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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2310-8</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo de revisión</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Patosistema de Iris yellow spot orthotospovirus, hospederos del virus y el vector (Thrips tabaci)</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ávila-Alistac</surname>
						<given-names>Norma</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Zamora-Macorra</surname>
						<given-names>Erika J.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>LozoyaSaldaña</surname>
						<given-names>Héctor</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Xochimilco, CDMX, México C.P. 04960; </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>CDMX</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Preparatoria Agrícola, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Km 38.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Texcoco, Estado de México, México, C.P. 56230. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Texcoco</city>
					<state>Estado de México</state>
					<postal-code>56230</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Km 38.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Texcoco, Estado de México, México, C.P. 56230. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Texcoco</city>
					<state>Estado de México</state>
					<postal-code>56230</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><italic>*</italic></label><bold>
 <italic>Autor de correspondencia</italic>:</bold> Norma Ávila-Alistac <email>alixtac@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>13</day>
				<month>11</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>May-Aug</season>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>42</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT2310-8</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p> </p>
				<p><italic>Iris yellow spot orthotospovirus</italic> (IYSV) causa graves problemas en el cultivo de cebolla (<italic>Allium cepa</italic>) y está ampliamente distribuido en las zonas productoras del país. En México se reportó en 2010 como “mancha amarilla” en cebolla y en otros miembros del género <italic>Allium</italic>. Su principal vector <italic>Thrips tabaci,</italic> que ocasiona daños directos por alimentación y por ser vector de otros virus como <italic>Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus</italic> e <italic>Impatiens necrotic spot orthotospovirus</italic>. El conocimiento del patosistema de IYSV<italic>Thrips tabaciAllium cepa</italic>arvenses puede coadyuvar a un manejo integral y concientización del uso de pesticidas. La versatilidad de IYSV de infectar a más de 60 especies de plantas (&gt;20 familias), de las cuales en su mayoría están presentes en México; aunado al amplio rango de hospedantes del vector, vuelve compleja la interacción y conlleva a comprender mejor sobre la diversidad de hospedantes alternos del vector y/o el IYSV. En la actualidad, información sobre arvenses como hospederos de IYSV y el vector es limitado, pero su conocimiento proporcionará mayor comprensión de la enfermedad. Es importante tener un conocimiento integral del virus, hospedante principal, hospedantes alternos y vector en el país, para encausar investigaciones futuras para contrarrestar este problema y minimizar pérdidas causadas por IYSV en el cultivo de cebolla principalmente.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>IYSV</kwd>
				<kwd>Allium</kwd>
				<kwd>arvenses</kwd>
				<kwd>hospedantes</kwd>
				<kwd><italic>orthotospovirus</italic>.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="80"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p>México es rico en una diversidad de ambientes climáticos que fomenta la producción de una gama de cultivos de importancia nacional e internacional. Ejemplo de ello, es el cultivo de cebolla (<italic>Allium cepa</italic>) que se produce en la mayoría de las entidades del país. En 2023, se registró una producción de 1,528,450 toneladas concentrada en 10 estados, destacando Chihuahua (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">SIAP, 2023</xref>). Pese a su importancia, se ve afectado por enfermedades virales, como el virus rayado amarillo del puerro (<italic>Leek yellow stripe virus</italic>-LYSV) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Pérez-Moreno <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>; VelasquezValle <italic>et al</italic>., 2010), el virus de la marchitez manchada del jitomate (<italic>Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus</italic>-TSWV), el virus del jaspeado del tabaco (<italic>Tobacco etch virus</italic>-TEV), el virus latente común del ajo (<italic>Garlic latent common</italic> virus-GLCV) (Velasquez-Valle <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010) y el virus de la mancha amarilla del iris (<italic>Iris yellow spot orthotospovirus</italic>-IYSV) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">Velásquez-Valle y Reveles-Hernández; 2011</xref>). Este último, de mayor importancia económica en cebolla en el mundo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Jones, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bag <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>) y otros cultivos del género <italic>Allium</italic> (Bag <italic>et al</italic>., 2015; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Weilner y Bedlan, 2013</xref>), con pérdidas en producción de semilla y mermas en el tamaño del bulbo (Bag <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Bag <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012b</xref>).</p>
			<p>El IYSV es el más devastador en <italic>Allium</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Brewster, 2008</xref>) y tiene mayor importancia por su amplia distribución geográfica y rango de hospedantes reportados en los últimos años (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Smith <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Ghotbi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Sampangi y Mohan, 2007</xref>). En las últimas décadas, el impacto económico de los <italic>Orthotospovirus</italic> se ha incrementado, causando pérdidas económicas en una diversidad de hortalizas y ornamentales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Turina <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>), esto debido a la dificultad de combatir los insectos vectores con insecticidas, e implementar diferentes estrategias de manejo para limitar y prevenir la introducción de <italic>Orthotospovirus</italic> en áreas agrícolas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Turina <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>). Es por ello, la importancia de conocer el IYSV en México, su rango de hospedantes que pueden ser reservorios del virus y eventual surgimiento de la enfermedad; aunado a ello, los hospederos alternos del vector del virus.</p>
			<p>Clasificación taxonómica y genómica del IYSV. El <italic>Iris yellow spot orthotospovirus</italic> pertenece a la familia <italic>Tospoviridae</italic> (Orden: <italic>Bunyavirales</italic>) y género <italic>Orthotospovirus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Adams <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Su genoma consta de tres segmentos de ARN: segmento pequeño (Small-S) (2.9 kb), mediano (Medium-M) (4.8 kb) y largo (Large-L) (8.9 kb) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Cortês <italic>et al.,</italic> 1998</xref>). El ARN largo contiene 8,880 nucleótidos, con un marco de lectura abierta (Open Reading Frame-ORF) en la cadena viral complementaria (vc). El ARN codifica para la proteína ARN polimerasa del ARN dependiente (RdRp) de 331.17 kDa en sentido negativo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bag <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>). La terminación 5’ y 3’ del ARN L (vc) contiene dos regiones no traducidos de 33 y 226 nucleótidos, ambos extremos tienen nucleótidos terminales conservados (característica común del género) (Bag <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010).</p>
			<p>El ARN M consta de 4,817 nucleótidos con dos marcos de lectura abierta (Open Reading Frame-ORF) con arreglo ambisentido, separados por una región intergénica (IGR) de 380 nucleótidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bag <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>). El ORF pequeño contiene 935 nucleótidos que codifica una proteína de 311 aminoácidos y 34.7 kDa. Este ORF</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Representación de la organización segmentada del genoma de ARN de <italic>Iris yellow spot orthotospovirus</italic> (L, M y S). Modificado de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bag <italic>et al.</italic> (2015</xref>).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2310-8-gf1.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>codifica en sentido positivo para la proteína de movimiento no estructural (NSm). El ORF largo es de 3,410 nucleótidos y codifica una proteína de 1,136 aminoácidos y 128.84 kDa, donde se encuentra la glicoproteína precursora (Gn/Gc) en sentido viral complementario. Ambos ORF’s son separados por una región intergénica de 395 nucleótidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bag <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>). Tanto el ARN M y S son de codificación ambisentido y ambos contienen dos ORFs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Granval de Millán y Gracia, 1999</xref>). Finalmente, el ARN S consta de 3,105 nucleótidos, con dos ORFs; un ORF de 1,329 nucleótidos y codifica la proteína no estructural (NSs) en sentido positivo y otro de 816 nucleótidos que codifica la nucleoproteína (N) en sentido negativo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Cortês <italic>et al.,</italic> 1997</xref>; Cortês <italic>et al.,</italic> 1998).</p>
			<p>Síntomas en cebolla. En cebolla los síntomas suelen ser específicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Weilner y Bedlan, 2013</xref>), y consisten en lesiones elongadas o en forma de diamante, cloróticas o color café claro a blanco y con presencia o ausencia de una isla verde en el centro de las lesiones de las hojas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 2</xref> A-D) y tallos florales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Gent <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>). Al inicio de la infección los síntomas pueden confundirse con lesiones originadas por trips u otros patógenos (hongos o bacterias) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Weilner y Bedlan, 2013</xref>); sin embargo, estas lesiones se observan en la parte interna de las hojas próximas al bulbo, donde los trips prefieren alimentarse (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 2</xref> E-F). Cuando las lesiones del virus coalescen, las hojas colapsan y se reduce el área fotosintética (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Kritzman <italic>et al.,</italic> 2001</xref>), afectando la formación del bulbo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Gent <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>) e inclusive causa la muerte de la planta cuando el daño es severo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Weilner y Bedlan 2013</xref>). Los síntomas son más frecuentes cuando la planta se encuentra en edad avanzada o en la formación del bulbo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Weilner y Bedlan, 2013</xref>). Los síntomas reportados en el cultivo de cebolla en México, son similares a los reportados en otros países, lesiones cloróticas, amarillentas o blancas, secas y alargadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>A y 2B) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Ramírez-Rojas <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), y en ocasiones se observa una isla verde en el centro de la lesión (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> C y D) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Ávila-Alistac <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2. A y B</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Síntomas asociados a la infección de <italic>Iris yellow spot orthotospovirus</italic> consistentes en lesiones cloróticas de color blanco pajizo en forma elongada; <bold>C</bold> y <bold>D)</bold> Lesiones cloróticas de color blanco pajizo con presencia de una isla verde en el centro de la lesión; <bold>E-G)</bold> Presencia de altas poblaciones de <italic>T. tabaci</italic> (inmaduros y adultos) en el cultivo de la cebolla.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2310-8-gf2.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>En otros hospedantes como <italic>N. benthaminana</italic>, el IYSV causa mosaicos y deformación en hojas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Ghotbi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Ávila-Alistac <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Ornelas-Ocampo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). En tomate de cáscara (<italic>Physalis ixocarpa</italic>) los síntomas se asocian a un amarillamiento y necrosis en la planta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Ríos-Domínguez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). A pesar de reportes sintomatológicos similares en México y otros países, la diversidad genética de las poblaciones de IYSV puede generar una diversidad de síntomas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Iftikhar <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>). En México, la información sobre la diversidad de IYSV es limitada, solo existe el reporte de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Ornelas-Ocampo y colaboradores (2018)</xref> quienes observaron variabilidad de síntomas en cebolla infectadas con IYSV, clasificándolos como síntomas típicos y severos; no obstante, genómicamente, no presentó diferencias entre los fragmentos del genoma de IYSV analizados. Pese a esto, no se descarta la probabilidad de la variabilidad en las zonas productoras de cebolla, considerando la presencia de otros <italic>Orthotospovirus</italic> en áreas agrícolas.</p>
