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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R. MEX.FIT.2024-03</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>In vitro biological and chemical control of fungi associated with gummosis in citrus fruits in Yucatan, Mexico</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Hernández-Castillo</surname>
						<given-names>Celida Aurora</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">¹</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rivas-Valencia</surname>
						<given-names>Patricia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">²</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Robles-Yerena</surname>
						<given-names>Leticia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">³</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Sánchez-Alonso</surname>
						<given-names>Mariana Guadalupe</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">⁴</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Loeza-Kuk</surname>
						<given-names>Emiliano</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">⁵</xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Parasitología Agrícola, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Carretera México-Texcoco, km. 38.5. Texcoco, Edo. de México, México, CP 56230.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Edo. de México</state>
					<postal-code>56230</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Campo Experimental Valle de México, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carretera Los Reyes-Texcoco, km. 13.5. Coatlinchán, Edo. de México, México, CP 56250.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Edo. de México</state>
					<postal-code>56250</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro Nacional de Referencia Fitosanitaria, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Carretera Federal México-Pachuca, km. 37.5. Tecámac, Edo. de México, México, CP 55740.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Centro Nacional de Referencia Fitosanitaria, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro Nacional de Referencia Fitosanitaria, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Edo. de México</state>
					<postal-code>55740</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Campo Experimental Valle de México, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carretera Los Reyes-Texcoco, km. 13.5. Coatlinchán, Edo. de México, México, CP 56250.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Edo. de México</state>
					<postal-code>56250</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Campo Experimental Mocochá, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carretera Mérida-Motul, km. 25. Mérida, Yucatán, México, CP 97454.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Mérida</city>
					<state>Yucatán</state>
					<postal-code>97454</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>05</day>
				<month>11</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>42</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT202403</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>31</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract:</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background/Objective. </title>
					<p>In all citrus-producing regions in the world, gummosis is a disease that has caused losses in citrus production. This disease is caused by several pathogens. The objectives were to identify the fungi associated with gummosis in citrus orchards of Plan Chac, Sacalum, Yucatan; and to evaluate chemical and biological alternatives for the control of fungi associated with gummosis.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and Methods. </title>
					<p>From fragments of plant tissue and soil, the associated fungi were isolated. The isolates were identified morphologically in plant tissue as <italic>Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae</italic> and in soil as <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> and <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp. The pathogenicity test determined that <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic> is an agent associated with this disease. The isolates were subjected to <italic>in vitro</italic> tests with chemical fungicides and antagonist agents.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results. </title>
					<p>Thiabendazole showed effectiveness for <italic>F. solani</italic> with an effective concentration to inhibit 50 % of the population (EC50) of 0.0612 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, with <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp. inhibited growth at all concentrations evaluated and for <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic>, it showed an EC50 of 0.0049 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. In the case of <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> strain QST 713, the growth of <italic>F. solani</italic> (EC50 0.0496 mg L<sup>-1</sup>), <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp. (EC50 0.0487 mg L<sup>-1</sup>) and <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic> (EC50 0.0528 mg L<sup>-1</sup>) decreased. On the other hand, <italic>Trichoderma harzianum</italic> showed a greater inhibition against <italic>F. solani</italic>, <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp. and <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic> of 61.08, 62.93 and</p>
					<p>35.64 %, respectively.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion. </title>
					<p>In the management of gummosis in citrus fruits, the use of biological agents such as <italic>Trichoderma</italic> and <italic>B. subtilis</italic> can be efficiently included, offering alternatives with less impact on the environment.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd><italic>Trichoderma</italic>.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="12"/>
				<table-count count="10"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="60"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction:</title>
			<p>Different phytopathogenic agents have been associated to the gummosis of citrus fruits. Species of the <italic>Phytophthora</italic> genus are the main ones that have been reported (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Bright <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Brentu and Vicent, 2015</xref>; Graham and Feichtenberger, 2015). However, the members of the Botryosphaeriaceae family have displayed certain relevance due to their capacity to adapt in order to infect other crops near the original native host fields (Mondragon-Flores <italic>et al</italic>., 2021).</p>
			<p>Gummosis is distributed in all the citrus-producing areas of the world. It has caused losses in Italy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Aloi <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>), Algeria (Linaldeddu <italic>et al</italic>., 2015; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Berraf-Tebbal <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>), Iran (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>) and the United States (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Adesemoye <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), and in Mexico, it is distributed in the areas that produce sweet citrus fruits and Mexican and Persian limes in the states of Colima (Rocha-Peña <italic>et al</italic>., 2003), Morelos (Valle-de la Paz <italic>et al</italic>., 2019a), Puebla, Veracruz (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bautista-Cruz <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), Nuevo León and Tamaulipas (Polanco <italic>et al</italic>., 2019), with important data that range between an incidence of 2 and 14% (Medina-Urrutia <italic>et al</italic>., 2002).</p>
