importance of generating scientific knowledge of the emerging pathogens with the potential of spreading easily and efficiently by insect vectors onto crops of economic interest, it is necessary to know the different groups of phytoplasmas that can be found in ornamental cacti that are widely sold in Mexico due to their phenotypic characteristics, making them a source of inoculum. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to detect and identify the phytoplasma related to the thickening and proliferation cladodes in an ornamental cactus.</p>
				<p>Detection of phytoplasmas. Four cactus samples with “witches’ broom” symptom were obtained from four nurseries in Texcoco, State of Mexico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>B-C). DNA extraction was carried out using the CTAB 2% method, and rDNA amplification (100 ng µL-1) was carried out using universal primers for phytoplasmas, P1 (5´-AAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAGGATT-3´) and P7 (5´-CGTCCTTCATCGGCTCTT-3´) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Deng y Hiruki, 1991</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Schneider <italic>et al.,</italic> 1995</xref>) which amplify 1.8 kb, followed by a second PCR (nested reaction) with the pair R16F2n (5´-GAAACGACTGCTAAGACTGG-3´) and R16R2(5´TGACGGGCGGTGTGTACAAACCCCG-3´) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Gundersen and Lee, 1996</xref>) which amplify 1.2 kb. The PCR reactions were carried out in a Techne® TC-300</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>A) Amplifications of 16S rDNA of phytoplasmas obtained using primers R16F2n/R16R2. Lane M; Molecular marker 100 pb, lane +; DNA from <italic>Dimorphotheca sinuata</italic> infected with “<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma asteris” (16SrI-B), lane -; Negative control, PCR without a template, lane 1-4; samples of cactus (<italic>Opuntia</italic> sp.) with “witches’ broom” syndrome, from nurseries located in Texcoco, State of Mexico; B-C) “Witches’ broom” symptoms in an ornamental cactus.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2310-2-gf4.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>thermocycler, with an amplification protocol described earlier by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Ortega-Acosta <italic>et al.</italic> (2019</xref>). As a positive control, DNA from <italic>Dimorphotheca sinuata</italic> infected with ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma asteris’ (16SrI-B) was used. From the nested PCR, 5 µL of amplified product were loaded and observed on 1% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide and viewed on a UV transilluminator.</p>
				<p>RFLP analyses. Approximately 500 ng of each one of the products obtained from the second PCR with the primers R16F2n/R16R2 underwent a Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) using the restriction enzymes <italic>Rsa</italic>I, <italic>Mse</italic>I (Tru 91), <italic>Kpn</italic>I, <italic>EcoR</italic>I (Promega, USA) and <italic>Hae</italic>III (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) at 37 °C for 4 h. For this analysis, only the key enzymes used to identify groups of phytoplasmas were considered. The number and size of the resulting fragments were analyzed by electrophoresis in 3% agarose gel. The restriction patterns obtained were compared with those published earlier (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Lee <italic>et al.,</italic> 1998</xref>) and with those obtained with the tool <italic>i</italic>PhyClassifier from a reference strain from subgroup 16SrII-C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Zhao <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p>Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The products obtained from the nested PCR were purified and sequenced in both directions (Macrogen Inc. Korea) and afterwards, a phylogenetic tree was generated using the neighbor-joining method in MEGA X (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Kumar <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>) using sequences from different groups and subgroups of phytoplasmas. In this case, <italic>Acheloplasma laidlawii</italic> was used as an external group.</p>
				<p>The results indicated the presence of phytoplasmas in the four samples of ornamental cacti with symptoms of “witches’ broom” (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>A). The consensual sequence obtained in this study was deposited in the in NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) GeneBank with accession number 0N413680.1. The BLAST analysis of the sequence indicated a 100% similarity with cactus witches’ broom phytoplasma (group 16SrII, subgroup C) (accession numbers MH644006MH644007)<italic>.</italic> The analysis of electrophoretic patterns with restriction enzymes confirmed that the phytoplasma under study is a member of subgroup 16SrII-C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>B). On the other hand, the <italic>in silico</italic> electrophoretic profile of reference strain AJ293216.2 of subgroup 16SrII-C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>C), which considers 17 restriction</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>RFLP analysis of the 16S rDNA of phytoplasmas amplified using primers R16F2n/R16R2 and digested with five restriction enzymes: <italic>EcoR</italic>I<italic>, Hae</italic>III, <italic>Kpn</italic>I, <italic>Mse</italic>I and <italic>Rsa</italic>I M: molecular marker 100 pb (Promega, USA); <bold>A)</bold> Positive control ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma asteris’ (I-B); <bold>B)</bold> Symptomatic sample of cactus from this study (Accession number: 0N413680); <bold>C)</bold> Restriction patterns <italic>in silico</italic>, generated from the sequences of gene 16S rDNA of the Cactus witches’-broom phytoplasma 16SrII-C (Accession number: AJ293216.2) of the reconnaissance sites for 17 restriction enzymes.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2310-2-gf5.