<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2311-2</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Nota Fitopatológica</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Variabilidad genética de dos aislados mexicanos de <italic>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus</italic> y expresión de síntomas en jitomate y chile</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ávila-Alistac</surname>
						<given-names>Norma</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Mora-Aguilera</surname>
						<given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Lozoya-Saldaña</surname>
						<given-names>Héctor</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Zamora-Macorra</surname>
						<given-names>Erika J.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Hernández-Juárez</surname>
						<given-names>Camilo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<institution content-type="original">1Departamento de Fitotecnia, Colegio de Postgraduados, Km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Texcoco, Edo. México, México CP 56230. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Texcoco</city>
					<state>Edo. México</state>
					<postal-code>56230</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<institution content-type="original">2Fitosanidad, Colegio de Postgraduados, Km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, , Texcoco, Edo. México, México CP 56230.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Texcoco</city>
					<state>Edo. México</state>
					<postal-code>56230</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<institution content-type="original">3Preparatoria Agrícola, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Km 38.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, , Texcoco, Edo. México, México, C.P. 56230 </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Texcoco</city>
					<state>Edo. México</state>
					<postal-code>56230</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<institution content-type="original">4Departamento de Parasitología Agrícola, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Km 38.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, , Texcoco, Edo. México, México, C.P. 56230; </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Texcoco</city>
					<state>Edo. México</state>
					<postal-code>56230</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><italic>*</italic></label><bold>
 <italic>Autor de correspondencia</italic>:</bold> Héctor Lozoya-Saldaña <email>picti87@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>14</day>
				<month>11</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>May-Aug</season>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>42</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT2311-2</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>06</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo/Antecedentes. </title>
					<p>El objetivo fue analizar la variabilidad de dos aislados mexicanos de ToBRFV posterior a un proceso de inoculación y multiplicación en diferentes variedades comerciales y criollos mexicanos de jitomate (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>) (15 materiales) y chile (<italic>Capsicum annuum</italic>) (20 materiales), y evaluar la expresión de síntomas en condiciones de invernadero.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales y métodos. </title>
					<p>En invernadero, se analizó la variabilidad postinfección de dos aislados: EM-JI2021 (Edo. de México) y C-JI2021 (Colima) en 15 genotipos de jitomate y 20 de chile. Cada aislado se inoculó mecánicamente en cinco plantas por genotipo con un total de 150 plantas (56 días de edad) de jitomate y 200 de chile. Se emplearon tres plantas por genotipo como testigos. Sesenta y un días después de inoculación se colectó una hoja por planta para RT-PCR. Se registró incidencia y expresión de síntomas. La extracción de ARN fue por CTAB 2 %. Se utilizó oligos ToBRFV-F/ToBRFV-R que amplifican 475pb del gen RpRd (SENASICA-CNRF). Se secuenciaron 24 productos RT-PCR, se limpiaron y alinearon con registros del <italic>Genbank NCBI</italic> mediante MEGAv11.0.13. Con criterio epidemiológico, se seleccionaron 34 secuencias del <italic>GenBank</italic> para análisis de variabilidad.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados. </title>
					<p>Diez días después de la inoculación, los genotipos de jitomate exhibieron mosaico severo, leve, reducción del área foliar. En chile se observaron síntomas diferenciados por genotipo, incluyendo reacción de hipersensibilidad, deformación foliar, necrosis en tallo, mosaico, amarillamiento, lesiones necróticas y condición asintomática. Entre la posición 2,124 al 2,500 pb se tuvo 99.74 % de homología con el primer reporte de ToBRFV en Jordania (KT383474.1). Se encontró homología &gt;99.74 % con aislados de USA (MT002973.1) y Canadá (OQ674195.1). C-JI2021 no exhibió variabilidad, mientras que EM-JI2021 generó tres haplotipos: En Mulato (chile) y Don R (jitomate) se detectó cambio de un nucleótido (c.2,355T&gt;C), mientras que en Santawest, Altius, Sahariana y Nebula (jitomate) se detectaron dos sustituciones (c.2,278A&gt;T; c.2,355T&gt;C).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión. </title>
					<p>La intensidad patogénica de ToBRFV varió de asintomática a severa según combinación de hospedero, genotipo y haplotipo. En periodos cortos de infección se detectaron tres haplotipos lo que sugiere capacidad mutagénica del virus en función del hospedero.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Solanum lycopersicum</kwd>
				<kwd>Capsicum annuum</kwd>
				<kwd>ToBRFV</kwd>
				<kwd>aislados.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="13"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p>En Jordania, en 2015, se reportaron síntomas de rugosidad marrón en frutos de jitomate (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>), con incidencia de 100 % a nivel invernadero. Estudios etiológicos determinaron un nuevo <italic>Tobamovirus</italic> denominado <italic>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus</italic> (ToBRFV) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Salem <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Se ha postulado que ToBRFV pudo haber surgido de la recombinación de 314 nucleótidos de la región 534-848 del gen de la replicasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Maayan <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). El <italic>Tomato mottle mosaic virus</italic> (ToMMV) y <italic>Tobacco mosaic virus</italic> (TMV) se han propuesto como ancestros directos, siendo este último el principal (Salem <italic>et al</italic>., 2016). El genoma del ToBRFV, provenientes de diferentes países, en general exhiben baja variabilidad, lo que sugiere un proceso evolutivo a partir de un descendiente común (Salem <italic>et al</italic>., 2016). Adicionalmente, Maayan y colaboradores (2018) mediante estudios filogenéticos en <italic>Tobamovirus</italic> concluyeron que ToBRFV ha tenido un proceso de evolución divergente con adaptación a diferentes hospederos, pero con baja tasa de mutación en un lapso de 3-4 años. En general, los virus tienen potencial para evolucionar y adaptarse rápidamente bajo la presión de selección natural debido a altas tasas poblacionales resultado de la efectiva replicación intraespecie, ocurrencia de cuasiespecies y ausencia de mecanismos de corrección de genomas (virus de ARN) lo que facilitan la variación genética, y tiempos cortos de generación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Hanssen <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>).</p>
			<p>En México, el ToBRFV fue reportado por primera vez en 2018 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Cambrón-Crisantos <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Este <italic>Tobamovirus</italic> se transmite principalmente por semilla. Actualmente se ha reportado en 20 estados de la republica incluyendo las principales entidades de producción de jitomate (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>) y chile (<italic>Capsicum annuum</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Camacho-Beltran <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>; Cambrón-Crisantos <italic>et al</italic>., 2018). Los frutos en jitomate se asocian con una coloración amarilla, manchas verdes y deformación, estriado verde y manchas irregulares color marrón. En follaje se observa mosaico, moteado y amarillamiento. Los primeros reportes de virus incluyeron pérdida total de producción (Cambrón-Crisantos <italic>et al</italic>., 2018). Por lo anterior, el objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la variabilidad de dos aislados mexicanos de ToBRFV posterior a un proceso de inoculación y multiplicación en diferentes variedades comerciales y criollos mexicanos de jitomate (<italic>S. lycopersicum</italic>) (15 materiales) y chile (<italic>C. annuum</italic>) (20 materiales), y evaluar la expresión de síntomas mantenidos bajo condiciones de invernadero hasta etapa de floración.</p>
			<p>Inoculación de ToBRFV. Se utilizaron dos aislados del virus proveniente del Estado de México (EM-JI2021) y Colima (C-JI2021). Los aislados se inocularon en un total de 15 genotipos de jitomate, 13 comerciales y dos criollos mexicanos y, 20 de <italic>C. annuum</italic>, cuatro variedades, 15 genotipos y un criollo. Las inoculaciones se realizaron en condiciones de invernadero en plantas de 56 días de edad. Previo a la inoculación, se aplicó Imidacloprid (1.5 mL L-1) como medida preventiva a insectos vectores. La inoculación se realizó en la segunda hoja más joven, asperjando carborondum y posteriormente se aplicó el buffer de fosfatos con el macerado del tejido de jitomate infectado con el virus (dos aislados). Se consideró cinco plantas por genotipo, 150 plantas de jitomate (para ambos aislados) y 200 plantas de chile. Las plantas testigo (tres plantas por material vegetal) se aislaron para evitar contaminación. Las variables evaluadas fueron: incidencia del virus en plantas y se registró el tipo de síntomas en los materiales de jitomate y chile. Tejido de hojas jóvenes fueron colectadas a los 61 días después de la inoculación, se registró fotográficamente y se preservaron a -20 °C tejidos macerados con nitrógeno líquido para el estudio molecular.</p>
			<p>Extracción de ARN y RT-PCR. Se realizó la extracción de los ácidos nucleicos con el método de CTAB 2 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Yu, 2012</xref>; modificado por CP-LANREF, 2021). Las concentraciones y calidades del ARN se midieron en el NanoDrop 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific 2000, EUA). Para la RT-PCR se utilizaron los oligos ToBRFV-F 5-AACCAGAGTCTTCCTATACTGGGAA-3 y ToBRFV-R 5’CTCWC-CATCTCTTAATAATCTCCT-3 que amplifica parte de la subunidad pequeña de la replicasa RpRd con 475 pb (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">SENASICA, 2018</xref>). La retrotranscripción y reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (RT-PCR) se realizó en el termociclador T-100 (BioRad). Para la retrotranscripción (RT) se utilizó el oligo R (10uM), agua y 2 µL de ARN (50 ng µL-1) para obtener un volumen de 16.375 µL y se incubó a 85 °C por 3 min. Posteriormente, se adicionó a cada reacción previa, la mezcla de: Buffer-RT (5X), dNTPs (10mM), RNAsin (40 U µL-1) y M-MLV-RT (200 U µL-1) con un volumen de 8.625 µL. La mezcla se incubó a 44 °C por 60 min y 92 °C por 10 min. Para PCR, se utilizó MgCl2, dNTPs, los oligos, Taq polimerasa, agua libre de nucleasas y cDNA en un volumen final de 25 µL. Las condiciones fueron desnaturalización inicial 98 °C por 90 s, desnaturalización 98 °C por 10 s, alineamiento 55 °C por 20 s, extensión a 72 °C por 40 s, extensión final a 72 °C por 5 min y finalmente 72 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">SENASICA, 2018</xref>). Los productos de PCR se analizaron por electroforesis en gel de agarosa al 1 % teñidos con bromuro de etidio y se visualizaron con luz UV en fotodocumentador (UVP, Biolmaging Systems, Epi Chemi II Darkroom).</p>
