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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2402-8</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Nota Fitopatológica</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Caracterización del viroma en haba: Primera detección de <italic>Potyvirus phaseoluteum</italic> y <italic>Orthotospovirus impatiensnecromaculae</italic> en Montecillo, Texcoco, México</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ortega-Piña</surname>
						<given-names>Erick</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ochoa-Martínez</surname>
						<given-names>Daniel Leobardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rojas-Martínez</surname>
						<given-names>Reyna Isabel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Díaz-Lara</surname>
						<given-names>Alfredo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Posgrado en FitosanidadFitopatología. Colegio de Postgraduados, Carretera Federal México-Texcoco, Km. 36.5. Montecillo, 56264 Texcoco, Estado de México, México; </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>56264</postal-code>
					<city>Texcoco</city>
					<state>Estado de México</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Bioingeniería. Tecnológico de Monterrey Campus Querétaro. Epigmenio González 500, San Pablo, Santiago de Querétaro, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Tecnológico de Monterrey</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Tecnológico de Monterrey</institution>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>
 <italic>*Autor de correspondencia</italic>:</bold> Daniel Leobardo Ochoa-Martínez ldaniel@colpos.mx</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>19</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Sep-Dec</season>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>42</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT24028</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN:</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Antecedentes / Objetivo. </title>
					<p>En cultivos de haba (<italic>Vicia faba</italic>) establecidos en Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México se observó un 100 % de plantas con síntomas de virosis consistentes en mosaico, moteado, enrollamiento de hojas, marchitamiento y un decremento notable en el desarrollo de las plantas. Estos síntomas condujeron a una reducción significativa en el rendimiento y calidad de las semillas. En este contexto, se realizó el presente estudio con el objetivo de identificar las especies virales asociadas con estos síntomas.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales y Métodos. </title>
					<p>La estrategia experimental consistió en extracción de ARN total de hojas manifestando los síntomas mencionados, seguido de secuenciación de nueva generación.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados y Discusión. </title>
					<p>En los resultados se obtuvieron los genomas completos de <italic>Orthotospovirus impatiensnecromaculae</italic> (antes impatiens necrotic spot virus<bold>)</bold> y de dos aislamientos del <italic>Potyvirus phaseoluteum</italic> (antes bean yellow mosaic virus). El análisis filogenético reveló que el aislamiento de <italic>O. impatiensnecromaculae</italic> (INSV CPMEX) muestra divergencias significativas respecto a los previamente reportados en otras especies vegetales. Por otro lado, los dos aislamientos de <italic>P. phaseoluteum</italic> (BYMV CP1MEX y BYMV CP2MEX) demostraron ser distintos entre sí, estando relacionados con aislamientos reportados en Sudán e Irán.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión. </title>
					<p>Este hallazgo sugiere una diversidad genética considerable entre los virus asociados a los síntomas de virosis en cultivos de haba en la región, lo que subraya la importancia de una identificación precisa para el manejo y control de estas infecciones virales.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Secuenciación de nueva generación</kwd>
				<kwd>Potyvirus</kwd>
				<kwd>Orthotospovirus</kwd>
				<kwd>RNA</kwd>
				<kwd>mosaico</kwd>
				<kwd>moteado</kwd>
				<kwd>divergencia viral.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="22"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>A nivel global, el cultivo de haba abarca actualmente alrededor de 2.5 millones de hectáreas con una producción de 5.4 millones de toneladas y un rendimiento promedio de semilla de 2.1 toneladas/ha (FAOSTAT, 2023). Este cultivo no solo es valioso por sus propiedades alimenticias y medicinales que ofrece beneficios significativos para la salud humana (Prabhu y Rajeswari, 2018), sino también por su contribución económica. Sin embargo, los virus fitopatógenos representan una amenaza considerable para su producción (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Mansourpour <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>); (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Makkouk <italic>et al</italic>., 1994</xref>).</p>
