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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2403-1</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Nota Fitopatológica</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Hoja pequeña de <italic>Bocconia frutescens</italic>, nueva enfermedad asociada a una raza relacionada a ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma pruni’ en Costa Rica</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Muller</surname>
						<given-names>William Villalobos</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Salazar</surname>
						<given-names>Laura Garita</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Barboza</surname>
						<given-names>Ana María Conejo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Sandoval Carvajal</surname>
						<given-names>Izayana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Astúa</surname>
						<given-names>Mauricio Montero</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Carmona</surname>
						<given-names>Lisela Moreira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Laboratorio de Fitopatógenos Obligados y sus Vectores, Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11500-2060 San José, Costa Rica</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Costa Rica</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Costa Rica</institution>
				<country country="CR">Costa Rica</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Laboratorio de Fitopatógenos Obligados y sus Vectores, Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11500-2060 San José, Costa Rica</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Costa Rica</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Costa Rica</institution>
				<country country="CR">Costa Rica</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Laboratorio de Fitopatógenos Obligados y sus Vectores, Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11500-2060 San José, Costa Rica</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Costa Rica</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Costa Rica</institution>
				<country country="CR">Costa Rica</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Laboratorio de Fitopatógenos Obligados y sus Vectores, Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM), y Escuela de Agronomía, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11500-2060 San José, Costa Rica.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Costa Rica</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Costa Rica</institution>
				<country country="CR">Costa Rica</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Laboratorio de Fitopatógenos Obligados y sus Vectores, Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM), y Escuela de Agronomía, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11500-2060 San José, Costa Rica.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Costa Rica</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Costa Rica</institution>
				<country country="CR">Costa Rica</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Laboratorio de Fitopatógenos Obligados y sus Vectores, Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM), y Escuela de Agronomía, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11500-2060 San José, Costa Rica.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Costa Rica</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Costa Rica</institution>
				<country country="CR">Costa Rica</country>
			</aff>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>16</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Sep-Dec</season>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>42</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT24031</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN </title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo/Antecedentes. </title>
					<p><italic>Bocconia frutescens</italic> (Papaveraceae) es un árbol pequeño, distribuido naturalmente desde México hasta Argentina y en la cuenca del Cari be. Árboles de <italic>Bocconia</italic> con síntomas semejantes a los inducidos por fitoplasmas, como hoja pequeña y escobas de bruja, fueron encontrados en la provincia de Car tago, Costa Rica. Detectar e identificar al posible fitoplasma asociado con dichos síntomas fue el objetivo de este estudio. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales y Métodos. </title>
					<p>Se evaluó tejido foliar empleando microscopia electrónica de transmisión (TEM), PCR anidada empleando cebadores universales y especí ficos para amplificar los genes ARNr 16S, y sec<italic>A</italic> de fitoplasmas. Las secuencias nucleotídicas (método Sanger) obtenidas de los amplicones, se emplearon para BLASTn, análisis filogenéticos y RFLP’s <italic>in silico</italic>. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados. </title>
					<p>La presencia de fitoplasmas en el tejido del floema se observó me diante TEM solamente en los árboles sintomáticos. Los diferentes análisis con las secuencias parciales (genes 16Sr y <italic>sec</italic>A) indicaron la presencia de una cepa rela cionada al ´<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma pruni´ en las muestras evaluadas. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión. </title>
					<p>Fitoplasmas se encontraron sólo en los árboles sintomáticos de <italic>Boc conia</italic> evaluados. Los fitoplasmas se identificaron como una cepa relacionada al ´<italic>Ca.</italic> Phytoplasma pruni´. Este es el primer reporte de <italic>B. frutescens</italic> como un hospe dero natural de ´<italic>Ca.</italic> Phytoplasma pruni´.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title><sup>Palabras clave:</sup></title>
				<kwd><sup>Papaveraceae</sup></kwd>
				<kwd><sup>PCR semi-anidado</sup></kwd>
				<kwd><sup><italic>RFLP’s in silico</italic></sup></kwd>
				<kwd><sup>16SrIII-F</sup></kwd>
				<kwd><sup><italic>gen secA</italic></sup></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="32"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p><italic>Bocconia frutescens</italic> (Papaveraceae) es un árbol de porte pequeño (2 a 3 m de altura), es una especie de corta vida y demandante de luz, se encuentra distribuido naturalmente desde México y Centroamérica, hasta Argentina y en las islas del Ca- ribe. Es una especie invasora, por introducción, en las islas de Hawaii y en la Isla Reunión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Sherley 2000</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Tassin <italic>et al</italic>. 2006</xref>). Se le conoce con diferentes nombres: “llora sangre”, “trompeto”, “cacho venado”, “plume-poppy”, “parrot weed”, “bois codine”, etc. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Francis, 2004</xref>). En Costa Rica, se le llama guacamayo, tabaquillo, cola de gallo y tora (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Soto, 2007</xref>), y se distribuye entre los 100 y 3300 m.s.n.m. en las vertientes del Pacifico y del Atlántico, a lo largo de caminos, vegetación riparia, en campos abiertos y claros de bosque (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Boucher y Nishida, 2014</xref>). Varios tipos de tejidos de <italic>B. frutescenses</italic> se emplean en medicina etnobotánica, y evaluaciones <italic>in vitro</italic> de diferentes extractos de esta especie han mostrado actividad contra diferen- tes microorganismos. Sin embargo, diferentes alcaloides han sido identificados en esta especie (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Lunagómez <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>Varios árboles de <italic>B. frutescens</italic> con síntomas sugestivos de infección por fitoplasmas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lee <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hogenhout <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Maejima <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>) se observa- ron en áreas de sucesión secundaria, bordes de caminos, orillas de ríos y riachuelos, en varias localidades en la provincia de Cartago, Costa Rica. Los fitoplasmas (clase Mollicutes) pueden inducir diferentes síntomas en las plantas que infectan, incluyendo escobas de bruja (“witches’-broom”), enanismo y amarillamiento. Éstos causan diferentes enfermedades en plantas alrededor del mundo y son los responsables de daños devastadores para muchos cultivos de im- portancia económica y para los ecosistemas naturales. Estos mollicutes fitopato- génicos son procariotes diminutos, desprovistos de pared celular, y que habitan en el floema de las plantas hospederas o infectando diferentes tejidos de las espe- cies de insectos responsables de su transmisión entre plantas, incluidos algunos en las familias Cicadellidae, Cixiidae, Delphacidae, Derbidae y Psyllidae (Lee <italic>et al</italic>., 2000, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Weintraub y Beanland, 2006</xref>, Hogenhout <italic>et al</italic>., 2008, Maejima <italic>et al</italic>., 2014, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Trivellone y Dietrich, 2021</xref>). El objetivo de este estudio fue detectar e identificar potenciales fitoplasmas asociados con los síntomas de hoja pequeña observados en </p>