			<p>Symptoms were observed in necrotic lesions in stems and branches, along with the appearance of a gummy exudate, followed by wilting, the yellowing of leaves, defoliation and finally, the partial or complete death of the tree (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bautista-Cruz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Berraf-Tebbal <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Aloi <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). The pathogen survives in the stubble of diseased plants, and is spread via trimming tools, but also via rainfall, irrigation, wind and insects (Moreira-Morillo <italic>et al</italic>., 2021). The disease prevails largely thanks to temperatures between 26 and 32 <sup>o</sup>C and a high relative humidity (80%) (Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010; Picos-Muñoz <italic>et al</italic>., 2015).</p>
			<p>The control of gummosis has become more efficient with the use of preventive chemical fungicides such as Carbendazim (Da Silva Pereira <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011; Valle-de la Paz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019b), Thiabendazole (Da Silva Pereira <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Camacho-Tapia <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>), Benomyl and copper-based compounds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Everett and Timudo-Torrevilla, 2007</xref>; Sáenz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019; Valle-de la Paz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019). Antagonistic microorganisms have also been used, such as <italic>Trichoderma</italic> spp. and <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Bhuvaneswari and Rao, 2001</xref>; Rusin <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021). However, the use of chemical fungicides must be revised depending on the pathogen under study, as well as avoiding the generation of resistance. Obtaining biological alternatives for control is important for the conservation of biodiversity. This study has been developed with the goals of identifying the pathogens associated to gummosis in citrus fruit orchards in Plan Chac, Sacalum, Yucatan, as well as to evaluate the chemical and biological control alternatives that offer alternatives for the management of the disease.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Materials and Methods</title>
			<p>Plant material and isolation of fungi. Plant tissue (bark) and soil samples were used, taken from a semi-commercial orchard with orange (<italic>Citrus sinensis</italic>), lemon (<italic>C. latifolia</italic>) and grapefruit trees (<italic>C. paradisi</italic>) with symptoms of exudate and necrosis. The orchard is located in the town of Plan Chac, Sacalum, Yucatan. The samples were extracted in July and October, 2023. For the isolations of the tissue, 5 mm<sup>2</sup> were cut, which were disinfected with 1 % sodium hypochlorite per minute and washed three times with sterile distilled water (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bautista-Cruz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>). The tissues were left to dry in sterile paper towels and then planted in dishes with natural PDA media (200 g potato, 20 g agar-agar, 15 g dextrose in 1000 mL of water) and incubated at 24 °C for 24 h.</p>
			<p>Soil samples were taken around the trunks of trees with symptoms and at a depth of 30 cm. For the isolation of the soil fungi, the technique consisted in serial dilutions. Thus, in the first tube, 1 g of soil in 9 mL of sterile distilled water was added; later, 1 mL of that solution (soil-water) was transferred to a series of tubes with the same characteristics (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Aziz and Zainol, 2018</xref>). Three dilutions were made of each sample (10<sup>-1</sup> to 10<sup>-3</sup>). Out of the final solution, 20 µL were transferred into dishes with the natural PDA medium, which were incubated at 24 °C for 24 h and observed under the microscope to detect fungal growth.</p>
			<p>Purifying and identifying isolates. The isolates were purified using hyphal tip, planted in a PDA medium (BD BIOXON<sup>®</sup>, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico) and kept for a 7 to 14-day day period at 24 °C in an incubator (BINDER, Model BD53- UL, Tuttlingen, Germany). The morphological characterization of the purified isolations was carried out with the following culture media: PDA with antibiotics (39 g, 200 mg of streptomycin and 1000 mL of water) and Clover Leaf Agar (CLA) (20 g agar, 1000 mL water, five pieces of carnation leaf per dish). In the PDA medium, the pigmentation and growth rates of the cultures were determined. To study the morphology of the <italic>Fusarium</italic> genus, the CLA medium and moist chambers (Petri dish, wet paper and pieces of aluminum) which were evaluated after five days for the measurement of phyalids. In addition, macro and microconidia and chlamydospores were measured. For <italic>Pestalotia</italic>, conidia were measured, and for <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic>, conidia, mature conidia and pycnidia were measured. After the incubation period, semipermanent glycerin preparations at 50% were prepared and examined with an optical microscope (Leica DM500, Heerbrugg, Germany) with a digital camera installed, with a 40x lens and the images were processed using the LAS EZ Software (version 3.4; Leica Microsystems, Germany).</p>
			<p>Pathogenicity test. Based on the highest incidence found in the isolates, four <italic>C. sinensis</italic> plants were inoculated with <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic> in sour orange <italic>C. aurantium</italic>. The surface of the healthy plant tissue was disinfected with 70 % alcohol and a lesion was made in which a disk of active, 5-day old <italic>L. pseudotheobomae</italic> growth in PDA (5 mm) was placed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bautista-Cruz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Berraf-Tebbal <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>). The lesions were healed using wet cotton and Parafilm paper (Bemis, U.S.A.). The control plants received a sterile PDA disk. The plants were evaluated under microtunnel conditions for 21 days, with a mean temperature of 24 °C (max. 47 °C, man. 11 °C) and a relative humidity of 97 % (max. 100 %, min. 85 %). Once the period is finished, the presence of signs and symptoms of gummosis was found. The leaves and stems with lesions were used, and the fungi were reisolated in PDA medium. When the culture was developed, the morphological and cultural characterization was carried out to confirm the presence of structures that coincide with the original isolation.</p>
			<p><bold>
 <italic>In vitro</italic> evaluation of chemical fungicides and antagonists.</bold> The technique consisted in the planting of the isolates in a PDA medium with fungicides at different concentrations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Dhingra and Sinclair, 1995</xref>). A 5 mm inoculant dick was extracted from the edge of the pure culture of the fungus in question. Four chemical fungicides were evaluated (Benomyl, Mancozeb, Carbendazim, Thiabendazole) and a biological product based on <italic>B. subtilis</italic>, strain QST 713. For the three isolations, seven concentrations were used with three repetitions, including the control (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The concentrations were calculated according to the volume of PDA medium and active ingredient. They were incubated at a temperature of 24°C. The inhibition percentages of the mycelial growth (IPMG) and the effective concentration (EC) were obtained. Once the mycelial growth of the control occupied the total area of the Petri dish, the growth percentage of each one of the treatments, was calculated using the formula by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Arce-Araya <italic>et al.,</italic> (2019</xref>): % fungal growth = [(Fungi diameter in PDA without fungicide - Fungi diameter in PDA with fungicide) / (Fungi diameter in PDA without fungicide) * 100]. The EC that inhibits 50 % of the mycelial growth (EC<sub>50</sub>) was calculated using the GraphPad Prism Software (version 8.0.1; GraphPad, San Diego, CA).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Treatments evaluated for the control of phytopathogenic fungi associated to the gummosis of citrus fruits in Plan Chac, Sacalum, Yucatan.</title>