			<p>La adopción de la PCR (Polimerase Chain Reaction) y otras técnicas de detección viral revelaron la complejidad de las etiologías virales en plantas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Binnicker, 2015</xref>). La introducción de la secuenciación de nueva generación (NGS, NextGeneration Sequencing) ha revolucionado la investigación genómica empleando datos biológicos masivos permitiendo analizar vastas cantidades de secuencias de forma eficiente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Rubio <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Esta tecnología ha facilitado el diagnóstico avanzado y la identificación de viromas, es decir, el conjunto de virus y viroides presentes en plantas infectadas o sus vectores, abriendo nuevas opciones para su manejo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Barba <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>En este contexto, el presente estudio se enfocó en parcelas de haba en Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México, donde se observó una prevalencia total de virosis caracterizada por síntomas como mosaico, moteado, enrollamiento de hojas, marchitamiento y disminución del crecimiento. Estos síntomas se traducen en una reducción significativa del rendimiento y la calidad de la semilla. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el viroma asociado a estos síntomas, con la intención de contribuir al desarrollo de estrategias de manejo más efectivas para este cultivo. Se realizó un muestreo al azar de plantas de haba de 95 días de edad con síntomas de moteado, mosaico, enrollamiento foliar y marchitez en un lote ubicado en Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México. Se recolectaron hojas del tercio superior de 10 plantas que se conservaron en refrigeración a 4 °C hasta el proceso de extracción de ARN. Para la extracción del ARN total se maceró 0.1 g de tejido foliar de cada planta con nitrógeno líquido hasta obtener un polvo fino; utilizando el kit SV Total RNA Isolation System® PROMEGA de acuerdo con las instrucciones del fabricante. La calidad y concentración del ARN total extraído se cuantificó por espectrofotometría (Nanodrop 2000®, Thermo Scientific™). Para verificar la integridad se realizó electroforesis a 90 V durante 30 minutos en un gel de agarose al 1 % teñido con bromuro de etidio visualizado en un fotodocumentador de luz ultravioleta.</p>
			<p>Para validar los resultados obtenidos mediante secuenciación masiva, se diseñaron cebadores específicos enfocados en los segmentos genómicos que codifican la replicasa viral y la proteína de la cubierta (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>. Lista de los cebadores empleados). La selección de estos segmentos como blancos para el diseño de los cebadores se debe a su importancia funcional y su conservación entre diferentes aislamientos del virus, lo que los convierte en regiones ideales para la detección precisa del fitopatógeno. Una vez diseñados los cebadores, se procedió a realizar la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcripción inversa (RT-PCR) para cada una de las muestras individuales que originalmente se combinaron para formar la muestra compuesta analizada por secuenciación masiva, además del resto de muestras que permanecieron en resguardo para analizar la presencia o ausencia de las especies encontradas.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Cebadores diseñados para la corroboración de la presencia de <italic>Potyvirus phaseoluteum</italic> (Pp) y <italic>Orthotospovirus impatiensnecromaculae</italic> (Oi) en tejido foliar de haba con síntomas de mosaico, moteado, enrollamiento foliar, marchitamiento y disminución del crecimiento.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Virus </th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Iniciadores </th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Región que amplifica </th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Amplicón </th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Oi </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">S: 5’CAGCCGCTTCTTCACTCTGT3’ As: 5’TGTGAGTTTCTCGGAAGGCT3’ </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Replicasa viral </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">438 pb </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Pp </td>
								<td style="text-align:left">S: 5’AATGCGAAGCCAACATTCCG3’ As: 5’CACGGTTGACATCTCCTGCT3’ </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Nucleocápside </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">319 pb </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>La mezcla para la síntesis de cADN de los virus encontrados consistió en 5.3 μL de agua libre de nucleasas, 0.5 μL de cada cebador y 1 μL de RNA total para tener un volumen final de 7.3 μL que se incubaron por 5 minutos a 70 °C; finalizado este paso los tubos se colocaron en hielo. Posteriormente, se preparó una mezcla de 2 μL de amortiguador RT-5X, 0.5 μL de dNTP Mix y 0.2 μL de M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase; se adicionaron 2.7 μL de esta mezcla a cada tubo de reacción incubado en el primer paso para tener un total de 10 μL. Los tubos permanecieron durante 60 minutos a 42 °C y 10 minutos a 72 °C en el termociclador. Para la reacción de PCR la mezcla consistió de 2 μL de amortiguador 5X Green GoTaq®, 0.6 μL de MgCl2 (25 mM), 0.2 μL de dNTP Mix (10 mM), 0.6 μL de cada cebador (10 pmol/μL),</p>
