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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R. MEX.FIT.2401-5</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Composición química de hidrolatos de <italic>Tagetes</italic> y evaluación <italic>in vitro</italic> e <italic>in vivo</italic> contra hongos asociados a enfermedades en fresa (<italic>Fragaria xananassa</italic>)</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ruíz-González</surname>
						<given-names>Miguel Ángel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Serrato-Cruz</surname>
						<given-names>Miguel Ángel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Valadez-Moctezuma</surname>
						<given-names>Ernestina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Solano-Vidal</surname>
						<given-names>Roney</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. km 38.5 Carretera México-Texcoco. 56230, Chapingo, Estado de México, México. 1</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Estado de México</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. km 38.5 Carretera México-Texcoco. 56230, Chapingo, Estado de México, México.2</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Estado de México</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. km 38.5 Carretera México-Texcoco. 56230, Chapingo, Estado de México, México.3</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Estado de México</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. km 38.5 Carretera México-Texcoco. 56230, Chapingo, Estado de México, México.4</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Estado de México</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>18</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Sep-Dec</season>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>42</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT24015</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>28</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Antecedentes / Objetivo. </title>
					<p>Las plantas aromáticas contienen compuestos químicos con potencial para formular productos antifúngicos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar la composición química en hidrolatos de especies de <italic>Tagetes</italic> y evaluar su efecto <italic>in vitro</italic> e <italic>in vivo</italic> contra hongos asociados a enfermedades en fresa.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales y métodos. </title>
					<p>Los hidrolatos de <italic>T. coronopifolia, T. minuta, T. parryi</italic> y <italic>T. terniflora</italic> fueron analizados mediante cromatografía de gases acoplado a detector selectivo de masas. Se evaluaron <italic>in vitro</italic> hidrolatos al 100, 75, 50 y 25 % y fungicidas comerciales Promyl contra <italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic>, <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic>, <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic> y Ridomil Gold contra <italic>Phytophthora capsici</italic>. En la evaluación <italic>in vivo</italic> las plantas de fresa se asperjaron con hidrolatos y 24 h después fueron inoculadas con suspensión de esporas 1 x 10<sup>6</sup>. Los datos se analizaron mediante análisis de varianza y pruebas de medias de Tukey (<italic>p</italic> ≤ 0.05).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados. </title>
					<p>Los monoterpenos fueron los compuestos mayoritarios en las cuatro especies. El hidrolato de <italic>T. parryi in vitro</italic> inhibió totalmente el crecimiento de <italic>B. cinerea</italic> y fue efectivo como tratamiento preventivo en la evaluación <italic>in vivo</italic>. <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>, <italic>P. capsici</italic> y <italic>R. solani</italic> fueron menos susceptibles a todos los hidrolatos.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión. </title>
					<p>El hidrolato de <italic>T. parryi</italic> se puede aplicar como preventivo contra <italic>B. cinerea</italic> en plantas de fresa.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Enfermedades fungosas</kwd>
				<kwd>Fragaria</kwd>
				<kwd>inhibición</kwd>
				<kwd>antifúngico</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="42"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p>En México, la superficie sembrada de fresa (<italic>Fragaria x ananassa</italic>) en el año 2018 fue de 13,562 ha y en 2022 se redujo a 7,872 ha (SIAP, 2022), esta disminución se debe a problemas fitosanitarios que afectan su producción, asociados con diferentes especies de hongos, entre ellos <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic>, <italic>Rhizoctonia</italic> spp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Golzar <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>), <italic>Phytophthora</italic> spp. (Serret-López <italic>et al</italic>., 2016) y <italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Boddy, 2016</xref>), esta situación repercute en pérdidas de hasta 50 % de la producción (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bárcenas-Santana <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Para el control de estos hongos, se ha recurrido principalmente al uso de agroquímicos, sin embargo, el uso y dosis inadecuadas de estos ha generado efectos negativos en el ambiente y en el humano, también los hongos han desarrollado resistencia a fungicidas, aun así, su uso se intensifica y se han vuelto indispensables para la seguridad alimentaria mundial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Zubrod <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Esta situación ha motivado a investigadores y productores a explorar alternativas, como los extractos de plantas o compuestos derivados de las mismas que se han utilizado con éxito en el control de hongos fitopatógenos. Los extractos vegetales tienen la ventaja de contener más de un compuesto antifúngico, por lo que el desarrollo de resistencia del patógeno es menos probable si los diferentes compuestos afectan a un proceso metabólico diferente (Shuping y Eloff, 2017). Es importante considerar que en los extractos el rendimiento y la composición química es variable y depende de las condiciones climáticas, el sitio de cultivo y el tiempo de cosecha (Santos-Gomes <italic>et al</italic>., 2001; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bhat <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>). Además, debido a su naturaleza volátil y a la termolabilidad de sus componentes, son muy susceptibles a la degradación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Odak <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Por lo anterior, el conocimiento científico previo de los recursos naturales o de las condiciones de manejo, tanto en campo como en almacenamiento, resulta indispensable para el aprovechamiento sustentable local de plantas y su transformación a insumos de biocontrol de hongos fitopatógenos como una vía de sustitución de pesticidas en sistemas de producción agrícola.</p>
			<p><italic>Tagetes</italic> (Asteraceae) es un recurso vegetal que en México está representado aproximadamente por 35 especies, varias con potencial en el control de hongos (Serrato, 2014), los extractos acuosos de algunas especies de <italic>Tagetes</italic> se han evaluado mostrando resultados promisorios, por ejemplo, <italic>T. erecta</italic> o cempasúchil es efectivo en el control de <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Wang <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>) y <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Espejo <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>), en tanto que <italic>in vitro</italic>, el aceite esencial de <italic>T. lemmoni</italic> o rudilla inhibe totalmente el crecimiento micelial de <italic>B. cinerea</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Larios-Palacios <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Durante el proceso de hidrodestilación de plantas aromáticas se obtiene un extracto acuoso conocido como hidrosol, agua aromática, hidroflorato o hidrolato, su obtención es rápida, barata y se caracteriza por contener aceite esencial en concentraciones bajas (&lt; 1 mL L<sup>-1</sup>), además de algunos componentes de aceite polares, oxigenados e hidrófilos que forman enlaces de hidrógeno con el agua (Tisserand y Young 2014; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Labadie <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; Taglienti <italic>et al</italic>., 2022). Los hidrolatos se utilizan en perfumería, cosmética, como saborizantes de alimentos, aromaterapia y terapias tradicionales (Rajeswara, 2013). Los estudios sobre el efecto biológico de los hidrolatos aún son limitados en comparación con los realizados con aceites esenciales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Yann-Olivier <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). En el área agrícola, se han usado con éxito hidrolatos de <italic>Ocimum basilicum</italic>, <italic>Cuminum cyminum</italic>, <italic>Echinophora tenuifolia</italic>, <italic>Daucus carota</italic> subsp. <italic>sativus</italic>, <italic>Rosmarinus officinalis</italic> y <italic>Satureja hortensis</italic> para controlar algunos hongos fitopatógenos como <italic>Alternaria citri</italic>, <italic>Alternaria mali</italic>, <italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic>, <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f. sp tulipae, <italic>Penicillium expansum</italic> y <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Boyraz y Özcan, 2005</xref>; Boyraz y Özcan, 2006; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Zatla <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Por mucho tiempo, a los hidrolatos se les ha definido como productos de desecho de la hidrodestilación, pero en la actualidad se empiezan a utilizar como una alternativa para controlar hongos fitopatógenos. Por ello, la exploración y evaluación de otras especies aromáticas en el control de hongos de alta incidencia en cultivos como la fresa es indispensable. Considerando que <italic>Tagetes</italic> es un recurso natural abundante en México y, por lo tanto, fuente potencial de hidrolato como insumo para el biocontrol de hongos fitopatógenos, el objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar la composición química en hidrolatos de especies de <italic>Tagetes</italic> y evaluar su efecto <italic>in vitro</italic> e <italic>in vivo</italic> contra hongos asociados a enfermedades en fresa.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Materiales y Métodos</title>
			<p>Muestreo vegetal. En el campo experimental de la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (19.491733, -98.873179), en el mes de mayo de 2022 bajo condiciones de invernadero se cultivaron plantas de <italic>Tagetes</italic>: <italic>T. coronopifolia</italic>, <italic>T. minuta</italic>, <italic>T. parryi</italic> y <italic>T. terniflora</italic>, las cuales en etapa de floración fueron recolectadas en el mes de octubre y con tijeras de poda se cortaron en segmentos de 2 cm aproximadamente. La cantidad de 4 kg de una mezcla de flores (25 %), hojas (35 %) y tallos (40 %) se introdujo en matraz de destilador tipo italiano y posteriormente se agregaron 2 L de agua potable, se encendió el termostato (135±5 °C) y durante 40 min se hizo la hidrodestilación (Uddin <italic>et al</italic>., 2023). Se obtuvieron 400 mL kg<sup>-1</sup> de hidrolato fresco, se depositó en frascos de plástico y se conservó a una temperatura de 4 °C hasta su uso. Tres especímenes de cada especie fueron ingresados al Herbario Jorge Espinoza Salas de la Preparatoria Agrícola, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo con números de registro 36282, 36280, 33299 y 36281, respectivamente.</p>
			<p>Identificación de compuestos químicos. Los hidrolatos se analizaron en un Cromatógrafo de Gases (CG) Agilent 7890B acoplado a Detector Selectivo de Masas (MSD) Agilent 5977A (CRO-E-003) y equipado con una columna DB-WAX Ultra Inert 60 m x 250 μm x 0.25 μm. La rampa de temperatura fue 40 °C por 1 min hasta 240 °C a una velocidad de 9 °C min<sup>-1</sup>. Se utilizó helio como gas acarreador a un flujo de 1 mL min<sup>-1</sup> durante los 24 min que duró la corrida. Los hidrolatos se filtraron en un microfiltro de PTFE de 45 μm, enseguida, se disolvieron 100 μL de la muestra en 400 μL de diclorometano grado HPLC, el extracto se concentró hasta un volumen de 1 mL y se inyectó 1 μL al cromatógrafo de gases en modo splitless. Los compuestos se identificaron con base en los patrones de fragmentación de los espectros de masas, los cuales se compararon con los espectros de masas depositados en la base de datos del NIST 14 (National Institute of Standards and Technology) y la base de datos de fragancias Flavor (Agilent Technologies). Se realizó la determinación de los índices de retención de Kovats con alcanos C7-C40 (Sigma-Aldrich). Los índices de retención de Kovats experimentales se compararon con los índices de Kovats de la literatura (NIST:webbok.nist.gov/chemistry/) considerando que el índice de Kovats experimental coincidiera (± 50 unidades) con el de la literatura para la identificación correcta del compuesto. La abundancia relativa de cada compuesto se estimó con base en el área de los picos.</p>
