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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2024-01</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Actividad antifúngica <italic>in vitro</italic> de extractos acuosos de <italic>Datura discolor</italic> obtenidos por procesamiento de alta presión</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Urias-Lugo</surname>
						<given-names>Diana Angelina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Martínez-Ereva</surname>
						<given-names>Octavio Ernesto</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Romero-Urías</surname>
						<given-names>Cecilia de Los Ángeles</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ibarra-Sarmiento</surname>
						<given-names>Carlos Ramiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Estrada-Díaz</surname>
						<given-names>Sylvia Adriana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Félix-Gastélum</surname>
						<given-names>Rubén</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Leyva-Madrigal</surname>
						<given-names>Karla Yeriana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Mora-Romero</surname>
						<given-names>Guadalupe Arlene</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidad de Investigaciones en Biotecnología Biomédica, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente Unidad Regional Culiacán, Blvd. Lola Beltrán y Blvd. Rolando Arjona, CP 80020, Col. 4 de marzo, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México;</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Occidente</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Occidente</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>80020</postal-code>
					<city>Culiacán</city>
					<state>Sinaloa</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidad de Investigación en Ambiente y Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente Unidad Regional Culiacán, Blvd. Lola Beltrán y Blvd. Rolando Arjona, CP 80020, Col. 4 de marzo, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México;</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Occidente</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Occidente</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>80020</postal-code>
					<city>Culiacán</city>
					<state>Sinaloa</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente Unidad Regional Culiacán, Blvd. Lola Beltrán y Blvd. Rolando Arjona, CP 80020, Col. 4 de marzo, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México;</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Occidente</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Occidente</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>80020</postal-code>
					<city>Culiacán</city>
					<state>Sinaloa</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidad de Investigación en Ambiente y Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente Unidad Regional Culiacán, Blvd. Lola Beltrán y Blvd. Rolando Arjona, CP 80020, Col. 4 de marzo, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México;</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Occidente</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Occidente</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>80020</postal-code>
					<city>Culiacán</city>
					<state>Sinaloa</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidad de Investigaciones en Biotecnología Biomédica, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente Unidad Regional Culiacán, Blvd. Lola Beltrán y Blvd. Rolando Arjona, CP 80020, Col. 4 de marzo, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México;</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Occidente</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Occidente</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>80020</postal-code>
					<city>Culiacán</city>
					<state>Sinaloa</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente Unidad Regional Los Mochis, Blvd. Macario Gaxiola y Carretera Internacional, México 15, CP 81223, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, México;</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Occidente</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Occidente</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>81223</postal-code>
					<city>Los Mochis</city>
					<state>Sinaloa</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff7">
				<label>7</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidad de Investigación en Ambiente y Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente Unidad Regional Los Mochis, Blvd. Macario Gaxiola y Carretera Internacional, México 15, CP 81223, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, México;</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Occidente</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Occidente</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>81223</postal-code>
					<city>Los Mochis</city>
					<state>Sinaloa</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff8">
				<label>8</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidad de Investigación en Ambiente y Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente Unidad Regional Los Mochis, Blvd. Macario Gaxiola y Carretera Internacional, México 15, CP 81223, Los Mochis, Sinaloa, México;</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Occidente</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Occidente</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>81223</postal-code>
					<city>Los Mochis</city>
					<state>Sinaloa</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>04</day>
				<month>10</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>42</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT202401</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen: </title>
				<p><bold>Antecedentes/Objetivo. El presente trabajo reporta el efecto <italic>in vitro</italic> de extractos acuosos (2, 4 y 6% p/v) de raíz, semilla y hoja de <italic>Datura discolor</italic> obtenidos en dos tiempos (3 y 6 minutos) por procesamiento de alta presión, contra <italic>Sclerotium rolfsii</italic>, <italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</italic> y <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic>.</bold></p>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales y Métodos. </title>
					<p>Se prepararon extractos de raíces, semillas y hojas de <italic>D. discolor</italic> en una proporción de 1:10 p/v con agua destilada. Se consideraron dos tratamientos continuos de alta presión (600 MPa) manteniendo la presión durante 3 min y otro con presión (600 MPa) mantenida durante 6 min. Los extractos se evaluaron contra <italic>S. rolfsii</italic>, <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> y <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>. Los experimentos se realizaron en cajas Petri con medio PDA. Se evaluó la eficiencia de los extractos obteniendo el porcentaje de inhibición.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados. </title>
					<p>Los resultados mostraron porcentajes variables de inhibición de los extractos en las distintas partes de la planta y concentraciones; los extractos de hoja al 6%, independientemente del tiempo de extracción mostraron efectividad contra los tres patógenos, con inhibición de 99 y 100%, de 55 y 56%, y de 43 y 36%, para <italic>S. rolfsii</italic>, <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> y <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>, a los 3 y 6 minutos respectivamente.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión. </title>
					<p>La efectividad del extracto de hoja al 6%, seis meses posteriores a la preparación fue similar al de los extractos en fresco. Estos resultados abren a futuras líneas de investigación orientadas hacia el manejo sustentable de fitopatógenos. Se sugieren estudios sobre efectividad biológica de los extractos en invernadero y campo.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>control biológico</kwd>