			<p>4.9 μL de agua libre de nucleasas, 0.1 μL de GoTaq® Flexi Polimerase (5u/μL) y 1 μL de cDNA para tener un volumen total de 10 μL por reacción. Las condiciones de amplificación fueron: ciclo inicial de desnaturalización de 5 min a 95 °C, 35 ciclos de 30 s a 95 °C, 30 s a 55 °C y 30 s a 72 °C seguido de una extensión final de 10 min a 72 °C. El producto de PCR se sometió a electroforesis a 80 V durante 55 minutos en un gel de agarosa al 1 % teñido con bromuro de etidio y se visualizó en un fotodocumentador de luz ultravioleta. Los amplicones obtenidos se enviaron a Macrogen Inc. (Corea) para su secuenciación y posterior comparación con las depositadas en el GenBank con BLASTn.</p>
			<p>Para cada uno de los virus encontrados (<italic>P. phaseoluteum</italic> y <italic>O. impatiensnecromaculae</italic>) se realizaron dos análisis, para el segmento que codifica la replicasa viral y el que codifica la nucleocápside. Los genomas completos de los virus obtenidos se alinearon mediante ClustalW en MEGA X. Este alineamiento incluyó secuencias de genomas completos correspondientes a virus de la misma especie, de una especie diferente pero dentro del mismo género, y de una especie de un género diferente. La inclusión de estas secuencias, todas disponibles en la base de datos del NCBI, proporciona un marco comparativo que facilita la interpretación de las relaciones evolutivas entre los virus estudiados. La construcción del árbol filogenético se basó en la aplicación de modelos evolutivos sofisticados, específicamente el General-Time-Reversible (GTR) y Jones Taylor Thornton Model (JTT). Estos modelos se seleccionaron por su capacidad para estimar de manera precisa las tasas de sustitución de bases a lo largo del tiempo evolutivo, ofreciendo una visión detallada de las relaciones filogenéticas. Ambos se construyeron por el método de Máxima Verosimilitud con 500 repeticiones de bootstrap en MEGA X. Este enfoque estadístico permite evaluar la robustez de cada nodo del árbol, proporcionando un indicador de la confianza de las agrupaciones filogenéticas observadas.</p>
			<p>Las evaluaciones de calidad de las muestras de ARN revelaron que se encontra-</p>
			<p>ban dentro de los rangos óptimos de pureza, con relaciones de absorbancia 260/280 entre 1.8 y 2.2, y 260/230 también dentro del intervalo ideal, lo que indica una mínima presencia de contaminantes orgánicos e inorgánicos. Además, la concentración del ARN extraído fue superior a 300 ng/μL, superando el umbral requerido para asegurar una cantidad suficiente para análisis subsiguientes. Asimismo, en el gel de electroforesis para integridad se observaron bandas nítidas sin arrastre por fragmentación de las cadenas, lo que indica una integridad óptima.</p>
			<p>Se obtuvieron dos genomas completos de <italic>Potyvirus phaseoluteum</italic>, uno de 9,577 y otro de 9,575 nt correspondientes a aislamientos distintos, denotados como CP1 MEX y CP2 MEX, respectivamente; asimismo, se obtuvieron los tres segmentos completos del genoma de <italic>Orthotospovirus impatiensnecromaculae</italic> cuyas longitudes fueron las siguientes: segmento L (replicasa viral) 8,763 nt, segmento M (proteína de movimiento) 3,629 nt y segmento S (nucleocápside proteica y proteína NSs) 1,825 nt. En los tres casos, las regiones codificantes se encontraron completas y se depositaron en el GenBank con los números de acceso PP098739 (BYMV CP1MEX), PP098740 (BYMV CP2MEX), PP098741 (INSV CPMEX L), (PP098742) INSV CPMEX M y PP098743 (INSV CPMEX S).</p>
			<p>Se obtuvieron los amplicones correspondientes al tamaño esperado para cada virus en muestras de campo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>) con los indiciadores diseñados para los dos aislamientos de <italic>P. phaseoluteum</italic> y <italic>O. impatiensnecromaculae</italic> encontrados en esta investigación (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Detección de <italic>Orthotospovirus impatiensnecromaculae</italic> y <italic>Potyvirus phaseoluteum</italic> en plantas de haba mediante RT-PCR.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-03-RMEXFIT24028-gf1.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Producto de RT-PCR de un fragmento de 438 pb del segmento L que codifica la replicasa viral de <italic>O. impatiensnecromaculae</italic>: MPM= Marcador de peso molecular 100 pb PROMEGA, control negativo (-). Carriles 1, 3, 4, 9, 10, 13, 14 y 15 muestras de plantas de haba con síntomas de mosaico, moteado, enrollamiento y marchitamiento. B) Producto de RT-PCR de un fragmento de 319 pb del ORF del <italic>P. phaseoluteum</italic> que codifica para la nucleocápside: MPM= Marcador de peso molecular 100 pb PROMEGA, control negativo (-). Carriles 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 13, 14 y 15 plantas de haba con síntomas de mosaico, moteado, enrollamiento y marchitamiento. Las secuencias de los amplicones obtenidos tuvieron un 99% de cobertura y 99 % de identidad con aislados de <italic>P. phaseoluteum</italic> y <italic>O. impatiensnecromaculae</italic> depositados en el GenBank, respectivamente.</p>