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>enzymes, coincided with the result of the RFLP obtained with the digestion carried out in the laboratory with the five key enzymes that provide certainty of the group to which a certain phytoplasma belongs. The phylogenetic analysis placed the phytoplasma under study (0N413680) in subgroup 16Sr II-C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Phylogenetic tree created using the neighbor-joining method, with sequences of the 16S rDNA deposited in the GeneBank, showing the relationship between the phytoplasmas for groups 16SrI and 16SrII with the phytoplasma that induced “witches’ broom” in cactus (<italic>Opuntia</italic> sp<italic>.</italic>) (Accession number: 0N413680.1). The bar indicates the number of substitutions per nucleotides.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2310-2-gf6.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>For their reproduction, phytoplasmas require diverse hosts, whether plants or insects. Some insects reported as phytoplasma vectors are <italic>Macrosteles quadrilineatus, Haplaxius crudus, Dictyophara europaea, Euscelidius variegatus</italic> and <italic>Hyalesthes obsoletus</italic>, among other (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alma <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). In plants, they are found in the phloem, including immature cells of this tissue that still keep their nuclei, whereas in vector insects, they are found in diverse tissues, intra or extracellularly (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bertaccini <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>). In ornamental plants, 14 groups of phytoplasmas have been found, out of the 16 existing ones, as well as 30 subgroups, all of which induce different symptoms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bellardi <italic>et al</italic>, 2018</xref>). ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma asteris’ is the main group that infects ornamental plants worldwide. To date, 60 ornamental plant species have been reported to be infected with phytoplasmas globally (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Madhupriya, 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>In Turkey, ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma aurantifolia’-related strain (16SrII-B group) was recently reported to have been found in an ornamental cactus that displayed symptoms similar to those observed in plants in this study (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Ayvaci <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>). In Mexico, several groups of phytoplasmas have been reported as related to the prickly pear cactus with “thickening of the cladode” or “male plant,” the most important plant in this crop, since it significantly reduces the production in all cactus-producing areas of the country (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hernández-Pérez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Suaste <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aguilar, 2019</xref>). The symptoms of this disease consist of a partial yellowing of the plant, a gradual reduction in the size of the leaf and fruit, thickening and cordiform development of the cladode, as well as the inhibition of the floral and vegetative sprouting, and in the final stages, plant production stops without it dying. In these symptoms, different groups of phytoplasmas have been found to be related, including 16SrII (Hernández-Pérez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009), 16SrI (‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma asteris’) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Zak <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>), 16SrXIII (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Suaste <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>) and 16SrVI (‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma trifolii’) (Aguilar, 2019). Despite the wide geographic distribution of phytoplasmas, its range of hosts and importance as phytopathogenic microorganisms, there is little understanding of the defense routes the plant has to avoid its establishment, which can give rise to alternative strategies for its management, thus reducing its impact on agriculture. On the other hand, there are norms that regulate the establishment and mobility of this type of ornamental plants, such as the General Wildlife Law (2000) and the Official Mexican Norm for the Protection of Wild Native Mexican Flora and Fauna Species (2002). Likewise, the international trade of cacti is regulated by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (2008). Regarding phytotechnical resources for agriculture and food, we have the Federal Seed Production, Certification and Trade Law (2007). In trade, the use of distinctive signs is regulated internationally by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights in the World Trade Organization and in Mexico, unlike other countries, these pathogens have been allowed to establish in different ornamental cacti species, which can become an important source of inoculum for other crops. Alongside this, which vector insects may be involved in its transmission to other agriculturally important crops is unknown.</p>
				<p>On the other hand, the advantage in the identification with phylogenetic and molecular criteria helps provide more accurate knowledge on the association of more than one phytoplasma in hosts with the same or different symptoms or the symptoms caused by one phytoplasma group, such as 16SrI. This has allowed the concept of disease in the case of phytoplasmas to change; in many cases, it is pointed out that the characteristic biological properties of a particular phytoplasma are linked to an established group or subgroup with phylogenetic criteria, so these biological properties can only be used as secondary criteria to consider a phytoplasma as the causal agent of a disease.</p>
				<p>Based on our results, a phytoplasma of the subgroup 16SrII-C is established to be related with the “witches’ broom” symptom in an ornamental cactus (<italic>Opuntia</italic> sp<italic>.</italic>).</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>