				<kwd>hongos</kwd>
				<kwd>fitopatógeno</kwd>
				<kwd>actividad antifúngica.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="25"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p><italic>Sclerotium rolfsii</italic> causante de la pudrición de la raíz y tallo, es un patógeno polífago reportado en zonas tropicales y subtropicales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Gholami <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). <italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</italic> es un patógeno de amplia distribución, no específico (OrdóñezValencia <italic>et al</italic>., 2018). <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> es causante de la antracnosis en hojas, flores, frutos y brotes de cítricos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Guarnaccia <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). Los tres fitopatógenos se asocian con pérdidas significativas en cultivos de importancia económica, cuyo control se basa en el uso de tratamientos químicos. El uso de extractos vegetales con actividad antimicrobiana es de interés como parte de las estrategias sustentables para el manejo de enfermedades en cultivos agrícolas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Verdugo-Contreras <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). Extractos metanólicos, etanólicos y acuosos de <italic>Datura discolor</italic> se han evaluado <italic>in vitro</italic> contra <italic>Aspergillus flavus</italic>, <italic>A. niger</italic>, <italic>Penicillium chrysogenum</italic>, <italic>P. expansum</italic>, <italic>Fusarium moniliforme, F. poae</italic> (Tequida-Meneses <italic>et al</italic>., 2002) y <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> (Verdugo-Contreras <italic>et al</italic>., 2022). Los métodos tradicionales para la extracción de compuestos fitoquímicos se basan principalmente en el uso de disolventes orgánicos y tratamientos térmicos, en los que el material vegetal es expuesto a altas temperaturas por tiempos prolongados, lo que puede provocar la pérdida y degradación de compuestos termolábiles con actividad biológica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Zhang <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Las estrategias para la extracción acuosa de compuestos vegetales por medio de la tecnología no-térmica de Procesamiento a Altas Presiones (HPP; por su abreviatura en inglés High Pressure Processing) han ganado la atención, en la industria farmacéutica y alimentaria por tener un alto impacto en la modificación de la estructura celular y en la recuperación de compuestos bioactivos, que se asocia con la destrucción de las paredes celulares y otras barreras estructurales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Le-Tan <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). Pero no se han realizado evaluaciones del efecto de extractos vegetales obtenidos por HPP contra fitopatógenos. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar el efecto <italic>in vitro</italic> de extractos acuosos de <italic>Datura discolor</italic> obtenidos por HPP contra <italic>Sclerotium rolfsii</italic>, <italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</italic> y <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,</italic> agentes causales de la pudrición suave, el moho blanco y la antracnosis, respectivamente. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Obtención de los extractos.</title>
			<p>En el experimento se usaron raíces, semillas y hojas de <italic>D. discolor</italic>, con identidad confirmada molecularmente por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Verdugo-Contreras <italic>et al</italic>. (2022</xref>). El material vegetal se desinfestó con una solución de hipoclorito de sodio 1% v/v, se enjuagó tres veces con agua destilada y se secó a 60 °C durante 19 horas para su posterior pulverización. Los extractos se prepararon de cada parte anatómica, la mezcla del material vegetal se preparó a una proporción 1:10 p/v en agua destilada, se vertió en frascos de polietileno tereftalato (PET) con tapa de polietileno de alta densidad (HDPE) de doble sello y se expusieron a tratamiento de alta presión a temperatura ambiente. Se consideraron dos tratamientos continuos de alta presión, uno a 600 MPa manteniendo la presión durante 3 min y otro a 600 MPa con presión mantenida durante 6 min. Para el procesamiento de alta presión se empleó el equipo Hiperbaric 55 con canastilla para 55 litros (14.5 gal) de 200 mm (7.9 in) de diámetro, con un intensificador integrado y 62 KW de potencia. Posteriormente, las muestras sometidas a HPP se centrifugaron durante 10 min a 4000 rpm y se recuperó el sobrenadante. Los extractos fueron almacenados a 4 °C hasta su uso.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title><bold>Evaluación antifúngica <italic>in vitro</italic>
</bold> .</title>
			<p>El efecto en fresco de los extractos acuosos de hojas de <italic>D. discolor</italic> se evaluó un día posterior al procesamiento contra <italic>Sclerotium rolfsii</italic>, <italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</italic> y <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic>, los cuales previamente fueron identificados molecularmente y se comprobó su patogenicidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Martínez-Álvarez <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>; Martínez-Ereva, 2022; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Pérez-Mora <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). Los experimentos se realizaron en cajas Petri con PDA (Bioxon, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, México); los extractos se agregaron al medio de cultivo en el que se ajustaron a las concentraciones de 2, 4 y 6%; v/v. En el centro se colocó un disco de PDA de 5 mm con micelio del hongo con 5 días de crecimiento; se incluyó un tratamiento adicional consistente en el fungicida a 1 ppm (tebuconazol para <italic>S. rolfsii</italic> y <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> y carbendazim para <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>), como testigo se utilizaron placas de Petri con PDA que contenían únicamente al hongo. Las placas se incubaron a 25 °C, se registró el crecimiento diario de cada uno de los hongos, hasta que el crecimiento del micelio alcanzó el borde de la caja. El porcentaje de inhibición (PI%) se calculó como <italic>PI</italic> % = (C-T/C) x 100 donde C es el radio del hongo en la placa de control y T es el radio del hongo en presencia del extracto o el fungicida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Paneerselvam <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). Los experimentos se condujeron en un arreglo completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento, los experimentos se realizaron dos veces. Se evaluó la vida de anaquel del extracto con la concentración más eficaz observada en las pruebas <italic>in vitro</italic> (extracto de hoja al 6%). El extracto se conservó a 4 °C, y las evaluaciones de efectividad biológica se realizaron a los seis meses después de su obtención. Estos experimentos se realizaron de la misma manera que en el ensayo <italic>in vitro</italic> descrito anteriormente.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Análisis estadístico.</title>