			<p>Procedencia de los hongos. <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic>, <italic>Phytophthora capsici</italic> y <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic> fueron aislados a partir muestras de chile manzano (<italic>Capsicum pubescens</italic>) recolectadas en una plantación de chile manzano ubicado en el campo experimental agrícola Chapingo y <italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic> se aisló a partir de muestras de flores de rosa silvestre (<italic>Rosa</italic> sp.) recolectadas en el municipio de Acaxochitlán, Hidalgo. El tejido vegetal fue desinfestado con hipoclorito de sodio al 1 % y lavado tres veces con agua bidestilada, después, en medio de cultivo Agar Dextrosa y Papa (PDA) (BD Bioxon) se colocaron fragmentos de 5 mm del tejido vegetal para aislar los hongos y el oomiceto se aisló en medio de cultivo que contenía 20 g de harina de maíz, 18 g de agar-agar, 0.8 mL de pimaricina, 0.02 g de rifamicina y 0.25 g L<sup>-1</sup> de ampicilina diluida en agua destilada. Las cajas Petri se dejaron a temperatura ambiente y fueron monitoreadas cada 24 h hasta observar crecimiento micelial. A las 72 h, se observó crecimiento y se transfirió inoculo a nuevo medio de cultivo para obtener cultivos puros. Después, <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>, <italic>R. solani</italic> y el oomiceto <italic>P. capsici</italic> fueron identificados mediante su morfología (Nelson <italic>et al</italic>., 1983; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Gutiérrez <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Leslie y Summerell, 2006</xref>; Plancarte <italic>et al</italic>., 2017). <italic>B. cinerea</italic> también se identificó mediante su morfología y con pruebas de patogenicidad en frutos de fresa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Barnett y Hunter, 1986</xref>; Terrones-Salgado <italic>et al</italic>., 2019); además, se hizo extracción de ADN con método SDS (Dodecil Sulfato Sódico), después se hizo amplificación en PCR utilizando iniciadores NL4 y ITS5HP (Toju <italic>et al</italic>, 2012; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hudagula <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). El programa térmico se fijó a 94 °C durante 5 min, seguido de 35 ciclos a 94 56 72 °C durante 1 1 2.3 s, respectivamente y una extensión final a 72 °C durante 10 min. Los productos amplificados de las reacciones de PCR fueron separados por electroforesis utilizando geles de agarosa al 1.2 %. Los fragmentos amplificados y purificados se enviaron a Macrogen para la secuenciación. Las secuencias en formato FASTA se compararon con la base de datos BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool), con lo cual se corroboró la identidad del hongo y el número de acceso en GenBank para <italic>B. cinerea</italic> es PP401673.1. Para la identificación molecular de los otros organismos, la extracción de ADN se hizo con el método CTAB (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Weising <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>) con modificaciones, el micelio se obtuvo de cajas Petri con crecimiento de <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>, <italic>P. capsici</italic> y <italic>R. solani</italic> y se colocó en morteros, se agregó nitrógeno líquido y el micelio se maceró con pistilo estéril. En tubos Eppendorf de 2 mL se agregó 1 mL de CTAB 2 % + 0.2 % β-mercaptoetanol y se agregó el micelio macerado, se agitó por inmersión, se incubó a 55 °C en termoblok durante 20 min con agitación cada 5 min. Posteriormente, los tubos se centrifugaron durante 5 min a 12,000 x g, con micropipetas se transfirió el sobrenadante a un nuevo tubo y se agregaron 1.2 volumen de isopropanol al 100 %, se agitó por inmersión y se llevaron a centrifugar durante 10 min a 12,000 x g, se descartó el sobrenadante y se hizo un lavado con etanol al 70 %, los tubos con el ADN precipitado se centrifugaron durante 10 min a 12,000 x g y al final se decantó el etanol, los tubos se colocaron invertidos sobre papel absorbente hasta que el pellet se secó, finalmente a cada tubo se le adicionaron 50 µL de TE y se mantuvieron a -20 durante 24 h. La concentración de ADN se determinó en un espectrofotómetro a 260 nm en un Nanodrop V3.5.2 (Coleman Technologies Inc. For Nanodrop Technologies). Las reacciones de PCR se llevaron a cabo en un volumen final de 25 µL, se usaron iniciadores NL4-ITS5SHP, ITS4-ITS5HP, ITS1-NL4, ITS1-ITS4B para amplificar la región (Toju <italic>et al</italic>., 2012; Hudagula <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022), iniciadores NMSI-NMS2 para amplificar la subunidad pequeña del ribosoma y los iniciadores EF1-EF2 (Raja <italic>et al</italic>., 2017; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Deng <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>) para amplificar el gen TEF. Las condiciones de PCR para la región ITS y subunidad pequeña del ribosoma fueron las siguientes: un primer ciclo de pre-desnaturalización a 95 °C durante 5 min, seguido de 35 ciclos de desnaturalización a 95 °C durante 1 min, alineamiento a 58 °C durante 45 segundos y extensión a 72 °C durante 1 min y finalmente con una extensión a 72 °C durante 10 min. Las condiciones de PCR para TEF fueron: un primer ciclo de pre-desnaturalización a 95 °C durante 5 min, seguido de 35 ciclos de desnaturalización a 95°C durante 1 min, alineamiento a 55 °C durante 45 s y extensión a 72 °C durante 1.5 min y finalmente con una extensión a 72 °C durante 10 min. El producto de amplificación por PCR se visualizó en electroforesis, se preparó un gel de agarosa al 1.2 % con buffer TAE 1x, corrido a 100 volts durante 1h. Para el revelado de bandas, el gel se tiñó con bromuro de etidio durante 15 min, después se visualizó con software Qwanty One (BioRad). El tamaño de las bandas se estimó tomando como referencia los marcadores de peso molecular 1 kb (Invitrogen) que fueron colocadas en los extremos. Los productos amplificados se conservaron a 4 °C para su análisis. Los fragmentos amplificados y purificados se enviaron a Macrogen para la secuenciación. Las secuencias en formato FASTA se compararon con la base de datos BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool), con lo cual se corroboró la identidad de los hongos, después se hizo el registro en la base datos del GenBank. El número de registro para cada hongo es<italic>: F. oxysporum</italic> (PP729638.1), <italic>R. solani</italic> (PP713022.1) y <italic>P. capsici</italic> (PP922286.1).</p>
			<p><bold>Evaluación <italic>in vitro</italic>.</bold> Se preparó medio PDA mezclado con hidrolato en cuatro concentraciones (100, 75, 50 y 25 % v/v) por cada especie, las concentraciones del hidrolato se prepararon mediante diluciones con agua bidestilada y se obtuvieron 16 tratamientos de hidrolato y el testigo con PDA. Como testigos de referencia se usaron fungicidas comerciales de la Distribuidora Técnica Industrial, S. A. de C.V. y Syngenta Agro, S.A de C.V. distribuidos en Artículos Entomológicos S. A. de C. V. Texcoco. Promyl (Benomilo: Metil 1-(butilcarbamoil) bencimidazol-2-ilcarbamato) se usó para <italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic>, <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic> y <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Vega-López y Granados-Montero, 2023</xref>) y Ridomil Gold (N-(metoxiacetil)-N(2,6-xilil)-D-alaninato de metilo) para <italic>Phytophthora capsici</italic> (Pons-Hernández <italic>et al</italic>., 2020). De cada fungicida se usó 1.5 g L<sup>-1</sup>. Después de preparar el medio de cultivo, en el centro de cada caja Petri que contenía el medio de cultivo combinado con hidrolato se colocó un disco (3.5 mm) con micelio de cada hongo (colonias de 10 días de edad) y después se incubaron en condiciones de oscuridad con las siguientes temperaturas: <italic>B. cinerea</italic> a 20 °C, <italic>P. capsici</italic> a 27 °C, <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> y <italic>R. solani</italic> a 30 °C. Cada 24 h se midió el crecimiento radial con un vernier digital.</p>
			<p><bold>Evaluación <italic>in vivo</italic>.</bold> Solo los tratamientos que tuvieron el mayor efecto de inhibición en condiciones <italic>in vitro</italic> se retomaron para su evaluación <italic>in vivo</italic>. La evaluación se hizo en un invernadero y se usaron plantas de fresa var. “FESTIVAL” provenientes de Zamora, Michoacán de cinco meses de edad en fase de floración mantenidas en maceta con tezontle rojo; la fertilización se hizo con solución Steiner al 100 % con riegos semanales y con aplicación semanal de fertilizante foliar PEKA<sup>®</sup> (1 mL L<sup>-1</sup>) (Producto elaborado por Química Sagal y distribuido en Agroquímicos Texcoco S.A. de C. V.). Cuando las plantas estaban en fructificación, se seleccionaron cuatro frutos maduros a los que se les hizo solo una perforación de 0.2 cm de profundidad con aguja de disección esterilizada con alcohol y a cada planta se le asperjaron 20 mL de hidrolato con atomizador, 24 h después de la aplicación de hidrolatos se inocularon las plantas con una suspensión de esporas 1 x 10<sup>6</sup> de <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> y <italic>B. cinerea</italic> preparada con agua bidestilada y 1 mL L<sup>-1</sup> de Tween 20, la aplicación de las esporas se hizo con atomizador, <italic>P. capsici</italic> y <italic>R. solani</italic> se inocularon mediante micelio. Las plantas inoculadas se cubrieron con una bolsa de polietileno durante 48 h para mantener la humedad, posteriormente, las hojas, frutos maduros, frutos inmaduros y flores fueron monitoreadas cada 24 h hasta las 72 h para la detección de síntomas causados por los patógenos (<italic>B. cinerea</italic>, <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>, <italic>P. capsici</italic> y <italic>R. solani</italic>).</p>
			<p>Diseño experimental y análisis de datos. El experimento <italic>in vitro</italic> se analizó bajo un Diseño Completamente al Azar (DCA) con cinco repeticiones cada uno, una caja Petri fue una unidad experimental. Con los datos del crecimiento radial se calculó el porcentaje de inhibición (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kagezi <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). El experimento <italic>in vivo</italic> se hizo con un DCA, se usaron cuatro macetas por tratamiento, una maceta fue considerada una unidad experimental, con los datos registrados sobre los frutos y flores enfermos y no enfermos se estimó la incidencia de la enfermedad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Macías <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Los datos se sometieron a un análisis de varianza y pruebas de medias de Tukey (<italic>p</italic> ≤ 0.05) en Software académico SAS.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>Resultados y Discusión</title>
			<p>Compuestos químicos. En el hidrolato de <italic>T. parryi</italic> se identificaron 14 compuestos, en <italic>T. minuta</italic> 13, en <italic>T. coronopifolia</italic> 11 y un total de 9 en <italic>T. terniflora</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). En el hidrolato de <italic>T. parryi</italic>, los compuestos mayoritarios fueron el 3-Hexen-1-ol (25.5 %), isopiperitanona (14.9 %), 1,3-Di-terc-butilbenceno (6.1 %) y α-terpineol (5.9 %) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>). Al realizar una comparación con compuestos encontrados en aceite esencial de la misma especie, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Díaz-Cedillo y Serrato-Cruz (2011</xref>) identificaron siete compuestos principales: canfeno, 3, 6, 6-trimetil2-norpinanol, anisol, 4-isopropil-1-metil-2-ciclohexenol, cineol, eugenol y α-terpineol y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">González-Velasco <italic>et al</italic>. (2022</xref>) registraron 21 compuestos, entre ellos, verbenona, dihidrotagetona, tagetona, eugenol y α-terpineol, la mayoría de estos compuestos son monoterpenos y sesquiterpenos. En el hidrolato de <italic>T. parryi</italic> únicamente el α-terpineol y la dihidrotagetona fueron similares a lo reportado en aceite esencial, por lo que gran parte de los compuestos resultaron diferentes de lo consignado para el aceite esencial. En el hidrolato de <italic>T. coronopifolia</italic> se encontró dihidrotagetona (53.9 %), cis-tagetona (11.9 %), (Z)-tagetenona (9.7 %) y trans-tagetona (5.9 %) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>); ningún compuesto encontrado en la muestra de hidrolato coincidió con lo reportado para el aceite esencial por Díaz-Cedillo <italic>et al</italic>. (2013): (1S) -6,6-dimetil-2-metilenbiciclo [3.1.1] heptan-3-ona, verbenona, 2-oxo-decanoato de metilo y crisantenona. En hidrolato de <italic>T. terniflora</italic> la dihidrotagetona (45 %), eucaliptol (13.2 %), trans-3-Hexen-1-ol (10.8 %) y cis-tagetona (4.5 %) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>) fueron los mayoritarios. Solo el compuesto cis-tagetona fue común en el aceite esencial e hidrolato analizado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Lizarraga <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Cromatogramas de hidrolatos de <italic>Tagetes parryi</italic> (Tp), <italic>T. terniflora</italic> (Tt), <italic>T. coronopifolia</italic>, (Tc) y <italic>T. minuta</italic> (Tm), donde se observan los picos de los compuestos identificados.