			<p>Análisis filogenético. Productos de PCR (24 muestras) se enviaron a secuenciar a Macrogen® (Seúl, Corea). Las secuencias (ambos sentidos) se limpiaron y eliminaron los extremos con el programa SeqAssem (https://science.do-mix.de/software_seqassem.php). Con las secuencias se realizaron consenso, para identificar y comparar la homología con secuencias del banco de genes (Genbank) del Centro Nacional para la Información Biotecnológica (NCBI). Se seleccionaron secuencias de genomas completas de ToBRFV de México (tres secuencias) y de otros países (30 secuencias) del banco de genes para realizar el alineamiento con secuencias del fragmento del gen empleado en esta investigación. Se realizó el alineamiento con Mega 11.0.13 y Geneious 2023.0.4 (www.geneious.com) para determinar la variabilidad entre secuencias. Se seleccionaron 34 secuencias virales con enfoque epidemiológico. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>Síntomas en jitomate y chile asociados a ToBRFV. Todos los materiales comerciales y criollas de jitomate expresaron síntomas a los 10 días después de la inoculación de los aislados EM-JI2021 y C-JI2021. Los síntomas observados en jitomate inducidos por ToBRFV fueron principalmente mosaicos ligeros a severos. También se observó deformación y reducción foliar severa con remanencia de nervadura (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). En algunas variedades se observó aclaramientos de nervaduras.</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Zhi-Yong <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>) evaluó 50 cultivares de jitomate y ningún material expresó resistencia al ToBRFV, mostrando diferentes síntomas como mosaico leve a severo, formación de ampollas en hojas, necrosis en sépalos y pedicelos, deformación y, en fruto manchas amarillas, así como lesiones necróticas con rugosidad marrón. Además, inoculó <italic>C. annumm</italic>, <italic>Nicotiana benthamiana</italic>, <italic>N. tabacum</italic>, <italic>Solanum melongena</italic> y <italic>S. tuberosum</italic> cv. Kexin 1, donde observó síntomas de necrosis en hojas inoculadas y tallos, así como enanismo.</p>
			<p>En chile, todos los materiales manifestaron una diversidad de síntomas después de la inoculación, principalmente reacción de hipersensibilidad con caída de la hoja inoculada. Inicialmente se observó en hojas inoculadas lesiones necróticas y posteriormente, desprendimiento de la hoja. En algunos materiales se observó</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Secuencias completas de <italic>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus</italic> obtenidas del banco de genes (NCBI) utilizadas para el alineamiento y comparados con secuencias de ToBRFV de la investigación.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th>No. de accesión</th>
								<th>Pares de bases</th>
								<th> Hospedante</th>
								<th>hTejido</th>
								<th>hLugar</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>MZ945420.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6379</td>
								<td>Solanum lycopersicum</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Belgica</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OQ674194.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6374</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Canada</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OQ674195.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6242</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum cultivar Yari</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Canada</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OM515230.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6375</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Netherlands</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OM515231.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6373</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">United Kingdom</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OM515232.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6373</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">United Kingdom</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>MZ323110.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6394</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jordan</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>MK648157.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6388</td>
								<td>Capsicum annuum</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jordan</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>KT383474.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6393</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jordan</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>MN882030.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6379</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Egipto</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>MN882031.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6379</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Egipto</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>MW349655.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6379</td>
								<td>C. annuum cultivar Tampiqueno</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">México</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OM515233.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6369</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Semillas</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Peru</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OM515258.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6376</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Semillas</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Peru</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OM515256.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6361</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Semillas</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">China</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>MT018320.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6392</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">China</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OM515237.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6377</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Semillas</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Israel</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OM515234.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6371</td>
								<td>C. annuum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Semillas</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Israel</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OM515257.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6367</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Semillas</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Israel</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OM515266.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6364</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Semillas</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Israel</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OM515250.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6371</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Semillas</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Israel</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OM515261.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6376</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Fruto</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Belgium</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OM515265.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6375</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Fruto</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Belgium</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>MN815773.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6354</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Grecia</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OM305070.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6386</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">switzerland</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>MT107885.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6386</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Turquía</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OM515234.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6371</td>
								<td>C. annuum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Semillas</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Israel</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OM782671.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6356</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Mexico</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OM892675.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6384</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Fruto importado</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Mexico</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OM892676.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6381</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Semillas</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Peru</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OM892677.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6392</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Fruto de tienda</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OM892678.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6393</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Fruto importado</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Peru</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OM892679.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6375</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Fruto de tienda</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>OM892681.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">6357</td>
								<td>S. lycopersicum</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Hoja</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>síntomas severos como deformación en follaje apical, necrosis en tallo, necrosis en las nervaduras y lesiones necróticas en hojas no inoculadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Estos síntomas coinciden con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Fidan <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>) donde observaron necrosis en hojas inoculadas, lesiones necróticas en tallo y amarillamiento en hojas.</p>
			<p>Variabilidad en aislados ToBRFV. Del total de genotipos de jitomate y chile inoculados, se enviaron a secuenciar cinco muestras de chile, una inoculada con</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Síntomas de <italic>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus</italic> en materiales comerciales y criollos de jitomate y chile expresados bajo condiciones de invernadero.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th>Nombre</th>
								<th style="text-align:center">Cultivo</th>
								<th>Síntomas</th>
								<th>Nombre</th>
								<th>Cultivo</th>
								<th>Síntomas</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Santawest</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomatey</td>
								<td>MM</td>
								<td>Conga</td>
								<td>Chilez</td>
								<td>A</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Citali</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td>MM, LF, LR</td>
								<td>Fascinato</td>
								<td>Chile</td>
								<td>A</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>IR143466</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td>SM, LF, LR</td>
								<td>Felicitas</td>
								<td>Chile</td>
								<td>NLNI</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Sicilia</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td>SM, LF, LR</td>
								<td>Botaron</td>
								<td>Chile</td>
								<td>A, SN</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Sahariana</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td>SM, LF, LR</td>
								<td>Godzilla</td>
								<td>Chile</td>
								<td>NLNI</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Altius</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td>SM, LF, LR, GI SM, LF, LR, CV</td>
								<td>Kathia</td>
								<td>Chile</td>
								<td> A</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Don R</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td>MS, LF, LD</td>
								<td>Almuden</td>
								<td>Chile</td>
								<td>LD, NLNI, DAA, SN, NLN</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Nebula</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td>MM, LF</td>
								<td>Bachia</td>
								<td>Chile</td>
								<td>LNI</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Volcano</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td>MM, LF, CV</td>