			<p>Los aislados CP1MEX y CP2MEX de BYMV encontrados en haba en esta investigación, se agrupan con aislados de Sudán e Irán, respectivamente, pero no entre ellos mismos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>El emparentamiento de los aislados de <italic>Potyvirus phaseoluteum</italic> con los de países asiáticos sugiere que el virus ha sido dispersado a otros continentes debido muy probablemente a la movilización de semilla, al ser ésta el principal medio de propagación del haba y constituir una forma de transmisión común de las especies del género <italic>Potyvirus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Díaz <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>). De esta forma, una vez presente la fuente de inóculo en la plantación, su diseminación puede darse a través de diferentes especies de áfidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Rodríguez-Pardina <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>) lo cual explicaría la alta incidencia de plantas con síntomas observada en campo. No hay información sobre la presencia de <italic>P. phaseoluteum</italic> en México, por lo que se considera éste su primer reporte. Por otra parte, las secuencias de los segmentos L y S de INSV CPMEX obtenidas en este estudio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 3</xref> y 4) no se agruparon con las reportadas en otros países, lo cual sugiere que se trata de un aislamiento altamente divergente, que puede atribuirse a su adaptación al espacio geográfico en que se encuentra derivado de los cambios que ha experimentado al paso del tiempo en la región de estudio.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Árbol filogenético de los aislados de <italic>Potyvirus phaseoluteum</italic> CP1MEX y BYMV CP2MEX utilizando el modelo General-Time-Reversible y el método de máxima verosimilitud con 500 repeticiones de bootstrap.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-03-RMEXFIT24028-gf2.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p><italic>impatiensnecromaculae</italic> infecta principalmente especies ornamentales y en México se ha reportado también en jitomate y chile (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">González-Pacheco y SilvaRosales, 2013</xref>). En un estudio previo se inocularon diferentes especies vegetales con <italic>O. impatiensnecromaculae</italic> y se encontró que el haba es un hospedante de este</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Árbol filogenético del segmento L correspondiente a la replicasa viral del aislado de <italic>Orthotospovirus impatiensnecromaculae</italic> INSV CP MEX utilizando el modelo Jones Taylor Thornton Model y el método de máxima verosimilitud con 500 repeticiones de bootstrap.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-03-RMEXFIT24028-gf3.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Árbol filogenético del segmento S correspondiente a la nucleocápside del aislado INSV CP MEX del <italic>Orthotospovirus impatiensnecronmaculae</italic> utilizando el modelo Jones Taylor Thornton Model y el método de máxima verosimilitud con 500 repeticiones de bootstrap.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-03-RMEXFIT24028-gf4.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>virus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abe El-Wahab y Elnagar, 2008</xref>). En contraste, en la presente investigación se reporta la infección natural de este virus en haba.</p>
			<p>A nivel mundial se ha reportado a <italic>Fabavirus alphaviciae</italic> (antes broad bean wilt virus) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Balsak <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Xia <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>), <italic>Bromovirus BBMV</italic> (antes broad bean mottle virus) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Makkouk <italic>et al.,</italic> 1988</xref><italic>;</italic> Romero <italic>et al.,</italic> 1993), <italic>Luteovirus phaseoli</italic> (antes bean leaf roll virus) (Makkouk <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012 ), <italic>Potyvirus phaseoluteum</italic> (antes bean yellow mosaic virus) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Chatzivassiliou, 2021</xref>; El-Helaly <italic>et al</italic>., 2016) y <italic>Nanovirus necroflaviviciae</italic> (antes faba bean necrotic yellows virus) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Mansourpour <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>; Katul <italic>et al</italic>., 1993) como especies principales que infectan naturalmente al haba, de las cuales sólo el <italic>P. phaseoluteum</italic> además del <italic>O. impatiensnecromaculae</italic> fueron encontrados en el presente estudio. Con base en estos resultados, sería necesario estudiar el viroma del haba en otras zonas productoras para conocer la diversidad de virus asociados a este cultivo en el país.</p>