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-03-RMEXFIT24015-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Abundancia relativa (%) e índices de Kovats (IK) ± desviación estándar de compuestos químicos encontrados en</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center; font-style:italic"> </th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center; font-style:italic">T. parryi</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">% </th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">IK </th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"> </th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center; font-style:italic">T. coronopifolia</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">% </th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">IK </th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">° </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">3-Hexen-1-ol, (E)- </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">25.5 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1370 ± 18.5 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Dihidrotagetona </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">53.9 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1319 ± 3.3 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Isopiperitenona </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">14.9 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1833 ± 41.9 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Cis-tagetona </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">11.9 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1500 ± 23.1 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">- </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1,3-Di-terc-butilbenceno </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">6.1 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1426 ± 9.5 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">(Z)-tagetenona </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">9.7 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1704 ± 9.5 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">α-terpineol </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">5.9 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1700 ± 14.8 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Trans-tagetona </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">5.9 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1522 ± 8.2 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">(Z)-tagetenona </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">4.5 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1704 ± 24.4 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">* </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">10,11-tetradecadianoato de metilo </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1.6 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1663 ± 19.8 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Cis-tagetona </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">3.2 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1517 ± 10.7 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">* </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Cariofileno </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1.2 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1585 ± 33.5 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">* </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">10,11-tetradecadianoato de metilo </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">2.3 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1663 ± 19.8 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">2 -( 3 - metil- 2 - ciclopens- 1 - i l )- 2 - metilpropionaldehído </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">0.8 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1442 ± 31.5 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Dihidrotagetona </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">2.2 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1319 ± 1.3 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">* </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">β-bisaboleno </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">0.7 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1715 ± 21.7 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Terpinen-4-ol </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1.9 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1619 ± 6.4 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Estragol </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">0.6 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1676 ± 12.3 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">´ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Benceno, 1-etil-2-metil- </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1.7 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1254 ± 9.1 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Isopiperitenona </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">0.6 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1833 ± 41.5 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Eucaliptol </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1.5 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1199 ± 23.5 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Ipsenona </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">0.3 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1444 ± 5.4 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">3-Hexen-1-ol, propanoato, (Z)- </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1.1 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1380 ± 24.3 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">° </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">2-ciclohexeno-1-ona </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1424 ± 36.8 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">* </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Isospathulenol </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">0.4 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">2186 ± 0 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:right; font-style:italic">T. terniflora</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">% </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">IK </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:right; font-style:italic">T. minuta</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">% </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">IK </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Dihidrotagetona </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">45 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1319 ± 3.7 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">° </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">3-Hexen-1-ol, (E)- </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">16.4 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1394 ± 0.28 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Eucaliptol </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">13.2 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1212 ± 14.6 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">´ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Benceno, 1,3-bis(1,1-dimetiletil)- </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">14.6 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1436 ± 2.26 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">° </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">3-Hexen-1-ol, (E)- </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">10.8 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1394 ± 0.5 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Cis-tagetona </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">10.1 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1517 ± 10.81 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Cis-tagetona </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">4.5 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1517 ± 10.6 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Dihidrotagetona </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">5.6 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1319 ± 1.2 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">α-Terpineol </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">3.1 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1680 ± 28.7 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">° </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">2 - Clorociclohexanol </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">4.7 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1659 ± 24.25 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Trans-tagetona </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">2.2 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1501 ± 6.2 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Trans-tagetenona </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">4.3 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1726 ± 8.2 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Terpinen-4-ol </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">2.2 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1606 ± 15.4 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Isopiperitenona </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">2.8 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1833 ± 41 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">° </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Alcohol feniletílico </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">0.5 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1923 ± 15.8 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">* </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">10,11-tetradecadianoato de metilo </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">2.5 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1663 ± 19.8 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">° </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">2-ciclohexeno-1-ona </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">0.5 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1412 ± 45.4 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1-Pentanona, 1-(2-furanil)- </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1.3 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1747 ± 10.5 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">- </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">p-xileno </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1.2 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1142 ± 11.1 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">α-terpineol </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1697 ± 16.4 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Terpinen-4-ol </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1635 ± 4.8 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">´ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Etilbenceno </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">0.3 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1146 ± 2.9 </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>+: monoterpenos, *sesquiterpenos, -: compuestos fenólicos, °: alcoholes, ´: compuesto de benceno</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En el hidrolato de <italic>T. minuta</italic> el compuesto mayoritario fue el 3-Hexen-1-ol (16.4 %), benceno, 1,3-bis(1,1-dimetiletil)(14.6 %), cis-tagetona (10.1 %) y dihidrotagetona (5.6 %) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>). Solo la dihidrotagetona fue común con lo que reportan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Karimian <italic>et al</italic>. (2014</xref>) para esta especie cuyo aceite esencial contiene compuestos como: dihidrotagetona, E-ocimeno, tagetona, cis-β-ocimeno, Z-ocimeno, limoneno y epoxiocimeno. Los compuestos 3-Hexen-1-ol, (E)-, dihidrotagetona y cis-tagetona fueron comunes en los hidrolatos de las especies de <italic>Tagetes</italic> en estudio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>), mientras que, al comparar la composición química de los hidrolatos con la de aceites esenciales, estos no coinciden en compuestos ni en abundancia, por lo que la composición química de hidrolatos y aceites esenciales siempre es diferente, cuantitativa y cualitativamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">D’Amato <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). En otros estudios se ha encontrado que tanto en hidrolatos como en los aceites esenciales los monoterpenos y los monoterpenos oxigenados son abundantes, pero no se encuentran los mismos compuestos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Vuko <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Inouye <italic>et al</italic>. (2008</xref>) compararon 43 hidrolatos con aceites esenciales obtenidos de mismo proceso de destilación al vapor y encontraron que 18 de los 43 hidrolatos analizados mostraron un componente mayoritario diferente al del aceite. Los aceites esenciales de <italic>Tagetes</italic> son ricos en monoterpenos, además de cantidades bajas de sesquiterpenos y compuestos oxigenados (Salehi <italic>et al</italic>., 2018). En este estudio, los compuestos mayoritarios en las cuatro especies pertenecen a monoterpenos y en menor cantidad a sesquiterpenos, compuestos fenólicos y algunos alcoholes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>). Aunque ya se tenía información sobre la composición de hidrolatos de dos especies de América del Sur (Rajeswara <italic>et al</italic>., 2006; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Lima <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>), la identificación de los compuestos en hidrolatos de las cuatro especies de <italic>Tagetes</italic> de México constituyen otro antecedente importante para avanzar en el conocimiento fitoquímico del género.</p>
			<p><bold>Evaluación <italic>in vitro</italic>.</bold> Los tratamientos evaluados mostraron efectos inhibitorios significativos sobre <italic>B. cinerea</italic> (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.0001), <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.0053), <italic>P. capsici</italic> (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.0001) y <italic>R. solani</italic> (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.0001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). El hidrolato al 100 % de <italic>T. parryi</italic> inhibió el crecimiento micelial de <italic>B. cinerea</italic> en 71.3 %, sin diferencia estadística respecto al efecto producido por el fungicida comercial, incluso, diluciones de este hidrolato en 50 y 75 % mostraron diferencias estadísticas con el testigo; mientras que, con hidrolato al 100 % o diluido de las otras especies de <italic>Tagetes</italic>, la inhibición del micelio fue menor a 40 %, en la mayoría, sin diferencia estadística respecto del testigo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). En <italic>P. capsici</italic>, el hidrolato de <italic>T. coronopifolia</italic> al 75 y al 100 % fue efectivo para inhibir totalmente el crecimiento micelial, al igual que el fungicida; con hidrolatos de <italic>T. minuta</italic>, <italic>T. parryi</italic> y <italic>T. terniflora</italic> en diluciones de 50 y 75 % la inhibición de <italic>P. capsici</italic> fue significativa (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.0001) con respecto al testigo, pero no respecto al fungicida. Ninguna concentración de los hidrolatos evaluados mostró un efecto fungistático contra <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> y <italic>R. solani</italic>. Los hidrolatos de <italic>T. minuta</italic>, <italic>T. parryi</italic> y <italic>T. terniflora</italic> inhibieron estos hongos en 26.6 %, en el caso de <italic>T. coronopifolia</italic> al 100 %, se inhibió a <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> y <italic>R. solani</italic> en 25 y 34.4 %, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). El efecto inhibitorio de los aceites esenciales e hidrolatos es debido a los monoterpenos, sesquiterpenos y compuestos fenólicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Hu <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hill, 2022</xref>). Los monoterpenos son pequeños y pasan entre las moléculas grasas que forman la membrana celular y afectan funciones dentro de la célula, mientras que los sesquiterpenos no son tan pequeños para pasar por la membrana celular, pero tienen formas únicas que les permiten adherirse a los espacios</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Porcentaje de inhibición <italic>in vitro</italic> de micelio de hongos después de la aplicación de hidrolatos de especies de <italic>Tagetes</italic>.<inline-graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-03-RMEXFIT24015-i002.gif"/>