								<td>Cannon</td>
								<td>Chile</td>
								<td>A</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Ametrino</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td>MM, LF, CV</td>
								<td>Gina</td>
								<td>Chile</td>
								<td>NLNI, SN</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Angelle</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td>SM, LF, LD, CV</td>
								<td>Confidaro</td>
								<td>Chile</td>
								<td>A</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Olmeca</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td>SM, LF, LR</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>UAM-X</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td>SM, LF, LR, CV</td>
								<td>Cayenne</td>
								<td>Chile</td>
								<td>DAA, NL</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Rio Grande</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td>SM, LF, CV</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Totolapan, Mor.</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td>MM</td>
								<td>mulato</td>
								<td>Chile</td>
								<td>A</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Cavanna</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Chile</td>
								<td>A</td>
								<td>Serrano</td>
								<td>Chile</td>
								<td>SM, GI</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Shir</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Chile</td>
								<td>A</td>
								<td>Zongolica</td>
								<td>Chile</td>
								<td>MM, CR</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Orangela</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Chile</td>
								<td>A</td>
								<td>Chile pasilla</td>
								<td>Chile</td>
								<td>A</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td>Manzano-Ver</td>
								<td>Chile</td>
								<td>A</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>yJitomate. ML: mosaico ligero; MS: Mosaico severo; DF: Deformación foliar; AF: Apollamiento foliar; RF: Reducción foliar; AN: Aclaramiento de nervaduras; IV: Islas verdes.</p>
			<p>zChile: A: Asintomática; ML: mosaico ligero; MS: Mosaico severo; DF: Deformación foliar; LN: lesiones necróticas en hojas; LNI: lesiones necróticas en hojas no inoculadas; NT: Necrosis tallo; DFA: Deformación área apical; NN: necrosis nervaduras en hojas; AF: Apollamiento foliar; AN: Aclaramiento de nervaduras; IV: Islas verdes; AC: anillos concéntricos.</p>
			<p>C-JI2021 y cuatro inoculadas con EM-JI2021 y, 19 muestras de jitomate, seis muestras con EM-JI2021 y 13 con C-JI2021. Las secuencias en estudio se alinearon con el 80.2 % del total del fragmento del gen parcial del RpRd (475 pb). Las secuencias mostraron una identidad con accesiones del banco de genes con una homología que osciló entre 99.74 al 100 % incluyendo la secuencia del virus originalmente descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Salem <italic>et al.</italic> (2016</xref>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>). Las secuencias que mostraron una identidad 99.74 y 99.75 % fueron muestras inoculadas con EM-JI2021 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadro 3</xref>). Todas las secuencias se alinearon con accesiones de USA y Canadá (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadro 3</xref>). Cinco secuencias con identidad menor al 100 % se alinearon con OQ6741195.1 de Canadá y con una secuencia de USA (MT002973.1).</p>
			<p>De acuerdo al análisis de alineamiento basado en el genoma completo de 34 secuencias de ToBRFV y el genoma parcial de la replicasa de las 24 secuencias</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Síntomas en materiales comerciales y criollas de jitomate inoculados con <italic>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus</italic>. Síntomas de mosaico leve (IR143466, Nebula, Ametrino, Rio Grande, Citlali, Altius); mosaico severo, deformación y aclaramiento de nervaduras principales de la hoja (Volcano, Criollo-X y Angelle); planta sana (Angelle testigo).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2311-2-gf1.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>de esta investigación, se observó variabilidad a nivel nucleótido en seis secuencias obtenidas de plantas inoculadas con EM-JI2021. Se observó dos cambios: en el nucleótido c.2,278A&gt;T y c.2355T&gt;C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>). Las secuencias en estudio se alinearon entre la posición 2,124 al 2,500 correspondiente al gen de la replicasa. Las substituciones de nucleótidos también se observaron en las accesiones MW349655.1 (tejido de chile), OQ674195.1 (hojas de jitomate), y OM515234.1 (semillas de chile), que corresponden a México, Canadá e Israel. Sin embargo, en otra investigación no se encontraron mutaciones de ToBRFV después de un proceso de inoculación en jitomate y chile (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Eichmeier <italic>et al.</italic>, 2023</xref>). Estos resultados concuerdan con un trabajo que reporta de 2 a 39 sustituciones de nucleótidos a nivel del genoma completo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abrahamian <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). Si bien los cambios de nucleótidos son bajos, estos cambios podrían eventualmente generar variabilidad en el comportamiento patogénico y/o epidemiológico del virus. Esto es sustentado con</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Síntomas en chile (<italic>Capsicum annumm</italic>) inoculados con <italic>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus</italic>. A-C) Síntomas de deformación apical, necrosis en tallo y nervaduras en hojas de Almuden; D) Síntomas de deformación apical, ligera necrosis en nervaduras en Cayenne; E) Síntomas de deformación apical, mosaico, lesiones necróticas en hojas no inoculadas en Felicitas.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2311-2-gf2.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>lo observado en plantas de jitomate inoculados con el aislado del Edo. de México (EM-JI2021), que se registró mayor altura y diámetro del tallo que las plantas inoculadas con el aislado de Colima (C-JI2021) (Datos no mostrados). También se observó síntomas en jitomate inoculados con el aislado C-JI2021 se asociaron a los síntomas europeos, los cuales fueron más severos que el aislado del Edo. de México (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Salem <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>La importancia que tiene ToBRFV desde un diagnóstico temprano del virus hasta el impacto en producción en jitomate y chile es relevante. Se han realizado</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Cuadro 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Porcentaje de cobertura e identidad de dos aislados de ToBRFV inoculados en un total de 35 genotipos de jitomate y chile en condiciones de invernadero.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th rowspan="2">Aislado</th>
								<th rowspan="2">Variedad / criolloz</th>
								<th rowspan="2">Cultivo</th>
								<th rowspan="2">Origen aislado</th>
								<th rowspan="2">Longitud pb</th>
								<th rowspan="2">Cobertura</th>
								<th rowspan="2">Identidad</th>
								<th colspan="2">Aislado homologado</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th style="text-align:center">Accesión</th>
								<th style="text-align:center">País</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="10">EM-JI2021</td>
								<td>Almuden</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Chile</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Edo. México</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">398</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
								<td>100</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">OQ674195.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Canada</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Mulato</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Chile</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Edo. México</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">390</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">99.74</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">OQ674195.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Canada</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Congo</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Chile</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Edo. México</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">391</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">99.74</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Gina</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Chile</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Edo. México</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">381</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">98</td>
								<td>100</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Santawest</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Edo. México</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">402</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">99.75</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">OQ674195.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Canada</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Gotzilla</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Edo. México</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">383</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
								<td>100</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Altius</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Edo. México</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">385</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">99.74</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">OQ674195.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Canada</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Don R</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Edo. México</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">407</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
								<td>100</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">OQ674195.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Canada</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Sahariana</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Edo. México</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">392</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">99.74</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">OQ674195.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Canada</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Nebula</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Edo. México</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">408</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">99</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">99.75</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">OQ674195.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Canada</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="14">C-JI2021</td>
								<td>Manzano</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Chile</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">402</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
								<td>100</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Santawest</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">410</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
								<td>100</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Altius</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">407</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
								<td>100</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Sicilia</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">411</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
								<td>100</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>IR143466</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">418</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
								<td>100</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Don R</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">408</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
								<td>100</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Ametrino</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">384</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