			<p>Distribución nacional y hospedantes alternos de IYSV. El IYSV está distribuido en la mayoría de las entidades productoras de cebolla en el mundo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Gent <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>). En México se reportó en 2010, en Delicias, Chihuahua con severas pérdidas económicas en el cultivo (Velázquez-Valle <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010). En el mismo año también se reportó en Zacatecas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Velásquez-Valle y Reveles-Hernández, 2011</xref>). Posteriormente, en 2012, se observó una incidencia del 100 % en 2,500 ha cultivadas de cebolla en Morelos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Ramírez-Rojas <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), y en 2013 en Vista Hermosa y Tanhuato, Michoacán (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Ávila-Alistac <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Estos reportes se registraron en cebolla, y solo en Guanajuato se reportó su presencia en ajo (<italic>Allium sativum</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Pérez-Moreno <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>) donde confirmaron la presencia del vector (<italic>Thrips tabaci</italic>) y el virus en el insecto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">García-Rodríguez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>Además, IYSV se ha detectado en tomate de cáscara en Malinalco y Tonatico, Estado de México (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Ríos-Domínguez <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Ríos-Domínguez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>), y jitomate (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>) en Coatepec Harinas, Edo. de México (RíosDomínguez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018). La infección en otros hospedantes diferentes a <italic>Allium</italic> demuestran la capacidad del virus para infectar especies de otras familias de importancia económica en el país. Por ello, no se descarta la probabilidad de distribución del virus en otras especies.</p>
			<p>Por ejemplo, inicialmente el rango de hospedantes del IYSV era limitado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Kritzman <italic>et al.</italic>, 2001</xref>), pero con el tiempo la gama de hospedantes se ha diversificado en varias plantas ornamentales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Jones, 2005</xref>), cultivos y arvenses de todo el mundo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Hsu <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Sampangi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Schwartz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>; Weilner y Bedlan, 2013; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Szostek y Schwartz, 2015</xref>). El estudio del papel de los hospedantes alternos y vectores secundarios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Schoonhoven <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>) es primordial para entender el patosistema de IYSV-Vector-Hospedante-Arvense para implementar estrategias asertivas para el manejo holístico y sistémico. En Zacatecas, México, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">Velásquez-Valle et al. (2013)</xref> resalta la importancia de <italic>Amaranthus</italic> spp., <italic>Bidens odorata</italic>, <italic>Brassica campestris</italic>, <italic>Chenopodium</italic> spp., <italic>Eruca sativa</italic>, <italic>Malva parviflora</italic>, <italic>Medicago sativa</italic>, <italic>Sisymbrium</italic> spp. y <italic>Sonchus oleraceus</italic> como hospedantes de IYSV. Interesantemente, IYSV se ha detectado en al menos 20 familias de plantas con predominancia en <italic>Asteraceae</italic>, arvenses abundantes en el país (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Rango de hospedantes de <italic>Iris yellow spot orthotospovirus</italic>.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th>Familia </th>
								<th>Nombre científico </th>
								<th>Nombre común </th>
								<th>Referencias </th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold">Alliaceae </td>
								<td>Allium tuberosum </td>
								<td>Cebolla silvestre </td>
								<td>Gawande et al., 2014 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>A. fistulosum </td>
								<td>Cebollín </td>
								<td>Tabassum et al., 2016 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold">Amaranthaceae </td>
								<td>Amaranthus retroflexus </td>
								<td>Amaranto </td>
								<td>Gent et al., 2006; Sampangi et al., 2007; Schwartz et al., 2014; Birithia et al., 2018 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>A. hybridus </td>
								<td>Quelite blanco </td>
								<td>Karavina y Gubba, 2017 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>A. spinosus </td>
								<td>Quelite espinoso </td>
								<td>Karavina y Gubba, 2017 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Amaranthus spp. z </td>
								<td>Quelite </td>
								<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Atriplex micranth </td>
								<td>Atriplex </td>
								<td>Evans et al., 2009ª </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold">Asteraceae </td>
								<td>Arctium minus </td>
								<td>Lampazo menor </td>
								<td>Hsu et al., 2011; Smith et al., 2012 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Tripleurospermum inodorum </td>
								<td>Falsa manzanilla </td>
								<td>Weilner y Bedlan, 2013 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Artemisia vulgaris </td>
								<td>Artemisa </td>
								<td>Weilner y Bedlan, 2013 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Arctium tomentosum </td>
								<td>Bardana tormentosa </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Cichorium intybus </td>
								<td>Achicoria común </td>
								<td>Hsu et al., 2011; Smith et al., 2012; Weilner y Bedlan, 2013 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Taraxicum officinale </td>
								<td>Diente de león </td>
								<td>Hsu et al., 2011; Smith et al., 2012; Schwartz et al., 2014; Szostek y Schwartz, 2015 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Sonchus asper </td>
								<td>Lechuguilla espinosa </td>
								<td>Nischwitz et al., 2007 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Lactuca serriola </td>
								<td>Lechuga silvestre </td>
								<td>Sampangi et al., 2007; Schwartz et al., 2014; Szostek y Schwartz, 2015 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>S. oleraceus z </td>
								<td>Lechuguilla común </td>
								<td>Schwartz et al., 2014; Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Senecio vulgaris </td>
								<td>Senecio </td>
								<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Bidens odorata z </td>
								<td>Aceitilla </td>
								<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Chrysothamnus nauseosus </td>
								<td>Chamiza </td>
								<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Conyza canadensis </td>
								<td>Pegajosa </td>
								<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Tragopogon dubius </td>
								<td>Barbaja amarilla </td>
								<td>Schwartz et al., 2014; Szostek y Schwartz, 2015 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold">Amaryllidaceae </td>
								<td>Bessera elegans </td>
								<td>Arete </td>
								<td>CABI, 2015 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold">Brassicaceae </td>
								<td>Chorispora tenella </td>
								<td>mostaza azul </td>
								<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Descurainia sophia </td>
								<td>Hierba sofía </td>
								<td>Schwartz et al., 2014; Szostek y Schwartz, 2015 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Capsella bursapastoris </td>
								<td>Bolsa de pastor </td>
								<td>Weilner y Bedlan, 2013 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Eruca sativa z </td>
								<td>Rucola silvestre </td>
								<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Brassica campestris z </td>
								<td>Nabo del campo </td>
								<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Sisymbrium spp z </td>
								<td>Mataandil </td>
								<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>B. kaber </td>
								<td>Mostaza de campo </td>
								<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold">Convolvulaceae </td>
								<td>Convolvulus arvensis </td>
								<td>Correhuela </td>
								<td>Schwartz et al., 2014; Weilner y Bedlan, 2013 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold">Chenopodiaceae </td>
								<td>Kochia scoparia </td>
								<td>Coquia </td>
								<td>Sampangi et al., 2007; Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>C. album </td>
								<td>Quínoa </td>
								<td>Sampangi et al., 2007; Schwartz et al., 2014; Birithia et al., 2018 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Chenopodium spp. z </td>
								<td>Quenopodium </td>
								<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Salsola iberica </td>
								<td>Bola de fuego </td>
								<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold">Euphorbiaceae </td>
								<td>Ricinus communis </td>
								<td>Higuerilla </td>
								<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Euphorbia dentata </td>
								<td>Lechosilla </td>
								<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold">Fabaceae </td>
								<td>Medicago sativa z </td>
								<td>Alfalfa </td>
								<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Geraniaceae </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Erodium cicutarium </td>
								<td>Alfilerillo </td>
								<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Polygonaceae </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Rumex crispus </td>
								<td>Lengua de vaca </td>
								<td>Hsu et al., 2011; Smith et al., 2012; Weilner y Bedlan, 2013 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Portulacaceae </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Portulaca oleracea </td>
								<td>Verdolaga </td>
								<td>Cosmi et al., 2003; Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Plantaginaceae </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Linaria canadensis </td>
								<td>Linaria azul </td>
								<td>CABI, 2015 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Plantago lanceolata </td>
								<td>Llantén de hoja angosta </td>
								<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Poaceae </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Setaria viridis </td>
								<td>Almorejo </td>
								<td>Evans et al., 2009b </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Aegilops cylindrica </td>
								<td>Zacate cara de cabra </td>
								<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Dactylis glomerata </td>
								<td>Pasto ovillo </td>
								<td>Weilner y Bedlan, 2013 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Eleusine indica </td>
								<td>Pata de gallina </td>
								<td>Karavina y Gubba, 2017 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Poa sp. </td>
								<td>Pasto </td>
								<td>Weilner y Bedlan, 2013 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Polygonaceae </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Polygonum lapathifolium </td>
								<td>Polígono pata perdiz </td>
								<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Malvaceae </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Hibiscus trionum </td>
								<td>Flor de una hora </td>
								<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Malva palviflora z </td>
								<td>Quesitos </td>
								<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">M. neglecta </td>
								<td>Malva </td>
								<td>Szostek y Schwartz, 2015 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Solanaceae </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Solanum nigrum </td>
								<td>Hierba mora </td>
								<td>Schwartz et al., 2014; Birithia et al., 2018 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">S. sarrachoides </td>
								<td>Belladona </td>
								<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Datura stramonium </td>
								<td>Toloache </td>
								<td>Birithia et al., 2018 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">S. lycopersicum y </td>
								<td>Tomate </td>
								<td>Ríos-Domínguez et al., 2018 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Physalis minima </td>
								<td>Grosella espinosa </td>
								<td>Birithia et al., 2018 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">P. ixocarpa y </td>
								<td>Tomate de cáscara </td>
								<td>Ríos-Domínguez et al., 2017; Ríos-Domínguez et al., 2018 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Zygophyllaceae </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Tribulus terrestres </td>
								<td>Abrojo de flor amarilla </td>
								<td>Sampangi et al., 2007 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Geraniaceae </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Pelargonium hortorum </td>
								<td>Geranio común </td>
								<td>Ghotbi et al., 2005 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Cycadaceae </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Cycas sp. </td>
								<td>Palama sago </td>
								<td>Ghotbi et al., 2005 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Rosaceae </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Rosa sp. </td>
								<td>Rosa </td>