			<p>El estudio del viroma presente en cultivos de haba en Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México, ha revelado una composición específica de fitopatógenos virales, consistente en dos aislamientos distintos de <italic>Potyvirus phaseoluteum</italic> (designados como BYMV CP1MEX y BYMV CP2MEX) asociados a síntomas de mosaico y moteado y un aislamiento de <italic>Orthotospovirus impatiensnecromaculae</italic> (INSV CP MEX) asociado a enrollamiento foliar y marchitamiento en infección mixta con</p>
			<p>O <italic>phaseoluteum</italic>. Este análisis marca la primera identificación documentada tanto del <italic>P. phaseoluteum</italic> como de la infección natural por <italic>O. impatiensnecromaculae</italic> en plantaciones de haba dentro del territorio mexicano. Estos hallazgos aportan evidencia crucial, subrayando la importancia de monitorear y gestionar estas infecciones virales para proteger la producción agrícola de haba en la región.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimientos</title>
			<p>El primer autor agradece al Colegio de Postgraduados por permitir la realización de sus estudios de posgrado y el desarrollo de este proyecto de investigación de cuya tesis se obtuvo este producto, así como al Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencia y Tecnología por la beca proporcionada para que esto fuera posible (CVU 1144697).</p>
		</ack>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Phytopathological Note</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Characterization of the virome in broad bean: First detection of <italic>Potyvirus phaseoluteum</italic> and <italic>Orthotospovirus impatiensnecromaculae</italic> in Montecillo, Texcoco, Mexico</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p> </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Background / Objective. </title>
					<p>In broad bean (<italic>Vicia faba</italic>) crops established in Montecillo, Texcoco, State of Mexico, 100% of plants were observed with viral symptoms consisting of mosaic, mottling, leaf curling, wilting and a notable decrease in plant development. These symptoms led to a significant reduction in seed yield and quality. In this context, the present study was carried out with the objective of identifying the viral species associated with these symptoms.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and Methods. </title>
					<p>The experimental strategy consisted of extraction of total RNA from leaves showing the aforementioned symptoms, followed by next- generation sequencing.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results. </title>
					<p>In the results, the complete genomes of <italic>Orthotospovirus impatiensnecromaculae</italic> (before impatiens necrotic spot virus) and two isolates of the <italic>Potyvirus phaseoluteum</italic> (before bean yellow mosaic virus) were obtained. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate of <italic>O. impatiensnecromaculae</italic> (INSV CPMEX) shows significant divergences from those previously reported in other plant species. On the other hand, the two <italic>P. phaseoluteum</italic> isolates (BYMV CP1MEX and BYMV CP2MEX) proved to be different from each other, being related to isolates reported in Sudan and Iran.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion. </title>
					<p>This result suggests considerable genetic diversity among the viruses associated with viral symptoms in faba bean crops in the region, which underlines the importance of accurate identification for the management and control of these viral infections.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Next -Generation Sequencing</kwd>
				<kwd>Potyvirus</kwd>
				<kwd>Orthotospovirus</kwd>
				<kwd>RNA</kwd>
				<kwd>mosaic</kwd>
				<kwd>mottle</kwd>
				<kwd>viral divergence</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>On a global scale, the broad bean crop currently covers 2.5 million hectares with a production of 5.4 million tons and an average seed yield of 2.1 tons/ha (FAOSTAT, 2023). This crop is not only valuable for its nutritional and medicinal properties that offer significant benefits for human health (Prabhu and Rajeswari, 2018), but also for its economic contribution. However, plant viruses also represent a considerable threat to their production (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Mansourpour <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>); (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Makkouk <italic>et al</italic>., 1994</xref>).</p>
				<p>The adoption of the PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and other viral detection techniques revealed the complexity of the viral etiologies in plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Binnicker, 2015</xref>). The introduction of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized genomic investigation using massive biological data, allowing for the analysis of vast amounts of sequences in an efficient way (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Rubio <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). This technology has facilitated the advanced diagnosis and the identification of viromes, i.e., the set of viruses and viroids found in infected plants or their vectors, opening new options for their management (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Barba <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>In this context, the present study focused on broad bean plantations in Montecillo, Texcoco, State of Mexico, where a total prevalence of virosis was observed, characterized by symptoms such as mosaic, mottle, leaf curling, wilting and growth reduction. These symptoms cause a significant reduction in seed yield and quality. The aim of this investigation was to determine the virome associated to these symptoms, with the intention of contributing to the development of more effective management strategies for this crop.</p>