								<td>100</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Olmeca</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">399</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
								<td>100</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Nebula</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">404</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
								<td>100</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Xochimilco</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">384</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
								<td>100</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Angelle</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">399</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
								<td>100</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Río Grande</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">408</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
								<td>100</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Totolapan</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">388</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
								<td>100</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Citlali</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">385</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
								<td>100</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Z Nombres en cursiva son materiales criollos. En negrita secuencias con homología &lt;100%.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>estudios de métodos de extracción del ARN para un diagnóstico temprano y preciso en el análisis molecular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Zamora-Macorra <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>), hasta alternativas de manejo del ToBRFV con bajo impacto ambiental como el uso de <italic>Beauveria peruviencis</italic>, <italic>Trichoderma longibrachiatum</italic> y <italic>Pseudomonas</italic> sp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ramos-Villanueva <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>). No obstante, estudios sobre la expresión de síntomas en los diferentes materiales disponibles en el mercado, así como conocer la variabilidad de ToBRFV que existe en campo, da la pauta para conocer mejor la epidemiología del virus y su comportamiento de acuerdo al cultivo y condiciones climáticas que se establecen. Por ello, es importante hacer estudios de la diversidad del virus en campo e invernadero a través del tiempo y asociar la expresión de síntomas con la variabilidad a nivel nucleótidos del virus.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Alineamiento de la secuencia parcial del gen de la replicasa del Tomato brown rugose fruit virus de 24 secuencias de aislados obtenidos de 35 genotipos inculados con los aislados EM-JI2021 y C-JI2021, y de 34 secuencias de diferentes países productores de jitomate y chile. Alineamiento realizado en Geneious.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2311-2-gf3.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusiones</title>
			<p>Todos los materiales de jitomate expresaron síntomas de mosaicos, pero sin observar síntomas severos como los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Salem <italic>et al</italic>. (2016</xref>), excepto en plantas de jitomate inoculados con el aislado C-JI2021. En chile se registraron lesiones en las hojas inoculadas (reacción de hipersensibilidad), así como lesiones necróticas en tallo, deformación apical, necrosis en nervaduras de las hojas y condición asintomática.</p>
			<p>De acuerdo al análisis de alineamiento de dos aislados de ToBRFV (Edo. de México y Colima), comparado con 34 aislados disponibles en el banco de genes del NCBI, se observó en cinco secuencias de aislados del Edo. de México (EMJI2021) la sustitución de dos nucleótidos, nucleótido c.2,278A&gt;T y c.2355T&gt;C. Las accesiones MW349655.1 (México), OQ674195.1 (Canadá) y OM515234.1 (Israel) coincidieron con el aislado EM-JI2021 (inoculado en la variedad Don R) en cambio de un nucleótido c.2355T&gt;C. En este trabajo se encontraron un total de tres haplotipos. Este es el primer trabajo que reporta variabilidad de ToBRFV en un tiempo corto en condiciones controladas. Esta información puede ser relevante para estudios de protección cruzada.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimientos</title>
			<p>El primer autor agradece al Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCyT) por la beca posdoctoral otorgada para realizar el trabajo de investigación. Al equipo LANREF-CP por el apoyo metodológico y logístico.</p>
		</ack>
		<ref-list>
			<title>Literatura Citada </title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation>Abrahamian, P., Cai, W., Nunziata, S.O., Liing, K.S., Jaiswal, N., Mavrodieva, V.A., Rivera, Y., y Nakhla, M.K. (2022). Comparative analysis of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus isolates shows limited genetic diversity. Viruses, 14:2816. 10.3390/v14122816</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Abrahamian</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cai</surname>
							<given-names>W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nunziata</surname>
							<given-names>S.O.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liing</surname>
							<given-names>K.S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jaiswal</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mavrodieva</surname>
							<given-names>V.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rivera</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nakhla</surname>
							<given-names>M.K.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2022</year>
					<article-title>Comparative analysis of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus isolates shows limited genetic diversity</article-title>
					<source>Viruses</source>
					<volume>14</volume>
					<fpage>2816</fpage>
					<lpage>2816</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/v14122816</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<mixed-citation>Camacho-Beltrán, E., Pérez-Villarreal, A., Leyva-López, N.E., Rodríguez-Negrete, E.A., Ceniceros-Ojeda, E.A., y Méndez-Lozano, J. (2019). Occurrence of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus Infecting Tomato Crops in Mexico. Disease Notes, 103(6), 1440. 10.1094/PDIS-11-18-1974-PDN</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Camacho-Beltrán</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pérez-Villarreal</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Leyva-López</surname>
							<given-names>N.E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rodríguez-Negrete</surname>
							<given-names>E.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ceniceros-Ojeda</surname>
							<given-names>E.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Méndez-Lozano</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Occurrence of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus Infecting Tomato Crops in Mexico</article-title>
					<source>Disease Notes</source>
					<volume>103</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>1440</fpage>
					<lpage>1440</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1094/PDIS-11-18-1974-PDN</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<mixed-citation>Cambrón-Crisantos, J.M., Rodríguez-Mendoza, J., Valencia-Luna, J.B., Alcasio-Rangel, S., García-Ávila, C.J., López-Buenfil, J.A., y Ochoa-Martínez, D.L. (2018). First report of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) in Michoacan, Mexico. Mexican Journal of Phytopathology, 37(1), 185-192. 10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.1810-5</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Cambrón-Crisantos</surname>
							<given-names>J.M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rodríguez-Mendoza</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Valencia-Luna</surname>
							<given-names>J.B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alcasio-Rangel</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>García-Ávila</surname>
							<given-names>C.J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>López-Buenfil</surname>
							<given-names>J.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ochoa-Martínez</surname>
							<given-names>D.L.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>First report of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) in Michoacan, Mexico</article-title>
					<source>Mexican Journal of Phytopathology</source>
					<volume>37</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>185</fpage>
					<lpage>192</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.1810-5</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<mixed-citation>Eichmeier, A., Hejlova, M., Orsagova, H., Frejlichova, L., Hakalova, E., Tomankova, K., Linhartova, S., Kulich, P., Cermak, V., y Cechova, J. (2023). Characterization of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) detected in Czech Republic. Diversity, 15(2), 301. 10.3390/d15020301</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Eichmeier</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hejlova</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Orsagova</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Frejlichova</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hakalova</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tomankova</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Linhartova</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kulich</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cermak</surname>
							<given-names>V.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cechova</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2023</year>
					<article-title>Characterization of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) detected in Czech Republic</article-title>
					<source>Diversity</source>
					<volume>15</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>301</fpage>
					<lpage>301</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/d15020301</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<mixed-citation>Fidan, H., Sarikaya, P., Yildiz, K., Topkaya, B., Erkis, G., y Calis, O. (2021). Robust molecular detection of the new Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in infected tomato and pepper plants from Turkey. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(8), 2170-2179. 10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63335-4</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Fidan</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sarikaya</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yildiz</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Topkaya</surname>
							<given-names>B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Erkis</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Calis</surname>
							<given-names>O.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2021</year>
					<article-title>Robust molecular detection of the new Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in infected tomato and pepper plants from Turkey</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Integrative Agriculture</source>
					<volume>20</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>2170</fpage>
					<lpage>2179</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63335-4</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<mixed-citation>Hanssen, I.M., Lapidot, M., y Thomma, B.P.H.J. (2010). Emerging viral diseases of tomato crops. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 23(5), 539-548. 10.1094/MPMI-23-5-0539</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hanssen</surname>
							<given-names>I.M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lapidot</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Thomma</surname>
							<given-names>B.P.H.J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<article-title>Emerging viral diseases of tomato crops</article-title>
					<source>Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions</source>
					<volume>23</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>539</fpage>
					<lpage>548</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1094/MPMI-23-5-0539</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<mixed-citation>Maayan, Y., Pandaranayaka, E.P.J., Srivastava, D.A., Lapidot, M., Levin, I., Dombrovsky, A., y Harel, A. (2018). Using genomic analysis to identify tomato Tm-2 resistance-breaking mutations and their underlying evolutionary path in a new and emerging tobamovirus. Archives of Virology, 163, 1863-1875. 10.1007/s00705-018-3819-5</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Maayan</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pandaranayaka</surname>