								<td>Ghotbi et al., 2005 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Araceae </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Scindapsus sp. </td>
								<td>Potos </td>
								<td>Ghotbi et al., 2005 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Gentianaceae </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Eustoma russellianum </td>
								<td>Lisianthus </td>
								<td>Kritzman et al., 2000 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">E. grandiflorum </td>
								<td>Lisianthus </td>
								<td>Mumford et al., 2008 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">chrysanthemum </td>
								<td>Crisantemo </td>
								<td>Rafizadeh et al., 2013 </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>yDetectado por RT-PCR.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>zDetectado mediante ELISA.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Formas de transmisión y vectores del IYSV. Hasta el momento no existen evidencias de transmisión del virus por semillas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Kritzman <italic>et al.,</italic> 2001</xref>) y bajo condiciones controladas la transmisión mecánica en plantas de cebolla es menor a 30 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bag <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). El principal vector es <italic>T. tabaci</italic> (Terebrantia: Thripidae) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Cortês <italic>et al.,</italic> 1998</xref>), también conocido como “trips de la cebolla”, el cual transmite al virus de una manera persistente y propagativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Diaz-Montano <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). También se demostró a <italic>Frankliniella fusca</italic> bajo condiciones de invernadero la capacidad de transmitir al virus en bajo porcentaje (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Srinivasan <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). Las especies de <italic>Orthotospovirus</italic> se transmiten naturalmente por trips de manera persistente (Bag <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015); es decir, una vez que el virus infecta al insecto, éste será capaz de transmitirlo por el resto de su vida.</p>
			<p>El trips de la cebolla es una plaga importante en este cultivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Diaz-Montano <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>), y de un extenso número de plantas de importancia económica, como hortalizas y plantas ornamentales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Schoonhoven <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Alford, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Gent <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>). Este vector, adquiere mayor relevancia al transmitir no solo a IYSV, sino también a <italic>Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus</italic> (TSWV) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Jenser <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>) e <italic>Impatiens necrotic spot orthotospovirus</italic> (INSV) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Ghotbi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>). Es una plaga cosmopolita y polífaga, que puede sobrevivir fácilmente en plantas alternas como arvenses, especialmente ante la ausencia del cultivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Schoonhoven <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>). Tanto INSV como TSWV están presentes en cultivos hortícolas en México; el INSV se ha reportado en <italic>P. ixocarpa</italic>, <italic>Capsicum</italic> spp. y jitomate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Torre-Almaraz <italic>et al.,</italic> 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">González-Pacheco y Silva-Rosales, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">Zuñiga-Romano <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>) y el TSWV en varios cultivos hortícolas y ornamentales del país e incluso en el cultivo de cebolla (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Torre-Almaraz <italic>et al.,</italic> 1998</xref>; Holguín-Peña y Rueda-Puente, 2007; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Morales-Díaz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Velásquez-Valle <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">Velásquez-Valle <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>Existe la posibilidad que <italic>T. tabaci</italic> tenga la capacidad de transmitir los tres <italic>Orthotospovirus</italic> en mezclas virales, ya que existen evidencias de que dos o más virus se pueden complementar para infectar a su hospedante. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Bag <italic>et al.</italic> (2012</xref>a) sustenta lo mencionado previamente al resaltar que TSWV facilitó el movimiento de la proteína viral de IYSV desde el área de inoculación hasta las hojas jóvenes de <italic>Datura</italic>, volviéndose una infección sistémica. Dicho de otra forma, la doble infección de IYSV y TSWV en <italic>Datura</italic> aumentó la severidad de los síntomas en hojas inoculadas, así como en hojas jóvenes (infección sistémica), generando un sinergismo. Cabe mencionar que el comportamiento de TSWV e IYSV en plantas de <italic>Datura</italic> son diferentes, TSWV infecta de forma sistémica e IYSV es localizado (infección limitado en las áreas inoculadas). La redistribución y/o la complementación genética entre los segmentos genómicos de los virus podrían contribuir a mayor variabilidad, lo que no es limitativo la infección de dos o más <italic>Orthotospovirus</italic> en la naturaleza (Bag <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012a). Lo anterior refuerza la teoría de que el insecto vector tiene la capacidad de transmitir virus de forma aislada y en mezclas virales.</p>
			<p><bold>Hospedantes alternos de <italic>Thrips tabaci</italic>
</bold> . Las plantas hospederas de <italic>T. tabaci</italic> incluyen no solo cultivos de importancia económica, también diversas arvenses que al fenecer o ser eliminadas puede favorecer la dispersión de los insectos virulíferos a cultivos de interés (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Doederlein y Sites, 1993</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Ghotbi <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>). En México, se ha estudiado el papel de las arvenses de la familia de las <italic>Cucurbitaceae</italic> y <italic>Solanaceae</italic> como potenciales fuentes de inóculo para el desarrollo del <italic>Tomato apex necrosis virus</italic> (ToANV), <italic>Zucchini yellow mosaic virus</italic> (ZYMV), <italic>Watermelon mosaic virus</italic> (WMV), <italic>Papaya ring spot virus</italic> (PRSV-W) y <italic>Cucumber mosaic virus</italic> (CMV) en cultivos de importancia agronómica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Félix-Gastélum <italic>et al.</italic>, 2023</xref>). En cebolla, es limitada la información concerniente a las arvenses; solo en Morelos y Michoacán se estudió la presencia de IYSV en arvenses asociadas al cultivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Ramírez-Rojas <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Ávila-Alistac <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>); sin embargo, solo se registró la presencia de <italic>T. tabaci</italic> en arvenses asociadas al cultivo, sin evaluar la presencia del virus en el insecto (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). No obstante, las arvenses reportadas en otros países positivas a IYSV, están presentes en México e interaccionan con el cultivo de cebolla y además, son hospedantes del vector (Beltran <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011; Velásquez-Valle <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013;</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Hospederos alternos de <italic>Thrips tabaci</italic> e <italic>Iris yellow spot orthotospovirus</italic> en México y el mundo.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th>Especie </th>
								<th> Hospedante de T. tabaci en México </th>
								<th> Hospedante de IYSV Nacional/Mundial </th>
								<th> Referencias </th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold">Amaranthaceae </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Chenopodium spp </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+/+ </td>
								<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013; Sampangi et al., 2007; Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Amaranthus spp. </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+/- </td>
								<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>A. hybridus</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">-/+ </td>
								<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>A. spinosus</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">-/+ </td>
								<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017; Karavina y Gubba, 2017 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold">Solanaceae </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Solanum eleagnifolium</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
								<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Solanum tuberosum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
								<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Capsicum annumm</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
								<td>Beltran et al., 2011; Velásquez-Valle et al., 2009. </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold">Asteraceae </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Sonchus spp. </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">-/+ </td>
								<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013; Nischwitz et al., 2007 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Sonchus oleraceus</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">-/+ </td>
								<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017; Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Parthenium hysterophorus</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
								<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Tithonia tubiformis</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
								<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Lactuca serriola</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
								<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Bidens odorata</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">- </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+/- </td>
								<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Fabaceae </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Phaseolus vulgaris</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
								<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Medicago sativa</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">- </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+/- </td>
								<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Brassicaceae </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Brassica spp. </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
								<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Sisymbrium spp. </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+/- </td>
								<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Lepidium virginicum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
								<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Brassica campestris</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">- </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+/- </td>
								<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Eruca sativa</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">- </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+/- </td>
								<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Liliaceae </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style:italic">A. cepa</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
								<td>Magos, 2011; VelásquezValle et al., 2013; Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Acanthaceae </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Dicliptera peduncularis</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
								<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Convolvulaceae </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Ipomoea purpurea</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
								<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Euphorbiaceae </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Acalypha ostryifolia</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
								<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Ricinnus comunis</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">-/+ </td>
								<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017; Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Acalypha arvensis</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
								<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Malvaceae </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Malva parviflora</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+/- </td>
								<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013; Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Anoda cristata</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
								<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Malvastrum coromandelianum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
								<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Portulacaceae </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Portulaca oleracea</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">-/+ </td>