			<p> Los datos se sometieron a pruebas de normalidad de Shapiro-Wilk y se recurrió a las pruebas no paramétricas Kruskal-Wallis y Mann-Whitney con un valor de p&lt;0.05. Para permitir valores de ceros en algunos tratamientos, los datos se transformaron mediante √x + 1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Gomez y Gomez, 1984</xref>). Los resultados de las pruebas <italic>in vitro</italic> mostraron porcentajes variables en la inhibición del crecimiento micelial de <italic>Sclerotium rolfsii</italic>, <italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</italic> y <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic>, por extractos acuosos de <italic>D. discolor</italic> obtenidos (HPP), en las distintas partes anatómicas de la planta y concentraciones. Se ha documentado que especies de <italic>Datura</italic> tienen actividad antifúngica; sin embargo, este efecto varía según la concentración y los tipos de solventes, así como de la parte de la planta de donde se obtienen (Öz, 2017). En <italic>S. rolfsii</italic>, la inhibición osciló de 25 a 53%, de 25 a 45% y del 77 a 100% con los extractos de raíz, semilla y hoja, respectivamente, con respecto al testigo sin extracto, con diferencias entre tratamientos (p &lt; 0.001); la eficacia de los extractos de hoja al 4 y 6%, independientemente del tiempo de extracción, no fue significativamente diferente del tratamiento con tebuconazol a 1 ppm que inhibió al 100% el crecimiento de <italic>S. rolfsii</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> A-D).</p>
			<p>Un estudio <italic>in vitro</italic> realizado con extracto metanólico de fruto de <italic>D. metel</italic> a diferentes concentraciones (0.5 a 4.0%) demostró una reducción significativa de la biomasa de <italic>S. rofsii</italic> entre un 69 y 94% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Jabeen <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). También, Jabeen <italic>et al</italic>. (2022) evaluaron la eficacia del extracto metanólico de hoja de <italic>D. metel</italic> para el control del crecimiento <italic>in vitro</italic> de <italic>S. rolfii</italic>, las concentraciones de extracto que oscilaron entre 0.5 y 4.0%, controlaron significativamente el crecimiento del patógeno de 29 a 88% sobre el control. Los resultados con extractos acuosos de hoja obtenidos por HPP, en el presente estudio superan a los reportados con extractos metanólicos de fruto y hoja de <italic>D. metel.</italic></p>
			<p>No se observó reducción del crecimiento micelial de <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> en ninguno de los tratamientos con extractos de raíz y semilla, ni en los de hoja al 2%, mientras que en los extractos de hoja al 4 y 6% la inhibición osciló del 15 al 56%; la eficacia de los extractos de hoja al 4% (con 6 min) y 6% (en 3 y 6 min) no fue significativamente diferente al tratamiento con tebuconazol a 1 ppm que inhibió 72% del crecimiento de <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> E-H).</p>
			<p>Estudios previos indican que el extracto acuoso de <italic>D. metel</italic> inhibió a <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> con respecto al testigo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Sharma <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). El extracto etanólico de hoja de <italic>D. inoxia</italic>, que tiene una mayor concentración de fitoquímicos secundarios y flavonoides totales en comparación con los extractos acuosos, mostró una inhibición del 100% del crecimiento micelial de <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> en todas las concentraciones evaluadas en comparación con el testigo mientras que el extracto acuoso mostró valores de inhibición del patógeno de 29 a 94%, observándose la mayor inhibición en las concentraciones de 1600 y 2000 μg 100 mL<sup>-1</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Matías <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Roy <italic>et al</italic>. (2021) evaluaron tres concentraciones (5, 10 y 15%) de extractos acuosos de <italic>D. stramonium in vitro</italic> contra <italic>S. esclerotiorum</italic> y reportaron porcentajes de inhibición</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Inhibición <italic>in vitro</italic> del crecimiento micelial de <italic>Sclerotium rolfsii</italic>, <italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</italic> y <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic>. Los tratamientos mostrados son con extractos acuosos de raíz, semilla y hoja de <italic>Datura discolor</italic> al 2, 4 y 6%, obtenidos por procesamiento a alta presión en dos tiempos 3 y 6.</title>
					</caption>
					<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: center;">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th rowspan="2">Tratamiento</th>
								<th colspan="3">Inhibición (%)</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th style="font-style:italic">S. rolfsii</th>
								<th style="font-style:italic">S. sclerotiorum</th>
								<th style="font-style:italic">C. gloeosporioides</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="4" style="text-align: left; background-color: #f0f0f0; font-weight:bold">Raíz</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>2%-3</td>
								<td>25<sup>BC</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>B</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>BC</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>2%-6</td>
								<td>25<sup>BC</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>B</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>A-C</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>4%-3</td>
								<td>46<sup>B</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>B</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>4%-6</td>
								<td>38<sup>B</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>B</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>BC</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>6%-3</td>
								<td>50<sup>B</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>B</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>BC</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>6%-6</td>
								<td>53<sup>B</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>B</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>CQ</td>
								<td>100<sup>A</sup></td>
								<td>72<sup>A</sup></td>
								<td>78<sup>A</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Testigo</td>
								<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>B</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>B</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="4" style="text-align: left; background-color: #f0f0f0; font-weight:bold">Semilla</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>2%-3</td>
								<td>25<sup>CD</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
								<td>56<sup>BC</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>2%-6</td>
								<td>25<sup>CD</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
								<td>50<sup>BC</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>4%-3</td>
								<td>37<sup>BC</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
								<td>58<sup>AB</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>4%-6</td>
								<td>41<sup>BC</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
								<td>59<sup>AB</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>6%-3</td>
								<td>45<sup>AB</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
								<td>55<sup>BC</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>6%-6</td>
								<td>45<sup>AB</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
								<td>64<sup>AB</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>CQ</td>
								<td>100<sup>A</sup></td>
								<td>72<sup>A</sup></td>
								<td>78<sup>A</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Testigo</td>
								<td>0<sup>D</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>B</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="4" style="text-align: left; background-color: #f0f0f0;">Hoja</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>2%-3</td>
								<td>77<sup>B</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
								<td>56<sup>B</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>2%-6</td>
								<td>79<sup>B</sup></td>
								<td>2<sup>BC</sup></td>
								<td>46<sup>B</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>4%-3</td>
								<td>97<sup>A</sup></td>
								<td>15<sup>B</sup></td>
								<td>43<sup>B</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>4%-6</td>
								<td>96<sup>A</sup></td>
								<td>50<sup>A</sup></td>