			<p><italic>B. frutescens.</italic></p>
			<p>Muestras de árboles sintomáticos de <italic>B. frutescens</italic> de localidades en la provincia de Cartago, Costa Rica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>) y de árboles sanos se recolectaron y evaluaron mediante microscopia electrónica de transmisión (MET), y estudios moleculares</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Localidades en la provincia de Cartago, Costa Rica, donde se observaron árboles de <italic>Bocconia frutescens</italic> con síntomas de hoja pequeña asociadas a fitoplasmas.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Municipio </th>
								<th colspan="3" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Número de muestras positivas a fitoplasmas / Número de muestras analizadas (%) </th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left"> </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Papaya </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Malezas </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Insectos </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Armería </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0/64 (0.0) </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1/74 (1.4) </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1/60 (1.7) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Colima </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">2/64 (3.1) </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0/31 (0.0) </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0/32 (0.0) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Ixtlahuacán </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">2/64 (3.1) </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1/35 (2.9) </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0/46 (0.0) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Tecomán </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0/64 (0.0) </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1/34 (2.9) </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1/47 (2.1) </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Total </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">4/256 (1.6) </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">3/174 (1.7) </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">2/185 (1.1) </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<label><sup>z</sup></label>
							<p>Analizados mediante PCR anidada, una muestra por árbol evaluada en dos diferentes ocasiones.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>(PCR anidada y semianidada, clonaje y secuenciamiento, RFLPs <italic>in silico</italic> y análisis filogenéticos).</p>
			<p>Muestras foliares de 18 árboles de <italic>B. frutescens</italic> con síntomas de hoja pequeña se recolectaron y evaluaron en dos diferentes ocasiones en época lluviosa, en las localidades de Capellades (<italic>n</italic>=9), Cervantes (<italic>n</italic>=6) y Pacayas (<italic>n</italic>=3), y de dos árbo- les sanos de <italic>B. frutescens</italic> en San Pedro de Montes de Oca (provincia de San José, 9°56’27.11”N/ 84°02’34.73”O, 1236 m.s.n.m.). Secciones de vena media (1-2 mm largo) de un árbol sintomático de Pacayas y otro de Cervantes, y uno sano (San Pe- dro) se fijaron y procesaron para MET. La fijación (toda la noche a 15 °C) se realizó con solución de Karnovsky (amortiguado con cacodilato al 0.05 M), posterior a la- vados (amortiguador de cacodilato 0.05 M) se postfijó con tetraóxido de osmio (1 %). La deshidratación se hizo empleando una serie de etanol / oxido de propi- leno, y para la embebida se empleó este óxido y resina epóxica (dureza media de Spurr), finalmente se polimerizó con calor. Las secciones ultrafinas se obtuvieron de tres diferentes bloques por cada árbol muestreado. Las secciones con doble tin- ción se observaron a 100kV en un microscopio electrónico Hitachi TEM H-7100.</p>
			<p>El ADN se extrajo de las venas medias usando el Mini Kit DNeasy Plant (Qia-gen, Valencia, CA, USA) de las muestras de dos árboles de <italic>Bocconia</italic> sanos, de 18 con los síntomas hoja pequeña, y de un control positivo de <italic>Sechium edule</italic> infectado con fitoplasmas del 16SrI-B (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Villalobos <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>). Las reacciones de PCR ani- dada se hicieron con los pares de iniciadores universales para fitoplasmas P1/P7 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Deng y Hiruki, 1991</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Schneider <italic>et al</italic>., 1995</xref>) en la primera ronda, y los iniciadores específicos R16F2n/ R16R2 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Gundersen y Lee, 1996</xref>) para la segunda ronda. La mezcla de reacción de 25 µL para la PCR contenía DreamTaq Green PCR Master Mix (2x) (Fermentas, St. Leon-Rot, Germany), 0.4 uM de cada iniciador y 2 µL del ADN. El producto de la primera ronda se diluyó 1/40 para emplearse en la segunda.</p>
			<p>Los perfiles empleados se muestran en el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref> y éstos se corrieron empleando un termociclador “PCR Gradient Palm Cycler” (Corbett Research Model CG1-96, Australia). Los productos de las PCR anidadas se evaluaron mediante electrofore- sis (agarosa 1 % y tinción con GelRed).</p>
			<p>Seis amplicones de la PCR anidada seleccionados aleatoriamente, dos por lo- calidad de recolección de las muestras, se purificaron y secuenciaron (Macrogen Inc., Korea) directamente en ambas direcciones empleando los iniciadores R16F2n / R16R2. La secuencia ensamblada (“contig”) para cada muestra se obtuvo usando BioEdit v7.2.5 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Hall, 1999</xref>) y se compararon e identificaron mediante el algoritmo BLASTn (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi)">http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi).</ext-link>
			</p>
			<p>Una muestra de la localidad de Cervantes (código 16.1266) se seleccionó para la posterior caracterización de los fitoplasmas asociados con los síntomas de hoja pequeña. Un segundo producto de amplificación, con mayor tamaño, del gen ARNr 16S se obtuvo mediante una PCR semianidada usando los pares de iniciadores</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Datos sobre los oligonucleótidos (iniciadores) y perfiles térmicos empleados en este estudio para la detección de fitoplasmas mediante los genes ARNr 16S y la translocasa <italic>secA</italic>.</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Nombre del iniciador (publicación)</td>
								<td align="left"><bold>Secuencia del oligonucleótido sequence (5’®3’) (referencia)</bold></td>
								<td align="left"><bold>Par de iniciadores (tamaño esperado del</bold>
 <bold>amplicón), perfil térmico (referencia)</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">P1 (ARNr 16S)</td>
								<td align="left">AAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAGGATT (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Deng y Hiruki, 1991</xref>)</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">P7 (ARNr 23S)</td>
								<td align="left">CGTCCTTCATCGGCTCTT (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Schneider <italic>et al</italic>., 1995</xref>)</td>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2">P1/P7 (1800 pb) y R16F2n/R16R2 (1200 pb) 94 °C por 2 min, 30 ciclos de (94 °C por 1 min, 55 °C por 1 min y 72 °C por 2 min), 72 °C por 10 min (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Villalobos <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">R16F2n (ARNr 16S)</td>
								<td align="left">GAAACGACTGCTAAGACTGG (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Gundersen y Lee, 1996</xref>)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">R16R2 (ARNr 16S)</td>
								<td align="left">TGACGGGCGGTGTGTACAAACCCCG (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Gundersen y Lee, 1996</xref>)</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">P1A (ARNr 16S)</td>
								<td align="left">AACGCTGGCGGCGCGCCTAATAC (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lee <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>)</td>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2">P1/16S-SR (1500 pb) y P1A/16S-SR (1200 pb) 94 °C por 2 min, 38 ciclos de (94 °C por 1 min, 55 °C por 1 min y 72 °C por 2 min), 72 °C por 10 min (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Villalobos <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>).</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">16S-SR (ARNr 16S)</td>