					</caption>
					<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: center;">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th>Fungus</th>
								<th>Brand</th>
								<th>Active ingredient (a.i.)</th>
								<th>Concentrations evaluated (mg/L)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="4" style="font-style:italic">Fusarium solani</td>
								<td>Carbendazim</td>
								<td>Carbendazim a 500 g</td>
								<td>0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Tecto</td>
								<td>Thiabendazole a 600 g</td>
								<td>0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Benomilo</td>
								<td>Benomyl a 500 g</td>
								<td>0, 0.01, 1.0, 5.0, 10, 50, 100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Serenade</td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Bacillus subtilis cepa QST 713 a 146 g</td>
								<td>0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="4" style="font-style:italic">Pestalotia spp.</td>
								<td>Benomilo</td>
								<td>Benomyl a 500 g</td>
								<td>0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Mancozeb</td>
								<td>Mancozeb a 800 g</td>
								<td>0, 0.1, 1, 10, 50, 100, 500</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Tecto</td>
								<td>Thiabendazole a 600g</td>
								<td>0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 100</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Serenade</td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Bacillus subtilis cepa QST 713 a 146 g</td>
								<td>0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="4" style="font-style:italic">Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae</td>
								<td>Mancozeb</td>
								<td>Mancozeb a 800 g</td>
								<td>0, 0.1, 1.0, 10, 50, 100, 500</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Benomilo</td>
								<td>Benomyl a 500 g</td>
								<td>0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, 10</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Tecto</td>
								<td>Thiabendazole a 600 g</td>
								<td>0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, 10</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Serenade</td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">Bacillus subtilis cepa QST 713 a 146 g</td>
								<td>0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p><bold>Dual <italic>in vitro Trichoderma</italic> test</bold>. In order to evaluate the antagonistic ability of <italic>Trichoderma</italic>, the dual culture technique, described by Morton and Stroube (1955), was used. The test was carried out with the phytopathogenic agents obtained, and with two antagonistic agents: <italic>Trichoderma harzianum</italic> and <italic>T. viride</italic>, which belong to the INIFAP collection. The test consisted in placing a mycelium disk of each fungus (5 mm) on an edge of the Petri dish and on the opposite edge, a disk of the antagonistic agent (5 mm) was placed, with a separation of 2 cm. For each treatment, three repetitions and one control were included. They were kept at a temperature of 24 °C. Upon the termination of the period, the % of radial inhibition (PRI) was calculated using the formula by Osorio <italic>et al.</italic> (2016): PRI= [(Fungi diameter without <italic>Trichoderma</italic>-Fungi diameter with <italic>Trichoderma</italic>) / (Fungi diameter without <italic>Trichoderma</italic>) * 100].</p>
			<p>Statistical analysis. The experimental design used was completely randomized. An analysis of variance was carried out along with a comparison of means using Tukey’s test (<italic>P ≤</italic> 0.05). The results were analyzed using the SAS statistical software (version 9.0; SAS Institute, Cary, N.C.).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>Results and Discussion</title>
			<p>Morphological characterization of fungus associated with gummosis. Cultures were obtained from the plant samples that correspond to only one fungus with the following characteristics: A whit, circular growth and a filamentous edge with a spongy texture that turned military green and finally black (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>a). Picnidia, 133 µm wide x 212.69 µm long appeared, with conidia that measured (17.75-) 25.30</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Front and back of isolates in PDA culture medium of fungi related to the gummosis of citrus fruits. <bold>A)</bold> Six-day old <italic>Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae</italic> culture, obtained from tissue from the cortex. <bold>B)</bold> Six-day old <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> culture. <bold>C)</bold> Six-day old <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp<italic>.</italic> culture, both obtained from the soil. (-34.97) µm long x (11.37-) 13.30 (-18.08) µm wide, sub-ovoidal to ellipsoidal in shape, with a truncated apex and base (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). </title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-04-RMEXFIT202403-gf1.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>The conidia are initially hyaline and aspetated, and then brown and septated with a longitudinal striated. In addition, other structures such as conidiogenous cells and paraphyses appeared. These characteristics correspond to those described by Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (2013) and Liang <italic>et al.</italic> (2020) for <italic>L. pseudotheobromae.</italic></p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Microscopic morphology of fruiting <italic>Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae</italic> bodies<italic>.</italic> 
 <bold>A, B</bold> and <bold>C)</bold> Globose pycnidial conidiomata, <bold>D)</bold> mature septate conidia with longitudinal striations, <bold>E)</bold> conidiogenous cells and paraphyses and <bold>F)</bold> immature aseptate conidia.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-04-RMEXFIT202403-gf2.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>From the soil samples, cultures were obtained with a circular, cream-colored growth, filamentous edge and flat texture that turned light brown (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>b). The slightly curved, triseptate macroconidia that measured (28.99-) 35.02 (-42.76) µm in length by (4.18-) 5.18 (-6.99) µm in width. The microconidia with or without a septum, (6.86-) 10.02 (-14.08) µm in length by (5.24-) 3.75 (-2.41) µm in width. The long and cylindrical phialides measuring 97.30 µm, and double-wall chlamidospores, terminal or intercalary measuring 8.69 µm in diameter (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). The above description coincides with <italic>F. solani</italic> (Leslie and Summerell, 2006). In addition, a third, white culture with circular rings was formed, cottonlike in texture</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Microscopic morphology of <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> associated to the gummosis in citrus fruits<italic>.</italic></title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-04-RMEXFIT202403-gf3.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>A) Phialides and conidia grouped into flower heads, B) Mature septated conidia, C) Mature microconidia. and filamentous edges (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>c). Presence of acervuli measuring 506 µm and curved conidia measuring (13.19-) 21.61 (-28.07) µm in length (5.93-) 8.01 (-9.97) µm in width, with five cells of hyaline ends (terminal and apical). The terminal end presented three appendages that measured 4.96-30.3 µm, 5.33-31.06 µm and 5.28-29.81 µm. On the other hand, the apical end of just one short, 2.86-7.83 µm long appendage. This description coincides with the <italic>Pestalotia</italic> genus, with no possible distinction of a species, according to Guba (1961) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Barnett and Hunter (1998</xref>).</p>