								<td>39<sup>B</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>6%-3</td>
								<td>100<sup>A</sup></td>
								<td>55<sup>A</sup></td>
								<td>43<sup>B</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>6%-6</td>
								<td>99<sup>A</sup></td>
								<td>56<sup>A</sup></td>
								<td>36<sup>B</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>CQ</td>
								<td>100<sup>A</sup></td>
								<td>72<sup>A</sup></td>
								<td>78<sup>A</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Testigo</td>
								<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>BC</sup></td>
								<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Porcentajes con letras común en superíndices, por parte anatómica de la planta, no son significativamente diferentes (P = 0.05; n = 8). Testigo = el patógeno en PDA sin extracto o fungicida; </p>
			<p><italic>CQ</italic> = el patógeno en PDA + tebuconazol o carbendazim a 1 ppm. de 28, 31 y 37%, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Kewate <italic>et al</italic>. (2020</xref>) reportaron una inhibición <italic>in vitro</italic> del 28% de <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> con extractos en polvo al 10% de <italic>D. stramonium</italic>. Los resultados reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Matías <italic>et al</italic>. (2020</xref>) superan a la inhibición aquí reportada para extractos acuosos de hoja de <italic>D. discolor</italic> por HPP; sin embargo, estos últimos son mayores a los reportados para <italic>D. stramonium</italic> contra <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic>. En el presente estudio los extractos de raíz no mostraron inhibición del crecimiento micelial de <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>, mientras que los de semilla lo inhibieron de 50 a 64%, y los de hoja del 36 al 56%; la eficacia de los extractos de semilla no</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Efecto de extracto acuso de <italic>Datura discolor</italic> obtenido por procesamiento a alta presión durante 6 minutos. <bold>A-D</bold> 
 <italic>Sclerotium rolfsii</italic>, <bold>E-H</bold> 
 <italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</italic>, <bold>I-L</bold> 
 <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic>. Control químico = tebuconazol o carbendazim 1 ppm).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-04-RMEXFIT202401-gf1.png"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>fue significativamente diferente al tratamiento con carbendazim 1 ppm que inhibió 78% del crecimiento de <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>. Aunque de manera menos eficiente que el tratamiento con carbendazim 1 ppm, los extractos de hoja inhibieron de manera significativa al patógeno con respecto al testigo sin extracto acuoso (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> I-L). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Karim <italic>et al</italic>. (2017</xref>) evaluaron la actividad antifúngica de extractos metanólicos de hojas, semillas y raíces de <italic>D. metel</italic> a las concentraciones de 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 y 3%. Todas las concentraciones redujeron significativamente el crecimiento radial de <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>, el extracto de semilla al 1.5% mostró la mayor inhibición (80%). De manera similar, extractos de hojas de <italic>D. stramonium</italic> obtenidos con metil acetato y con metanol inhibieron significativamente el crecimiento micelial de <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alemu <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). Previamente se reportó que extractos acuosos de hojas de <italic>D. discolor</italic> (al 1, 2 y 4% p/v) inhibieron el crecimiento micelial de <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> en un 52-73%, sin diferencias significativas con respecto al tratamiento con carbendazim a 1 ppm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Verdugo-Contreras <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). Los extractos acuosos de hoja de <italic>D. discolor</italic> al 2, 4 y 6% obtenidos a alta presión inhibieron al patógeno de un 36 a 56%, mientras que los de semilla lo inhibieron de un 50 a 64% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>); es decir los porcentajes de inhibición observados para <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> son superiores con extractos de semilla como lo reporta Karim <italic>et al</italic>. (2017). Los porcentajes de inhibición con extractos acuosos de hoja de <italic>D. discolor</italic> contra <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> reportado por Verdugo-Contreras <italic>et al</italic>. (2023) son superiores a los reportados en el presente estudio, lo cual puede deberse a diferencias en las concentraciones y tipo de compuestos bioactivos en los procesos de extracción, con capacidad para inhibir a <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>. Extractos metanólicos y etanólicos de tallo y hoja de <italic>D. discolor</italic> inhibieron el crecimiento micelial de <italic>Aspergillus flavus</italic>, <italic>Aspergillus niger</italic>, <italic>Penicillium chrysogenum</italic>, <italic>Penicillium expansum</italic>, <italic>Fusarium moniliforme</italic> y <italic>Fusarium poae</italic> (TequidaMeneses <italic>et al</italic>., 2002). Los extractos con solventes como etanol, metanol y metil acetato en algunos casos pueden presentar mayor efectividad contra patógenos. Aunque sería interesante evaluar el efecto de extractos de <italic>D. discolor</italic> con solventes como etanol y metanol contra <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> y <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> se busca proponer alternativas con el empleo de tecnologías limpias.</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Sharma <italic>et al</italic>. (2015</xref>), reportaron que el extracto acuoso de <italic>D. metel</italic> fue efectivo contra <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic>, pero no para <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic> y <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic>. El extracto acuoso de hoja de <italic>D. inoxia</italic> aunque inhibió hasta en un 94% a <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> no afectó el crecimiento de <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Matias <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Extractos acuosos de hoja de <italic>D. discolor</italic> obtenidos por HPP inhibieron a <italic>S. rolfsii</italic>, <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> y <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>, lo que muestra una capacidad antifúngica del extracto con mayor espectro.</p>
			<p>Por otra parte, excepto el tratamiento de extracto de hoja al 4% contra <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic>, no arrojó diferencias en la inhibición de los diferentes patógenos relacionada con los tiempos de extracción, es decir, de extractos obtenidos por alta presión con duración de 3 o 6 minutos del proceso. Lo cual puede ser tomado en cuenta en evaluaciones posteriores contra otros patógenos, considerando el extracto de hoja al 6%, sometido a 3 minutos a HPP, esto contribuye a eficientizar el proceso.</p>