						</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"> Tratamientos </th>
								<th colspan="4" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Inhibición (%) del micelio de los hongos </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center; font-style:italic">B. cinerea</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center; font-style:italic">P. capsici</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center; font-style:italic">F. oxysporum</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center; font-style:italic">R. solani</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">TO </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">0 ± 0 e </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">0 ± 0 f </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">0± 0 c </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">0 ± 0 c </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">FC </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">100 ± 0 a </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">100 ± 0 a </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">100 ± 0 a </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">100 ± 0 a </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">H100C </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">40 ± 28.8 bcde </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">100 ± 0 a </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">25 ± 15.5 b </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">34.4 ± 22.2 b </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">H100M </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">35 ± 21.6 bcde </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">54.3 ± 2.5 b </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">21 ± 4.5 bc </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">20 ± 11.7 bc </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">H100P </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">71.3 ± 9.7 ab </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">55.3 ± 3 b </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">23 ± 4 b </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">26.6 ± 6.8 bc </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">H100T </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">25.3 ± 15 cde </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">57 ± 13.1 b </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">16.6 ± 2 bc </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">20 ± 2.6 bc </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">H75C </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">22.6 ± 23.5 cde </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">100 ± 0 a </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">16.6 ± 3.5 bc </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">32.6 ± 13.2 bc </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">H75M </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">34 ± 7.9 bcde </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">43.3 ± 9 bc </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">18.6 ± 7.6 bc </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">15.6 ± 6 bc </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">H75P </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">54.6 ± 18.9 bc </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">38.3 ± 10.4 bcd </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">12.3 ± 7 bc </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">17 ± 13.5 bc </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">H75T </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">14 ± 17.8 cde </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">38.3 ± 3 bcd </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">11.3 ± 10.5 bc </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">20 ± 11.5 bc </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">H50C </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">22.6 ± 2.3 cde </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">61.6 ± 20.4 b </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">9.1 ± 9.4 bc </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">19.6 ± 10.4 bc </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">H50M </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">25 ± 4.5 cde </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">27 ± 3.6 cde </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">16 ± 7.9 bc </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">10.6 ± 8.8 bc </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">H50P </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">54 ± 10.5 bcd </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">28.3 ± 8.5 cde </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">10.6 ± 6.5 bc </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">14.3 ± 7.5 bc </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">H50T </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">10.3 ± 24.2 de </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">17 ± 11.7 def </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">6.3 ± 7.57 bc </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">10 ± 12.6 bc </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">H25C </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">4.6 ± 5.6 e </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">10.3 ± 11.6 ef </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">1 ± 1 c </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">11.6 ± 18 bc </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">H25M </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">3.6 ± 6.3 e </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">16 ± 5 def </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">10.6 ± 7.5 bc </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">10 ± 10.7 bc </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">H25P </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">33.3 ± 7 bcde </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">13 ± 3 ef </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">9.3 ± 3 bc </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">13 ± 4.5 bc </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">H25T </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">0 ± 0 e </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">4.6 ± 8 ef </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">4 ± 4 bc </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">8.4 ± 0 bc </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Valor p </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">0.0001 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">0.0001 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">0.0053 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">0.0001 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">CV </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">33 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">14 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">21 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">30 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">DMS </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">41 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">23 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">39 </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">30 </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>TO: Testigo, FC: Fungicida comercial, H: Hidrolato, 100, 75, 50 y 25: Concentración (%) de hidrolato usada, C: <italic>T. coronopifolia</italic>, M: <italic>T. minuta</italic>, P: <italic>T. parryi</italic>, T: <italic>T. terniflora</italic>, CV: Coeficiente de variación, DMS: Diferencia mínima significativa, Medias con letras diferentes entre las columnas son estadísticamente diferentes (Tukey, 0.05). Los valores promedio ± desviación estándar.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>de estructuras proteínicas tridimensionales y afectan la actividad proteínica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hill, 2022</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Hu <italic>et al</italic>. (2019</xref>) mencionan que los compuestos fenólicos pueden interferir con las membranas, las paredes celulares y la acción de las enzimas. En el hidrolato de <italic>T. parryi</italic> se encontró una mayor diversidad de grupos de compuestos, entre estos se encontró el compuesto fenólico 1,3-Di-terc-butilbenceno (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>). Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Zatla <italic>et al</italic>. (2017</xref>) mencionan que los compuestos fenólicos de <italic>Daucus carota</italic> subsp<italic>. sativus</italic> tienen actividad antifúngica contra <italic>B. cinerea</italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Belabbés <italic>et al</italic>. (2017</xref>) atribuyen el efecto antifúngico contra <italic>Penicillium expansum</italic> a los sesquiterpenos oxigenados encontrados en el hidrolato de <italic>Calendula arvensis</italic>. En <italic>T. parryi</italic>, <italic>T. coronopifolia</italic> y en <italic>T. minuta</italic> se encontró el sesquiterpeno 11-tetradecadianoato de metilo con una abundancia relativa entre 1.6 y 2.5 % (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>) y el efecto inhibitorio de estos hidrolatos fue mayor (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>) a lo observado con <italic>T. terniflora</italic>, que no contenía este compuesto. También, los aceites con abundancia de monoterpenos inhiben el crecimiento de hongos (Stević <italic>et al</italic>., 2014), lo que permite resaltar que los hidrolatos de <italic>Tagetes</italic> analizados tienen abundantes monoterpenos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>). Aunque el efecto antifúngico se atribuye a los compuestos mayoritarios, es el efecto sinérgico de todos los compuestos los que causan los efectos antifúngicos y también algunos compuestos son más activos que otros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Dhifi <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p><bold>Evaluación <italic>in vivo</italic>.</bold> Los tratamientos con hidrolatos al 100 % de las cuatro especies de <italic>Tagetes</italic> mostraron la mayor inhibición <italic>in vitro</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>), por ello, se retomaron para su evaluación <italic>in vivo</italic>. Las plantas de fresa no mostraron efecto fitotóxico debido a la aplicación de los hidrolatos de <italic>Tagetes</italic>, lo cual da buena expectativa para futuras evaluaciones en otras especies vegetales. Las plantas testigo inoculadas con <italic>B. cinerea</italic> presentaron síntomas de la enfermedad, tanto en frutos como en flores. Por otro lado, las plantas inoculadas con <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>, <italic>P. capsici</italic> y <italic>R. solani</italic> no mostraron síntomas de enfermedad en las flores, pero sí en el fruto perforado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Los frutos de fresa son muy perecederos, además, si el fruto presenta algún daño mecánico o lesión facilita la infección por patógenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ángel-García <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>); la falta de incidencia de la enfermedad en flores posiblemente esté relacionada con la ausencia de lesión y porque estos hongos afectan principalmente las raíces, la corona y frutos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Koike y Gordon, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Awad, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Barboza <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). El hidrolato de <italic>T. parryi</italic> fue efectivo como tratamiento preventivo contra <italic>B. cinerea</italic>, debido a que los frutos perforados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>A) y las flores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>B) no presentaron incidencia del hongo, por tal motivo, este hidrolato, representa un insumo alternativo a los fungicidas químicos que tienen efectos negativos en el ambiente y han inducido resistencia en este hongo (Leroux, 2004). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Zatla <italic>et al</italic>. (2017</xref>) evaluaron el efecto del hidrolato de <italic>Daucus carota subsp. sativus</italic> en frutos de fresa y este fue efectivo como tratamiento preventivo al inhibir totalmente a <italic>B. cinerea</italic> hasta el quinto día, estos autores atribuyen el efecto a la abundancia de compuestos fenólicos. Por ello, el efecto observado con el hidrolato de <italic>T. parryi</italic> también puede atribuirse al compuesto fenólico 1,3-Di-terc-butilbenceno en conjunto con los otros monoterpenos mayoritarios y sesquiterpenos encontrados en el hidrolato (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>). Por otra parte, con la aplicación del hidrolato de <italic>T. terniflora</italic> en los frutos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>A) no se observaron síntomas de la enfermedad, pero las flores sí se infectaron y con el hidrolato de <italic>T. minuta</italic> se observó un efecto contrario, las flores no se infectaron y los frutos sí fueron infectados por el hongo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>B); con este resultado se contempla que una aplicación conjunta de estos hidrolatos podría ser efectiva contra este hongo. El hidrolato de <italic>T. coronopifolia</italic> no funcionó como tratamiento preventivo.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Incidencia de <italic>B. cinerea, R. solani, F. oxysporum</italic> y <italic>P. capsici</italic> en frutos (A) y flores (B) de fresa a los tres días posteriores a su inoculación en plantas testigo (TO) y sometidas a tratamientos con hidrolatos al 100 % de <italic>Tagetes coronopifolia</italic> (H100C), <italic>T. minuta</italic> (H100M), <italic>T. parryi</italic> (H100P) y <italic>T. terniflora</italic> (H100T).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-03-RMEXFIT24015-gf2.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusiones</title>