							<given-names>E.P.J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Srivastava</surname>
							<given-names>D.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lapidot</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Levin</surname>
							<given-names>I.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dombrovsky</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Harel</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Using genomic analysis to identify tomato Tm-2 resistance-breaking mutations and their underlying evolutionary path in a new and emerging tobamovirus</article-title>
					<source>Archives of Virology</source>
					<volume>163</volume>
					<fpage>1863</fpage>
					<lpage>1875</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00705-018-3819-5</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<mixed-citation>Ramos-Villanueva, C.D., Carrillo-Benitez, G., Zamora-Macorra, E.J., Santiago-Elena, E., Ramírez-Alarcón, S., Jimenez-Vidals, J., y Ávila López, R. (2023). Use of endophytic microorganisms for the management of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in tomato crop (Solanum lycopersicum). Mexican Journal of Phytopathology, 41(4), 1. 10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2023-1</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ramos-Villanueva</surname>
							<given-names>C.D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Carrillo-Benitez</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zamora-Macorra</surname>
							<given-names>E.J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Santiago-Elena</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ramírez-Alarcón</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jimenez-Vidals</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ávila López</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2023</year>
					<article-title>Use of endophytic microorganisms for the management of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in tomato crop (Solanum lycopersicum)</article-title>
					<source>Mexican Journal of Phytopathology</source>
					<volume>41</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>1</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2023-1</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<mixed-citation>Salem, N., Mansour, A., Ciuffo, M., Falk, B.W., y Turina, M. (2016). A new tobamovirus infecting tomato crops in Jordan. Archives of Virology, 161, 503-506. 10.1007/s00705-015-2677-7</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Salem</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mansour</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ciuffo</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Falk</surname>
							<given-names>B.W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Turina</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>A new tobamovirus infecting tomato crops in Jordan</article-title>
					<source>Archives of Virology</source>
					<volume>161</volume>
					<fpage>503</fpage>
					<lpage>506</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00705-015-2677-7</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<mixed-citation> SENASICA (Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria) (2018). Protocolo de Diagnóstico: Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) (Virus del fruto marrón rugoso del tomate) [Versión 2.0]. Tecámac, México. 18.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="report">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>SENASICA (Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria)</collab>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Protocolo de Diagnóstico: Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) (Virus del fruto marrón rugoso del tomate) [Versión 2.0]</article-title>
					<publisher-loc>Tecámac, México</publisher-loc>
					<fpage>18</fpage>
					<lpage>18</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<mixed-citation>Yu, D., Tang, H., Zhang, Y., Du, Z., Yu, H., y Chen, Q. (2012). Comparison and Improvement of Different Methods of RNA Isolation from Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa). Journal of Agricultural Science, 4(7), 51-56. 10.5539/jas.v4n7p51</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Yu</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tang</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhang</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Du</surname>
							<given-names>Z.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yu</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chen</surname>
							<given-names>Q.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Comparison and Improvement of Different Methods of RNA Isolation from Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa)</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Agricultural Science</source>
					<volume>4</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>51</fpage>
					<lpage>56</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5539/jas.v4n7p51</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<mixed-citation>Zamora-Macorra, E.J., Aviña-Padilla, K., Rosemarie, H.W., y Ochoa-Martínez, D.L. (2023). Comparison of molecular protocols to detect Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in solanaceae hosts. Mexican Journal of Phytopathology, 41(4), 2. 10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2023-5</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Zamora-Macorra</surname>
							<given-names>E.J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aviña-Padilla</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rosemarie</surname>
							<given-names>H.W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ochoa-Martínez</surname>
							<given-names>D.L.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2023</year>
					<article-title>Comparison of molecular protocols to detect Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in solanaceae hosts</article-title>
					<source>Mexican Journal of Phytopathology</source>
					<volume>41</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>2</fpage>
					<lpage>2</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2023-5</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<mixed-citation>Zhi-Yong, Y., Mei-sheng, Z., Hua-yu, M., Ling-zhi, L., Guang-ling, Y., Chao, G., Yanping, T., y Xiang-dong, L. (2021). Biological and molecular characterization of tomato brown rugose fruit virus and development of quadruplex RT-PCR detection. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(7), 1871-1879. 10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63275-0</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Zhi-Yong</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mei-sheng</surname>
							<given-names>Z.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hua-yu</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ling-zhi</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Guang-ling</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chao</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yanping</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Xiang-dong</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2021</year>
					<article-title>Biological and molecular characterization of tomato brown rugose fruit virus and development of quadruplex RT-PCR detection</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Integrative Agriculture</source>
					<volume>20</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>1871</fpage>
					<lpage>1879</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63275-0</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Phytopathological Note</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Genetic variability of two Mexican Tomato brown rugose fruit virus isolates and expression of symptoms in tomato and pepper</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective/Background. </title>
					<p>The objective was to analyze the variability of two Mexican isolates of ToBRFV after a process of inoculation and multiplication in different commercial and Mexican landraces of tomato (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>) (15 materials) and pepper (<italic>Capsicum annuum</italic>) (20 materials), and to evaluate the expression of symptoms under greenhouse conditions.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and Methods. </title>
					<p>In greenhouses, the post-infection variability of two isolates was analyzed: EM-JI2021 (State of Mexico) and C-JI2021 (Colima) in 15 genotypes of tomato and 20 of pepper. Each isolate was mechanically inoculated on five plants per genotype with a total of 150 plants (56 days old) of tomato and 200 of pepper. Three plants per genotype were used as controls. Sixty-one days after inoculation, one leaf per plant was collected for RT-PCR. Incidence and symptom expression were recorded. RNA extraction was by 2% CTAB. ToBRFV-F/ ToBRFV-R primers amplifying 475 bpb of the RpRd gene were used (SENASICACNRF). 24 RT-PCR products were sequenced, cleaned and aligned with NCBI Genbank records using MEGAv11.0.13. Based on epidemiological criteria, 34 sequences were selected from GenBank for variability analysis.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results. </title>
					<p>Ten days after inoculation, tomato genotypes exhibited severe mosaic, mild mosaic, and reduced leaf area. In pepper, symptoms differentiated by genotype were observed, including hypersensitivity reaction, leaf deformation, stem necrosis, mosaic, yellowing, necrotic lesions, and asymptomatic condition. Between position 2,124 to 2,500 bp there was 99.74 % homology with the first report of ToBRFV in Jordan (KT383474.1). Homology &gt;99.74 % was found with isolates from USA (MT002973.1) and Canada (OQ674195.1). C-JI2021 exhibited no variability, while EM-JI2021 generated three haplotypes: One nucleotide change (c.2,355T&gt;C) was detected in Mulato (pepper) and Don R (tomato), while two substitutions (c.2,278A&gt;T; c.2,355T&gt;C) were detected in Santawest, Altius, Sahariana and Nebula (tomato).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion. </title>
					<p>The pathogenic intensity of ToBRFV varied from asymptomatic to severe depending on the combination of host, genotype, and haplotype. In short periods of infection, three haplotypes were detected, suggesting host-dependent mutagenic capacity of the virus.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Solanum lycopersicum</kwd>
				<kwd>Capsicum annuum</kwd>
				<kwd>ToBRFV</kwd>
				<kwd>isolates.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>In Jordan, in 2015, reports were made of symptoms of brown roughness in tomato fruits (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>), with a 100% incidence at a greenhouse level. Etiological studies determined a new <italic>Tobamovirus</italic> called <italic>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus</italic> (ToBRFV) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Salem <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). It has been postulated that ToBRFV may have come from the recombination of 314 nucleotides of the region 534-848 of the replicase gene (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Maayan <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). The <italic>Tomato mottle mosaic virus</italic> (ToMMV) and the <italic>Tobacco mosaic virus</italic> (TMV) have been proposed as direct ancestors, with the latter being the main one (Salem <italic>et al</italic>., 2016). The ToBRFV genome from different countries usually display low variability, which suggests an evolutionary process from a common descendant (Salem <italic>et al</italic>., 2016). In addition, Maayan and collabrators (2018), through phylogenetic studies of <italic>Tobamovirus</italic>, concluded that ToBRFV has undergone a divergent evolutionary process with adaptation to different hosts, but with a low mutation rate over a period of 3-4 years. In general, viruses have the potential to evolve and adapt quickly under the pressure of natural selection due to high population rates resulting from the efficient intraspecies replication, the occurrence of quasispecies and the lack of genome correction mechanisms (RNA virus), which enables genetic variation and short generation times (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Hanssen <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>In Mexico, the ToBRFV was first reported in 2018 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Cambrón-Crisantos <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). This <italic>Tobamovirus</italic> is spread mainly seed-borne. Currently, it has been reported in 20 states of the country, including the main tomato (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>) and pepper (<italic>Capsicum annuum</italic>) producing entities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Camacho-Beltran <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>; Cambrón-Crisantos <italic>et al</italic>., 2018). Fruits on tomato are associated with a yellow coloration, green spot and deformation, streaking and irregular brown spots.</p>