			<p>Aunque los estudios fitoquímicos <italic>D. discolor</italic> son escasos; recientemente se han aislado de esta especie los whitanólidos datudiscolides A (8) y B (9) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">González <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>); también, se ha confirmado la presencia de whitanólidos con actividad antifúngica en <italic>D. ferox</italic>, <italic>D. metel</italic>, <italic>D. quercifolia</italic> y <italic>D. stramonium</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Siddiqui <italic>et al.,</italic> 1987</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Kagale <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>), por lo que la inhibición del crecimiento de los fitopatógenos evaluados pudiera atribuirse a whitanólidos presentes en <italic>D. discolor</italic>, pero se requieren estudios adicionales para confirmar esta hipótesis. Estudios fitoquímicos realizados en otras especies reportan que los principales metabolitos secundarios para el género <italic>Datura</italic> son terpenoides, flavonoides, withanólidos, taninos, compuestos fenólicos, esteroides y ácidos grasos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Céspedes-Méndez <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). El potencial antifúngico de extractos de hoja de <italic>D. inoxia</italic> contra <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> se ha relacionado con la abundancia de alcaloides y compuestos fenólicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Matías <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Es relevante la realización de un tamizaje fitoquímico de <italic>D. discolor</italic> que complemente las investigaciones sobre su actividad antifúngica.</p>
			<p>El extracto de hoja al 6%, evaluado seis meses posteriores a su procesamiento, redujo el crecimiento <italic>in vitro</italic> de <italic>S. rolfsii</italic>, <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> y <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> en un 99, 54 y 39%, respectivamente. Los porcentajes observados son similares al de las evaluaciones con el extracto en fresco. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Verdugo-Contreras <italic>et al.</italic> (2022</xref>) reportaron que el extracto acuoso de hoja de <italic>D. discolor</italic> al 4% obtenido por maceración con calor logró reducir el crecimiento <italic>in vitro</italic> de <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> hasta 3 meses después de su preparación, pero con menor efectividad. Esto sugiere una mayor estabilidad de los compuestos bioactivos obtenidos con procesos por HPP con efectividad para los patógenos evaluados.</p>
			<p>Los extractos de hoja al 6%, independientemente del tiempo de extracción muestran actividad antifúngica contra los tres hongos y la efectividad del extracto permanece activa al menos durante seis meses. Líneas de investigación futuras deberían centrarse en caracterizar los compuestos bioactivos implicados en la actividad antifúngica de los extractos acuosos de <italic>D. discolor</italic> obtenidos por HPP, así como en estudios a nivel invernadero y campo para determinar el potencial de dichos extractos para el control de los fitopatógenos evaluados <italic>in vitro</italic>.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimientos</title>
			<p> </p>
			<p> </p>
			<p>Los autores agradecen a IDEAS DE BERENJENA S.A. de C. V., por facilitar las instalaciones para el uso de la cámara hiperbárica (Hiperbaric 55) y al Programa PIFIP-2022 de la Dirección de Investigación y Posgrado de la Universidad Autónoma de Occidente por el financiamiento.</p>
		</ack>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title><italic>In vitro</italic> antifungal activity of <italic>Datura discolor</italic> aqueous extracts obtained by High Pressure Processing</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract:</title>
				<p> </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Background/Objective. </title>
					<p>The present work reports the <italic>in vitro</italic> effect of aqueous extracts (2, 4 and 6% w/v) of root, seed and leaf of <italic>Datura discolor</italic> obtained in two times (3 and 6 minutes) at High Pressure Processing, against <italic>Sclerotium rolfsii</italic>, <italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</italic> and <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic>.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and Methods. </title>
					<p>Extracts of roots, seeds and leaves of <italic>D. discolor</italic> were prepared in a 1:10 w/v ratio with distilled water. Two continuous treatments of high pressure (600 MPa) with pressure maintained for 3 min and another with pressure (600 MPa) maintained for 6 min were considered. The extracts were evaluated against <italic>S. rolfsii</italic>, <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> and <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>. The experiments were performed in Petri dishes with PDA medium. The efficiency of the extracts was evaluated by obtaining the percentage of inhibition.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results. </title>
					<p>The results show variable percentages of inhibition of the extracts in the different anatomical parts of the plant and concentrations; The leaf extracts at 6%, regardless of the extraction time, show effectiveness against the three pathogens, with inhibition of 99 and 100%<bold>,</bold> 55 and 56%, and 43 and 36% for <italic>S. rolfsii</italic>, <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> and <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> at 3 and 6 minutes respectively<bold>.</bold></p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion. </title>
					<p>The effectiveness of leaf extract at 6%, six months after its preparation, is similar to the observed with fresh extracts. These results pave the way for future research focused on the sustainable management of phytopathogens. Studies on the biological effectiveness of the extracts in the greenhouse and field are suggested.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>biological control</kwd>
				<kwd>fungi</kwd>
				<kwd>phytopathogen</kwd>
				<kwd>antifungal activity.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p><italic>Sclerotium rolfsii</italic>, which causes root and stem rot, is a polyphagous pathogen reported in tropical and subtropical areas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Gholami <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). <italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</italic> is a widely distributed and non-specific pathogen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Ordóñez-Valencia <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> causes anthracnose in leaves, flowers and citrus buds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Guarnaccia <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). The three phytopathogens are associated with significant losses in economically important crops, and their management is based on the use of chemical treatments.</p>
				<p>The use of plant extracts with antimicrobial activity is of interest as part of the sustainable strategies to manage diseases in agricultural crops (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Verdugo-Contreras <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). Methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous <italic>Datura discolor</italic> extracts have been evaluated <italic>in vitro</italic> against <italic>Aspergillus flavus</italic>, <italic>A. niger</italic>, <italic>Penicillium chrysogenum</italic>, <italic>P. expansum</italic>, <italic>Fusarium moniliforme, F. poae</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Tequida-Meneses <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>) and <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> (Verdugo-Contreras <italic>et al</italic>., 2022).</p>
				<p>The traditional methods for the extraction of phytochemical compounds are based mainly on the use of organic solvents and thermal treatments in which the plant material is exposed to high temperatures for extended periods, which may cause the loss and degradation of thermolabile compounds with biological activity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Zhang <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Strategies for the aqueous extraction of plant compounds through non-thermal High Pressure Processing (HPP) have gained attention in the pharmaceutical and food industries due to their high impact on the modification of the cell structure and the recovery of bioactive compounds, associated to the destruction of cell walls and other structural barriers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Le-Tan <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). However, no evaluations have been carried out on the effect of plant extracts obtained by HPP against plant pathogens.</p>