			<p>Los hidrolatos de las especies de <italic>Tagetes</italic> ensayadas contienen entre 46 y 72 % de monoterpenos y en menor cantidad algunos alcoholes (0-33 %), sesquiterpenos (0-27 %) y compuestos fenólicos (0-8 %). Aunque en la evaluación <italic>in vitro</italic> se observó efecto fungistático con algunos hidrolatos, este efecto no se mantuvo en la aplicación <italic>in vivo</italic>, solo la aplicación del hidrolato de <italic>T. parryi</italic> es efectivo como tratamiento preventivo contra <italic>B. cinerea</italic> en plantas de fresa en floración y fructificación.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Chemical composition of <italic>Tagetes</italic> hydrolates and <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> evaluation against disease associated fungi in strawberry (<italic>Fragaria x ananassa</italic>)</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background / Objective. </title>
					<p>Aromatic plants contain chemical compounds with potential to formulate antifungal products. The objective of this study was to characterize the chemical composition in hydrolates of <italic>Tagetes</italic> species and to evaluate their effect <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> against disease-associated fungi in strawberry.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and Methods. </title>
					<p>The hydrolates of <italic>T. coronopifolia</italic>, <italic>T. minuta</italic>, <italic>T. parryi</italic> and <italic>T. terniflora</italic> were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometry. Hydrolates at 100, 75, 50 and 25 % and Promyl commercial fungicides were evaluated <italic>in vitro</italic> against <italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic>, <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic>, <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic> and Ridomil Gold against <italic>Phytophthora capsici</italic>. In the <italic>in vivo</italic> evaluation, strawberry plants sprayed with the hydrolates and 24 h later the plants were inoculated with 1 x 10<sup>6</sup> spore suspension. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Turkey’s means test (<italic>p</italic> ≤ 0.05).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results. </title>
					<p>Monoterpenes were the major compounds in the four <italic>Tagetes</italic> species. <italic>T. parryi</italic> hydrolate <italic>in vitro</italic> totally inhibited the growth of <italic>B. cinerea</italic> being effective as a preventive treatment in the <italic>in vivo</italic> evaluation. <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>, <italic>P. capsici</italic> and <italic>R. solani</italic> were less susceptible to all the hydrolats.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion. </title>
					<p><italic>T. parryi</italic> hydrolate can be applied as a preventative against <italic>B. cinerea</italic> on strawberry plants.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Fungal diseases</kwd>
				<kwd>Fragaria</kwd>
				<kwd>inhibition</kwd>
				<kwd>antifungal.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>In Mexico, the surface planted with strawberries (<italic>Fragaria x ananassa</italic>) in 2018 was 13,562 ha and in 2022 it decreased to 7,872 ha (SIAP, 2022). This reduction was due to phytosanitary problems that affect their production, associated with different species of fungi, including <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic>, <italic>Rhizoctonia</italic> spp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Golzar <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>), <italic>Phytophthora</italic> spp. (Serret-López <italic>et al</italic>., 2016) and <italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Boddy, 2016</xref>). This situation results in losses of up to 50% of the production (BárcenasSantana <italic>et al</italic>., 2019). To control these fungi, agrochemicals have mainly been used; however, their improper use and dosage has had negative effects on the environment and on humans. Moreover, fungi have developed resistance to fungicides, although their use has intensified and they have become crucial for global food security (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Zubrod <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). This situation has led researchers and producers to explore alternatives, such as plant extracts or compounds derived from them, which have been successfully used to control phytopathogenic fungi. Plant extracts have the advantage of containing more than one antifungal compound, making pathogen resistance less likely if the different compounds affect a different metabolic process (Shuping and Eloff, 2017). It is important to consider that in the extracts, the yield and chemical composition are variable and depend on weather conditions, cultivation site and time of harvest (Santos-Gomes <italic>et al</italic>., 2001; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bhat <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>). In addition, due to the volatile nature and thermolability of their components, they are very susceptible to degradation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Odak <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Therefore, prior scientific knowledge of natural resources or management conditions, both in the field and in storage, is essential for the sustainable local use of plants and their transformation into biocontrol inputs for phytopathogenic fungi as a way to replace pesticides in agricultural production systems. <italic>Tagetes</italic> (Asteraceae) is a plant resource, represented in Mexico by approximately 35 species, several of which have the potential to control fungi (Serrato, 2014). The aqueous extracts of some <italic>Tagetes</italic> species have displayed promising results, such as <italic>T. erecta</italic> or the Mexican marigold, is effective in the control of <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Wang <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>) and <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Espejo <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>), whereas <italic>in vitro</italic>, the <italic>T. lemmoni</italic> or Lemmon’s marigold essential oil completely inhibits the mycelial growth of <italic>B. cinerea</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Larios-Palacios <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). During the process of hydrodistillation of aromatic plants, an aqueous extract known as hydrosol, aromatic water, hydroflorate or hydrolate. Its extraction is quick, inexpensive and characteristically contains low concentrations of essential oil (&lt; 1 mL L<sup>-1</sup>), as well as some polar, oxygenated and hydrophyllic oil components that for hydrogen bonds with water (Tisserand and Young 2014; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Labadie <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; Taglienti <italic>et al</italic>., 2022). Hydrolates are used in perfumes, cosmetics, as food flavorings, aromatherapy and traditional therapies (Rajeswara, 2013). Studies on the biological effect of hydrolates are still limited in comparison with those performed on the biological effect of essential oils (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Yann-Olivier <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). In the scope of agriculture, <italic>Ocimum basilicum</italic>, <italic>Cuminum cyminum</italic>, <italic>Echinophora tenuifolia</italic>, <italic>Daucus carota</italic> subsp. <italic>sativus</italic>, <italic>Rosmarinus officinalis</italic> and <italic>Satureja hortensis</italic> have been successfully used to control some phytopathogenic fungi such as <italic>Alternaria citri</italic>, <italic>Alternaria mali</italic>, <italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic>, <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f. sp tulipae, <italic>Penicillium expansum</italic> and <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Boyraz and Özcan, 2005</xref>; Boyraz and Özcan, 2006; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Zatla <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). For a long time, hydrolates have been defined as waste products of hydrodistillation, but currently, they are beginning to be used as an alternative to control phytopathogenic fungi. Therefore, the exploration and evaluation of other aromatic species in the control of fungi with a high incidence in crops such as strawberry is essential. Considering that <italic>Tagetes</italic> is an abundant natural resource in Mexico, and thus a potential source of hydrolate as an input for the biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungi, the aim of this investigation was to characterize the chemical composition in hydrolates of <italic>Tagetes</italic> species and evaluate their effect <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> against diseases associated fungi in strawberry.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Materials and Methods</title>
				<p>Plant sampling. In the experimental field of the Chapingo Autonomous University (19.491733, -98.873179), in May of 2022, under greenhouse conditions, <italic>Tagetes</italic> plants were sown: <italic>T. coronopifolia</italic>, <italic>T. minuta</italic>, <italic>T. parryi</italic> and <italic>T. terniflora</italic>, which, in flowering stage, were gathered in the month of October and, using pruning shears, were cut into segments measuring approximately 2 cm. The amount of 4 kg of a mixture of flowers (25%), leaves (35%) and stems (40 %) was introduced in a round-bottomed flask and 2 L of drinkable water were then added, the thermostat was turned on (135±5 °C) and for 40 minutes, the hydrodistillation was carried out (Uddin <italic>et al</italic>., 2023). A total of 400 mL kg<sup>-1</sup> of fresh hydrolate were obtained, placed in plastic jars and stored at a temperature of 4 °C until use. Three specimens of each species were taken to the Jorge Espinoza Salas herbarium of the Agricultural High School, Chapingo Autonomous University, with registration numbers 36282, 36280, 33299 and 36281, respectively.</p>
				<p>Identification of chemical compounds. The hydrolates were analyzed using an Agilent 7890B Gas Chromatograph (GC) coupled with an Agilent 5977ª Mass Selective Detector (MSD) (CRO-E-003) and equipped with a DB-WAX Ultra Inert column (60 m x 250 μm x 0.25 μm). The temperature ramp was 40 °C for 1 min up to 240 °C at a speed of 9 °C min<sup>-1</sup>. Helium was used as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 mL min<sup>-1</sup> for the duration of the 24 min run. The hydrolates were filtered in a 45 μm PTFE microfilter, then 100 μL of the sample were dissolved in 400 μL of HPLC grade dichloromethane. The extract was concentrated to a volume of 1 mL and injected into the gas chromatograph in splitless mode. The compounds were identified based on the fragmentation patterns of the mass spectra, which were compared with the mass spectra in the NIST 14 (National Institute of Standards and Technology) database and the Flavor fragrance database (Agilent Technologies). The determination of Kovats retention indices was performed with the C7-C40 alkanes (Sigma-Aldrich). The experimental Kovats retention indices were compared with the Kovats indices from the literature (NIST:webbok.nist. gov/chemistry/), considering that the experimental Kovats index matched (± 50 units) with the literature for the correct identification of the compound. The relative abundance of each compound was estimated based on the area of the peaks.</p>