				<p>Mosaic, mottling and yellowing are observed on foliage. The first reports of viruses included total loss of production (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Cambrón-Crisantos <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Due to this, the aim of this study was to analyze the variability of two Mexican ToBRFV isolates after an inoculation and multiplication process in different commercial and native Mexican tomato (<italic>S. lycopersicum</italic>) (15 materials) and pepper (<italic>C. annuum</italic>) varieties (20 materials), and to evaluate the expression of symptoms under greenhouse conditions until the flowering stage.</p>
				<p>Inoculation of ToBRFV. Two isolates of the virus from the State of Mexico (EMJI2021) and Colima (C-JI2021) were used. The isolated were inoculated in a total of 15 tomato genotypes, 13 commercials and two Mexican ones, along with 20 of <italic>C. annuum</italic>, four varieties, 15 genotypes and one native. The isolates were performed under greenhouse conditions on 56-day-old plants. Before inoculation, Imidacloprid (1.5 mL L-1) was applied as a preventive measure against vector insects. The inoculation was carried out on the second youngest leaf, by spraying carborondum followed by the phosphates buffer with the macerated tomato tissue infected with the virus (two isolates). Five plants were considered for every genotype, 150 tomato plants (for both isolations) and 200 pepper plants. The control plants (three plants per plant material) were isolated to avoid contamination. The variables evaluated were the incidence of the virus in plants and the type of symptoms in the tomato and pepper materials was recorded. Tissue was taken from young leaves 61 days after inoculation, it was photographed and preserved at -20 °C. The tissue was macerated with liquid nitrogen for molecular study.</p>
				<p>RNA extraction and RT-PCR. The nucleic acids were extracted using the CTAB 2% method (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Yu, 2012</xref>; modified by CP-LANREF, 2021). The concentrations and characteristics of the RNA were measured in the NanoDrop 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific 2000, USA). For the RT-PCR, primers ToBRFV-F 5-AACCAGAGTCTTCCTATACTGGGAA-3 and ToBRFV-R 5’CTCWCCATCTCTTAATAATCTCCT-3 were used, which amplify part of the small subunit of the RpRd replicase with 475 bp (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">SENASICA, 2018</xref>). Retrotranscription and the polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were carried out in the T-100 (BioRad) thermocycler. For the retrotranscription (RT), primer R (10uM), water and 2 µL of RNA (50 ng µL-1) were used to obtain a volume of 16.375 µL and it was incubated at 85 °C for 3 min. Later, to each previous reaction, the mixture of Buffer-RT (5X), dNTPs (10mM), RNAsin (40 U µL-1) and M-MLV-RT (200 U µL-1) was added, with a volume of 8.625 µL. The mixture was incubated at 44 °C for 60 min and 92 °C for 10 min. For the PCR, MgCl2, dNTPs, the oligos, Taq polymerase, nuclease-free water and cDNA were used in a final volume of 25 µL. The conditions were an initial denaturalization at 98 °C for 90 s, denaturalization at 98 °C for 10 s, alignment at 55 °C for 20 s, extension at 72 °C for 40 s, final extension at 72 °C for 5 min, and finally, 72 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">SENASICA, 2018</xref>). The PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis in agarose gel at 1% stained with ethidium bromide and they were viewed under UV light in a photodocumenter (UVP, Biolmaging Systems, Epi Chemi II Darkroom).</p>
				<p>Phylogenetic analysis. PCR products (24 samples) were sent to Macrogen® (Seoul, Korea) to be sequenced. The sequences (both ways) were cleaned and the ends were eliminated using the program SeqAssem (https://science.do-mix.de/ software_seqassem.php). A consensus was made using the sequences to identify and compare the homology with sequences from the Genbank of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Sequences were chosen from complete ToBRFV genomes (three sequences) from Mexico and other countries (30 sequences) from the Genbank to perform the alignment using sequences of the fragment from the gene used in this study. The alignment was carried out using Mega 11.0.13 and Geneious 2023.0.4 (www.geneious.com) to determine the variability between sequences. The criterion for the selection of the viral sequences was according to the first reports of the virus, worldwide diversity, as well as sequences from the American continent (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>ToBRFV-related symptoms in tomato and pepper. All the commercial and native tomato material expressed symptoms 10 days after the inoculation of isolations EM-JI2021 and C-JI2021. The symptoms observed in tomato induced by ToBRFV were mainly mild to severe mosaic. A severe leaf deformation and reduction with remanence of veins was also observed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>). In some varieties, the clearing of veins was also observed.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Zhi-Yong <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>) evaluated 50 tomato cultivars and no material expressed resistance to ToBRFV, showing different symptoms such as mild to severe mosaic, the formation of blisters on the leaves, necrosis in sepals and pedicels, deformation, and in fruits, yellow spots, as well as necrotic lesions with brown roughness. They also inoculated <italic>C. annumm</italic>, <italic>Nicotiana benthamiana</italic>, <italic>N. tabacum</italic>, <italic>Solanum melongena</italic> and <italic>S. tuberosum</italic> cv. Kexin 1, where symptoms of necrosis in inoculated leaves and stems, as well as dwarfism.</p>
				<p>In pepper, all materials displayed a diversity of symptoms after inoculation, particularly a reaction of hypersensitivity with the falling of inoculated leaves. It was initially observed in necrotic inoculated lesions and later, the detaching of the leaf. Severe symptoms were observed in some materials such as deformation in apex leaves, stem necrosis, necrosis in veins and necrotic lesions in non-inoculated leaves (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>). These symptoms coincide with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Fidan <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>), who observed necrosis in inoculated leaves, necrotic lesions in the stem and the yellowing of leaves.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Complete <italic>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus</italic> sequences obtained from the GenBank (NCBI) used for the alignment and compares with ToBRFV sequences from the study.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>No. of accession</th>
									<th>Base pairs</th>
									<th>Host</th>
									<th>Plant tissue</th>
									<th>Location</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">MZ945420.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6379</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Solanum lycopersicum</td>
									<td style="text-align:left"/>
									<td>Belgium</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">OQ674194.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6374</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td style="text-align:left"/>
									<td>Canada</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">OQ674195.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6242</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum cultivar Yari</td>
									<td style="text-align:left"/>
									<td>Canada</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">OM515230.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6375</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td style="text-align:left"/>
									<td>Netherlands</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">OM515231.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6373</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td style="text-align:left"/>
									<td>United Kingdom</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">OM515232.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6373</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td style="text-align:left"/>
									<td>United Kingdom</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">MZ323110.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6394</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td style="text-align:left"/>
									<td>Jordan</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">MK648157.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6388</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Capsicum annuum</td>
									<td style="text-align:left"/>
									<td>Jordan</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">KT383474.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6393</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td style="text-align:left"/>
									<td>Jordan</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">MN882030.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6379</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td style="text-align:left"/>
									<td>Egypt</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">MN882031.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6379</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td style="text-align:left"/>
									<td>Egypt</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">MW349655.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6379</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">C. annuum cultivar Tampiqueno</td>
									<td style="text-align:left"/>
									<td>Mexico</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">OM515233.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6369</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td>Seeds</td>
									<td>Peru</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">OM515258.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6376</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td>Seeds</td>
									<td>Peru</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">OM515256.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6361</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td>Seeds</td>
									<td>China</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">MT018320.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6392</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td style="text-align:left"/>
									<td>China</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">OM515237.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6377</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td>Seeds</td>
									<td>Israel</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">OM515234.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6371</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">C. annuum</td>
									<td>Seeds</td>
									<td>Israel</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">OM515257.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6367</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td>Seeds</td>
									<td>Israel</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">OM515266.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6364</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td>Seeds</td>
									<td>Israel</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">OM515250.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6371</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td>Seeds</td>