			<p>Isolate pathogenicity test. On day 21, necrotized lesions were observed with amber-colored exudates in stems, as well as the presence of pycnidia in stems and leaves (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). Similar to findings by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bautista-Cruz <italic>et al.</italic> (2019</xref>) and Berraf- Tebbal <italic>et al.</italic> (2020). The causal agent of the gummosis disease was confirmed to correspond to <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic>, using Koch’s postulates.</p>
			<p>Effectiveness of fungicides. Our results helped identify the fungicide with the highest effectiveness in the reduction of the mycelial growth of <italic>F. solani</italic>, <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp. and <italic>L. pseudotheobromae.</italic> For <italic>F. solani,</italic> the analysis of variance displayed significant differences between Carbendazim, Thiabendazole and Serenade (<italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05). The Thiabendazole was the most effective chamical fungicide, since minimum doses were able to inhibit <italic>F. solani</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>). The benzimidazoles such as Carbendazim and Thiabendazole have been effective to control the <italic>Fusarium</italic> genus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Agrios, 2005</xref>). Zárate-Ramos <italic>et al.</italic> (2022) determined that Thiabendazole</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figure 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Symptoms and signs caused by <italic>Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae</italic> on citrus fruits, A) stem necrosis, B) presence of pycnidia on stems, and C) production of exudate or gum.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-04-RMEXFIT202403-gf4.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Mean effective concentration (EC ) (mg L<sup>-1</sup>) of each fungicide tested <italic>in vitro</italic> for the inhibition of the mycelial growth of <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> obtained from citrus orchards in Plan Chac, Sacalum, Mexico.</title>
					</caption>
					<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: center;">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th>Fungicides</th>
								<th>Mean EC<sub>50</sub></th>
								<th>Optimal value EC<sub>50</sub></th>
								<th>Confidence interval at 95%</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Benomyl</td>
								<td>0.4807<sup>a<sup>z</sup>
</sup></td>
								<td>0.4150</td>
								<td>0.2687 a 0.6068</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Carbendazim</td>
								<td>0.4274<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td>0.4243</td>
								<td>0.3477 a 0.5037</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Thiabendazole</td>
								<td>0.0612<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td>0.0610</td>
								<td>0.05179 a **</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Serenade</td>
								<td>0.04970<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td>0.0496</td>
								<td>0.04613 a 0.05303</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<label><sup>z</sup></label>
							<p>Means with the same letter in the column are statistically equal, according to Tukey’s test (<italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05). NA= Not applicable. ** = Undefined. Value of <italic>P</italic> = 0.0121.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>was effective with an EC50 of 14.50 mg L<sup>-1</sup> against <italic>F. incarnatum</italic>, while Medina- Osti <italic>et al.</italic> (2022) reported that Thiabendazole was effective at an EC<sub>50</sub> of 7.2 mg L<sup>-1</sup> against <italic>F. sacchari</italic>. In addition, the, biological product Serenade was effective (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>). The bacteria of the <italic>Bacillus</italic> genus have been reported to produce antimicrobial compounds against <italic>Fusarium</italic> (Mardanova <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017). In the scae of <italic>F. solani,</italic> to inhibit more than 50 % of the fungus, a concentration of 0.0497 mg L<sup>-1</sup> was needed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Carbendazim proved to be efficient to inhibit</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f5">
					<label>Figure 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title><italic>In vitro</italic> effect of fungicides against fungi associated to the gummosis of citrus fruits in five days. Growth of <italic>Fusarium solani</italic>: <bold>A)</bold> Medium with Thiabendazole at 0.5 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. <bold>B)</bold> Medium with Carbendazim at 0.8 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. <bold>C)</bold> Medium with Benomyl at 50 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. <bold>D)</bold> Control. Growth of <italic>Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae</italic>: <bold>E)</bold> Medium with Thiabendazole at 0.01 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. <bold>F)</bold> Medium with Benomyl at 0.1 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. <bold>G)</bold> Medium with Mancozeb at 50 mg L<sup>-1</sup> 
 <bold>H)</bold> Control. Growth of <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp.: <bold>I)</bold> Medium with Thiabendazole at 0.01 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. <bold>J)</bold> Medium with Benomyl al 1 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. <bold>K)</bold> Medium with Mancozeb at 100 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. <bold>L)</bold> Control.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-04-RMEXFIT202403-gf5.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>its mycelial growth (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>). In general, Carbendazim has displayed good results against <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> in tomato (Jahanshir and Dzhalilov, 2010) and against <italic>F. solani</italic> in chili pepper (Madhavi and Bhattiprolu, 2011). González-Oviedo <italic>et al</italic>. (2022) reported that strains of <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>, from vanilla, were sensitive to Benomyl and Carbendazim. However, Benomyl was less effective, since the highest percentage of inhibition was displayed at high elevations (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>). Applying Benomyl on the soil restricted the colonization of <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> in melon (Maraite and Meyer, 1971). Benomyl has been shown to reduce the germination rate of the <italic>Fusarium</italic> conidia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Decallonne and Meyer, 1972</xref>). Romero- Velázquez <italic>et al.