				<p>A random sampling was conducted on 95-day-old broad bean plants showing symptoms of mottle, leaf curling and wilting in a plot located in Montecillo, Texcoco, State of Mexico. Leaves from the upper third of 10 plants were collected and kept refrigerated at 4 °C until the RNA extraction process. For the extraction of total RNA, 0.1 g of leaf tissue from each plant was macerated with liquid nitrogen until a fine powder was obtained, using the SV Total RNA Isolation System® PROMEGA kit, following the instructions by the manufacturer. The quality and concentration of the total RNA extracted was quantified by spectrophotometry (Nanodrop 2000®, Thermo Scientific™). To verify its integrity, electrophoresis was carried out at 90 V for 30 minutes in a 1% agarose gel with ethidium bromide visualized in a UV light photodocumenter.</p>
				<p>In order to validate the results obtained through massive sequencing, specific</p>
				<p>primers were designed, focusing on the genomic segments that encode the viral replicase and the coat protein (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>. List of the primers used). The selection of these segments as targets for the design of the primers is due to their functional importance and their conservation among different virus isolates, making them ideal regions for the precise detection of the plant pathogen. Once the primers were designed, the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed for each one of the individual samples that were originally combined to form the compound sample analyzed by massive sequencing, as well as the rest of the samples that were kept to analyze the presence or absence of the species found.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Primers designed to verify the presence of <italic>Potyvirus phaseoluteum</italic> (Pp) and <italic>Orthotospovirus impatiensnecromaculae</italic> (Oi) in broad bean foliar tissue with symptoms of mosaic, mottling, leaf curling, wilting and growth reduction.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Virus </th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Primers </th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Amplified region </th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Amplicon </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Oi </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S: 5’CAGCCGCTTCTTCACTCTGT3’ As: 5’TGTGAGTTTCTCGGAAGGCT3’ </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Viral replicase </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">438 pb </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pp </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">S: 5’AATGCGAAGCCAACATTCCG3’ As: 5’CACGGTTGACATCTCCTGCT3’ </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Coat protein </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">319 pb </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The mixture for the cDNA synthesis of the viruses found consisted of 5.3 μL of nuclease-free water, 0.5 μL of each primer and 1 μL of total RNA for a final volume of 7.3 μL, which were incubated for 5 minutes at 70 °C, and after this step was completed, the tubes were placed in ice. Subsequently, a mixture was prepared with 2 μL of RT-5X buffer, 0.5 μL of dNTP Mix and 0.2 μL of M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase; 2.7 μL of this mixture were added to each reaction tube incubated in the first step to obtain a total of 10 μL. The tubes remained for 60 minutes at 42</p>
				<p>°C for 10 minutes at 72 °C in the thermocycler. For the PCR reaction, the mixture consisted of 2 μL of 5X Green GoTaq® buffer, 0.6 μL of MgCl2 (25 mM), 0.2 μL of dNTP Mix (10 mM), 0.6 μL of each primer (10 pmol/μL), 4.9 μL of nuclease-</p>
				<p>free water, 0.1 μL of GoTaq® Flexi Polymerase (5u/μL) and 1 μL of cDNA for a total volume of 10 μL per reaction. The conditions for amplification consisted of an initial 5-minute denaturalization reaction at 95 °C, 35 cycles for 30 s at 95 °C, 30 s at 55 °C and 30 s at 72 °C, followed by a final 10-minute extension at 72 °C. The PCR product was separated by electrophoresis at 80 V for 55 minutes in 1% agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide and was visualized in a UV light photodocumenter. The amplicons obtained were sent to Macrogen Inc. (Korea) for sequencing and later comparison with those deposited in the GenBank with BLASTn.</p>