									<td>Israel</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">OM515261.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6376</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td>Fruit</td>
									<td>Belgium</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">OM515265.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6375</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td>Fruit</td>
									<td>Belgium</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">MN815773.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6354</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td style="text-align:left"/>
									<td>Greece</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">OM305070.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6386</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td style="text-align:left"/>
									<td>Switzerland</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">MT107885.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6386</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td style="text-align:left"/>
									<td>Turkey</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">OM515234.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6371</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">C. annuum</td>
									<td>Seeds</td>
									<td>Israel</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">OM782671.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6356</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td style="text-align:left"/>
									<td>Mexico</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">OM892675.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6384</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td>Imported fruit</td>
									<td>Mexico</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">OM892676.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6381</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td>Seeds</td>
									<td>Peru</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">OM892677.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6392</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td>Store fruit</td>
									<td>USA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">OM892678.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6393</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td>Imported fruit</td>
									<td>Peru</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">OM892679.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6375</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td>Store fruit</td>
									<td>USA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">OM892681.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">6357</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S. lycopersicum</td>
									<td>Leaf</td>
									<td>USA</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Variability in ToBRFV isolates. Out of the total of tomato and pepper genotypes inoculated, five pepper samples were sent to inoculate, one with C-JI2021 and four with EM-JI2021, along with 19 tomato samples, six with EM-JI2021 and 13 with C-JI2021. The sequences in the study were aligned with 80.2% of the total of the fragment of the partial RpRd gene (475 pb). The sequences displayed an identity with accessions of the GenBank with a homology that fluctuates between 99.74 and 100%, including the sequence of the virus originally described by Salem <italic>et</italic></p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Symptoms pf <italic>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus</italic> in commercial and native tomato and pepper materials expressed under greenhouse conditions.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Name</th>
									<th>Crop</th>
									<th>Symptoms</th>
									<th>Name</th>
									<th>Crop</th>
									<th>Symptoms</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Santawest</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Tomatoy</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">MM</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Conga</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">Pepperz</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Citali</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Tomato</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">MM, LF, LR</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Fascinato</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">Pepper</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">IR143466</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Tomato</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">SM, LF, LR</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Felicitas</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">Pepper</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">NLNI</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Sicilia</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Tomato</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">SM, LF, LR</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Botaron</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">Pepper</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">A, SN</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Sahariana</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Tomato</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">SM, LF, LR</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Godzilla</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">Pepper</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">NLNI</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Altius</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Tomato</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">SM, LF, LR, GI SM, LF, LR, CV</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Kathia</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">Pepper</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Don R</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Tomato</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">MS, LF, LD</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Almuden</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">Pepper</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">LD, NLNI, DAA, SN, NLN</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Nebula</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Tomato</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">MM, LF</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Bachia</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">Pepper</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">LNI</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Volcano</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Tomato</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">MM, LF, CV</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Cannon</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">Pepper</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Ametrino</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Tomato</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">MM, LF, CV</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Gina</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">Pepper</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">NLNI, SN</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Angelle</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Tomato</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">SM, LF, LD, CV</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Confidaro</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">Pepper</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Olmeca</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Tomato</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">SM, LF, LR</td>
									<td style="text-align:left"/>
									<td style="text-align:left"/>
									<td style="text-align:center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">UAM-X</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Tomato</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">SM, LF, LR, CV</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Cayenne</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">Pepper</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">DAA, NL</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Rio Grande</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Tomato</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">SM, LF, CV</td>
									<td style="text-align:left"/>
									<td style="text-align:left"/>
									<td style="text-align:center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Totolapan, Mor.</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Tomato</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">MM</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">mulato</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">Pepper</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Cavanna</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Pepper</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">A</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Serrano</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">Pepper</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">SM, GI</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Shir</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Pepper</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">A</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Zongolica</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">Pepper</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">MM, CR</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Orangela</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Pepper</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">A</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Chile pasilla</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">Pepper</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left"/>
									<td style="text-align:left"/>
									<td style="text-align:left"/>
									<td style="text-align:left">Manzano-Ver</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">Pepper</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">A</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>yTomato. MM: mild mosaic; SM: Severe mosaic; LF: Leaf deformation; LD: Leaf deformation; LR: Leaf reduction; CV: Clearing of veins; GI: Green islands.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>zPepper: A: Asymptomatic; MM: mild mosaic; SM|: Severe mosaic; LD: Leaf deformation; NL: necrotic lesions on leaves; NLNI: necrotic lesions on non-inoculated leaves; SN: Stem necrosis; DAA: Deformation of apical area; NLN: necrosis in leaf nervations; GI: Green islands; CR: Concentric rings.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><italic>al.</italic> (2016) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>). The sequences that displayed an identity of 99.74 and 99.75% were samples inoculated with EM-JI2021 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>). All the sequences were aligned with accessions from the USA and Canada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>). Five sequences with an identity of less than 100% were aligned with OQ6741195.1 from Canada and one sequence from the USA (MT002973.1).</p>