</italic> (2015) determined that an EC50 of 0.01 mg L<sup>-1</sup> was presented by <italic>B. subtilis</italic> against <italic>Fusarium</italic> in chayote. On the other hand, Zarate-Ramos <italic>et al.</italic> (2022) indicated that <italic>B. subtilis</italic> was efficient with an EC50 0.00014 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, and completely inhibited <italic>Fusarium</italic> at 0.01, 0.05 and 1 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, On the other hand, the analysis of variance (<italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05) for <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp. proved that there are significant differences between Benomyl and Mancozeb. Thiabendazole proved to be the most efficient in all the concentrations evaluated (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). Hernández-Ceja <italic>et al.</italic> (2021) reported that Thiabendazole, starting at 5 mg mL<sup>-1</sup> inhibited 100% of the fungi associated with the regressive death of the cranberry: <italic>Pestalotiopsis clavispora</italic>, <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> and <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic>. With Serenade, an optimum value was obtained of EC<sub>50</sub> 0.04870 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. Monroy and Lizarazo (2010) found no antagonistic properties against <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp., with the cultivation of the fungus with <italic>Pseudomonas fluorescens</italic> and <italic>B. subtilis</italic> bacteria at a concentration of 10<sup>6</sup> UFC/mL<sup>8</sup> in PDA. Mancozeb was the least effective (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). The 100 % inhibition of the fungus was achieved with the use of the highest dose evaluated. In strawberry, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Ara <italic>et al.</italic> (2017</xref>) and Rajnish &amp; Gauta, (2022) managed to completely inhibit <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp. at concentrations of 250, 500 and 1000 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. On the other hand, Carbendazim and Mancozeb were the ones to control <italic>P. anacardii</italic> in mango (Patil <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Mean effective concentration (EC ) (mg L<sup>-1</sup>) of each fungicide tested <italic>in vitro</italic> for the inhibition of the mycelial growth of <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp. obtained from citrus orchards in Plan Chac, Sacalum, Yucatan.</title>
					</caption>
					<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: center;">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th>Fungicides</th>
								<th>Mean EC<sub>50</sub></th>
								<th>Optimal value EC<sub>50</sub></th>
								<th>Confidence interval at 95%</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Mancozeb</td>
								<td>58.73<sup>a<sup>z</sup>
</sup></td>
								<td>58.09</td>
								<td>45.44 a 73.40</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Benomyl</td>
								<td>0.0819<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td>0.06934</td>
								<td>0.03579 a **</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Serenade</td>
								<td>0.0481<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td>0.04870</td>
								<td>0.04547 a 0.05117</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Thiabendazole</td>
								<td>NA</td>
								<td>NA</td>
								<td>NA</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<label><sup>z</sup></label>
							<p>Means with the same letter in the column are statistically equal, according to Tukey’s test (<italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05). NA= Not applicable. ** = Undefined. Value of <italic>P</italic> = 0.0001.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>In <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic>, the analysis of variance indicates that there were no significant differences on the EC<sub>50</sub> between Benomyl, Serenade and Thiabendazole, although they do differ statistically with Mancozeb (<italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05). Thiabendazole was effective, since it displayed a lower value for EC<sub>50</sub> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>) and it displayed a greater inhibition, starting at 0.01 mg×L<sup>-1</sup> (98.55%). Benzimidazoles have been effective against <italic>L. theobromae</italic>. Out of 120 <italic>L. theobromae</italic> isolates, 91.6% were reported to be sensitive to benzimidazoles with EC<sub>50</sub> values ranging from 0.36 to 1.27 µg mL<sup>-1</sup> for Thiabendazole (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Da Silva <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>). Under field conditions, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Camacho-Tapia <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>) showed that the use of Thiabendazole provided good control over gummosis in lemon trees. Control with Benomyl was</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Table 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Mean effective concentration (EC ) (mg L<sup>-1</sup>) of each fungicide tested <italic>in vitro</italic> for the inhibition of the mycelial growth of <italic>Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae</italic> obtained from citrus orchards in Plan Chac, Sacalum, Yucatan.</title>
					</caption>
					<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: center;">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th>Fungicides</th>
								<th>Mean EC<sub>50</sub></th>
								<th>Optimal value EC<sub>50</sub></th>
								<th>Confidence interval at 95%</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Mancozeb</td>
								<td>58.73<sup>a<sup>z</sup>
</sup></td>
								<td>58.09</td>
								<td>45.44 a 73.40</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Benomyl</td>
								<td>0.0819<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td>0.06934</td>
								<td>0.03579 a **</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Serenade</td>
								<td>0.0481<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td>0.04870</td>
								<td>0.04547 a 0.05117</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Thiabendazole</td>
								<td>NA</td>
								<td>NA</td>
								<td>NA</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p><sup>z</sup>Means with the same letter in the column are statistically equal, according to Tukey’s test (<italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05). ** = Undefined (GraphPad Prism does not show a complete trust interval). Value of <italic>P</italic> 