								<td align="left">GGTCTGTCAAAACTGAAGATG (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lee <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">SecAfor1 (gen <italic>secA</italic>)</td>
								<td align="left">GARATGAAAACTGGRGAAGG Hodgets <italic>et al</italic>. (2008)</td>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2"><bold>SecAfor1/SecArev3</bold> (840 pb) y <bold>SecAfor2/SecArev3</bold> (480 pb) 94 °C por 2 min, 35 ciclos de (94 °C por 30 s, 53 °C por 60 s y 72 °C por 90 s), 72 °C por 15 min (Hodgets <italic>et al</italic>., 2008).</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">SecArev3 (gen <italic>secA</italic>)</td>
								<td align="left">GTTTTRGCAGTTCCTGTCATNCC Hodgets <italic>et al</italic>. (2008)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">SecAfor2 (gen <italic>secA</italic>)</td>
								<td align="left">GAYGARGSWAGAACKCC Hodgets <italic>et al</italic>. (2008)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>P1/16S-SR y P1A/16S-SR (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Deng y Hiruki, 1991</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lee <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>). La mezcla de reacción empleada fue la mencionada previamente. El producto de la primera ronda de PCR se diluyó 1/40 previo al uso en la PCR semianidada. Los perfiles térmicos usados se muestran en el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>. El amplicón se clonó (sistema TA) y tres co- lonias bacterianas se secuenciaron en ambas direcciones (Macrogen Inc., Korea). La herramienta VecScreen (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/vecscreen/)">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/vecscreen/</ext-link>) se usó para identificar y remover las secuencias del vector de clonación. Se ensambló una secuencia por clon (total=3), todas las secuencias ensambladas mostraron 100 % de identidad entre ellas. La secuencia final de 1.5 Kpb (disponible en el GenBank PP353584) se empleó para la búsqueda de similitud (BLASTn) y también se analizó mediante RFLPs virtuales en la plataforma <italic>i</italic>PhyClassifier (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Zhao <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>) dispo- nible en https://plantpathology.ba.ars.usda.gov/cgi-bin/resource/iphyclassifier.cgi.</p>
			<p>Adicionalmente, esta secuencia del 16Sr del fitoplasma asociado a los síntomas de hoja pequeña se alineó (ClustalW) con 29 razas del grupo 16SrIII, siete espe- cies de ´<italic>Ca.</italic> Phytoplasma´, y una de <italic>Acholeplasma laidlawi</italic> (M23932); los análisis evolutivos se realizaron con MEGA X (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Kumar <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), usando el método de Máxima Parsimonia y un “bootstrap” de 1000 repeticiones. Además, las 13 regio- nes únicas de secuencias de oligonucleótidos (UOSRs, por sus siglas en inglés) en la secuencia del 16Sr de ´<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma pruni´ (JQ044393) se compararon usan- do ClustalW (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Thompson <italic>et al</italic>., 1994</xref>), con la secuencia parcial del 16Sr obtenida (PP353584).</p>
			<p>Una secuencia parcial para el gen no ribosomal <italic>secA</italic> también se obtuvo para la muestra 16.1266, como un segundo código de barras de ADN (“DNA barcode”) para la identificación del fitoplasma asociado a los síntomas mencionados. La PCR semianidada se hizo empleando los pares de iniciadores SecAfor1/SecArev3 y Se- cAfor2/SecArev3, de acuerdo a Hodgets <italic>et al</italic>. (2008). La mezcla de la reacción usada fue la mencionada previamente, pero el producto de la primera ronda se diluyó 1/20 antes de usarse en la PCR semianidada. Los perfiles térmicos emplea- dos se muestran en el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>. El amplicón se envió a Macrogen Inc. (Korea), se secuenció directamente y en ambos sentidos con el par de iniciadores usados en la ronda semianidada. La secuencia parcial obtenida (457 nt, GenBank No. Acc. PP375806) se comparó con secuencias de otros fitoplasmas usando el algoritmo BLASTn en GenBank. Además, ésta se alineó (ClustalW) con secuencias de sec<italic>A</italic> de diez razas del grupo 16SrIII, siete especies de ‘<italic>Ca.</italic> Phytoplasma´, y una raza de <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> (D10279) para realizar un análisis evolutivo en MEGA X, usando el método de Máxima Parsimonia y un “bootstrap” de 1000 repeticiones. Árboles de <italic>Bocconia frutescens</italic> mostraron aglomeraciones (racimos) de hojas pequeñas en ramas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>A), brotaciones axilares múltiples o “escobas de bru- ja” (“witches’-broom”) con hojas pequeñas en el tronco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>C), defoliación y muerte descendente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>B), se observaron en áreas de sucesión secundaria,</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Árboles de <italic>Bocconia frutescens</italic> (Papaveraceae) con síntomas asociados a fitoplasmas observados en la provincia de Cartago, Costa Rica; <bold>A)</bold> “escobas de bruja” (“witches’-broom”) y racimos de hojas pequeñas observados en algunas ramas; <bold>B)</bold> “Escoba de bruja”, defoliación y muerte descendente; <bold>C)</bold> Detalle de la brotación axilar múltiple con hojas de reducido tamaño. bordes de caminos, orillas de ríos y riachuelos, en varias localidades en la provincia de Cartago. Adicionalmente, árboles sintomáticos aislados en bordes de caminos se observaron cerca de la ciudad de Turrialba (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>). Los síntomas se presen- tan en algunas ramas de los árboles enfermos. No se detectaron diferencias en los síntomas presentados por los árboles en las diferentes localidades. Para esta sinto- matología proponemos el nombre de hoja pequeña de <italic>Bocconia frutescens</italic> (BfLL, por su sigla en inglés). Todos los resultados confirmaron la presencia de fitoplasmas asociados a ár- boles de <italic>Bocconia</italic> con síntomas de hoja pequeña y escoba de bruja. Estructuras pleomórficas, desprovistas de pared celular, semejantes a fitoplasmas se observaron al MET solamente en el tejido del floema de los árboles sintomáticos de <italic>Bocconia</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>A). En el tejido del floema de los árboles sanos de <italic>Bocconia</italic> no se observó ninguna estructura semejante a fitoplasmas u otras bacterias. La electroforesis en gel de las PCR anidadas (P1/P7, R16F2n/R2) mostraron fragmentos cercanos a 1.2 Kb en todas las muestras sintomáticas (<italic>n</italic>=18) y del control positivo, y ninguna amplificación de los árboles sanos y de la mezcla de control para la PCR (agua sus- tituyendo el ADN). Las secuencias obtenidas del ARNr 16S (<italic>ca</italic>. 1200 nt) de seis amplicones mostraron 100 % de similitud entre ellas. Las secuencias resultantes in- dicaron que el fitoplasma en <italic>B. frutescens</italic> se relaciona a diferentes razas del grupo 16SrIII, y por tanto es una raza relacionada a ´<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma pruni´ (JQ044393, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Davis <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013</xref>). Las secuencias del 16S de BfLL mostraron un alto porcentaje de similitud en el GenBank con “Mexican Xalapa periwinkle virescence phytoplas- ma” (99.67 %, KY778008-09), ´<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma pruni´ (99.50 %, MH428959), y “Milkweed yellows phytoplasma” (99.48 %, AF510724). De acuerdo a los resultados del <italic>i</italic>PhyClassifier, la secuencia parcial del 16Sr de 1.5 Kbp (muestra 16.1266, PP353584) mostró similitud de 98.87 % con el ´<italic>Ca</italic>.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-03-RMEXFIT24031-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>A) Cuerpos pleomórficos de fitoplasmas (») encontrados en el floema de árboles de <italic>Bocconia frutescens</italic> con síntomas de hoja pequeña y “escobas de bruja”, observados en la provincia de Cartago, Costa Rica. CW = pared celular; B y C) Perfiles de los RFLPs virtuales obtenidos en el <italic>i</italic>PhyClassifier del fragmento 16Sr F2/R2n del fitoplasma asociado a la hoja pequeña en <italic>B. frutescens</italic> (BfLL, GenBank Acc. No. PP353584) usando <italic>BstU</italic>I (C) y <italic>Hpa</italic>II. (D). Fragmentos (pb) del marcador de peso molecular (MW): 1353, 1078, 872, 603, 310, 281, 271, 234, 194, 118, 72.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-03-RMEXFIT24031-gf2.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Phytoplasma pruni´ (JQ044393). Por tanto, el fitoplasma infectando <italic>B. frutescenses</italic> en la provincia de Cartago (Costa Rica) es un miembro de ´<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma pruni´ (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Davis <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>), esto por el umbral de similitud (“similarity threshold”) para el gen ARNr 16S indicado en la nueva guía para la delimitación de especies de ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma’ (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Bertaccini <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>, IRPCM 2004). Además, los resultados indi- caron que la secuencia es diferente de los patrones de referencia de los subgrupos para 16SrIII establecidos previamente. El patrón de referencia con mayor similitud fue el 16SrIII-F (AF510724), con un coeficiente de 0.95, sugiriendo que el fitoplas- ma asociado a BfLL podría representar un nuevo subgrupo del 16SrIII. Los RFLPs simulados mostraron patrones virtuales que no corresponden al subgrupo 16SrIII-F empleando las enzimas <italic>BstU</italic>I y <italic>Hpa</italic>II. El patrón virtual obtenido con <italic>BstU</italic>I corres- ponde al 16SrIII-D, mientras que el perfil para <italic>Hpa</italic>II corresponde a los subgrupos 16SrIII- A, G, L y S (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>B y 2C).</p>