				<p>Origin of the fungi. <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic>, <italic>Phytophthora capsici</italic> and <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic> were isolated from samples of <italic>manzano</italic> pepper (<italic>Capsicum pubescens</italic>) gathered in a ‘manzano pepper’ orchard located in the Chapingo experimental field, and <italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic> was isolated from samples of wild rosebushes (<italic>Rosa</italic> sp.) gathered in the municipal area of Acaxochitlán, Hidalgo. The plant tissue was disinfested with sodium hypochlorite at 1% and washed three times with biodistilled water. Later, in a Potato-Dextrose-Agar (PDA) culture medium (BD Bioxon), 5 mm fragments of the plant tissue were placed in order to isolate the fungi and the oomycete was isolated in a culture medium containing 20 g of corn flour, 18 g of agar-agar, 0.8 mL of pimaricin, 0.02 g de rifamycin and 0.25 g L<sup>-1</sup> of ampicillin diluted in distilled water. The Petri dishes were kept at room temperature and were monitored every 24 hours until mycelial growth was observed. At 72 h, growth was observed and inoculum was transferred to a new culture medium to obtain pure cultures. Subsequently, <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>, <italic>R. solani</italic> and the oomycete <italic>P. capsici</italic> were identified based on their morphology (Nelson <italic>et al</italic>., 1983; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Gutiérrez <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Leslie and Summerell, 2006</xref>; Plancarte <italic>et al</italic>., 2017). <italic>B. cinerea</italic> was also identified based on its morphology and pathogenicity tests on strawberry fruits (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Barnett and Hunter, 1986</xref>; Terrones-Salgado <italic>et al</italic>., 2019). Additionally, DNA extraction was performed using the SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate) method, followed by PCR amplification using NL4 and ITS5HP primers (Toju <italic>et al</italic>., 2012; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Hudagula <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). The thermal program was set to 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles at 94 - 56 - 72 °C for 1 - 1 - 2.3 s, respectively, and a final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. The amplified products of the PCR reactions were separated by electrophoresis using 1.2% agarose gels. The amplified and purified fragments were sent to Macrogen for sequencing. The sequenced in FASTA format were the BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) database, confirming the identity of the fungus, and the GenBank accession number for <italic>B. cinerea</italic> is PP401673.1. For the molecular identification of the other organisms, the DNA extraction was carried out using the CTAB method (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Weising <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>) with modifications. The mycelium was obtained from Petri dishes with <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>, <italic>P. capsici</italic> and <italic>R. solani</italic> growth and placed in mortars. Liquid nitrogen was added and the mycelium was macerated with a sterile pestle. In 2 mL Eppendorf tubes, 1 mL of 2% CTAB + 0.2% β-mercaptoethanol was added, followed by the macerated mycelia, it was shaken by immersion and incubated at 55 °C in a thermoblock for 20 min, stirring every 5 min. Subsequently, the tubes were centrifuged for 5 min at 12,000 x g, the supernatant was transferred to a new tube using micropipettes and 1.2 volumes of 100% isopropanol were added. It was shaken by immersion and centrifuged for 10 min at 12,000 x g, the supernatant was discarded, and washed with 70% ethanol. The tubes with precipitated DNA were centrifuged for 10 min at 12,000 x g and the ethanol was decanted. The tubes were placed upside down on absorbent paper until the pellet dried. Finally, 50 µL of TE were added to each tube, and they were kept at -20 for 24 h. The DNA concentration was determined using a spectrophotometer at 260 nm in a Nanodrop V3.5.2 (Coleman Technologies Inc. For Nanodrop Technologies). The PCR reactions were carried out in a final volume of 25 µL using primers NL4-ITS5SHP, ITS4-ITS5HP, ITS1-NL4, ITS1-ITS4B to amplify the ITS (Toju <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012; Hudagula <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022), primers ITS NMSI-NMS2 to amplify the small subunit of the ribosome, and primers EF1-EF2 to amplify the TEF gene (Raja <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Deng <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). The PCR conditions for the ITS region and small ribosomal unit were as follows: a first pre-denaturation cycle at 95 °C for 5 min, followed by 35 denaturation cycles at 95 °C for 1 min, aligning at 58 °C for 45 seconds and an extension at 72 °C for 1 min; finally, an extension at 72 °C for 10 min. The PCR conditions for TEF were as follows: a first pre-denaturation cycle at 95 °C for 5 min, followed by 35 denaturation cycles at 95 °C for 1 min, aligning at 55 °C for 45 s and an extension at 72 °C for 1.5 min; finally, an extension at 72 °C for 10 min. The PCR amplification product was visualized by electrophoresis, 1.2% agarose gel was prepared with 1x TAE buffer, run at 100 volts for 1 h. For scrambling the bands, the gel was stained with ethidium bromide for 15 min, then viewed with the Qwanty One software (BioRad). The size of the bands was estimated using the 1 kb molecular weight markers (Invitrogen) placed at the ends. The amplified products were stored at 4 °C for analysis. The amplified and purified fragments were sent to Macrogen for sequencing. The sequences in FASTA format were compared with the BLAST database (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool), to confirm the identity of the fungi, and then registered in the GenBank database. The accession number for each fungus is <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> (PP729638.1), <italic>R. solani</italic> (PP713022.1) and <italic>P. capsici</italic> (PP922286.1).</p>
				<p><bold>
 <italic>In vitro</italic> evaluation.</bold> PDA medium was mixed with hydrolate in four concentrations (100, 75, 50 and 25% v/v) for every species. The concentrations of the hydrolate were prepared by diluting with bidistilled water and 16 hydrolate treatments were obtained, along with the control with PDA. As reference controls. Commercial fungicides from Distribuidora Técnica Industrial, S. A. de C. V. and Syngenta Agro, S.A de C.V., distributed by Artículos Entomológicos S. A. de C. V. Texcoco, were used. Promyl (Benomyl: Methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl) bencimidazol-2-il-carbamate) was used for <italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic>, <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic> and <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> (VegaLópez and Granados-Montero, 2023) and Ridomil Gold (N-(metoxiacetil)-N-(2,6xilil)-D-alaninato de metilo) for <italic>Phytophthora capsici</italic> (Pons-Hernández <italic>et al</italic>., 2020). Each fungicide was used at 1.5 g L<sup>-1</sup>. After preparing the culture medium, a disk (3.5 mm) with mycelium from each fungus (10-days-old colonies) was placed in the center of each Petri dish containing the culture medium combined with hydrolate, then incubated in dark conditions with the following temperatures: <italic>B. cinerea</italic> at 20 °C, <italic>P. capsici</italic> at 27 °C, <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> and <italic>R. solani</italic> at 30 °C. The radial growth was measured every 24 h using a digital caliper.</p>
				<p><bold>
 <italic>In vivo</italic> evaluation.</bold> Only the treatments with the highest inhibition effect <italic>in vitro</italic> were retaken for their evaluation <italic>in vivo</italic>. The evaluation was performed in a greenhouse and five-month-old “FESTIVAL” variety strawberry plants were used, from Zamora, Michoacán in the flowering phase kept in pots with red tezontle; fertilization was carried out using 100% Steiner solution, irrigating on a weekly basis and with a weekly application of foliar fertilizerPEKA<sup>®</sup> (1 mL L<sup>-1</sup>) (Product manufactured by Química Sagal and distributed by Agroquímicos Texcoco S.A. de C. V.). When the plants began bearing fruits, four mature fruits were selected, and a 0.2 cm-deep perforation was made using a dissection needle sterilized with alcohol, and each plant was sprayed with 20 mL de hydrolate; 24 h after the application of hydrolates, the plants were inoculated with a 1 x 10<sup>6</sup> 
 <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> and <italic>B. cinerea</italic> spore suspension prepared with bidistilled water and 1 mL L<sup>-1</sup> of Tween 20. The spores were applied by spraying and <italic>P. capsici</italic> and <italic>R. solani</italic> were inoculated via mycelia. The inoculated plants were covered with a polyethylene bag for 48 h to withhold moisture, after which the leaves, mature fruits, immature fruits and flowers were monitored every 24 h until 72 h passed in order to detect symptoms caused by the pathogens (<italic>B. cinerea</italic>, <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>, <italic>P. capsici</italic> and <italic>R. solani</italic>).</p>
				<p>Experimental design and analysis of data. The <italic>in vitro</italic> experiment was analyzed under a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five repetitions each; a Petri dish was an experimental unit. Using the radial growth data, the percentage of inhibition was calculated (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kagezi <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). The <italic>in vivo</italic> experiment was calculated with a CRD. Four pots were used per treatment and each pot was considered an experimental unit. The incidence of the disease was calculated using the data recorded on the diseased fruits and flowers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Macías <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). The data underwent an analysis of variance and Tukey’s means test (<italic>p</italic> ≤ 0.05) using SAS academic Software.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Results and Discussion</title>
				<p>Chemical compounds. In the <italic>T. parryi</italic> hydrolate, 14 compounds were identified, 13 in <italic>T. minuta</italic>, 11 in <italic>T. coronopifolia</italic> and a total of 9 in <italic>T. terniflora</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>). In the <italic>T. parryi</italic> hydrolate, the most abundant compounds were 3-Hexen-1-ol (25.5%), isopiperitenone (14.9 %), 1,3-Di-tert-butylbenzene (6.1%) and alphaterpineol (5.9%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>). When comparing with compounds found in this essential oil of the same species, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Díaz-Cedillo and Serrato-Cruz (2011</xref>) identified seven main compounds: camphene, 3, 6, 6-trimethyl-2-norpinanol, anisole, 4-isopropyl-1-methyl-2-cyclohexenol, cineole, eugenol and alpha-terpineol and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">González-Velasco <italic>et al</italic>. (2022</xref>) recorded 21 compounds, including verbenone, dihydrotagetone, tagetone, eugenol and alpha-terpineol, most of which are monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. In the <italic>T. parryi</italic> hydrolate, only alpha-terpineol and dihydrotagetone were similar to reports in essential oil, therefore most of the compounds were different to those listed for the essential oil. In <italic>T. coronopifolia</italic> hydrolate, dihydrotagetone (53.9%), cis-tagetone (11.9%), (Z)-tagetenone (9.7%) and trans-tagetone (5.9%) were found (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>); no compounds found in the hydrolate sample coincided with the report for the essential oil by Díaz-Cedillo <italic>et al</italic>. (2013): (1S) -6,6-dimethyl-2-methylene-bicyclo [3.1.1] heptan-3-one, verbenone, methyl 2-oxo-decanoate and crysantenone. In <italic>T. terniflora</italic> hydrolate, dihydrotagetone (45 %), eucalyptol (13.2 %), trans3-Hexen-1-ol (10.8 %) and cis-tagetone (4.5 %) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>) were the most abundant. Only the cis-tagetone was common in the analyzed essential oil and hydrolate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Lizarraga <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>In <italic>T. minuta</italic> hydrolate, the most abundant compounds were 3-Hexen-1-ol (16.4 %), benzene, 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)(14.6 %), cis-tagetone (10.1 %) and dihydrotagetone (5.6 %) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>). Only dihydrotagetone was common with what <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Karimian <italic>et al</italic>. (2014</xref>) reported for this species, which has an essential oil that contains compounds such as: dihydrotagetone, E-ocimene, tagetone, cis-βocimene, Z-ocimene, limonene and epoxyocimene. The compounds 3-Hexen-1-ol, (E)-, dihydrotagetone and cis-tagetone were common in the hydrolates of the species of <italic>Tagetes</italic> under study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>), whereas a comparison between the chemical composition of the hydrolates and of the essential oils shows that these do not coincide in compounds or in abundance, </p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f3">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title><italic>Tagetes parryi</italic> (Tp), <italic>T. terniflora</italic> (Tt), <italic>T. coronopifolia</italic>, (Tc) and <italic>T. minuta</italic> (Tm) hydrosol chromatograms, showing the peaks of the compounds identified.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-03-RMEXFIT24015-gf3.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Relative abundance (%) and Kovats indices (KI) ± standard deviation of chemical compounds found in <italic>Tagetes coronopifolia</italic>, <italic>T. minuta</italic>, <italic>T. parryi</italic> and <italic>T. terniflora</italic> hydrolates analyzed using GC/MSD.