 <bold>=</bold> 0.0004. achieved at low concentrations (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>); of <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> was achieved with an application of 0.1 mg L<sup>-1</sup> (86.58 %) and complete inhibition, at 10 mg×L<sup>-1</sup> (99.56 %). This is similar to results by Da Silva Pereira <italic>et al</italic>. (2021), in which the EC of Benomyl for <italic>L. theobromae</italic> was between 0.002 and 1.75 µg mL<sup>-1</sup>. In addition, some species of <italic>Botryosphaeriaceae</italic> were controlled with Benomyl (EC ranging from 0.36 to 0.55 µg mL<sup>-1</sup>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Bester <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>). The application of Benomyl and copper oxychloride-based compounds against <italic>L. theobromae</italic> is effective in different phenological stages of the crop (Sáenz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019). Serenade was the least effective, with an EC value of 0.0528 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. Mancozeb managed to control <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic> at high concentrations of 50, 100, 500 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, compared to the evaluated fungicides. This was confirmed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Dianda <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> and Sultana and Ghaffar (2010), since <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> was completely inhibited at 100 and 500 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. Mancozeb, along with Carbendazim, has allowed for broader control (Jadeja and Bhatt, 2010; Valle- de la Paz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019b). On the other hand, Sultana and Ghaffar (2010) obtained good results with the application of <italic>B. subtilis</italic> in pre- and post-emergence control of <italic>L. theobromae.</italic></p>
			<p><bold>Effect of <italic>Trichoderma</italic>.</bold> Both <italic>T. harzianum</italic> and <italic>T. viride</italic> inhibited the development of fungi related to the gummosis of citrus fruits; however, according to the ANOVA, <italic>T. harzianum</italic> caused the greatest inhibition. Its effectiveness as a biological agent control against fungi, nematodes and insects has been reported (Ferreira and Musumeci, 2021). In <italic>F. solani</italic>, the ANOVA indicates that <italic>T. harzianum</italic> (61.08%) displayed significant differences in comparison with <italic>T. viride</italic> (22.17%) (<italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>). Likewise, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Fernández and Suárez (2009) </xref>reported that applying <italic>T. harzianum</italic> inhibited over 50 % of <italic>Fusarium</italic> in passionfruit. In eggplants, Ganesh and Dwivedi (2019) reported that around 20 % of <italic>Fusarium</italic> was inhibited</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
					<label>Cuadro 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Percentage of mycelial growth inhibition by the effect of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> against <italic>F. solani</italic>, <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp. and <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic>.</title>
					</caption>
					<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: center;">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th>Pathogen</th>
								<th>Treatments</th>
								<th>Mean</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="4" style="font-style:italic">Fusarium solani</td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">T. harzianum</td>
								<td>61.08<sup>a<sup>z</sup>
</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style:italic">T. viride</td>
								<td>22.17<sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>P value</td>
								<td>0.0001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DMS</td>
								<td>5.549</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="4" style="font-style:italic">Pestalotia spp.</td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">T. harzianum</td>
								<td>62.93<sup>a<sup>z</sup>
</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style:italic">T. viride</td>
								<td>53.78<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>P value</td>
								<td>0.0001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DMS</td>
								<td>14.76</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="4" style="font-style:italic">Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae</td>
								<td style="font-style:italic">T. harzianum</td>
								<td>35.64<sup>a<sup>z</sup>
</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-style:italic">T. viride</td>
								<td>25.45<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>P value</td>
								<td>0.0001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DMS</td>
								<td>4.856</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p><sup>z</sup>Means with the same letter in the column do not differ statistically according to Tukey’s test (<italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05). LSD; Least significant difference. with <italic>T. viride</italic>. Madhavi and Bhattiprolu (2011) indicate that the integration of different treatments such as soaking seedlings with Carbendazim, the addition of vermicompost, soaking with fungicide and the application of <italic>T. viride</italic> is efficient for the control of the wilting disease by <italic>Fusarium</italic> in chili pepper. For <italic>Pestalotia</italic>, the analysis of variance (<italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05) indicates that <italic>T. harzianum</italic> (62.93%) displayed significant differences in comparison with <italic>T. viride</italic> (53.78%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>). In mango, the fungus was inhibited with the application of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> (72.88%) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Bhuvaneswari and Rao, 2001</xref>). In the case of <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic>, the ANOVA (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05) indicates that <italic>T. harzianum</italic> (35.64%) did not display significant differences in comparison with <italic>T. viride</italic> (25.45%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Boat <italic>et al.</italic> (2022</xref>) determined that <italic>T. harzianum</italic> reduced <italic>L. theobromae</italic> by 64.1%, whereas Bhuvaneswari and Rao (2001) reported that 62.41% of the fungal mycelial growth was reduced. Likewise, Da Silva <italic>et al.</italic> (2022) showed that <italic>Trichoderma</italic> reduced the growth of <italic>F. solani</italic> (34%) and <italic>L. theobromae</italic> (89%) related to <italic>Nopalea cochinillifera</italic>. In Morelos, <italic>L. citricola</italic> was found to be sensitive to the evaluated doses of <italic>T. harzianum</italic> (0.55, 0.39 and 0.19 g/100 mL) (Valle-de la Paz, 2019a).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f6">
					<label>Figure 6</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Effect of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> spp. In the development of fungi associated to the gummosis of citrus fruits. <bold>A)</bold> 
 <italic>Fusarium solani vs T. harzianum.</italic> 
 <bold>B)</bold> 
 <italic>F. solani</italic> vs <italic>T. viride.</italic> 
 <bold>C)</bold> 
 <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp vs <italic>T. harzianum</italic>. <bold>D)</bold> 
 <italic>Pestalotia</italic> vs <italic>T. viride.</italic> 
 <bold>E)</bold> 
 <italic>Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae</italic> vs <italic>T. harzianum.</italic> 
 <bold>F)</bold> 
 <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic> vs <italic>T. viride</italic>.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-04-RMEXFIT202403-gf6.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>The morphological identification and pathogenicity tests showed that the disease of gummosis in citrus fruits from the town of Plan Chac in Sacalum, Yucatan, is caused by <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic>. In addition, other phytopathogenic fungi were identified: <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp. and <italic>F. solani</italic>. The treatment with Thiabendazole, <italic>B. subtilis</italic> strain QST 713 and <italic>T. harzianum</italic> control <italic>F. solani</italic>, L. <italic>pseudotheobromae</italic> and <italic>Pestalotia spp</italic>. efficiently. The management of gummosis fruits can be carried out in combination with the use of biological agents, thus reducing the use of chemical control and avoiding a possible long resistance with its long-term use.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="es">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Control biológico y químico <italic>in vitro</italic> de hongos asociados a la gomosis en cítricos en Yucatán, México</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Antecedentes/Objetivo. </title>