								<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017; Cosmi et al., 2003; Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>+ Hospedante de <italic>T. tabaci</italic> y/o IYSV</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Ávila-Alistac <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Estas arvenses se han reportado en altas poblaciones al igual que <italic>T. tabaci</italic>; <italic>p.e</italic>. se ha reportado a <italic>Portulaca oleracea</italic> como hospedero de IYSV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Cosmi <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Schwartz <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), arvense ampliamente distribuido en zonas productoras de cebolla (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>) (Ávila-Alistac <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017). La frecuencia de las arvenses dentro y fuera de plantaciones de cebolla constituyen la principal causa de prevalencia de <italic>T. tabaci</italic>, vectores potenciales en área productivas sin presencia de IYSV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Gent <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Tanveer <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). Por consiguiente, no se descarta la presencia de IYSV en arvenses presentes en el país como las reportadas</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Arvenses interaccionando dentro y fuera del cultivo de cebolla (<italic>Allium cepa</italic>). <bold>A)</bold> Escoba amarga (<italic>Parthenium hysterophorus</italic>); <bold>B)</bold> Verdolaga (<italic>Portulaca oleracea</italic>); <bold>C)</bold> Plantas de acalifa (<italic>Acalypha ostryifolia</italic>); <bold>D)</bold> Acahual o falso girasol (<italic>Tithonia tubiformis</italic>) en el borde del cultivo de cebolla.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2310-8-gf3.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">Velásquez-Valle et al. (2013)</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). En México, al menos 14 especies de arvenses son hospedantes de <italic>T. tabaci</italic> y estos se han reportado como hospedantes de IYSV en México y zonas fuera del país (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>Epidemiología y manejo de IYSV. El IYSV al igual que el resto de los virus del mismo género necesitan la interacción de factores básicos para causar una epidemia: el vector, el hospedante, hospedante alterno y el virus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">Ullman <italic>et al.,</italic> 2002</xref>). Aunado a ello, las condiciones ambientales pueden condicionar la epidemia en un área determinada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">German <italic>et al.,</italic> 1992</xref>). Estos virus tienen la capacidad de utilizar al insecto vector para infectar nuevos hospedantes, ampliando su adaptabilidad al portar el virus; influyendo en su incidencia y distribución bajo diferentes condiciones ambientales y nuevos hospedantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Jones, 2005</xref>).</p>
			<p>La severidad del IYSV en el cultivo de cebolla es complejo y dependerá de la población de trips sanos e infectivos y del número de plantas sanas e infectadas, así como de plantas asintomáticas. Una vez que la planta está infectada por el virus, no existe un tratamiento para su control; no obstante, estas plantas sirven como fuente de alimentación de trips sanos, y éstos infectar a plantas sanas. Adicionalmente, la densidad poblacional en campo tanto de trips como de plantas hospederas del IYSV, dependen de factores ambientales bióticos y abióticos, así como del manejo agronómico que se realice (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>). Se ha observado que el impacto del IYSV en el cultivo depende de la etapa fenológica en que aparecen los primeros síntomas, si aparecen los síntomas cuando los bulbos están aún en desarrollo, el tamaño y calidad del bulbo se verá afectado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Drost <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>Por otro lado, la presencia de <italic>T. tabaci</italic> en cultivos hortícolas es un tema fitosanitario de importancia en México (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Palomo <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>), por ser vectores de virus y, por el daño directo que generan al alimentarse del hospedante ocasionando marchitez prematura, retardo del desarrollo de la hoja y distorsión de los brotes vegetativos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aguilar <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Tanto los estados inmaduros como adultos perforan las células con su aparato bucal y succionan la savia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Jones, 2005</xref>). De los seis estados de vida del insecto (huevo, dos instares larvales, prepupa, pupa y adulto) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Jones, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Pourian <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>), las larvas del primer y segundo instar pueden adquirir el virus en la alimentación, pero solo la larva de segundo instar y los adultos lo transmiten (Sastry, 2013; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Hull, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Chatzivassiliou <italic>et al.,</italic> 2002</xref>). Si el insecto adquiere el virus en etapa adulta, no lo podrá trasmitir (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Jones, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">Whitfield <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>). Es inminente que una vez que el insecto adquiere el virus, éste se reproducirá y se moverá eficientemente por el intestino medio y glándulas salivales de los trips, sin afectar el desarrollo, fecundidad y mortalidad del insecto ante la infección del virus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Inoue <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>). Este insecto es prolifero, registrando hasta seis generaciones en el ciclo de cultivo sin verse afectado por las lluvias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Palomo <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>Los hospederos alternos son imprescindibles en la epidemiología del IYSV, sobre todo si <italic>T. tabaci</italic> completa su desarrollo en los hospederos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Hsu <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>). Por lo anterior, el manejo de los hospederos alternos son determinantes para el manejo integral de la enfermedad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Schwartz <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">Wisler y Norris, 2005</xref>). Esto aumenta el interés en estudios sobre el insecto-IYSV-<italic>Allium cepa</italic>-hospedantes alternos (arvenses), ya que estas interacciones tienden ser complejas. Rodríguez <italic>et al.</italic> (2007) enfatizan, la pertinencia de conocer ampliamente esta relación para optimizar un manejo integrado. Dichas interacciones pueden afectar en el surgimiento de nuevas variantes del virus, gama de hospedantes y/o frecuencia de transmisión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Syller, 2012</xref>). Así mismo, la capacidad que tienen los trips para desarrollarse en otras plantas favorece este tipo de interacción, ya que la ausencia del principal hospedante incentiva la migración a otras partes vegetativas o inflorescencias de otras plantas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Milne y Walter, 1998</xref>).</p>
			<p>En general, todas las estrategias de manejo del IYSV se han enfocado básicamente a actividades preventivas que reduzcan poblaciones de <italic>T. tabaci</italic> y evitar el crecimiento de arvenses en el cultivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Drost <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). La determinación de los patrones del vector y hospedantes alternos del virus y/o vector podrían ayudar a los productores a plantear estrategias de manejo integrado en el cultivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Birithia <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Sistema epidemiológico de un patosistema viral encauzado a <italic>Iris yellow spot orthotospovirus</italic> (basado y modificado de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Madden <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>). Acotaciones utilizadas: <italic>v(t)</italic>= Tasa de fecundidad total de la población del insecto por día dentro del cultivo. <bold>
 <italic>Ґ</italic>=</bold> Tiempo de incubación del virus dentro del vector. <bold>
 <italic>q=</italic> 
</bold> Probabilidad de que la descendencia del vector sea virulifera. <bold>β</bold>= Tasa de mortalidad de plantas y recuperación (resiembra). <bold>α</bold>= Tasa de mortalidad y natalidad del insecto. <bold>ɸ</bold>
 <italic>b</italic>= (Plantas visitadas por insectos al día) (Probabilidad de que el insecto virulífero inocule al virus en una planta por una visita). 1/k1= Tiempo en que el vector inocula la planta. 1/k2= Periodo de latencia del virus en la planta. 1/k3= Periodo infeccioso del virus en la planta. <bold>ɸ</bold>T<italic>=</italic> (Plantas visitadas por insectos al día) (Tiempo en que el insecto prueba la planta en una visita). <italic>Ex=</italic> Tasa de emigración de insectos libres de virus. <italic>Ix=</italic> Tasa de inmigración de insectos libres de virus. <italic>Ey=</italic> Tasa de emigración de insectos latentes. <italic>Ez</italic>= Tasa de emigración de insectos infectivos. <italic>Iy</italic>= Tasa de inmigración de insectos latentes. <italic>Iz</italic>= Tasa de inmigración de insectos infectivos. <bold>1/λ =</bold> Tiempo de adquisición del vector. <bold>ɸ</bold>
 <italic>a</italic>= (Plantas visitadas por insectos al día) (Probabilidad de que un insecto adquiera al virus con una sola visita a la planta infectada). <italic>1/ƞ=</italic> Tiempo en que el virus pasa de latente a infectivo dentro del vector (periodo de latencia). Para mayor información consultar a <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Madden <italic>et al</italic>. (2000)</xref>.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2310-8-gf4.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Sin embargo, no solo se debe considerar controlar químicamente al vector; sino, se debe hacer más investigaciones para entender su comportamiento en el país. En Zacatecas se ha analizado de acuerdo sus necesidades, estudiar el comportamiento del virus, donde se observó la presencia del IYSV en plántulas de cebolla en almácigos a campo abierto, imposibilitando la presencia del vector (Velásquez-Valle <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017). Este tipo de problemas, conlleva a pensar que la comercialización de plántulas de cebolla entre los estados productores de cebolla, acrecienta la posibilidad del movimiento del virus y vector. Ante la imposibilidad de una comercialización exitosa de su producto, los productores de cebolla optan por abandonar sus parcelas, con riesgo al incremento del virus y poblaciones de trips (Velásquez-Valle <italic>et al</italic>., 2013). Muchos casos el manejo ha sido fundamental para minimizar los riesgos de infección del virus o al menos evitar daños severos al cultivo. Para <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Turina <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref> señalan que ante la dificultad de combatir los vectores de trips con los insecticidas, la mejor manera de mitigar o prevenir las enfermedades inducidas por los <italic>Orthotospovirus</italic> implica una estrategia de semillas con resistencia al virus. En México, se ha hecho estudios en 20 variedades en torno a su rendimiento ante la infección del virus en Morelos. Estos resultados revelaron que las variedades “Blanca Morelos”, “Doña Blanca F1”, “Línea INIFAP 19” y “Chona” tienen rendimientos superiores al resto de las variedades ante la presencia de IYSV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Magos, 2011</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusiones</title>
			<p>Se debe considerar un manejo integral donde se considere todos los factores que influyen en la epidemia de IYSV con el fin de contrarrestar la enfermedad. Desde el primer reporte en el país (2010) en el cultivo de cebolla fue un tema de preocupación; no obstante, a través del tiempo su severidad fue mermando. Caso similar pasó con <italic>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus</italic> (ToBRFV)<italic>,</italic> el cual se reportó con daños severos en jitomate y chile en 2018 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Cambrón-Crisantos <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>); pero en la actualidad se ha reportado síntomas atenuados y presencia de haplotipos que puede estar influyendo en la intensidad sintomatológica en plantas de jitomate y chile (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Ávila-Alistac <italic>et al</italic>., 2024</xref>). En ToBRFV se han hecho estudios de diagnóstico temprana, preciso y eficiente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">Zamora-Macorra <italic>et al.,</italic> 2023</xref>), así como estudios en variabilidad del virus en diferentes variedades de jitomate y chile (Ávila-Alistac <italic>et al.,</italic> 2024) y alternativas de manejo del virus (Ramos-Villanueva <italic>et al</italic>., 2023). Sin embargo, se conoce poco sobre su rango de hospedantes y factores que influyen en la epidemiología del virus. En IYSV, se tiene un mayor conocimiento de sus hospedantes y vector; no obstante, es importante indagar con mayor interés este problema de índole nacional, ya que se ha reportado en solanáceas, mismas que son de valor económico en el país. Así mismo, considerar la reemergencia del virus, de acuerdo al manejo del cultivo, recombinación genética entre especies del mismo género e incluso la influencia del cambio climático que incide en las dinámicas poblacionales de <italic>T. tabaci</italic>.</p>