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center; font-style:italic"> </th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center; font-style:italic">T. parryi</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">% </th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">KI</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"> </th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center; font-style:italic">T. coronopifolia</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">% </th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">KI</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">° </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">3-Hexen-1-ol, (E)- </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">25.5 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1370 ± 18.5 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Dihydrotagetone </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">53.9 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1319 ± 3.3 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Isopiperitenone </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">14.9 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1833 ± 41.9 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">cis-Tagetone </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">11.9 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1500 ± 23.1 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">- </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1,3-Di-terc-butylbenzene </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">6.1 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1426 ± 9.5 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">(Z)-Tagetenone </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">9.7 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1704 ± 9.5 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">α-Terpineol </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">5.9 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1700 ± 14.8 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">trans-Tagetone </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">5.9 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1522 ± 8.2 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">(Z)-Tagetenone </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">4.5 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1704 ± 24.4 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">* </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Methyl 10,11-tetradecadienoate </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1.6 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1663 ± 19.8 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">cis-Tagetone </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">3.2 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1517 ± 10.7 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">* </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Caryophylene </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1.2 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1585 ± 33.5 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">* </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Methyl 10,11-tetradecadienoate </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">2.3 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1663 ± 19.8 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">2-(3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-yl) -2-methylpropionaldehyde </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">0.8 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1442 ± 31.5 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Dihydrotagetone </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">2.2 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1319 ± 1.3 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">* </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">β-bisabolene </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">0.7 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1715 ± 21.7 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Terpinen-4-ol </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1.9 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1619 ± 6.4 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Estragole </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">0.6 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1676 ± 12.3 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">´ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Benzene, 1-ethyl-2-methyl- </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1.7 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1254 ± 9.1 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Isopiperitenone </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">0.6 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1833 ± 41.5 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Eucalyptol </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1.5 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1199 ± 23.5 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Ipsenone </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">0.3 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1444 ± 5.4 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">3-Hexen-1-ol, propanoate, (Z)- </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1.1 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1380 ± 24.3 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">° </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">2-cyclohexene-1-one </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">1 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1424 ± 36.8 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">* </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Isospathulenol </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">0.4 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">2186 ± 0 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:right; font-style:italic">T. terniflora</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">% </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">KI </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:right; font-style:italic">T. minuta</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">% </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">KI </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Dihydrotagetone </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">45 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1319 ± 3.7 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">° </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">3-Hexen-1-ol, (E)- </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">16.4 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1394 ± 0.28 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Eucalyptol </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">13.2 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1212 ± 14.6 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">´ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Benzene, 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)- </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">14.6 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1436 ± 2.26 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">° </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">3-Hexen-1-ol, (E)- </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">10.8 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1394 ± 0.5 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">cis-Tagetone </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">10.1 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1517 ± 10.81 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">cis-Tagetone </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">4.5 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1517 ± 10.6 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Dihydrotagetone </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">5.6 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1319 ± 1.2 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">α-Terpineol </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">3.1 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1680 ± 28.7 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">° </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">2 - Clorocyclohexanol </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">4.7 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1659 ± 24.25 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">trans-Tagetone </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">2.2 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1501 ± 6.2 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">trans-Tagetenone </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">4.3 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1726 ± 8.2 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Terpinen-4-ol </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">2.2 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1606 ± 15.4 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Isopiperitenone </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">2.8 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1833 ± 41 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">° </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Phenylethyl Alcohol </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">0.5 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1923 ± 15.8 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">* </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Methyl 10,11-tetradecadienoate </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">2.5 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1663 ± 19.8 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">° </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">2-cyclohexene-1-one </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">0.5 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1412 ± 45.4 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1-Pentanone, 1-(2-furanyl)- </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1.3 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1747 ± 10.5 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">- </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">p-Xylene </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1.2 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1142 ± 11.1 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">α-terpineol </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1697 ± 16.4 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">+ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Terpinen-4-ol </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1635 ± 4.8 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">´ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Ethylbenzene </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">0.3 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1146 ± 2.9 </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>+: monoterpenes, *sesquiterpenes, -: phenolic compounds, °: alcohols, ´: benzene compound</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>therefore the chemical composition of hydrolates and essential oils is always different, both quantitatively and qualitatively (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">D’Amato <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Other studies have found that in both hydrolates and essential oils, monoterpenes and oxygenated monoterpenes are abundant, but the same compounds are not found (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Vuko <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Inouye <italic>et al</italic>. (2008</xref>) compared 43 hydrolates with essential oils obtained from the same steam distillation process and found that 18 of the 43 hydrolates analyzed displayed a different more abundant compound than the oil.</p>
				<p>The <italic>Tagetes</italic> essential oils are monoterpene-rich, and contain low amounts of sesquiterpenes and oxygenated compounds (Salehi <italic>et al</italic>., 2018). In this study, the more abundant compounds in the four species belong to monoterpenes and, to a lesser degree, to sesquiterpenes, phenolic compounds and some alcohols (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>). Despite already having information on the composition of hydrolates of two species from South America (Rajeswara <italic>et al</italic>., 2006; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Lima <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>), the identification of the compounds in hydrolates of the four <italic>Tagetes</italic> species in Mexico constitutes another important step in advancing the phytochemical knowledge of the genus.</p>
				<p><bold>
 <italic>In vitro</italic> evaluation.</bold> The evaluated treatments displayed significant inhibiting effects on <italic>B. cinerea</italic> (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.0001), <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.0053), <italic>P. capsici</italic> (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.0001) and <italic>R. solani</italic> (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.0001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>). The 100% <italic>T. parryi</italic> hydrolate inhibited the mycelial growth of <italic>B. cinerea</italic> by 71.3%, with no statistical difference with the effect produced by the commercial fungicide. Even dilutions of this hydrolate at 50 and 75% displayed statistical differences with the control, whereas with hydrolate at 100% or dilutions from the other <italic>Tagetes</italic> species, the inhibition of the mycelium was mostly lower than 40%, with no statistical difference with the control (Table 2). In <italic>P. capsici</italic>, the <italic>T. coronopifolia</italic> hydrolate at 75 and 100% effectively inhibited mycelial growth, similar to the fungicide. With <italic>T. minuta</italic>, <italic>T. parryi</italic> and <italic>T. terniflora</italic> hydrolates in 50 and 75% dilutions, <italic>P. capsici</italic> inhibition was significant (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.0001) compared to the control, but not compared to the fungicide. No concentration of the evaluated hydrolates displayed a fungistatic effect against <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> and <italic>R. solani</italic>. The <italic>T. minuta</italic>, <italic>T. parryi</italic> and <italic>T. terniflora</italic> hydrolates inhibited these fungi by 26.6%. In the case of <italic>T. coronopifolia</italic> at 100%, <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> and <italic>R. solani</italic> were inhibited by 25 and 34.4%, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>). The inhibiting effect of the essential oils and hydrolates is due to the monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and phenolic compounds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Hu <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hill, 2022</xref>). Monoterpenes are small and fit between the fatty molecules that make up the cell membrane and affect functions inside the cell, while sesquiterpenes are not small enough to fit through the cell membrane, but they have unique shapes that allow them to adhere to the spaces of three-dimensional protein structures and affect the activity of the protein (Hill, 2022). Hu <italic>et al</italic>. (2019) mention that the phenolic compounds can interfere with the membranes, the cell walls and enzyme action. In <italic>T. parryi</italic> hydrolate, a larger diversity of groups of compounds was found, including the phenolic compound 1,3-Di-terc-butiylbenzene (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Zatla <italic>et al</italic>. (2017</xref>) mention that the phenolic compounds of <italic>Daucus carota</italic> subsp<italic>. sativus</italic> have antifungal activity against <italic>B. cinerea</italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Belabbés <italic>et al</italic>. (2017</xref>) attribute the antifungal effect against <italic>Penicillium expansum</italic> to the oxygenated sesquiterpenes found in the <italic>Calendula arvensis</italic> hydrolate. In <italic>T. parryi</italic>, <italic>T. coronopifolia</italic> and in <italic>T. minuta</italic>, sesquiterpene methyl 11-tetradecadianoate was found, with a relative abundance between 1.6 and 2.5% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>) and the inhibiting effect of these hydrolates was greater (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>) to those reported for <italic>T. terniflora</italic>, which did not contain this compound. In addition, the oils with an abundance of monoterpenes inhibit the growth of fungi (Stević <italic>et al</italic>., 2014), which helps highlight that the analyzed <italic>Tagetes</italic> hydrolates contain abundant monoterpenes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>). Although the antifungal effect is attributed to the most predominant compounds, it is the synergic effect of all the compounds that cause the antifungal effects, and also, some compounds are more active than others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Dhifi <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Percentage of <italic>in vitro</italic> inhibition of fungus mycelia after applying <italic>Tagetes</italic> species hydrolates.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"> Treatments</th>