			<p>La secuencia 5’CAAGACTATGATGTGTAGCTGGACT3’, informada como la característica para ´<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma pruni´ (posiciones 258-282, JQ044393, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Davis <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>), es idéntica a la cepa encontrada en <italic>Bocconia</italic> (posiciones 237-261, PP353584). Al comparar las 13 UOSRs de ´<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma pruni´, reportadas por Davis <italic>et al</italic>. (2013), con las de la secuencia parcial 16Sr de BfLL (PP353584), se observa que siete de las 13 UOSRs corresponden a BfLL. Adicionalmente, se pre- sentaron polimorfismos de nucleótido simple (SNPs) en otros cinco UOSRs, y un dinucleótido polimórfico en el UOSR entre las posiciones 817 y 828 (JQ044393) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadro 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>El dendrograma resultante del análisis filogenético para las secuencias parciales del gen ARNr 16S de 37 fitoplasmas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>) mostró que el detectado en <italic>B. fru- tescens</italic> conglomera con otras del grupo 16SrIII (soporte de 99 %). El fitoplasma del BfLL agrupó con una cepa variante del 16SrIII-F, previamente encontrada infec- tando <italic>C. roseus</italic> en Costa Rica (MH428959, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Villalobos et al. 2019</xref>) y otra de Xalapa (México) (KY778008-09, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Pérez-López et al. 2017</xref>). El grupo más cercano a éste, contiene cepas representantes de los subgrupos 16SrIII-F, C, D, M y N (AF510724, FJ376627, FJ376626, FJ376629, FJ226074, respectivamente).</p>
			<p>La secuencia parcial obtenida para la sec<italic>A</italic> del fitoplasma asociado a BfLL (PP375806) presenta una similitud de 94.97-97.81 % (valor <italic>e</italic> = 0) con diferentes razas de la enfermedad X (´<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma pruni´) disponibles en el GenBank. Adicionalmente, los análisis filogenéticos usando las secuencias parciales para el gen <italic>secA</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>) posicionaron al fitoplasma asociado a BfLL, más relacionado con las secuencias <italic>secA</italic> de otros representantes de los subgrupos D y F del 16SrIII. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Pérez-López <italic>et al</italic>. (2017</xref>) sugirieron que la raza Xalapa (KY778008) es un lina-</p>
			<p>je norteamericano para el subgrupo del 16SrIII-J presente en Sur América. Sin em- bargo, de acuerdo con las relaciones filogenéticas que se obtuvieron (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>), las razas encontradas en Costa Rica (PP353584 y MH428959) y Xalapa (KY778008)</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Cuadro 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Regiones únicas de secuencias de oligonucleótidos (UOSRs, por sus siglas en inglés) en el gen ARNr 16S del `<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma pruni` rrnA (JQ044393, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Davis <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>) comparado a la secuencia 16Sr del fito- plasma asociado a BfLL (PP353584). La posición en la secuencia respectiva se muestra entre paréntesis, cada nucleótido correspondiente a un SNP se indica en los colores estándar para los nucleótidos del ADN, además se resalta y subraya. </title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">`<bold>
 <italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma pruni</bold>` <bold>rrnA (JQ044393),</bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Davis <italic>et al</italic>. (2013</xref>)</th>
								<th align="left"><bold>Fitoplasma asociado a hoja pequeña de <italic>Bocconia frutescens</italic> (PP353584)</bold></th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">5’-CACATTAGTTAGTTGG<bold>T</bold>AGGGTAAAGGCCTA CC-3’ (226 a 258)</th>
								<th align="center">C (221)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">5’-GTACCTCGGTATG-3’ (402 a 414)</td>
								<td align="center">idem (381-393)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">5’-TTATTAAGGAAGAAAAAAGAGTGGAAAAAC TCCCT-3’ (425 a 459)</td>
								<td align="center">idem (404-438)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">5’-ACGGTACTTAA-3’ (462 a 472)</td>
								<td align="center">idem (441-451)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">5’-TAATAAGTCTATAGTTTAATTTCAG<bold>T</bold>GCTTA ACGCT GTTGTGCTATAG-3’ (571 a 618)</td>
								<td align="center">C (575)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">5’-GTTTTACTAGAGTGAG-3’ (624 a 639)</td>
								<td align="center">idem (603-618)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">5’-TAAAA<bold>CT</bold>GGTAC-3’ (817 a 828)</td>
								<td align="center">AC (801-802)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">5’-TTTCTTGCGAAGTTA-3’ (970 a 984)</td>
								<td align="center">idem (949-963)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">5’-ATGGAGGT<bold>C</bold>ATCAGGAAAACAGGTG GTGC-3’ (995 a 1023)</td>
								<td align="center">T (982)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">5’-CTTGTCGTTA<bold>G</bold>TTGCCAGCATGTAAT-3’ (1083 a 1108)</td>
								<td align="center">A (1072)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">5’-GATGGGGACTTTAACGA-3’ (1109 a 1125)</td>
								<td align="center">idem (1088-1104)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">5’-GGTTGATACAAAG-3’ (1211 a 1223)</td>
								<td align="center">idem (1190-1202)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">5’-TCTCA<bold>A</bold>AAAATCAATC-3’ (1252 a 1267)</td>
								<td align="center">C (1236)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>podrían representar un potencial nuevo linaje geográfico y, a la vez, potenciales nuevos subgrupos del 16SrIII, reportados en Centroamérica y México. Adicional- mente, en Costa Rica se reportó una raza del 16SrIII-L asociada a la enfermedad del “cuero de sapo” de la yuca (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Pardo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>). También, otro representante del grupo 16SrIII se reportó infectando <italic>Spondias purpurea</italic> en El Salvador (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Parada <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>). Estos hallazgos sugieren que diferentes razas del grupo 16SrIII pueden estar dispersos en la región de Centroamérica, representando un riesgo para la agri- cultura y los ecosistemas naturales.</p>