			<p>En la actualidad, la información sobre las arvenses como hospederos de IYSV y el vector, proporciona mayor comprensión de la enfermedad, al igual que las plantas voluntarias de cebolla. Por ello, es importante conocer estos aspectos, así como el manejo que realizan los productores, ya que es otro factor primordial para el establecimiento del vector e IYSV en las diferentes etapas fenológicas del cultivo. Evidentemente, existe una relación compleja entre el IYSV<italic>T. tabaci</italic> -<italic>Allium cepa</italic>-arvenses y otros <italic>Orthotospovirus</italic> que transmite <italic>T. tabaci</italic>; p.e., es pertinente estudiar las arvenses como trampa vegetal, por la preferencia alimenticia de <italic>T. tabaci</italic> aun en presencia del cultivo; adicionalmente, se debe considerar que estas arvenses no sean hospederas del virus, ya que serían un problema al ser hospederos del vector y el virus. En suma, el conocimiento del virus, hospedantes alternos y vector en el país, permitirá encausar las investigaciones futuras para ayudar al productor a contrarrestar este problema y minimizar las pérdidas causadas por el virus en el cultivo de cebolla y ajo principalmente.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimientos</title>
			<p> </p>
			<p>El primer autor agradece al CONAHCyT por la beca posdoctoral. Al equipo LANREF-CP.</p>
		</ack>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Iris yellow spot orthotospovirus pathosystem, virus host and vector (Thrips tabaci)</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p> </p>
				<p><italic>Iris yellow spot orthotospovirus</italic> (IYSV) causes serious problems in the onion (<italic>Allium cepa</italic>) crop and is widely distributed in the producing areas of the country. In Mexico it was reported in 2010 as “yellow spot” on onion and other members of the genus <italic>Allium</italic>. Its main vector is <italic>Thrips tabaci,</italic> which causes direct damage by feeding and by being a vector of other viruses such as <italic>Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus</italic> and <italic>Impatiens necrotic spot orthotospovirus</italic>. Knowledge of the pathosystem of IYSV - <italic>Thrips tabaci</italic> - <italic>Allium cepa</italic> - weeds can contribute to an integrated management and awareness of pesticide use. The versatility of IYSV to infect more than 60 plant species (&gt;20 families), most of which are present in Mexico, coupled with the wide host range of the vector, makes the interaction complex and leads to a better understanding of the diversity of alternate hosts of the vector and/or IYSV. At present, information on weed hosts of IYSV and the vector is limited, but their knowledge will provide a greater understanding of the disease. It is important to have a comprehensive knowledge of the virus, main host, alternate hosts, and vector in the country, in order to channel future research to counteract this problem and minimize losses caused by IYSV in the onion crop mainly.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>IYSV</kwd>
				<kwd>Allium</kwd>
				<kwd>weeds</kwd>
				<kwd>host</kwd>
				<kwd>orthotospovirus.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>Mexico is rich in a diversity of climatic environment that foster the production of a range of crops of national and international importance. An example, of this is the planting of onion (<italic>Allium cepa</italic>), which is produced in most states of Mexico. In 2023, a production of 1,528,450 tons was recorded, concentrated in 10 states, with Chihuahua standing out (Panorama agroalimentario, 2023). Despite its importance, it is affected by viral diseases, such as the <italic>Leek yellow stripe virus</italic> (LYSV) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Pérez-Moreno <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>; Velasquez-Valle <italic>et al</italic>., 2010), the <italic>Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus</italic> (TSWV), the <italic>Tobacco etch virus</italic> (TEV), the <italic>Garlic latent common virus</italic> (GLCV) (Velasquez-Valle <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010) and the <italic>Iris yellow spot orthotospovirus</italic> (IYSV) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">Velásquez-Valle and Reveles-Hernández; 2011</xref>). The latter is of great economic importance in onions worldwide (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Jones, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bag <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>) and in other crops of the <italic>Allium</italic> genus (Bag <italic>et al</italic>., 2015; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Weilner and Bedlan, 2013</xref>), with losses in seed production and reductions in bulb size (Bag <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Bag <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012b</xref>).</p>
				<p>IYSV is the most devastating in <italic>Allium</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Brewster, 2008</xref>) and is most important for its wide geographic distribution and range of hosts reported in recent years (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Smith <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Ghotbi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Sampangi and Mohan, 2007</xref>). In recent decades, the economic impact of <italic>Orthotospoviruses</italic> has increased, causing economic losses in a diversity of vegetables and ornamental plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Turina <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>), due to the difficulty of combating insect vectors with insecticides and, implementing different management strategies to limit and prevent the introduction of <italic>Orthotospovirus</italic> into agricultural areas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Turina <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>). Therefore, it is important to know the IYSV in Mexico, its range of hosts that can be reservoirs of the virus and eventual emergence of the disease; in addition to this, the alternate hosts of the virus vector.</p>
				<p>Taxonomic and genomic classification of the IYSV. The <italic>Iris yellow spot orthotospovirus</italic> belongs to the <italic>Tospoviridae</italic> family (Order: <italic>Bunyavirales</italic>) and genus <italic>Orthotospovirus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Adams <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Its genome consists of three RNA segments: Small-S (2.9 kb), Medium-M (4.8 kb) and Large-L (8.9 kb) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Cortês <italic>et al.,</italic> 1998</xref>). The long RNA contains 8,880 nucleotides, with an Open Reading Frame (ORF) in the complementary viral chain (vc). The RNA codifies for the polymerase RNA protein of the dependent RNA (RdRp) of 331.17 kDa in the negative direction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bag <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>). The 5’ and 3’ termini of the L RNA (vc) contain two untranslated regions with 33 and 226 nucleotides, with both ends having conserved terminal nucleotides (a common characteristic of the genus) (Bag <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010).</p>
				<p>M RNA consists of 4,817 nucleotides with two Open Reading Frames (ORF) with ambisense arrangement, separated by an intergenic region (IGR) of 380 nucleotides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bag <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>). The small ORF contains 935 nucleotides that codifies a protein with 311 amino acids and 34.7 kDa. This ORF codifies in a positive direction for the non-structural movement (NSm). The long ORF contains 3,410 nucleotides and codifies a protein with 1,136 amino acids and 128.84 kDa, where the precursory glycoprotein (Gn/Gc) is found, in a complementary viral direction. Both ORFs S). Modified from Bag <italic>et al.</italic> (2015).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Representation of the segmented organization of the <italic>Iris yellow spot orthotospovirus</italic> RNA genome (L, M and</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2310-8-gf5.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>are separated by an intergenic region of 395 nucleotides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bag <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>). Both S and M RNA are codified in both directions and both contain two ORFs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Granval de Millán and Gracia, 1999</xref>). Finally, S RNA consists of 3,105 nucleotides with two ORFs, one ORF with 1,329 nucleotides and codifies non-structural (NSs) protein in the positive direction, and another with 816 nucleotides that codifies the nucleoprotein (N) in the negative direction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Cortês <italic>et al.,</italic> 1997</xref>; Cortês <italic>et al.,</italic> 1998).</p>
				<p>Symptoms in onion. In onion, symptoms are usually specific (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Weilner and Bedlan, 2013</xref>), and consist of elongated or diamond-shaped lesions, chlorotic or light brown to white, and with the presence or absence of a green island in the center of the lesions on the leaves (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref> A-D) and floral stems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Gent <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>). At the onset of infection, symptoms may be confused with lesions caused by thrips or other pathogens (fungi or bacteria) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Weilner and Bedlan, 2013</xref>). However, these lesions are observed on the inner part of the leaves near the bulb, where thrips prefer to feed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref> E-F). When the virus lesions coalesce, the leaves collapse and the photosynthetic area is reduced (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Kritzman <italic>et al.,</italic> 2001</xref>), affecting bulb formation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Gent <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>) and even causes the death of the plant when the damage is severe (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Weilner and Bedlan 2013</xref>). The symptoms are most frequent at an advanced age of the plant, or during the formation of the bulb (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Weilner and Bedlan, 2013</xref>). The symptoms reported in the onion crop in Mexico are similar to those reported in other countries, chlorotic, yellowish or white, dry and elongated lesions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>A and 2B) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Ramírez-Rojas <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), and occasionally, a green island is observed in the center of the lesion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref> C and D) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Ávila-Alistac <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>In other hosts such as <italic>N. benthaminana</italic>, IYSV causes mosaics and deformation of leaves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Ghotbi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Ávila-Alistac <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Ornelas-Ocampo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). In Mexican husk tomato (<italic>Physalis ixocarpa</italic>), symptoms are related to a yellowing and necrosis of the plant (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Ríos-Domínguez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). Despite similar symptomatologic reports in Mexico and other countries, the genetic diversity of the</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>A and B) symptoms associated with the <italic>Iris yellow spot orthotospovirus</italic> infection, consisting of pale straw- colored chlorotic lesions with an elongated shape. C and D) pale straw-colored chlorotic lesions with a green island in the center of the lesion E-G) presence of large <italic>T. tabaci</italic> populations (immature and adult) in the onion crop.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2310-8-gf6.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>IYSV populations may generate a diversity of symptoms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Iftikhar <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>). In Mexico, information on the diversity of IYSV is limited; there is only the report by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Ornelas-Ocampo and collaborators (2018)</xref>, who observe a variability of symptoms in onions infected with IYSV, and classify them as typical and severe symptoms. Nevertheless, there were no genomic differences between the analyzed fragments of the IYSV genome. In spite of this, the probability of variability in onion-producing areas is not ruled out, considering the presence of other <italic>Orthotospoviruses</italic> in agricultural areas.</p>