									<th colspan="4" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Inhibition (%) of fungal mycelia</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center; font-style:italic">B. cinerea</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center; font-style:italic">P. capsici</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center; font-style:italic">F. oxysporum</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center; font-style:italic">R. solani</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">TO </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">0 ± 0 e </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">0 ± 0 f </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">0± 0 c </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">0 ± 0 c </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">FC </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">100 ± 0 a </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">100 ± 0 a </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">100 ± 0 a </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">100 ± 0 a </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">H100C </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">40 ± 28.8 bcde </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">100 ± 0 a </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">25 ± 15.5 b </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">34.4 ± 22.2 b </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">H100M </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">35 ± 21.6 bcde </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">54.3 ± 2.5 b </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">21 ± 4.5 bc </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">20 ± 11.7 bc </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">H100P </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">71.3 ± 9.7 ab </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">55.3 ± 3 b </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">23 ± 4 b </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">26.6 ± 6.8 bc </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">H100T </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">25.3 ± 15 cde </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">57 ± 13.1 b </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">16.6 ± 2 bc </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">20 ± 2.6 bc </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">H75C </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">22.6 ± 23.5 cde </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">100 ± 0 a </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">16.6 ± 3.5 bc </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">32.6 ± 13.2 bc </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">H75M </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">34 ± 7.9 bcde </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">43.3 ± 9 bc </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">18.6 ± 7.6 bc </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">15.6 ± 6 bc </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">H75P </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">54.6 ± 18.9 bc </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">38.3 ± 10.4 bcd </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">12.3 ± 7 bc </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">17 ± 13.5 bc </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>H75T </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">14 ± 17.8 cde </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">38.3 ± 3 bcd </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">11.3 ± 10.5 bc </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">20 ± 11.5 bc </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>H50C </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">22.6 ± 2.3 cde </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">61.6 ± 20.4 b </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">9.1 ± 9.4 bc </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">19.6 ± 10.4 bc </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>H50M </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">25 ± 4.5 cde </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">27 ± 3.6 cde </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">16 ± 7.9 bc </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">10.6 ± 8.8 bc </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>H50P </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">54 ± 10.5 bcd </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">28.3 ± 8.5 cde </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">10.6 ± 6.5 bc </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">14.3 ± 7.5 bc </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>H50T </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">10.3 ± 24.2 de </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">17 ± 11.7 def </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">6.3 ± 7.57 bc </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">10 ± 12.6 bc </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>H25C </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">4.6 ± 5.6 e </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">10.3 ± 11.6 ef </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">1 ± 1 c </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">11.6 ± 18 bc </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>H25M </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">3.6 ± 6.3 e </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">16 ± 5 def </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">10.6 ± 7.5 bc </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">10 ± 10.7 bc </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>H25P </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">33.3 ± 7 bcde </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">13 ± 3 ef </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">9.3 ± 3 bc </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">13 ± 4.5 bc </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>H25T </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">0 ± 0 e </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">4.6 ± 8 ef </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">4 ± 4 bc </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">8.4 ± 0 bc </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Valor p </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">0.0001 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">0.0001 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">0.0053 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">0.0001 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CV </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">33 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">14 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">21 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">30 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LSD </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">41 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">23 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">39 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">30 </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>TO: Control, FC: Commercial fungicide, H: Hydrosol, 100, 75, 50 and 25: Concentration (%) of hydrosol used, C: <italic>T. coronopifolia</italic>, M: <italic>T. minuta</italic>, P: <italic>T. parryi</italic>, T: <italic>T. terniflora</italic>, CV: Coefficient of variation, LSD: Least significant difference, means with different letters between columns are statistically different (Tukey, 0.05). Average values ± standard deviation. </p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><bold>
 <italic>In vivo</italic> evaluation.</bold> The treatments with 100% hydrolates from the four <italic>Tagetes</italic> species displayed the greatest <italic>in vitro</italic> inhibition (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>). Therefore, they were picked up for their evaluation <italic>in vivo</italic>. The strawberry plants displayed no phytotoxic effects due to the application of <italic>Tagetes</italic> hydrolates, which gives good expectations for future evaluations in other plant species. The control plants inoculated with <italic>B. cinerea</italic> presented symptoms of the disease, both in fruits and flowers. On the other hand, the plants inoculated with <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>, <italic>P. capsici</italic> and <italic>R. solani</italic> displayed no symptoms of disease in flowers, yet they did in the perforated fruits (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>). Strawberry fruits are highly perishable; in addition, if the fruit presents any mechanical damage or lesion, it facilitates infections by pathogens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ángel-García <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). The lack of incidence of the disease in flowers may be related to the lack of lesions and to the fact that these fungi mainly affect roots, the crown and fruits (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Koike and Gordon, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Awad, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Barboza <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). </p>
				<p>The <italic>T. parryi</italic> hydrolate was effective as a preventive treatment against <italic>B. cinerea</italic>, since the perforated fruits (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>A) and the flowers (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>B) displayed no</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Incidence of <italic>B. cinerea, R. solani, F. oxysporum</italic> and <italic>P. capsici</italic> in strawberry fruits (A) and flowers (B) three days after their inoculation in control (TO) plants and treated with 100% <italic>Tagetes coronopifolia</italic> (H100C), <italic>T. minuta</italic> (H100M), <italic>T. parryi</italic> (H100P) <italic>T. terniflora</italic> hydrolates (H100T).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-03-RMEXFIT24015-gf4.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>incidence of the fungus. Therefore, this hydrolate represents an alternative input to chemical fungicides that have negative effects on the environment and have induced resistance in this fungus (Leroux, 2004). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Zatla <italic>et al</italic>. (2017</xref>) evaluated the effect of the <italic>Daucus carota subsp. sativus</italic> hydrolate in strawberry fruit and it was effective as a preventive treatment, since it inhibited <italic>B. cinerea</italic> entirely until the fifth day. According to these authors, the effect was due to the abundant of phenolic compounds. Due to this, the effect observed with the <italic>T. parryi</italic> hydrolate can also be attributed to the phenolic compound 1,3-Di-terc-butylbenzene, along with the other more abundant monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes found in the hydrolate (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>). On the other hand, with the application of the <italic>T. terniflora</italic> hydrolate in the fruits (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>A), no symptoms of the disease were observed, although the flowers were infected and with the <italic>T. minuta</italic> hydrolate, an opposite effect was observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>B); this result shows that a joint application of these hydrolates may be effective against this fungus. The <italic>T. coronopifolia</italic> hydrolate did not work as a preventive treatment.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Conclusions</title>
				<p>The hydrolates of the tested <italic>Tagetes</italic> species contain between 46 and 72% of monoterpenes, and to a lesser extent, some alcohols (0-33 %), sesquiterpenes (027%) and phenolic compounds (0-8 %). Although a fungistatic effect was observed in the evaluation <italic>in vitro</italic> with some hydrolates, this effect did not withstand in the <italic>in vivo</italic> application; only the application of the <italic>T. parryi</italic> hydrolate is effective as a preventive treatment against <italic>B. cinerea</italic> in strawberry plants during flowering and fruiting.</p>
			</sec>
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	</sub-article>
</article>