			<p>El grupo 16SrIII de los fitoplasmas es altamente diverso, tiene una amplia dis- tribución geográfica y gran número de subgrupos asociados a una alta diversidad de especies vegetales hospederas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Zhao <italic>et al.</italic>, 2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Pérez-López <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). De acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Bertaccini <italic>et al.</italic> (2022</xref>), 203 razas muestran identidades nucleotídicas de 98.80-100 % al compararse a la raza de referencia descrita para ´<italic>Ca.</italic> Phytoplas- ma pruni´. Este es el número más alto de razas reportadas para una de las 49 espe- cies de ´<italic>Ca.</italic> Phytoplasma´ aceptadas oficialmente. Las enfermedades asociadas con este grupo de fitoplasmas han sido informadas en diferentes países en Europa, Asia, América y África (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Foissac y Wilson, 2009</xref>). En las Américas, el número de reportes para Suramérica es particularmente alto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Fiore, 2023</xref>; Pérez-López <italic>et al</italic>., 2016). </p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Dendrograma obtenido del análisis filogenético usando el método de Máxima Parsimonia en las secuencias parciales ARNr 16S del fitoplasma asociado a hoja pequeña de <italic>Bocconia frutescens</italic> (BfLL), 29 secuencias de razas del grupo 16SrIII, siete especies de ‘<italic>Ca.</italic> Phytoplasma´ y <italic>Acholeplasma laidlawii</italic> como grupo externo. El “bootstrap” seleccionado para la prueba fue de 1000 repeticiones. Los números de acceso en el GenBank para cada secuencia se muestran en paréntesis. El fitoplasma asociado a BfLL se resalta en negrita. * = nuevos subgrupos tentativamente.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-03-RMEXFIT24031-gf3.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Para nuestro conocimiento, este el primer informe de la ocurrencia natural de una raza relacionada al ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma pruni’ en <italic>Bocconia frutescens</italic> (Papavera- ceae) en Costa Rica o en el mundo.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figure 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Dendrograma obtenido mediante el análisis filogenético con Máxima Parsimonia usando las secuencias parciales del gen <italic>secA</italic> del fitoplasma asociado a hoja pequeña de la <italic>Bocconia frutescens</italic>, diez secuencias de <italic>secA</italic> de diferentes subgrupos 16SrIII, ‘<italic>Ca.</italic> Phytoplasma trifolii´ y <italic>Bacilus subtilis</italic> (grupo externo). El “bootstrap” seleccionado fue de 1000 repeticiones. Los números de registro en GenBank para cada secuen- cia se muestran entre paréntesis. * = tentativamente nuevo subgrupo.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-03-RMEXFIT24031-gf4.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimientos</title>
			<p>Los autores agradecen a la Universidad de Costa Rica por los aportes para esta investigación (Proyecto B3126 y Actividad de Investigación A1801)</p>
		</ack>
		<ref-list>
			<title>Literatura Citada</title>
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							<surname>Bertaccini</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
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						<name>
							<surname>Arocha-Rosete</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Contaldo</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Duduk</surname>
							<given-names>B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fiore</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Montano</surname>
							<given-names>HG</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kube</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title><italic>Bocconia frutescens</italic> little leaf, a new plant disease associated to a ´<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma pruni´ related strain in Costa Rica</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT </title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective/Background. </title>
					<p><italic>Bocconia frutescens</italic> (Papaveraceae) is a small tree distributed naturally from Mexico to Argentina and the Caribbean Bassin. <italic>Bocconia</italic> trees showing symptoms resembling phytoplasmas infection, such as little leaves and witches´-broom, were found in Cartago province, Costa Rica. Detection and identification of the potential phytoplasmas associated with <italic>B. frutescens</italic> little leaf symptoms was the objective out of this study. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and Methods. </title>
					<p>Evaluation of leaves tissue using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nested PCR using universal and specific primers to amplify phytoplasmas 16S rRNA and sec<italic>A</italic> genes. Nucleotidic sequences (Sanger method) were obtained from amplicons, and used for BLASTn, phylogenetic analyses, and <italic>in silico</italic> RFLP’s. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results. </title>
					<p>Presence of phytoplasmas into phloem tissue, only in symptomatic trees, was evidenced by TEM. Comparison of partial sequences (16Sr and <italic>sec</italic>A genes) by BLASTn, in silico RFLP´s and phylogenetic analyses, showed the occurrence of a ´<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma pruni´ related strain in the samples evaluated. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion. </title>
					<p>Phytoplasmas were found only in the symptomatic <italic>B. frutescens</italic> trees evaluated. The phytoplasmas were identified as a ´<italic>Ca.</italic> Phytoplasma pruni´ related strain. This is the first report of <italic>B. frutescens</italic> as a natural host of ´<italic>Ca.</italic> Phytoplasma pruni´.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Papaveraceae</kwd>
				<kwd>semi-nested PCR</kwd>
				<kwd><italic>in silico</italic> RFLP’s</kwd>
				<kwd>16SrIII-F</kwd>
				<kwd>sec<italic>A</italic> gene</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p><italic>Bocconia frutescens</italic> (Papaveraceae), a small tree (2 to 3 m in height), light- demanding and short-lived species, is found naturally from Mexico throughout Central America to Argentina and in the Caribbean islands. It was introduced to Hawaiian Islands and Reunion Island, where it is considered an invasive species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Sherley, 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Tassin <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>). It is known by different names: “llora-sangre”, “trompeto”, “cacho-venado”, plume-poppy, parrot weed, and bois codine (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Francis, 2004</xref>). In Costa Rica, it is also named “guacamayo”, “tabaquillo”, “cola de gallo” and “tora” (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Soto, 2007</xref>), and it is distributed between 100 and 3300 masl on both Pacific and Atlantic slopes, along roadsides, riverbanks, open fields, and forest light gaps (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Boucher and Nishida, 2014</xref>). Various tissues of <italic>B. frutescenses</italic> are employed in ethnobotanical medicine, and <italic>in vitro</italic> evaluations of different extracts of this species have shown activity against different microorganisms. However, different alkaloids have been identified in this species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Lunagómez <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Several trees of <italic>B. frutescens</italic> showing symptoms reminiscent of phytoplasmas´ infection (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Lee <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hogenhout <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Maejima <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>) were observed in roadsides, secondary succession areas and riversides, in some localities at Cartago province, Costa Rica. Phytoplasmas (class Mollicutes) can induce different symptoms in plants, including witches’-broom, dwarfing and yellowing. They cause plant diseases worldwide and are responsible for devastating damage to many economically important crops and natural ecosystems. These phytopathogenic mollicutes are tiny cell wall-less prokaryotes living in the phloem of plant hosts or infecting different tissues of insect species responsible for their transmission among plants, including the families Cicadellidae, Cixiidae, Delphacidae, Derbidae, and Psyllidae (Lee <italic>et al</italic>., 2000, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Weintraub and Beanland, 2006</xref>; Hogenhout <italic>et al</italic>., 2008; Maejima <italic>et al</italic>., 2014; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Trivellone and Dietrich, 2021</xref>). The objective of this study was to detect and identify the potential phytoplasmas associated with little leaves symptoms observed in <italic>B. frutescens.</italic> Samples from symptomatic <italic>B, frutescens</italic> trees observed in some localities at Cartago province, Costa Rica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>) and from healthy trees were collected and evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and molecular studies (nested and semi-nested PCR, cloning and sequencing, <italic>in silico</italic> RFLPs and phylogenetic analyses). Foliar samples from 18 symptomatic <italic>Bocconia</italic> trees were collected and evaluated, in two different times during rainy season, in Capellades (<italic>n</italic>=9),</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Localities at Cartago province, Costa Rica, where trees of <italic>Bocconia frutescens</italic> were observed with little leaf symptoms associated with phytoplasmas.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"><bold>Locality</bold></th>