				<p>National distribution and alternate IYSV hosts. IYSV is distributed in most of onion-producing areas of the world (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Gent <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>). In Mexico, it was reported in 2010, in Delicias, Chihuahua, with severe economic losses in the crop (Velásquez-Valle <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010). It was also reported in Zacatecas in the same year (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">Velásquez-Valle and Reveles-Hernández, 2011</xref>). Later, in 2012, an incidence of 100% was reported in 2,500 ha planted with onion in Morelos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Ramírez-Rojas <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), and in 2013, in Vista Hermosa and Tanhuato, Michoacán (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Ávila-Alistac <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). These reports were registered for onion, and in Guanajuato alone, its presence was reported in garlic (<italic>Allium sativum</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Pérez-Moreno <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>), where the presence of the vector (<italic>Thrips tabaci</italic>) was confirmed, along with the virus in the insect (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">García-Rodríguez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>In addition, IYSV has been detected in tomato husk in Malinalco and Tonatico, State of Mexico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Ríos-Domínguez <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Ríos-Domínguez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>), and tomato (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>) in Coatepec Harinas, State of Mexico (Ríos- Domínguez <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018). The infection in other hosts different to <italic>Allium</italic> display the ability of the virus to infect other economically important families in the country. Hence, the probability of the virus being distributed in other species is not ruled out.</p>
				<p>For example, the IYSV host range was initially limited (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Kritzman <italic>et al.</italic>, 2001</xref>), although in time, the range of hosts has been diversified in several ornamental plants (Jones, 2005), crops and weeds worldwide (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Hsu <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Sampangi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Schwartz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">Weilner and Bedlan, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Szostek and Schwartz, 2015</xref>). The study of the role of the alternate hosts and secondary vectors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Schoonhoven <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>) is crucial to understand the IYSV-Vector-Host- Weed pathosystem to implement assertive strategies for holistic and systemic management. In Zacatecas, Mexico, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">Velásquez-Valle et al. (2013)</xref> highlights the importance of <italic>Amaranthus</italic> spp., <italic>Bidens odorata</italic>, <italic>Brassica campestris</italic>, <italic>Chenopodium</italic> spp., <italic>Eruca sativa</italic>, <italic>Malva parviflora</italic>, <italic>Medicago sativa</italic>, <italic>Sisymbrium</italic> spp. and <italic>Sonchus oleraceus</italic> as IYSV hosts. Interestingly, IYSV has been found in at least 20 plant families with a predominance in <italic>Asteraceae</italic>, abundant weeds in the country (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Range of <italic>Iris yellow spot orthotospovirus</italic> hosts.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Family </th>
									<th>Scientific name </th>
									<th>Common name </th>
									<th> References </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold">Alliaceae </td>
									<td>Allium tuberosum</td>
									<td>Garlic chives </td>
									<td>Gawande et al., 2014 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>A. fistulosum</td>
									<td>Green onion </td>
									<td>Tabassum et al., 2016 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold">Amaranthaceae </td>
									<td>Amaranthus retroflexus</td>
									<td>Redroot pigweed </td>
									<td>Gent et al., 2006; Sampangi et al., 2007; Schwartz et al., 2014; Birithia et al., 2018 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>A. hybridus</td>
									<td>Smooth pigweed </td>
									<td>Karavina y Gubba, 2017 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>A. spinosus</td>
									<td>Spiny amaranth </td>
									<td>Karavina y Gubba, 2017 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Amaranthus spp. z </td>
									<td>Amaranth </td>
									<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Atriplex micranth</td>
									<td>Small-leaved saltbush </td>
									<td>Evans et al., 2009ª </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold">Asteraceae </td>
									<td>Arctium minus</td>
									<td>Common burdock </td>
									<td>Hsu et al., 2011; Smith et al., 2012 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Tripleurospermum inodorum</td>
									<td>Scentless false mayweed </td>
									<td>Weilner y Bedlan, 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Artemisia vulgaris</td>
									<td>Common mugwort </td>
									<td>Weilner y Bedlan, 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Arctium tomentosum</td>
									<td>Downy burdock </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Cichorium intybus</td>
									<td>Common chicory </td>
									<td>Hsu et al., 2011; Smith et al., 2012; Weilner y Bedlan, 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Taraxicum officinale</td>
									<td>Dandelion </td>
									<td>Hsu et al., 2011; Smith et al., 2012; Schwartz et al., 2014; Szostek y Schwartz, 2015 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Sonchus asper</td>
									<td>Prickly sowthistle </td>
									<td>Nischwitz et al., 2007 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Lactuca serriola</td>
									<td>Prickly lettuce </td>
									<td>Sampangi et al., 2007; Schwartz et al., 2014; Szostek y Schwartz, 2015 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>S. oleraceus z </td>
									<td>Annual sowthistle </td>
									<td>Schwartz et al., 2014; Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Senecio vulgaris</td>
									<td>Common groundsel </td>
									<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Bidens odorata z </td>
									<td>Tall beggarticks </td>
									<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Chrysothamnus nauseosus</td>
									<td>Rubber rabbitbrush </td>
									<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Conyza canadensis</td>
									<td>Canadian horseweed </td>
									<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Tragopogon dubius</td>
									<td>Yellow salsify </td>
									<td>Schwartz et al., 2014; Szostek y Schwartz, 2015 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold">Amaryllidaceae </td>
									<td>Bessera elegans</td>
									<td>Coral drops </td>
									<td>CABI, 2015 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold">Brassicaceae </td>
									<td>Chorispora tenella</td>
									<td>Blue mustard </td>
									<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Descurainia sophia</td>
									<td>Flixweed </td>
									<td>Schwartz et al., 2014; Szostek y Schwartz, 2015 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Capsella bursapastoris</td>
									<td>Shepherd’s purse </td>
									<td>Weilner y Bedlan, 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Eruca sativa z </td>
									<td>Arugula </td>
									<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Brassica campestris z </td>
									<td>Field mustard </td>
									<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Sisymbrium spp z </td>
									<td>Hedge mustard </td>
									<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>B. kaber</td>
									<td>Wild mustard </td>
									<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold">Convolvulaceae </td>
									<td>Convolvulus arvensis</td>
									<td>Field bindweed </td>
									<td>Schwartz et al., 2014; Weilner y Bedlan, 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold">Chenopodiaceae </td>
									<td>Kochia scoparia</td>
									<td>Kochia </td>
									<td>Sampangi et al., 2007; Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>C. album</td>
									<td>White goosefoot </td>
									<td>Sampangi et al., 2007; Schwartz et al., 2014; Birithia et al., 2018 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Chenopodium spp. z </td>
									<td>Goosefoot </td>
									<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Salsola iberica</td>
									<td>Iberian saltwort </td>
									<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold">Euphorbiaceae </td>
									<td>Ricinus communis</td>
									<td>Castor oil plant </td>
									<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td>Euphorbia dentata</td>
									<td>Toothed spurge </td>
									<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold">Fabaceae </td>
									<td>Medicago sativa z </td>
									<td>Alfalfa </td>
									<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Geraniaceae </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Erodium cicutarium</td>
									<td>Redstem filaree </td>
									<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Polygonaceae </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Rumex crispus</td>
									<td>Curled dock </td>
									<td>Hsu et al., 2011; Smith et al., 2012; Weilner y Bedlan, 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Portulacaceae </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Portulaca oleracea</td>
									<td>Purslane </td>
									<td>Cosmi et al., 2003; Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Plantaginaceae </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Linaria canadensis</td>
									<td>Blue toadflax </td>
									<td>CABI, 2015 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Plantago lanceolata</td>
									<td>Ribwort plantain </td>
									<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Poaceae </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Setaria viridis</td>
									<td>Green foxtail </td>
									<td>Evans et al., 2009b </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Aegilops cylindrica</td>
									<td>Jointed goatgrass </td>
									<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Dactylis glomerata</td>
									<td>Orchard grass </td>
									<td>Weilner y Bedlan, 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Eleusine indica</td>
									<td>Goosegrass </td>
									<td>Karavina y Gubba, 2017 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Poa sp. </td>
									<td>Bluegrass </td>
									<td>Weilner y Bedlan, 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Polygonaceae </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Polygonum lapathifolium</td>
									<td>Pale smartweed </td>
									<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Malvaceae </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Hibiscus trionum</td>
									<td>Flower-of-an-hour </td>
									<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Malva palviflora z </td>
									<td>Cheeseweed </td>
									<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">M. neglecta</td>
									<td>Common mallow </td>
									<td>Szostek y Schwartz, 2015 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Solanaceae </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Solanum nigrum</td>
									<td>Black nightshade </td>
									<td>Schwartz et al., 2014; Birithia et al., 2018 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">S. sarrachoides</td>
									<td>Potato vine </td>
									<td>Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Datura stramonium</td>
									<td>Jimsonweed </td>
									<td>Birithia et al., 2018 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">S. lycopersicum y </td>
									<td>Tomate </td>
									<td>Ríos-Domínguez et al., 2018 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Physalis minima</td>
									<td>Pygmy groundcherry </td>
									<td>Birithia et al., 2018 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">P. ixocarpa y </td>
									<td>Mexican husk tomato </td>
									<td>Ríos-Domínguez et al., 2017; Ríos-Domínguez et al., 2018 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Zygophyllaceae </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Tribulus terrestres</td>
									<td>Puncturevine </td>
									<td>Sampangi et al., 2007 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Geraniaceae </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Pelargonium hortorum</td>
									<td>Geranium </td>
									<td>Ghotbi et al., 2005 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Cycadaceae </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Cycas sp. </td>
									<td>Cycad </td>
									<td>Ghotbi et al., 2005 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Rosaceae </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Rosa sp. </td>
									<td>Rose </td>
									<td>Ghotbi et al., 2005 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Araceae </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Scindapsus sp. </td>
									<td>Pothos </td>
									<td>Ghotbi et al., 2005 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Gentianaceae </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Eustoma russellianum</td>
									<td>Lisianthus </td>
									<td>Kritzman et al., 2000 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">E. grandiflorum</td>
									<td>Lisianthus </td>
									<td>Mumford et al., 2008 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> </td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">chrysanthemum</td>
									<td>Crysanthemum </td>