				<p>Foreachoneofthevirusesfound(<italic>P.phaseoluteum</italic>and<italic>O.impatiensnecromaculae</italic>), two analyses were performed: one for the segment that codifies the viral replicase and the other, for the one that codifies the nucleocapsid. The complete virus genomes were aligned using ClustalW in MEGA X. This alignment included complete genome sequences corresponding to viruses from the same species, from a different species but within the same genus, and from a species of a different genus. The inclusion of these sequences, all available in the NCBI database, provides a comparative framework that helps interpret the evolutionary relationships between the viruses studied. The construction of the phylogenetic tree was based on the application of sophisticated evolutionary models, specifically the General-Time- Reversible (GTR) and the Jones Taylor Thornton (JTT) models. These were selected for their ability to accurately estimate the base substitution rates over evolutionary time, offering a detailed view of phylogenetic relationships. Both were constructed using the maximum likelihood method with 500 bootstrap replicates in MEGA X. This statistical approach allows for the evaluation of the robustness of each node in the tree, providing an indicator of the confidence in the observed phylogenetic groupings.</p>
				<p>The quality evaluations on the RNA samples revealed that they were within</p>
				<p>the optimal purity ranges, with 260/280 absorbance ratios between 1.8 and 2.2, and 260/230 also within the ideal interval, which indicates a minimal presence of organic and inorganic contaminants. Additionally, the concentration of the extracted RNA was greater than 300 ng/μL, surpassing the threshold required to ensure a sufficient number of subsequent analyses. Likewise, in the electrophoresis gel for integrity, clear stripes without smearing due to chain fragmentation were observed, indicating optimal integrity.</p>
				<p>Two complete <italic>Potyvirus phaseoluteum</italic> genomes were obtained, one of 9,577 nt and the other of 9,575 nt corresponding to different isolates, denoted as CP1 MEX and CP2 MEX, respectively; likewise, the three complete segments of the <italic>Orthotospovirus impatiensnecromaculae</italic> genome were obtained, whose lengths were as follows: segment L (viral replicase) 8,763 nt, segment M (movement protein) 3,629 nt and segment S (nucleocapsid protein and NSs protein) 1,825 nt. In all three cases, the entire codifying regions were found and deposited in the GenBank with accession numbers PP098739 (BYMV CP1MEX), PP098740 (BYMV CP2MEX), PP098741 (INSV CPMEX L), (PP098742) INSV CPMEX M and PP098743 (INSV CPMEX S).</p>
				<p>The amplicons corresponding to the expected size for each virus in the field samples were obtained (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>) with the primers designed for the two <italic>P. phaseoluteum</italic> and <italic>O. impatiensnecromaculae</italic> isolates found in this investigation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Detection of <italic>Orthotospovirus impatiensnecromaculae</italic> and <italic>Potyvirus phaseoluteum</italic> in broad bean plants using RT-PCR. A) Product of RT-PCR of a 438 bp fragment of the L segment that codifies the viral replicase of <italic>O. impatiensnecromaculae</italic>: MPM= Molecular weight marker 100 bp PROMEGA, negative control (-). Lanes 1, 3, 4, 9, 10, 13, 14 and 15 broad bean plant samples with symptoms of mosaic, mottling, leaf curling and wilting. B) Product of RT-PCR of a 319 bp fragment of the ORF of the <italic>P. phaseoluteum</italic> that codifies for the nucleocapsid MPM= Molecular weight marker 100 bp PROMEGA, negative control (-). Lanes 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 13, 14 and 15 broad bean plant samples with symptoms of mosaic, mottling, leaf curling and wilting. The sequences of the amplicons obtained had a 99% coverage and 99% identity with <italic>P. phaseoluteum</italic> and <italic>O. impatiensnecromaculae</italic> isolates deposited in the GenBank, respectively.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-03-RMEXFIT24028-gf5.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The BYMV isolates found in broad beans in this investigation are grouped with those from Sudan and Iran, respectively, but not amongst themselves (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>The relatedness of the <italic>Potyvirus phaseoluteum</italic> isolates with those from the Asian countries suggests that the virus has been spread to other continents, most likely due to the mobilization of seeds, since this is the main means of propagation of the broad beans, and constitutes a common way of transmission of the species of the <italic>Potyvirus</italic> genus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Díaz <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>). Thus, once the source of inoculum is present in the plantation, its dissemination can take place via different species of aphids (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Rodríguez-Pardina <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), which would explain the high incidence of plants with symptoms found in the field. There is no information on the presence of <italic>P. phaseoluteum</italic> in Mexico, making this its first report. On the other hand, the sequences of INSV CPMEX segments L and S obtained in this study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">4</xref>) were not grouped with those reported in other countries, suggesting that this is a highly divergent isolate, which may be attributed to its adaptation to the geographic space in which it is found, derived from the changes it has experienced with time in the region under study.