									<th align="left">Latitude (N)</th>
									<th align="left">Longitude (W)</th>
									<th align="left">Altitude (masl)</th>
									<th align="left">Symptomatic tree tested/ positive<sup>z</sup></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Capellades</td>
									<td align="right">9° 55’ 19.35”</td>
									<td align="center">83° 47’ 28.31”</td>
									<td align="right">1622</td>
									<td align="right">9/9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Cervantes</td>
									<td align="right">9° 52’ 54.99”</td>
									<td align="center">83° 49’ 13.35”</td>
									<td align="right">1502</td>
									<td align="right">4/4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Cervantes</td>
									<td align="right">9° 52’ 22.30”</td>
									<td align="center">83° 49’ 48.42”</td>
									<td align="right">1502</td>
									<td align="right">2/2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Pacayas</td>
									<td align="right">9° 54’ 42.24”</td>
									<td align="center">83° 48’ 47.86”</td>
									<td align="right">1751</td>
									<td align="right">3/3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Juan Viñas</td>
									<td align="right">9° 54’ 25.65”</td>
									<td align="center">83° 46’ 44.95”</td>
									<td align="right">1398</td>
									<td align="right">0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">La Verbena</td>
									<td align="right">9° 56’ 36.82”</td>
									<td align="center">83° 41’ 41.39”</td>
									<td align="right">1116</td>
									<td align="right">0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Chirraca</td>
									<td align="right">9° 54’ 05.26”</td>
									<td align="center">83° 42’ 15.87”</td>
									<td align="right">937</td>
									<td align="right">0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Guayabo</td>
									<td align="right">9° 58’ 12.20”</td>
									<td align="center">83° 41’ 22.65”</td>
									<td align="right">1116</td>
									<td align="right">0</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<label><sup>z</sup></label>
								<p>Nested PCR analysed, a sample per tree evaluated in 2 different times.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Cervantes (<italic>n</italic>=6) and Pacayas (<italic>n</italic>=3) localities, and two healthy <italic>Bocconia</italic> trees were sampled at San Pedro de Montes de Oca (San Jose province, 9°56’27.11”N/ 84°02’34.73”W, 1236 masl). Pieces of midribs (1-2 mm long) from one of the symptomatic trees collected in Pacayas and from one healthy (San Pedro) were fixed and processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These pieces were fixed (over-night, 15 °C) with Karnovsky solution (cacodylate 0.05 M buffered), after washing (cacodylate 0.05 M buffer) were post-fixed with osmium tetra-oxide (1%). The dehydration process was done using an ethanol/propylene oxide series, and embedded with propylene oxide: epoxy resin (Spurr´s medium-hard), to finally polymerized by heating. Ultra-thin sections were obtained of three different blocks per each tree samples. The sections were double stained to be observed at 100kV using a Hitachi TEM H-7100.</p>
				<p>DNA was extracted from leaf midribs using DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) from two <italic>Bocconia</italic> healthy trees, the 18 samples from <italic>Bocconia</italic> trees with little leaves, and from a positive control of <italic>Sechium edule</italic> infected with a 16SrI-B phytoplasma (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Villalobos <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>). Nested-PCR reactions were done with phytoplasmas universal primers: P1/P7 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Deng and Hiruki, 1991</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Schneider <italic>et al</italic>., 1995</xref>) in the first amplification, and specific primers R16F2n/ R16R2 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Gundersen and Lee, 1996</xref>) in the second round. PCR mix of 25 µL contained DreamTaq Green PCR Master Mix (2x) (Fermentas, St. Leon-Rot, Germany), 0.4 uM of each primer and 2 µL of DNA. The product of the first round was diluted 1/40 to be used in the second PCR round. The termocycle profiles used are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref> and these were run in a PCR Gradient Palm Cycler (Corbett Research Model CG1-96, Australia). The products of the nested PCR were evaluated by electrophoresis (1% agarose and GelRed staining).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Data about oligonucleotides (primers) and thermocycle profiles herein used for the detection of phytoplasmas genes 16S rRNA and <italic>secA</italic> translocase gene.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Primer name (location)</td>
									<td align="left">Oligonucleotide sequence (5’®3’) (reference)</td>
									<td align="left">Primers pair (amplicon size expected), thermocycle profile (reference)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">P1 (16S rRNA)</td>
									<td align="left">AAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAGGATT (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Deng and Hiruki, 1991</xref>)</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">P7 (23S rRNA)</td>
									<td align="left">CGTCCTTCATCGGCTCTT (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Schneider <italic>et al</italic>., 1995</xref>)</td>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">P1/P7 (1800 bp) and R16F2n/R16R2 (1200 bp) 94 °C for 2 min, 30 cycles of (94 °C for 1 min, 55 °C for 1 min and 72 °C for 2 min), 72 °C for 10 min (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Villalobos <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">R16F2n (16S rRNA)</td>
									<td align="left">GAAACGACTGCTAAGACTGG (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Gundersen and Lee, 1996</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">R16R2 (16S rRNA)</td>
									<td align="left">TGACGGGCGGTGTGTACAAACCCCG (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Gundersen and Lee, 1996</xref>)</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">P1A (16S rRNA)</td>
									<td align="left">AACGCTGGCGGCGCGCCTAATAC (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lee <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>)</td>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2"><bold>P1/16S-SR</bold> (1500 bp) and <bold>P1A/16S-SR</bold> (1200 bp) 94 °C for 2 min, 38 cycles of (94 °C for 1 min, 55 °C for 1 min and 72 °C for 2 min), 72°C for 10 min (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Villalobos <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>).</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">16S-SR (16S rRNA)</td>
									<td align="left">GGTCTGTCAAAACTGAAGATG (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lee <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">SecAfor1 (<italic>secA</italic> gene)</td>
									<td align="left">GARATGAAAACTGGRGAAGG Hodgets <italic>et al</italic>. (2008)</td>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2"><bold>SecAfor1/SecArev3</bold> (840 bp) and <bold>SecAfor2/ SecArev3</bold> (480 bp) 94 °C for 2 min, 35 cycles of (94 °C for 30 s, 53 °C for 60 s and 72 °C for 90 s), final extension 72 °C for 15 min (Hodgets <italic>et al</italic>., 2008).</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">SecArev3 (<italic>secA</italic> gene)</td>
									<td align="left">GTTTTRGCAGTTCCTGTCATNCC Hodgets <italic>et al</italic>. (2008)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">SecAfor2 (<italic>secA</italic> gene)</td>
									<td align="left">GAYGARGSWAGAACKCC Hodgets <italic>et al</italic>. (2008)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Six amplicons from the nested-PCR assay, two amplicons randomly selected per each sampled locality, were directly sequenced in both directions using primers R16F2n /R16R2 after purification (Macrogen Inc., Korea). The contig sequence for each sample was obtained using BioEdit v7.2.5 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Hall, 1999</xref>) and these sequences were compared among them and identified by BLAST algorithm (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://blast.ncbi/">http://blast.ncbi.</ext-link>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi">nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi</ext-link>).</p>