									<td>Rafizadeh et al., 2013 </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>yDetected by RT-PCR.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>zDetected by ELISA.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Forms of transmission and IYSV vectors. To date there is no evidence of the transmission of the virus via seeds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Kritzman <italic>et al.,</italic> 2001</xref>) and under controlled conditions, the mechanical transmission in onion plants is lower than 30% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bag <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). The main vector is <italic>T. tabaci</italic> (Terebrantia: Thripidae) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Cortês <italic>et al.,</italic> 1998</xref>), also known as “onion thrips”, which transmits to the virus in a persistent and propagative manner (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Diaz-Montano <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). It was also shown that <italic>Frankliniella fusca</italic>, under greenhouse conditions, has the ability to transmit the virus at a low percentage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Srinivasan <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). Species of <italic>Orthotospovirus</italic> are naturally transmitted by thrips in a persistent manner (Bag <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015); that is, once the virus infects the insect, it will be able to transmit it for the rest of its life.</p>
				<p>Onion thrips is an important pest in this crop (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Diaz-Montano <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>), and in a large number of economically important plants, such as vegetables and ornamental plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Schoonhoven <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Alford, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Gent <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>). This vector becomes more relevant since it not only transmits IYSV, but also the <italic>Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus</italic> (TSWV) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Jenser <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>) and the <italic>Impatiens necrotic spot orthotospovirus</italic> (INSV) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Ghotbi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>). It is Cosmopolitan and polyphagous pest, which can easily survive in alternate plants as weeds, particularly in the absence of the crop (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Schoonhoven <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>). Both INSV and TSWV are found in vegetable crops in Mexico; INSV has been reported in <italic>P. ixocarpa</italic>, <italic>Capsicum</italic> spp. and tomato (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Torre-Almaraz <italic>et al.,</italic> 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">González-Pacheco and Silva-Rosales, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">Zuñiga-Romano <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>) and TSWV, in several vegetable and ornamental plant crops in the country, and even in onion crops (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Torre-Almaraz <italic>et al.,</italic> 1998</xref>; Holguín-Peña and Rueda-Puente, 2007; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Morales-Díaz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Velásquez-Valle <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">Velásquez-Valle <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>There is the possibility of <italic>T. tabaci</italic> having the ability of transmitting the three <italic>Orthotospoviruses</italic> in viral mixtures, since there is evidence that two or more viruses can complement to infect their host. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Bag <italic>et al.</italic> (2012</xref>a) claims this by highlighting that TSWV facilitated the movement of the viral IYSV protein from the area of inoculation to the young <italic>Datura</italic> leaves, becoming a systemic infection. In other words, the double infection of IYSV and TSWV in <italic>Datura</italic> increased the severity of the symptoms in inoculated plants, as well as in young leaves (systemic infection), producing a synergism. It is worth mentioning that the behavior of TSWV and IYSV in <italic>Datura</italic> plants is different: TSWV infects systemically and IYSV is localized (infection limited in inoculated areas). The redistribution and/ or the genetic complementation among the genomic segments of the viruses could contribute to greater variability, which is not limiting the infection of two or more <italic>Orthotospoviruses</italic> in nature (Bag <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012a). This reinforces the theory that the vector insect has the ability to transmit viruses individually and in viral mixtures.</p>
				<p><bold>Alternate hosts of <italic>Thrips tabaci</italic>
</bold> . <italic>T. tabaci</italic> host plants include, not only economically important crops, but also a diversity of weeds that, when they die or are eliminated, can favor the dispersion of viruliferous insects to crops of interest (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Doederlein and Sites, 1993</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Ghotbi <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>). In Mexico, studies have been conducted on the role of weeds of the <italic>Cucurbitaceae</italic> and <italic>Solanaceae</italic> families as potential sources of inoculum for the development of the <italic>Tomato apex necrosis virus</italic> (ToANV), the <italic>Zucchini yellow mosaic virus</italic> (ZYMV), the <italic>Watermelon mosaic virus</italic> (WMV), the <italic>Papaya ring spot virus</italic> (PRSV-W) and the <italic>Cucumber mosaic virus</italic> (CMV) in crops of agronomic importance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Félix-Gastélum <italic>et al.</italic>, 2023</xref>). The information on onion regarding weeds is limited; only in Morelos and Michoacán was there a study of the presence of IYSV in weeds related to the crop (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Ramírez-Rojas <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Ávila-Alistac <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). However, only the presence of <italic>T. tabaci</italic> was registered in crops related to the crop, without evaluating the presence of the virus in the insect (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>). Nevertheless, the weeds reported in other countries and which tested positive for IYSV are found in Mexico and they interact with the onion crop</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Alternate <italic>Thrips tabaci</italic> and <italic>Iris yellow spot orthotospovirus</italic> hosts in Mexico and the world</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Species </th>
									<th>T. tabaci host in Mexico </th>
									<th> National/GlobalIYSV host </th>
									<th>References </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold">Amaranthaceae </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Chenopodium spp </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+/+ </td>
									<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013; Sampangi et al., 2007; Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Amaranthus spp. </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+/- </td>
									<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>A. hybridus</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">-/+ </td>
									<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>A. spinosus</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">-/+ </td>
									<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017; Karavina y Gubba, 2017 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold">Solanaceae </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Solanum eleagnifolium</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
									<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Solanum tuberosum</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
									<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Capsicum annumm</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
									<td>Beltran et al., 2011; Velásquez-Valle et al., 2009. </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold">Asteraceae </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sonchus spp. </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">-/+ </td>
									<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013; Nischwitz et al., 2007 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sonchus oleraceus</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">-/+ </td>
									<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017; Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Parthenium hysterophorus</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
									<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tithonia tubiformis</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
									<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Lactuca serriola</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
									<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Bidens odorata</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">- </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+/- </td>
									<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold">Fabaceae </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Phaseolus vulgaris</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
									<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Medicago sativa</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">- </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+/- </td>
									<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold">Brassicaceae </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Brassica spp. </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
									<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sisymbrium spp. </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+/- </td>
									<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Lepidium virginicum</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
									<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Brassica campestris</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">- </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+/- </td>
									<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Eruca sativa</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">- </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+/- </td>
									<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold">Liliaceae </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>A. cepa</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
									<td>Magos, 2011; Velásquez- Valle et al., 2013;Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Acanthaceae </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Dicliptera peduncularis</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
									<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Convolvulaceae </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Ipomoea purpurea</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
									<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Euphorbiaceae </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Acalypha ostryifolia</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
									<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Ricinnus comunis</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">-/+ </td>
									<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017; Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Acalypha arvensis</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
									<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Malvaceae </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Malva parviflora</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+/- </td>
									<td>Velásquez-Valle et al., 2013; Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Anoda cristata</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
									<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Malvastrum coromandelianum</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">-/- </td>
									<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017 </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold; font-style:italic">Portulacaceae </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Portulaca oleracea</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">-/+ </td>