				<p>The objective of this work was to determine the <italic>in vitro</italic> effect of aqueous <italic>Datura discolor</italic> extracts obtained by HPP against <italic>Sclerotium rolfsii</italic>, <italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</italic> and <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,</italic> causal agents of soft rot, white mold and anthracnose, respectively.</p>
				<p>Obtaining the extracts. The experiment used <italic>D. discolor</italic> roots, seeds and leaves, with identity confirmed molecularly by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Verdugo-Contreras <italic>et al</italic>. (2022</xref>). The plant material was disinfested with a 1% v/v sodium hypochlorite solution, rinsed three times with distilled water and dried at 60 °C during 19 hours for its subsequent pulverization. The extracts were prepared from each anatomical part, the mixture of the plant material was prepared at a proportion of 1:10 p/v in distilled water, poured into polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with a high-density polyethylene (HDPE), double seal cap and exposed to a high-pressure treatment at room temperature. Two continuous, high-pressure treatments were considered; one at 600 MPa maintaining this pressure for 3 min, and another at 600 MPa with the pressure maintained for 6 min. For HPP, the Hiperbaric 55 equipment with a 55-liter basket (14.5 gal) with a diameter of 200 mm (7.9 in) was used, with an integrated intensifier and a power of 62 KW. Subsequently, the samples submitted to HPP were centrifuged for 10 min at 4000 rpm and the supernatant was extracted. The extracts were stored at 4 °C until use.</p>
				<p><bold>Antifungal <italic>in vitro</italic> evaluation</bold>. The effect of the aqueous extracts of <italic>D. discolor</italic> leaves was evaluated one day after the processing against <italic>Sclerotium rolfsii</italic>, <italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</italic> and <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic>, which were previously molecularly identified, and its pathogenicity was confirmed (Martínez- Álvarez <italic>et al</italic>., 2021; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Martínez-Ereva, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Pérez-Mora <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). The experiments were carried out in Petri dishes with PDA (Bioxon, Cuautitlán Izcalli, State of Mexico, Mexico); the extracts were diluted to a concentration of 2, 4 and 6% v/v in the culture medium. In the center, a 5 mm PDA plug with mycelium from the fungus with 5 days old was placed. An additional treatment was included, which consisted of the fungicide at 1 ppm (tebuconazole for <italic>S. rolfsii</italic> and <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> and carbendazim for <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>), Petri dishes containing PDA without any plant extracts or fungicide were included as a control. The petri dishes were incubated at 25 °C, the growth of the pathogens was recorded, the experiments were concluded once mycelial growth in the control plates reached the edge. The percentage of inhibition (PI%) was calculated as </p>
				<p><italic>PI</italic> % =<italic>C-T</italic><inline-graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-04-RMEXFIT202401-i002.png"/><italic>C x</italic> 100, where C is the radius of the fungus in the control dish and T is the radius of the fungus in the presence of the extract or the fungicide (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Paneerselvam <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized arrangement with four repetitions per treatment; the experiments were conducted twice.</p>
				<p>The shelf life of the extract with the most efficient concentration observed in the <italic>in vitro</italic> tests was evaluated (6% leaf extract). The extract was kept at 4 °C and the evaluation of biological effectiveness was carried out six months after it was obtained. These experiments were carried out in the same way as the <italic>in vitro</italic> test described earlier.</p>
				<p>Statistical analysis. The data were subjected to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney, with a value of p&lt;0.05. To allow values of zero in some treatments, the data were transformed with √x + 1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Gomez and Gomez, 1984</xref>).</p>
				<p>The results of the <italic>in vitro</italic> tests displayed variable percentages of mycelial growth inhibition of in <italic>Sclerotium rolfsii</italic>, <italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</italic> and <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,</italic> by aqueous extracts of <italic>D. discolor</italic> obtained by (HPP) from the different anatomical parts of the plants and concentrations. <italic>Datura</italic> species have been documented to have antifungal activity. However, this effect varies according to the concentration and types of solvents, as well as to the part of the plant from which they are obtained (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Öz, 2017</xref>). </p>
				<p>In <italic>S. rolfsii</italic>, inhibition fluctuated between 25 and 53%, 25 and 45% and between 77 and 100% with the root, seed and leaf extracts, respectively, in comparison with the control with no extract, with differences between treatments (p &lt; 0.001). The efficiency of the 4 and 6% leaf extracts, regardless of the time of extraction, was not significantly different to the treatment with tebuconazole at 1 ppm which inhibited the growth of <italic>S. rolfsii</italic> by 100% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> A-D).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title><italic>In vitro</italic> inhibition of the mycelial growth of <italic>Sclerotium rolfsii</italic>, <italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</italic> and <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic>. The treatments shown are with aqueous extracts of 2, 4 and 6% <italic>Datura discolor</italic> root, seed and leaf, obtained by High Pressure Processing in two times 3 and 6.</title>
						</caption>
						<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: center;">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th rowspan="2">Treatment</th>
									<th colspan="3">Inhibition (%)</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th style="font-style:italic">S. rolfsii</th>
									<th style="font-style:italic">S. sclerotiorum</th>
									<th style="font-style:italic">C. gloeosporioides</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="4" style="text-align: left; background-color: #f0f0f0; font-weight:bold">Root</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>2%-3</td>
									<td>25<sup>BC</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>B</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>BC</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>2%-6</td>
									<td>25<sup>BC</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>B</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>A-C</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>4%-3</td>
									<td>46<sup>B</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>B</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>4%-6</td>
									<td>38<sup>B</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>B</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>BC</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>6%-3</td>