				<p>One sample from Cervantes locality (code 16.1266) was selected for further characterization of the phytoplasma associated with symptoms of little leaves of <italic>Bocconia</italic>. A second, longer amplification product for the 16S rRNA gene was obtained with a semi-nested PCR using primer pairs P1/16S-SR and P1A/16S-SR (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Deng &amp; Hiruki, 1991</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lee <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>). The reaction mix used were the mentioned above. The product of the first round PCR was diluted 1/40 previous to use in the semi-nested PCR. The thermocycle profiles used are also shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. The amplicon was cloned (TA system) and three bacterial colonies were sequenced in both directions (Macrogen Inc., Korea). </p>
				<p>VecScreen tool <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih/">(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih</ext-link>.gov/tools/vecscreen/) was used to identify and remove cloning vector sequences. A contig sequence per clone (total=3) was assembled, all sequences showed 100% identity to each other. The final sequence of 1.5 Kbp (available at GenBank PP353584) was used to search similarity (BLAST) and also was analysed by virtual RFLPs at the <italic>i</italic>PhyClassifier (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Zhao <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>) platform (https://plantpathology. ba.ars.usda.gov/cgi-bin/resource/iphyclassifier.cgi). Additionally, this 16Sr sequence from symptomatic <italic>Bocconia</italic> was aligned (ClustalW) with 29 strains of 16SrIII group, seven ´<italic>Ca.</italic> Phytoplasma species´, and one <italic>Acholeplasma laidlawi</italic> (M23932); evolutionary analyses were conducted with MEGA X (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Kumar <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), using the Maximum Parsimony method and a bootstrap of 1000 replicates. Also, the 13 unique oligonucleotide sequence regions (UOSRs) from the 16Sr sequence of ´<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma pruni´ (JQ044393) were compared using ClustalW (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Thompson <italic>et al</italic>., 1994</xref>), with 16Sr partial sequence obtained herein (PP353584).</p>
				<p>A partial sequence for the non-ribosomal <italic>secA</italic> gene was also obtained for sample 16.1266, as a second DNA barcode for identification of the phytoplasma associated to little leaves symptos. A semi-nested PCR was done using primers pairs SecAfor1/ SecArev3 and SecAfor2/SecArev3, according to Hodgets <italic>et al</italic>. (2008). The reaction mix used were the mentioned above, but the product of the first round was diluted 1/20 before its use in the semi-nested PCR. The termocycle profiles used are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. The amplicon was directly sequenced in Macrogen Inc. (Korea) with the primers pair used in the semi-nested round. The partial sequence obtained (457 nt, GenBank Acc. No. PP375806) was compared to other phytoplasmas sequences using the BLASTn algorithm in GenBank. It was aligned (ClustalW) with sec<italic>A</italic> sequences of ten 16SrIII strains, seven different ‘<italic>Ca.</italic> Phytoplasma species´, and a <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> strain (D10279) to conduct evolutionary analyses in MEGA X, using the Maximum Parsimony method and a bootstrap of 1000 replicates.</p>
				<p><italic>Bocconia frutescens</italic> trees showing bunches of little leaves on branches (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>A), proliferation of axillary shoots (witches’-broom) with little leaves on trunk (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>C), and dieback (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>B) symptoms, were observed in roadsides, secondary succession areas and riversides, in some localities at Cartago province (Costa Rica). Additionally, symptomatic isolated trees in road-sides were observed near to Turrialba town (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>). The symptoms were present in some branches of the diseased trees. No differences in symptomatology among trees from the different localities were detected. We propose the name <italic>Bocconia frutescens</italic> little leaf (BfLL) for this disease.</p>
				<p>All the results confirmed the presence of phytoplasmas associated to the <italic>Bocconia</italic> trees displaying little leaves and witches’-broom. Pleomorphic wall-less structures similar to phytoplasmas were only observed by TEM in the phloem tissue from symptomatic <italic>Bocconia</italic> trees (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>A). Phloem tissue from healthy <italic>Bocconia</italic> did not show any structure resembling phytoplasmas or other bacteria. The nested-PCR</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title><italic>Bocconia frutescens</italic> (Papaveraceae) trees showing symptoms reminiscent of phytoplasmas infection, observed in Cartago province, Costa Rica; A) witches’-broom and bunches of little leaves observed in some branches; B) Witches’- broom, defoliation, and die-back; C) Detail of axillar proliferation with leaves reduced in size.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-03-RMEXFIT24031-gf5.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>(P1/P7, R16F2n/R2) in agarose gel electrophoresis showed fragments near to 1.2 Kb from all symptomatic samples (<italic>n</italic>=18) and positive control, but no amplification was obtained from healthy trees and a PCR-mix control (water rather than DNA). The 16S rRNA sequences (<italic>ca</italic>. 1200 nt) obtained for six amplicons shared 100% similarity between them. The resulting sequences indicated that the phytoplasma in</p>
				<p><italic>B. frutescens</italic> is related to different strains of the 16SrIII group, and so it is a related strain of ´<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma pruni´ (JQ044393, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Davis <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013</xref>). BfLL 16Sr sequence showed a high percentage of similarity in GenBank with Mexican Xalapa periwinkle virescence phytoplasma (99.67%, KY778008-09), ´<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma pruni´ (99.50%, MH428959), and Milkweed yellows phytoplasma (99.48%, AF510724). </p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>(A) Pleomorphic phytoplasmas bodies (») found inside phloem of <italic>Bocconia frutescens</italic> trees with little leaves and witches’ broom symptoms observed in Cartago province, Costa Rica. CW = cell wall. (B and C) Profiles of virtual RFLPs obtained at <italic>i</italic>PhyClassifier to 16Sr F2/R2n fragment of phytoplasmas associated to <italic>B. frutescens</italic> little leaf (BfLL, GenBank Acc. No. PP353584) using <italic>BstU</italic>I (C) and <italic>Hpa</italic>II (D). Molecular weight (MW) fragment sizes (bp): 1353, 1078, 872, 603, 310, 281, 271, 234, 194, 118, 72.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-03-RMEXFIT24031-gf6.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>According to <italic>i</italic>PhyClassifier, the 1.5 Kbp 16Sr partial sequence (sample 16.1266, PP353584) showed similarities of 98.87% with ´<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma pruni´ (JQ044393). Therefore, the phytoplasma infecting <italic>B. frutescenses</italic> in Cartago province (Costa Rica) is a member of ´<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma pruni´ (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Davis <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>) by the similarity threshold for the 16S rRNA gene as indicated in the new guidelines to ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma’ species delimitation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Bertaccini <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>, IRPCM 2004). Moreover, the results indicated that the sequence is different from the reference patterns of all previously established 16SrIII subgroups. The most similar was the reference pattern of the 16SrIII-F (AF510724) with a similarity coefficient of 0.95, suggesting that the phytoplasma associated to BfLL may represent a new 16SrIII subgroup. The computer simulated RFLPs displayed virtual patterns not corresponding to 16SrIII-F subgroup using <italic>BstU</italic>I and <italic>Hpa</italic>II enzymes. The virtual pattern obtained with <italic>BstU</italic>I matches to 16SrIII-D, meanwhile the profile displayed using <italic>Hpa</italic>II corresponds with 16SrIII- A, G, L and S subgroups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>B and 2C).</p>
				<p>The phytoplasma signature sequence 5’CAAGACTATGATGT TAGCTG</p>