									<td>Ávila-Alistac et al., 2017; Cosmi et al., 2003; Schwartz et al., 2014 </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>+ <italic>T. tabaci</italic> and/or IYSV host.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>and are also hosts of the vector (Beltran <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011; Velásquez-Valle <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Ávila-Alistac <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). These weeds have been reported in large populations, as well as <italic>T. tabaci</italic>; <italic>e.g</italic>., <italic>Portulaca oleracea</italic> has been reported as the host of IYSV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Cosmi <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Schwartz <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), a widely distributed weed in onion- producing areas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>) (Ávila-Alistac <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017). The frequency of the weeds inside and outside of onion fields are the main cause for the prevalence of <italic>T. tabaci</italic>, potential vectors in productive areas, without the presence of IYSV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Gent <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Tanveer <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>). Therefore, the presence of IYSV is not ruled out in weeds found in the country, such as those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">Velásquez-Valle et al. (2013)</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>). In Mexico, at least 14 weed species are <italic>T. tabaci</italic> hosts and they have been reported as IYSV hosts in Mexico and areas outside the country (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>Epidemiology and management of IYSV. IYSV, like the rest of the viruses of the same genus, require the interaction of basic factors to cause an epidemic: the vector, host, alternate host, and virus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">Ullman <italic>et al.,</italic> 2002</xref>). Alongside these, the weather conditions can condition the epidemic in a particular area (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">German <italic>et al.,</italic> 1992</xref>). These viruses have the capability of using the vector insect to infect new</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Weeds interacting inside and outside of the onion (<italic>Allium cepa</italic>) crop. <bold>A)</bold> Parthenium weed (<italic>Parthenium hysterophorus</italic>); <bold>B)</bold> Purslane (<italic>Portulaca oleracea</italic>); <bold>C)</bold> Pineland threesed mercury (<italic>Acalypha ostryifolia</italic>); <bold>D)</bold> Mexican sunflower (<italic>Tithonia tubiformis</italic>) on the edge of an onion crop.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2310-8-gf7.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>hosts, broadening their adaptability when carrying the virus; exerting an influence on its incidence and distribution under different environmental conditions and new hosts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Jones, 2005</xref>).</p>
				<p>The severity of IYSV in the onion crop is complex and will depend on the population of healthy and infected thrips and on the number of healthy and infected plants, as well as on asymptomatic plants. Once the plant is infected by the virus, there is no treatment to control it, although these plants can become a food source for healthy thrips, and these can infect healthy plants. Additionally, the population density in the field of both thrips and IYSV host plants depend on biotic and abiotic factors, as well as on agronomic management (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>). The impact of IYSV has been observed to depend on the phenological stage in which the first symptoms appear. If the symptoms appear when the bulbs are still developing, the size and quality of the bulbs will be affected (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Drost <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Epidemiological system of a viral pathosystem focused on <italic>Iris yellow spot orthotospovirus</italic> (based on and modified from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Madden <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>). Notes used: <italic>v(t)</italic>= Total fertility rate of the insect population per day within the crop. <bold>
 <italic>Ґ</italic>=</bold> Virus incubation time within the vector. <bold>
 <italic>q=</italic> 
</bold> Probability that the offspring of the vector will be viruliferous. <bold>β</bold>= Plant mortality and recovery rate (replanting). <bold>α</bold>= Insect mortality and birth rate. <bold>ɸ</bold>
 <italic>b</italic>= (Plants visited by insects per day) (Probability that the viruliferous insect inoculates the virus in a plant per visit). 1/k1= Time taken for the vector to inoculate the plant. 1/k2= Virus latency period in the plant. 1/k3= Infectious period of the virus in the plant. <bold>ɸ</bold>T<italic>=</italic> (Plants visited by insects per day) (Time taken for the insect to sample the plant in one visit). <italic>Ex=</italic> Rate of emigration of virus-free insects. <italic>Ix=</italic> Rate of emigration of virus-free insects. <italic>Ey=</italic> Rate of emigration of latent insects. <italic>Ez</italic>= Rate of emigration of infective insects. <italic>Iy</italic>= Rate of emigration of latent insects. <italic>Iz</italic>= Rate of immigration of infective insects. <bold>1/λ =</bold> Vector acquisition time. <bold>ɸ</bold>
 <italic>a</italic>= (Plants visited by insects per day) (Probability that an insect will acquire the virus with a single visit to the infected plant). <italic>1/ƞ=</italic> Time taken for the virus to transition from latent to infective within the vector (latency period). For further information, refer to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Madden <italic>et al</italic>. (2000)</xref>.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2310-8-gf8.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>On the other hand, the presence of <italic>T. tabaci</italic> in vegetable is an important phytosanitary problem in Mexico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Palomo <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>), since they are virus vectors and due to the direct damage they cause when feeding off the host causing premature wilting, a delay in leaf development and a distortion in vegetative sprouts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aguilar <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). In both immature and adult stages, they puncture the cells with their mouth apparatus and draw out the sap (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Jones, 2005</xref>). Of the six life stages of the insect (egg, two larval instars, prepupa, pupa and adult) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Jones, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Pourian <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>), the larvae of the first and second instar can acquire the virus through feeding, but only the larva from the second instar and adults transmit it (Sastry, 2013; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Hull, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Chatzivassiliou <italic>et al.,</italic> 2002</xref>). If the insect acquires the virus in an adult stage, it will not be able to transmit it (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Jones, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">Whitfield <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>). It is imminent that, once the insect acquires the virus, it will reproduce and move efficiently through the midgut and the salivary glands of the thrips, without affecting the development, fertility and mortality of the insect upon virus infection (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Inoue <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>). This insect is prolific, recording up to six generations in the crop cycle without being affected by rainfall (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Palomo <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>Alternate hosts are crucial for the IYSV epidemiology, particularly if <italic>T. tabaco</italic> finishes developing in the hosts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Hsu <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>). Due to this, the management of the alternate hosts are decisive for the comprehensive management of the disease (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Schwartz <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">Wisler and Norris, 2005</xref>). This increases the interest in the study of the insect-IYSV-<italic>Allium cepa</italic>-alternate hosts (weeds), since these interactions tend to be complex. Rodríguez <italic>et al.</italic> (2007) emphasize the benefit of broadly understanding this relationship to optimize comprehensive management. These interactions can affect the appearance of new variants of the virus, a range of hosts and/or transmission frequency (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Syller, 2012</xref>). Likewise, the capability of thrips to develop in other plants favors this type of interaction, since the absence of the main host incentivizes migration to other vegetative parts or the inflorescences of other plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Milne and Walter, 1998</xref>).</p>
				<p>In general, all IYSV management strategies have basically focused on precautionary activities that reduce <italic>T. tabaci</italic> populations and avoid the growth of weeds in the crop (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Drost <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). The determination of vector and alternate host patterns of the virus and/or vector could help producers devise integrated management strategies in the crop (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Birithia <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>However, the vector must not only be controlled chemically, but further research must be carried out to understand its behavior in the country. In Zacatecas, according to their needs, the behavior of the virus has been studied, and the presence of IYSV has been observed in onion seedlings in open field seedbeds, making it impossible for the vector to be present (Velásquez-Valle <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017). This type of problem leads to the belief that the sale of onion seedlings among onion-producing states increases the possibility of virus and vector movement. Faced with the possibility of a successful sale of their products, onion producers choose to abandon their plots, risking an increase of the virus and thrip populations (Velásquez-Valle <italic>et al</italic>., 2013). In many cases, management has been crucial to minimize the risks of viral infection of at least avoid severe damage to the crop. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Turina <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref> point out that, given the difficulty of combating thrips vectors with insecticides, the best way to mitigate or prevent diseases induced by <italic>Orthotospoviruses</italic> implies a strategy of virus-resistant seeds. Studies have been conducted in Mexico on 20 varieties regarding their performance against virus infection in Morelos. These results revealed that the varieties “Blanca Morelos,” “Doña Blanca F1,” “Línea INIFAP 19” and “Chona” have greater yields than the rest of the varieties in the presence of IYSV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Magos, 2011</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusions</title>
				<p>A comprehensive management should be considered that takes into account all factors that influence the IYSV epidemic into account in order to counteract the disease. Since its first report in the country (2010) onion cultivation has been a concern; despite its severity having decreased over time. A similar case occurred with the <italic>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus</italic> (ToBRFV), which was reported to cause severe damages to tomato and peppers in 2018 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Cambrón-Crisantos <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>); but currently, attenuated symptoms and the presence of haplotypes have been reported, which may be having an influence on the symptomatologic intensity on tomato and pepper plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Ávila-Alistac <italic>et al</italic>., 2024</xref>). Early, accurate and efficient diagnose studies have been conducted on ToBRFV (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">Zamora-Macorra <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>), as well as studies on the variability of the virus in different tomato and pepper varieties (Ávila-Alistac <italic>et al</italic>., 2024) and virus management alternatives (Ramos- Villanueva <italic>et al</italic>., 2023). However, little is known on its range of hosts and factors that influence the epidemiology of the virus. There is a greater knowledge of the host and vector of IYSV, although it is important to inquire with greater interest into this nationwide problem, since it has been reported in Solanaceae, which are of great economic importance in the country, as well as to consider the reemergence of the virus, according to crop management, genetic recombination among species of the same genus and even the influence of climate change, which has a bearing on the <italic>T. tabaci</italic> population dynamics.</p>
				<p>Currently, information on weeds as IYSV and vector hosts provides a greater understanding of the disease, similarly to voluntary onion plants. Hence the importance of knowing these aspects, as well as the management carried out by the producers, since it is another crucial factor for the establishment of the vector and IYSV in the different phenological stages of the crop. There is evidently a complex relationship between IYSV- <italic>T. tabaci</italic> -<italic>Allium cepa</italic>-weeds and other <italic>Orthotospoviruses</italic> transmitted by <italic>T. tabaci</italic>; e.g., studying weeds as a plant trap can be beneficial, due to the feeding preference of <italic>T. tabaci</italic>, even in the presence of the crop. In addition, it should be considered that these weeds are not hosts of the virus, as they would be a problem by hosting the vector and the virus. In summary, knowledge of the virus, alternate hosts, and vector in the country will guide future research to help producers counteract this problem and minimize losses caused by the virus in onion and garlic crops, mainly.</p>
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				<title>Acknowledgments</title>
				<p> </p>
				<p>The first author thanks the CONAHCyT for the postdoctoral fellowship. To the LANREF-CP team.</p>
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