					<p>En todas las regiones productoras de cítricos en el mundo la gomosis es una enfermedad que ha causado pérdidas en la producción de cítricos. Esta enfermedad es causada por varios patógenos. Los objetivos fueron, identificar los hongos asociados a la gomosis en huertas de cítricos de Plan Chac, Sacalum, Yucatán; y evaluar alternativas químicas y biológicas para el control de los hongos asociados a la gomosis.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales y Métodos. </title>
					<p>A partir de tejido vegetal y suelo, se aislaron los hongos asociados. Los aislamientos se identificaron morfológicamente en el tejido vegetal como <italic>Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae</italic> y en suelo como <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> y <italic>Pesta- lotia</italic> spp. La prueba de patogenicidad determinó que <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic> es un agente asociado a ésta enfermedad. Los aislamientos fueron sometidos a pruebas <italic>in vitro</italic> con fungicidas químicos y agentes antagonistas.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados y Discusión. </title>
					<p>El Tiabendazol mostró efectividad para <italic>F. solani</italic> con una concentración efectiva para inhibir el 50 % de la población (CE<sub>50</sub>) de 0.0612 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, para <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp. se inhibió el crecimiento a todas las concentraciones evaluadas y para <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic>, mostró una CE de 0.0049 mg L . En el caso de <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> cepa QST 713, disminuyó el crecimiento de <italic>F. solani</italic> (CE 0.0496 mg L ), <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp. (CE 0.0487 mg L ) y <italic>L. pseudotheobroma</italic>e (CE 0.0528 mg L<sup>-1</sup>). Por otro lado, <italic>Trichoderma harzianum</italic> mostró una mayor inhibición contra <italic>F. solani</italic>, <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp. y <italic>L. pseudotheobroma</italic>e del 61.08, 62.93 y 35.64 %, respectivamente.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión. </title>
					<p>En el manejo de gomosis en cítricos se puede incluir con eficiencia el uso de agentes biológicos como <italic>Trichoderma</italic> y <italic>B. subtilis</italic> ofreciendo alternativas con menor impacto en el medio ambiente.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Bacillus</kwd>
				<kwd>inhibición micelial</kwd>
				<kwd>Lasiodiplodia</kwd>
				<kwd>Tiabendazol</kwd>
				<kwd><italic>Tricho- derma</italic>.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduccion</title>
				<p> Distintos agentes fitopatógenos han sido asociados a la gomosis de los cítricos. Se ha reportado principalmente a especies del género <italic>Phytophthora</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Bright <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Brentu y Vicent, 2015</xref>; Graham y Feichtenberger, 2015). Sin embargo, los miembros de la familia Botryosphaeriaceae han mostrado relevancia debido a su capacidad de adaptación para enfermar a otros cultivos cercanos a las parcelas de hospedantes nativos originales (Mondragon-Flores <italic>et al</italic>., 2021).</p>
				<p>La gomosis se encuentra distribuida en todas las zonas citrícolas del mundo. Ha causado pérdidas en Italia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Aloi <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>), Argelia (Linaldeddu <italic>et al</italic>., 2015; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Berraf-Tebbal <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>), Irán (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abdollahzadeh <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>) y Estados Unidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Adesemoye <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), y en México se encuentra distribuida en las zonas pro- ductoras de cítricos dulces y en limones Mexicano y Persa de los estados de: Co- lima (Rocha-Peña <italic>et al</italic>., 2003), Morelos (Valle-de la Paz <italic>et al</italic>., 2019a), Puebla, Veracruz (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bautista-Cruz <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>), Nuevo León y Tamaulipas (Polanco <italic>et al</italic>., 2019) con importantes daños que fluctúan del 2 al 14 % de incidencia (Medina- Urrutia <italic>et al</italic>., 2002).</p>
				<p>Los síntomas en tallos y ramas se observan en lesiones necrosadas y la aparición de un exudado gomoso, posteriormente marchitez, amarillamiento de hojas, defo- liación y finalmente muerte parcial o completa del árbol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bautista-Cruz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Berraf-Tebbal <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Aloi <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). El patógeno sobrevive en el rastrojo de plantas enfermas, y se disemina por medio de las herramientas de poda; pero también mediante lluvia, riego, viento e insectos (Moreira-Morillo <italic>et al</italic>., 2021). La enfermedad prevalece en mayor medida a temperaturas entre los 26 a 32 <sup>o</sup>C y alta humedad relativa (80 %) (Úrbez-Torres <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010; Picos-Muñoz <italic>et al</italic>., 2015).</p>
				<p>El control de la gomosis se ha eficientado con el uso de fungicidas químicos preventivos como Carbendazim (Da Silva Pereira <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011; Valle-de la Paz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019b), Tiabendazol (Da Silva Pereira <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Camacho-Tapia <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>), Benomilo y compuestos a base de cobre (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Everett y Timudo-Torrevilla, 2007</xref>; Sáenz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019; Valle-de la Paz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019). También se han usado microorganis- mos antagonistas como <italic>Trichoderma</italic> spp. y <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Bhuvaneswari y Rao, 2001</xref>; Rusin <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021). Sin embargo, la aplicación de fungicidas químicos se debe revisar según el patógeno de estudio, así como evitar la generación de resis- tencia. Procurar alternativas biológicas para el control es importante para la con- servación de la biodiversidad. Este estudio se ha desarrollado con los objetivos de identificar los patógenos asociados a la gomosis en huertas de cítricos de Plan Chac, Sacalum, Yucatán; y evaluar alternativas de control químico y biológico que ofrezcan alternativas al manejo de la enfermedad. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>Materiales y métodos</title>