				<p>GACT3´ reported to ´<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma pruni´ (positions 258-282, JQ044393, </p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Davis <italic>et al.,</italic> 2013</xref>), is identical in the strain infecting <italic>Bocconia</italic> (positions 237-261, PP353584). The comparison of 13 UOSRs of ´<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma pruni´, reported by Davis <italic>et al.</italic> (2013), with BfLL´s 16Sr partial sequence (PP353584), showed that seven out of 13 UOSRs matched in BfLL´s. Additionally, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were evidenced in five other UOSRs, and a dinucleotide polymorphism unmatched to UOSR between 817 to 828 positions (JQ044393) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Unique oligonucleotide sequence regions (UOSR) in the 16S rRNA gene of ‘<italic>Candidatus</italic> Phytoplasma pruni’ rrnA (JQ044393, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Davis <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>) compared to 16Sr sequence of BfLL associated phytoplasma (PP353584). Position in the respective sequence is shown in parenthesis, every nucleotide corresponding to a SNP is displayed in standard DNA nucleotides color, bold font and underlined.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">`<bold>
 <italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma pruni</bold>` <bold>rrnA (JQ044393),</bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Davis <italic>et al</italic>. (2013</xref>)</th>
									<th align="left">Bocconia little leaf associated phytoplasma (PP353584)</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">5’-CACATTAGTTAGTTGG<bold>T</bold>AGGGTAAAGGCCTA CC-3’ (226 to 258)</th>
									<th align="center">C (221)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">5’-GTACCTCGGTATG-3’ (402 to 414)</td>
									<td align="center">idem (381-393)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">5’-TTATTAAGGAAGAAAAAAGAGTGGAAAAAC TCCCT-3’ (425 to 459)</td>
									<td align="center">idem (404-438)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">5’-ACGGTACTTAA-3’ (462 to 472)</td>
									<td align="center">idem (441-451)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">5’-TAATAAGTCTATAGTTTAATTTCAG<bold>T</bold>GCTTA ACGCT GTTGTGCTATAG-3’ (571 to 618)</td>
									<td align="center">C (575)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">5’-GTTTTACTAGAGTGAG-3’ (624 to 639)</td>
									<td align="center">idem (603-618)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">5’-TAAAA<bold>CT</bold>GGTAC-3’ (817 to 828)</td>
									<td align="center">AC (801-802)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">5’-TTTCTTGCGAAGTTA-3’ (970 to 984)</td>
									<td align="center">idem (949-963)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">5’-ATGGAGGT<bold>C</bold>ATCAGGAAAACAGGTG GTGC-3’ (995 to 1023)</td>
									<td align="center">T (982)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">5’-CTTGTCGTTA<bold>G</bold>TTGCCAGCATGTAAT-3’ (1083 to 1108)</td>
									<td align="center">A (1072)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">5’-GATGGGGACTTTAACGA-3’ (1109 to 1125)</td>
									<td align="center">idem (1088-1104)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">5’-GGTTGATACAAAG-3’ (1211 to 1223)</td>
									<td align="center">idem (1190-1202)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">5’-TCTCA<bold>A</bold>AAAATCAATC-3’ (1252 to 1267)</td>
									<td align="center">C (1236)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The dendrogram resulting from the phylogenetic analyses of 37 phytoplasma 16S rRNA gene sequences (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>) showed that the phytoplasma detected in <italic>B. frutescens</italic> clustered within the 16SrIII group (99% support). The BfLL phytoplasma is included in the same cluster with variant strains of 16SrIII-F, previously found infecting <italic>C. roseus</italic> in Costa Rica (MH428959, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Villalobos <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>) and Xalapa (Mexico) (KY778008-09, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Pérez-López <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). The nearest cluster contained representative strains of subgroups 16SrIII-F, C, D, M and N (AF510724, FJ376627, FJ376626, FJ376629, FJ226074, respectively).</p>
				<p>The sec<italic>A</italic> partial sequence obtained from a phytoplasma infecting BfLL (PP375806) showed 94.97-97.81% (<italic>e</italic> value = 0) similarity with different X-disease strains (´<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma pruni´) available at GenBank. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis using partial sequence to <italic>secA</italic> gene (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>) placed BfLL´s associated phytoplasma, more related to sec<italic>A</italic> sequences from representatives of 16SrIII subgroups D and F. </p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Dendrogram obtained from phylogenetic analysis using Maximum Parsimony method of partial 16S rRNA gene sequences from <italic>Bocconia frutescens</italic> little leaf (BfLL) phytoplasma, 29 sequences of 16SrIII group´s strains, seven ‘<italic>Ca.</italic> Phytoplasma species´ and <italic>Acholeplasma laidlawii</italic> as outgroup. The bootstrap test selected was 1000 replicates. GenBank accession number of every sequence is shown in parentheses. BfLL phytoplasma is displayed in bold. * = tentatively new subgroups.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-03-RMEXFIT24031-gf7.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Pérez-López <italic>et al</italic>. (2017</xref>) suggested that Xalapa strain (KY778008) is a North American lineage of the South American 16SrIII-J subgroup. However, according to phylogenetic relationships obtained herein (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>), the strains found in Costa Rica (PP353584 and MH428959) and Xalapa (KY778008) may represent a new potential geographical lineage and putative new 16SrIII subgroups, currently</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Dendrogram obtained from phylogenetic analysis with Maximum Parsimony using partial <italic>secA</italic> gene sequences from <italic>Bocconia frutescens</italic> little leaf associated phytoplasma, ten sequences of secA from different 16SrIII subgroups, ‘<italic>Ca.</italic> Phytoplasma trifolii´ and <italic>Bacilus subtilis</italic> (outgroup). The bootstrap test selected was 1000 replicates. GenBank accession number of every sequence is shown in parentheses. * = tentatively new subgroup.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-03-RMEXFIT24031-gf8.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>reported in Central America and Mexico. Additionally, in Costa Rica was reported a strain of 16SrIII-L associated to cassava frog-skin disease (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Pardo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>). Also, a representative of 16SrIII group was reported infecting <italic>Spondias purpurea</italic> in El Salvador (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Parada <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>). These findings suggest that different strains of 16SrIII group may be disperse in the Central America region, representing a concern to agriculture and natural ecosystems.</p>
				<p>The 16SrIII phytoplasma group is highly diverse, it has a wide geographic distribution and a great number of subgroups associated to a high diversity of host- plant species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Zhao <italic>et al.</italic>, 2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Pérez-López <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Bertaccini <italic>et al.</italic> (2022</xref>), 203 strains showing 98.80-100% nucleotide identities compared to the</p>
				<p>´<italic>Ca.</italic> Phytoplasma pruni´ reference strain have been described. This is the highest number of strains reported for one of the 49 officially published ´<italic>Ca.</italic> Phytoplasma´ species. Diseases associated with this phytoplasma group have been reported in different countries in Europe, Asia, America and Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Foissac and Wilson 2009</xref>). Across the Americas, the number of reports from South America is particularly high (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Fiore, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Pérez-López <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>To our knowledge, this is the first report of the natural occurrence of a ‘<italic>Ca</italic>. Phytoplasma pruni’ related strain in <italic>Bocconia frutescens</italic> (Papaveraceae) in Costa Rica or worldwide. </p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Acknowledgments</title>
				<p>The authors are thankful to Universidad de Costa Rica by the support to this work (grant B3126 and Research Activity A1801)</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>