									<td>50<sup>B</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>B</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>BC</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>6%-6</td>
									<td>53<sup>B</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>B</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CQ</td>
									<td>100<sup>A</sup></td>
									<td>72<sup>A</sup></td>
									<td>78<sup>A</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Control</td>
									<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>B</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>B</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="4" style="text-align: left; background-color: #f0f0f0; font-weight:bold">Seed</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>2%-3</td>
									<td>25<sup>CD</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
									<td>56<sup>BC</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>2%-6</td>
									<td>25<sup>CD</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>BC</sup></td>
									<td>50<sup>BC</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>4%-3</td>
									<td>37<sup>BC</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
									<td>58<sup>AB</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>4%-6</td>
									<td>41<sup>BC</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
									<td>59<sup>AB</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>6%-3</td>
									<td>45<sup>AB</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
									<td>55<sup>BC</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>6%-6</td>
									<td>45<sup>AB</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
									<td>64<sup>AB</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CQ</td>
									<td>100<sup>A</sup></td>
									<td>72<sup>A</sup></td>
									<td>78<sup>A</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Control</td>
									<td>0<sup>D</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>B</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="4" style="text-align: left; background-color: #f0f0f0; font-weight:bold">Leaf</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>2%-3</td>
									<td>77<sup>B</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
									<td>56<sup>B</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>2%-6</td>
									<td>79<sup>B</sup></td>
									<td>2<sup>BC</sup></td>
									<td>46<sup>B</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>4%-3</td>
									<td>97<sup>A</sup></td>
									<td>15<sup>B</sup></td>
									<td>43<sup>B</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>4%-6</td>
									<td>96<sup>A</sup></td>
									<td>50<sup>A</sup></td>
									<td>39<sup>B</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>6%-3</td>
									<td>100<sup>A</sup></td>
									<td>55<sup>A</sup></td>
									<td>43<sup>B</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>6%-6</td>
									<td>99<sup>A</sup></td>
									<td>56<sup>A</sup></td>
									<td>36<sup>B</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CQ</td>
									<td>100<sup>A</sup></td>
									<td>72<sup>A</sup></td>
									<td>78<sup>A</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Control</td>
									<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>BC</sup></td>
									<td>0<sup>C</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>Percentages with normal letters in superscripts for every anatomical part of the plant are not significantly different (P = 0.05; n = 8). Control = the pathogen in PDA without extract or fungicide; <italic>CQ</italic> = the pathogen in PDA + tebuconazole or carbendazim at 1 ppm.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Effect of <italic>Datura discolor aqueous</italic> leaf extract obtained High Pressure Processing for 6 minutes. <bold>A-D</bold> 
 <italic>Sclerotium rolfsii</italic>, <bold>E-H</bold> 
 <italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</italic>, <bold>I-L</bold> 
 <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.</italic> Chemical control = tebuconazole or carbendazim 1 ppm).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-04-RMEXFIT202401-gf2.png"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>An <italic>in vitro</italic> study carried out with a <italic>D. metel</italic> fruit methanolic extract at different concentrations (0.5 to 4.0%) displayed a significant reduction of the biomass of <italic>S. rofsii</italic> from 69 to 94% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Jabeen <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). In addition, Jabeen <italic>et al</italic>. (2022) evaluated the efficiency of the methanolic extract of <italic>D. metel</italic> leaves for the <italic>in vitro</italic> growth control of <italic>S. rolfii</italic>. The extract concentrations that fluctuated between 0.5 and 4.0% significantly controlled the growth of the pathogen from 29 to 88 % over the control. The results with aqueous leaf extracts obtained by HPP in this study surpass those reported with methanolic extracts from <italic>D. metel</italic> fruits and leaves<italic>.</italic></p>
				<p>No reduction was observed in the mycelial growth of <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> in any of the treatments with root and seed extracts, nor with 2% leaf extracts, whereas in the 4 and 6% leaf extracts, inhibition fluctuated between 15 and 56%. The efficiency of the leaf extracts at 4% (with 6 min) and 6% (in 3 and 6 min) was not significantly different to the treatment with tebuconazole at 1 ppm that inhibited 72% of the growth of <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> E-H).</p>
				<p>Previous studies indicate that the aqueous <italic>D. metel</italic> extract inhibited <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> in comparison with the control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Sharma <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). The ethanolic <italic>D. inoxia</italic> leaf extract, which has a higher concentration of secondary phytochemicals and total flavonoids in comparison with the aqueous extracts displayed an inhibition of 100% of the mycelial growth of <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> in all the concentrations evaluated in comparison with the control, whereas the aqueous extract displayed inhibition from 29 to 94%, with the highest inhibition shown in the concentrations of 1600 and 2000 μg 100 mL<sup>-1</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Matías <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Roy <italic>et al</italic>. (2021) evaluated three concentrations (5, 10 and 15%) of aqueous <italic>D. stramonium</italic> extracts <italic>in vitro</italic> against <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> and they reported percentages of inhibition of 28, 31 and 37%, respectively. Additionally, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Kewate <italic>et al</italic>. (2020</xref>) reported a 28% inhibition of <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> with powdered extracts of <italic>D. stramonium</italic> at 10% in an <italic>in vitro</italic> test. The results reported by Matías <italic>et al</italic>. (2020) surpass the inhibition reported in our study for aqueous <italic>D. discolor</italic> leaf extracts obtained by HPP. However, the latter are higher than those reported for <italic>D. stramonium</italic> against <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic>.</p>