				<p>According to the analysis of the alignment based on the complete genome with 34 ToBRFV sequences and the partial genome of the replicase of the 24 sequences of this investigation, variability was observed at the nucleotide level in six sequences obtained from plants inoculated with EM-JI2021. Two changes were observed: in nucleotides c.2,278A&gt;T and in c.2355T&gt;C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>). The sequences under study were aligned between the positions 2,124 and 2,500 corresponding to the gene of the replicase. The nucleotide substitutions were also observed in accessions MW349655.1 (pepper tissue), OQ674195.1 (tomato leaves), and</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Symptoms in commercial and native tomato material inoculated with <italic>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus</italic>. Symptoms of mild mosaic (IR143466, Nebula, Ametrino, Rio Grande, Citlali, Altius); severe mosaic, deformation and clearing of main leaf nervations (Volcano, Criollo-X and Angelle); healthy plant (Angelle control).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2311-2-gf4.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>OM515234.1 (pepper seeds), which correspond to Mexico, Canada and Israel. However, in another investigation, no mutations of ToBRFV were found after an inoculation process in tomato and pepper (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Eichmeier <italic>et al.</italic>, 2023</xref>). These results coincide with a study that reports between 2 and 39 nucleotide substitutions at the level of the complete genome (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abrahamian <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). Although the nucleotide changes are low, these changes could eventually lead to variability in the pathogenic and/or epidemiological behavior of the virus. This is supported with observations on tomato plants inoculated with the isolation from the State of Mexico (EMJI2021), which displayed a greater recorded height and stem diameter than the plants inoculated with the isolation from Colima (C-JI2021) (Data not shown). Symptoms were also observed in tomato plants inoculated with isolation C-JI2021, which were associated to European symptoms and more severe than those caused by the isolate from the State of Mexico.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Symptoms in chili (<italic>Capsicum annumm</italic>) inoculated with <italic>Tomato brown rugose fruit virus</italic>. A-C) Symptoms of apical deformation, necrosis in stem and nervations of Almuden leaves; D) Symptoms of apical deformation, slight necrosis in Cayenne nervations; E) Symptoms of apical deformation, mosaic, necrotic lesions in noninoculated Felicitas leaves.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2311-2-gf5.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The importance of ToBRFV, from an early diagnosis of the virus to the impact on the production of tomato and pepper, is relevant. Studies have been performed on RNA extraction methods for an early and accurate diagnose in the molecular analysis (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Zamora-Macorra <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>), up to alternatives for the management of ToBRFV with a low environmental impact, such as the use of <italic>Beauveria peruviencis</italic>, <italic>Trichoderma longibrachiatum</italic> and <italic>Pseudomonas</italic> sp. (RamosVillanueva <italic>et al</italic>., 2023). Nevertheless, studies on the expression of symptoms in</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Percentage of coverage and identity of two ToBRFV isolations inoculated in a total of 35 tomato and pepper genotypes under greenhouse conditions.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th rowspan="2">Isolate</th>
									<th rowspan="2">Variety creolez</th>
									<th rowspan="2">Crop</th>
									<th rowspan="2">Isolate origin</th>
									<th rowspan="2">lenght pb</th>
									<th rowspan="2">Coverage</th>
									<th rowspan="2">Identity</th>
									<th colspan="2">Homolaged isolate</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th style="text-align:center">Accesion</th>
									<th style="text-align:center">Country</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="10">EM-JI2021</td>
									<td>Almuden</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Chile</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Edo. México</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">398</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
									<td>100</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">OQ674195.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Canada</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mulato</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Chile</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Edo. México</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">390</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">99.74</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">OQ674195.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Canada</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Congo</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Chile</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Edo. México</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">391</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">99.74</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Gina</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Chile</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Edo. México</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">381</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">98</td>
									<td>100</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Santawest</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Edo. México</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">402</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">99.75</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">OQ674195.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Canada</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Gotzilla</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Edo. México</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">383</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
									<td>100</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Altius</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Edo. México</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">385</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">99.74</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">OQ674195.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Canada</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Don R</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Edo. México</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">407</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
									<td>100</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">OQ674195.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Canada</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sahariana</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Edo. México</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">392</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">99.74</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">OQ674195.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Canada</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Nebula</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Edo. México</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">408</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">99</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">99.75</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">OQ674195.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Canada</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="14">C-JI2021</td>
									<td>Manzano</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Chile</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">402</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
									<td>100</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Santawest</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">410</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
									<td>100</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Altius</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">407</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
									<td>100</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sicilia</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">411</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
									<td>100</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IR143466</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">418</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
									<td>100</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Don R</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">408</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
									<td>100</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Ametrino</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">384</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
									<td>100</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Olmeca</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">399</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
									<td>100</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Nebula</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">404</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
									<td>100</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Xochimilco</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">384</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
									<td>100</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Angelle</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">399</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
									<td>100</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Río Grande</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">408</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
									<td>100</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Totolapan</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">388</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
									<td>100</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Citlali</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Jitomate</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Colima</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">385</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">100</td>
									<td>100</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">MT002973.1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">USA</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>Z Names in italics are native materials. In bold, sequences with a homology of &lt;100%.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>the different materials available in the market, as well as knowing the variability of ToBRFV that exists on the field, provides a guideline to better understand the virus epidemiology and its behavior according to the crop and the established weather conditions. It is therefore important to study the virus diversity in both the field and greenhouse over time and to observe the association between the diversity of expression of symptoms in tomato and pepper.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Alignment of the partial sequence of the tomato brown rugose fruit virus replicase gene from 24 sequences of isolates obtained from 35 genotypes inoculates with isolates EM-JI2021 and C-JI2021, and from 34 sequences from different tomato and chili-producing countries. The alignment was performed using Geneious.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-02-RMEXFIT2311-2-gf6.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusions</title>
				<p>All tomato materials expressed symptoms of mosaics, but without showing symptoms as severe as those reported for the first time, except in tomato plants inoculated with isolation C-JI2021. In pepper, lesions were recorded on inoculated leaves (hypersensitivity reaction), as well as necrotic lesions on the stem, apical deformation, necrosis in leaf nervations and asymptomatic.</p>
				<p>According to the alignment analysis of two ToBRFV isolates (State of Mexico and Colima), in comparison with 34 isolates available in the NCBI Genbank, in five sequences of isolates from the State of Mexico (EM-JI2021) the substitution of two nucleotides were observed, nucleotides c.2,278A&gt;T and c.2355T&gt;C. Accessions MW349655.1 (Mexico), OQ674195.1 (Canada) and OM515234.1 (Israel) coincided with isolate EM-JI2021 (inoculated with the variety Don R) in one nucleotide change c.2355T&gt;C. In this study, a total of three haplotypes were found. This is the first study that reports variability of ToBRFV in a short period under controlled conditions. This information may be relevant for cross-protection studies.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Acknowledgements</title>
				<p> The first author thanks the Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCyT) for the postdoctoral fellowship provided to perform this investigation work. To the LANREF-CP team for the methodological and logistical support.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>