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Phylogenetic tree of the <italic>Potyvirus phaseoluteum</italic> CP1MEX and BYMV CP2MEX isolates using the General-Time- Reversible model and the maximum likelihood method with 500 bootstrap replicates.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-03-RMEXFIT24028-gf6.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p><italic>O. impatiensnecromaculae</italic> mainly infects ornamental species, and in Mexico it has also been reported in tomato and chili pepper (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">González-Pacheco and Silva- Rosales, 2013</xref>). An earlier study different plant species were inoculated with <italic>O. impatiensnecromaculae</italic> and the broad bean was found to be a host of this virus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abe El-Wahab and Elnagar, 2008</xref>). By contrast, this investigation reports the natural infection of this virus in broad beans.</p>
				<p>Worldwide, <italic>Fabavirus alphaviciae</italic> (before broad bean wilt virus) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Balsak <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Xia <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>), <italic>Bromovirus BBMV</italic> (before broad bean mottle virus) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Makkouk <italic>et al.,</italic> 1988</xref><italic>;</italic> Romero <italic>et al.,</italic> 1993), <italic>Luteovirus phaseoli</italic> (before bean leaf roll virus) (Makkouk <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012 ), <italic>Potyvirus phaseoluteum</italic> (before bean</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Phylogenetic tree of the L segment corresponding to the viral replicase of the <italic>Orthotospovirus impatiensnecromaculae</italic> INSV CP MEX isolate using the Jones Taylor Thornton Model and the maximum likelihood method with 500 bootstrap replicates.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-03-RMEXFIT24028-gf7.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Phylogenetic tree of the S segment corresponding to the nucleocapsid of the INSV CP MEX isolation of the <italic>Orthotospovirus impatiensnecronmaculae</italic> using the Jones Taylor Thornton Model and the maximum likelihood method with 500 bootstrap repetitions.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-03-RMEXFIT24028-gf8.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>yellow mosaic virus) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Chatzivassiliou, 2021</xref>; El-Helaly <italic>et al</italic>., 2016) and <italic>Nanovirus necroflaviviciae</italic> (before faba bean necrotic yellows virus) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Mansourpour <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>; Katul <italic>et al</italic>., 1993) have been reported as main species that naturally infect broad beans, out of which only <italic>P. phaseoluteum</italic> and <italic>O. impatiensnecromaculae</italic> were found in this study. Based on these results, it would be necessary to study the virome of the broad bean in other production areas to know the virus diversity associated with this crop in the country.</p>
				<p>The study of the virome found in broad bean crops in Montecillo, Texcoco, State of Mexico, has revealed a specific composition of viral plant pathogens, which consist of two different <italic>Potyvirus phaseoluteum</italic> isolates (designated as BYMV CP1MEX and BYMV CP2MEX), associated to mosaic and mottle symptoms, and an <italic>Orthotospovirus impatiensnecromaculae</italic> isolate (INSV CP MEX) associated to leaf curling and wilting in a mixed infection with <italic>P. phaseoluteum</italic>. This is the first report of <italic>P. phaseoluteum</italic> and of the natural infection by <italic>O. impatiensnecromaculae</italic> in broad bean plantations in Mexico. These findings provide crucial evidence, highlighting the importance of monitoring and managing these viral infections to protect the agricultural production of broad beans in the region.</p>
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				<p>Acknowledgments</p>
				<p>The first author would like to thanks the Colegio de Postgraduados for allowing him to complete his graduate studies and the development of this research project, the dissertation of which derived in this product, as well as the National Humanities, Science and Technology Council for the scholarship granted which made this possible (CVU 1144697)</p>
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