				<p>In the present study, the root extracts displayed no mycelial growth inhibition in <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>, whereas the seed extracts inhibited it by 50 to 64% and the leaf extracts, by 36 to 56%. The efficiency of the seed extracts was not significantly different to the treatment with carbendazim 1 ppm, which inhibited the growth of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> by 78%. Although less efficient than the treatment with carbendazim 1 ppm, the leaf extracts significantly inhibited the pathogen regarding the control without an aqueous extract (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> I-L).</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Karim <italic>et al</italic>. (2017</xref>) evaluated the antifungal activity of methanolic <italic>D. metel</italic> leaf, seed and root extracts at concentrations of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0%. All concentrations significantly reduced the radial growth of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>. The 1.5% seed extract displayed the highest inhibition rate (80%). Similarly, <italic>D. stramonium</italic> leaf extracts obtained with methyl acetate and with methanol significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alemu <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). It was previously reported that aqueous <italic>D. discolor</italic> leaf extracts (at 1, 2 and 4% p/v) inhibited the mycelial growth of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> by 52-73%, without significant differences with the treatment with carbendazim at 1 ppm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Verdugo-Contreras <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). The aqueous extracts of <italic>D. discolor</italic> leaves at 2, 4 and 6% obtained at high pressures inhibited the pathogen by 36 to 56%, whereas the seed extracts inhibited it by 50 to 64 % (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>). That is, the percentages of inhibition observed for <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> are greater with seed extracts, as reported by Karim <italic>et al</italic>. (2017). The percentages of inhibition with aqueous <italic>D. discolor</italic> leaf extracts against <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> report by Verdugo-Contreras <italic>et al</italic>. (2023) are greater than those reported in this study, which may be due to differences in the concentrations and types of bioactive compounds in the extraction processes, with the ability to inhibit <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>.</p>
				<p>Methanolic and ethanolic extracts from the stem and leaves of <italic>D. discolor</italic> inhibited the mycelial growth of <italic>Aspergillus flavus</italic>, <italic>A. niger</italic>, <italic>Penicillium chrysogenum</italic>, <italic>P. expansum</italic>, <italic>Fusarium moniliforme</italic> and <italic>F. poae</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Tequida-Meneses <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>). The extracts with solvents such as ethanol, methanol and methyl acetate may, in some cases, display greater effectiveness against pathogens. Although it may be interesting to evaluate the effect of <italic>D. discolor</italic> extracts with solvents such as ethanol and methanol against <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> and <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>, alternatives are sought with the use of clean technologies.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Sharma <italic>et al</italic>. (2015</xref>) reported that the aqueous <italic>D. metel</italic> extract was effective against <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic>, but not against <italic>Rhizoctonia solani</italic> or <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic>. The <italic>D. inoxia</italic> aqueous leaf extract inhibited <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> but did not affect the growth of <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Matias <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). <italic>D. discolor</italic> aqueous leaf extracts obtained by HPP inhibited <italic>S. rolfsii</italic>, <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> and <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic>, displaying an antifungal ability of the extract with wide spectrum.</p>
				<p>On the other hand, except for the 4% leaf extract treatment against <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic>, no differences were observed in the inhibition of the different pathogens related to the extraction times, that is, extracts obtained by high pressures with a duration of 3 or 6 minutes of the process. This may be considered in subsequent evaluations against other pathogens, considering the 6% leaf extract, subjected to HPP for 3 minutes, which helps to streamline the process.</p>
				<p>Despite the scarcity of <italic>D. discolor</italic> phytochemical studies, whithanolides datudiscolides A (8) and B (9) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">González <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>) have recently been isolated from this species. Additionally, the presence of whithanolides with antifungal activity has been confirmed in <italic>D. ferox</italic>, <italic>D. metel</italic>, <italic>D. quercifolia</italic> and <italic>D. stramonium</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Siddiqui <italic>et al.,</italic> 1987</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Kagale <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>), therefore the inhibition in the growth of the evaluated phytopathogens could be attributed to whithanolides present in <italic>D. discolor</italic>, although additional studies are required to confirm this hypothesis. Phytochemical studies performed on other species report that the main secondary metabolites for the <italic>Datura</italic> genus are terpenoids, flavonoids, whithanolides, tannins, phenolic compounds, steroids and fatty acids (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Céspedes-Méndez <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). The antifungal potential of <italic>D. inoxia</italic> leaf extracts against <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> have been related to the abundance of alkaloids and phenolic compounds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Matías <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Conducting a phytochemical screening of <italic>D. discolor</italic> to complement research on its antifungal activity is relevant.</p>
				<p>The 6% leaf extract evaluated six months after its processing reduced the <italic>in vitro</italic> growth of <italic>S. rolfsii</italic>, <italic>S. sclerotiorum</italic> and <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> by 99, 54 and 39%, respectively. The percentages observed are similar to those found in the evaluations with the fresh extract. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Verdugo-Contreras <italic>et al.</italic> (2022</xref>) reported that the aqueous extract of the <italic>D. discolor</italic> leaf at 4% obtained by maceration with heat managed to reduce the <italic>in vitro</italic> growth of <italic>C. gloeosporioides</italic> up to 3 months after its preparation, only less effectively. This suggests greater stability of the bioactive compounds obtained through HPP processes with effectiveness against the pathogens evaluated.</p>
				<p>The 6% leaf extracts, regardless of the extraction time, show antifungal activity against the three fungi and their effectiveness remains active for at least 6 months. Future lines of research should focus on characterizing the bioactive compounds implied in the antifungal activity of the <italic>D. discolor</italic> aqueous extracts obtained through HPP, as well as in greenhouses and field studies to determine the potential of such extracts for the control of the phytopathogens evaluated <italic>in vitro</italic>.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Acknowledgments</title>
				<p>The authors wish to thank IDEAS DE BERENJENA S.A. de C. V. for providing their facilities for the use of the hyperbaric chamber (Hiperbaric 55) and to the PIFIP-2022 Program of the Dirección de Investigación y Posgrado of the Universidad Autónoma de Occidente for the funding provided.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>