				<p>Material vegetal y aislamiento de hongos. Se usaron muestras del tejido vegetal (corteza) y de suelo provenientes de un huerto semicomercial con árboles de na- ranjo (<italic>Citrus sinensis</italic>), limón (<italic>C. latifolia</italic>) y toronjo (<italic>C. paradisi</italic>) con síntomas de exudado y necrosis. El huerto se encuentra ubicado en la localidad de Plan Chac, Sacalum, Yucatán. Las muestras fueron extraídas en julio y octubre de 2023. Para los aislamientos del tejido se cortaron fragmentos (5 mm<sup>2</sup>) que se desinfectaron con hipoclorito de sodio al 1 % por un minuto y se lavaron tres veces con agua destilada estéril (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bautista-Cruz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>). Los tejidos se dejaron secar en papel absorbente estéril y después se sembraron en cajas con medio PDA natural (200 g papa, 20 g agar-agar, 15 g de dextrosa en 1000 mL de agua) y se incubaron a 24 °C por 24 h. Las muestras de suelo fueron tomadas alrededor del tronco de árboles con sín- tomas y a una profundidad de 30 cm. Para el aislamiento de los hongos del suelo, la técnica consistió en diluciones seriadas; así en el primer tubo se añadió 1 g de suelo en 9 mL de agua destilada estéril, posteriormente se transfirió 1 mL de esa solución (suelo-agua) a una serie de tubos con las mismas características (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Aziz y Zainol, 2018</xref>). Se hicieron tres diluciones de cada muestra (10<sup>-1</sup> hasta 10<sup>-3</sup>). Se transfirieron 20 µL de la solución final en cajas con medio PDA natural que se incubaron a 24 °C durante 24 h y se observaron al microscopio para detectar crecimiento fúngico.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Purificación de aislados e identificación.</title>
				<p>La purificación de los aislados se obtuvo mediante punta de hifa y se sembraron en medio PDA (BD BIOXON<sup>®</sup>, Cuautitlán Izcalli, México) y se mantuvieron durante un periodo de 7 a 14 días a 24 °C en in- cubadora (BINDER, Modelo BD53-UL, Tuttlingen, Alemania). La caracterización morfológica de los aislamientos purificados se llevó acabo con los siguientes me- dios de cultivo: PDA con antibióticos (39 g, 200 mg de estreptomicina y 1000 mL de agua,) y Agar Hoja de Clavel (CLA) (20 g agar, 1000 mL de agua, cinco fragmentos de hojas de clavel por cada caja). En el medio PDA, se determinó la pigmentación y la tasa de crecimiento de las colonias. Para estudiar la morfología del género <italic>Fu- sarium</italic> se usó medio CLA y cámaras húmedas (caja Petri, papel húmedo y trozos de aluminio) que se evaluaron a los cinco días para la medición de fiálides. Adicio- nalmente, se midieron macro y microconidios y clamidosporas; para <italic>Pestalotia</italic> se midieron conidios; y para <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> se midieron conidios maduros y picnidios. Después del periodo de incubación se hicieron preparaciones semipermanentes de glicerina al 50 % de cada aislado y se examinaron con un microscopio óptico (Leica DM500, Heerbrugg, Alemania) con cámara digital instalada, con un objetivo de 40x y las imágenes se procesaron a través del Software LAS EZ (versión 3.4; Leica Microsystems, Alemania).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Prueba de patogenicidad.</title>
				<p>Con base en la mayor incidencia encontrada en los aislados, se inocularon con <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic> cuatro plantas de <italic>C. sinensis</italic> in- jertada en naranja agria <italic>C. aurantium</italic>. Se desinfectó la superficie del tejido sano de la planta con alcohol al 70 %, y se practicó una herida en donde se colocó un disco de crecimiento activo de <italic>L. pseudotheobomae</italic> en PDA (5 mm) de cinco días de edad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bautista-Cruz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Berraf-Tebbal <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>). Se sellaron las heridas con algodón húmedo y papel tipo Parafilm (Bemis, EEUU). Las plantas testigo recibieron un disco PDA estéril. Las plantas fueron evaluadas en condiciones de microtúnel durante 21 días, con temperatura media de 24 °C (máx. 47 °C, mín. 11 °C) y humedad relativa de 97 % (máx. 100 %, mín. 85 %). Una vez cul- minado el periodo, se observó la presencia de signos y síntomas pertenecientes a la gomosis. Se utilizaron las hojas y tallos con lesiones, y se reaislaron los hongos en medio PDA. Cuando se desarrolló la colonia, se llevó a cabo la caracterización morfológica y cultural, para confirmar la presencia de estructuras que coincidan con el aislado original.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Evaluación <italic>in vitro</italic> de fungicidas químicos y antagonistas.</bold></title>
				<p>La técnica consistió en la siembra de los aislados en medio PDA con fungicida a diversas concentra- ciones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Dhingra y Sinclair, 1995</xref>). Se extrajo un disco de inóculo de 5 mm de la periferia de la colonia pura del hongo en cuestión. Se evaluaron cuatro fungici- das químicos (Benomilo, Mancozeb, Carbendazim, Tiabendazol) y un producto biológico a base de <italic>B. subtilis</italic> cepa QST 713. Para los tres aislados, se usaron 7 concentraciones con tres repeticiones, incluido el testigo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Cuadro 1</xref>). Las concen- traciones se calcularon según el volumen de medio PDA e ingrediente activo. Se incubaron a una temperatura de 24 °C. Se obtuvieron los porcentajes de inhibición del crecimiento micelial (PICM) y la concentración efectiva (CE). Una vez que el crecimiento micelial del testigo ocupó el área total de la caja de Petri, se calculó el porcentaje de crecimiento de cada uno de los tratamientos con la fórmula de Arce- Araya <italic>et al.,</italic> (2019): % crecimiento del hongo= [(Diámetro del hongo en PDA</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Cuadro 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Tratamientos evaluados para el control de hongos fitopatógenos asociados a la gomosis de los cítri- cos en Plan Chac, Sacalum, Yucatán.</title>
						</caption>
						<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: center;">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Hongo</th>
									<th>Producto comercial</th>
									<th>Principio activo (i.a.)</th>
									<th>Concentraciones evaluadas (mg/L)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="4" style="font-style:italic">Fusarium solani</td>
									<td>Carbendazim</td>
									<td>Carbendazim a 500 g</td>
									<td>0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tecto</td>
									<td>Tiabendazol a 600 g</td>
									<td>0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Benomilo</td>
									<td>Benomil a 500 g</td>
									<td>0, 0.01, 1.0, 5.0, 10, 50, 100</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Serenade</td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Bacillus subtilis cepa QST 713 a 146 g</td>
									<td>0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="4" style="font-style:italic">Pestalotia spp.</td>
									<td>Benomilo</td>
									<td>Benomil a 500 g</td>
									<td>0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 100</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Mancozeb</td>
									<td>Mancozeb a 800 g</td>
									<td>0, 0.1, 1, 10, 50, 100, 500</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tecto</td>
									<td>Tiabendazol a 600 g</td>
									<td>0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 100</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Serenade</td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Bacillus subtilis cepa QST 713 a 146 g</td>
									<td>0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="4" style="font-style:italic">Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae</td>
									<td>Mancozeb</td>
									<td>Mancozeb a 800 g</td>
									<td>0, 0.1, 1.0, 10, 50, 100, 500</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Benomilo</td>
									<td>Benomil a 500 g</td>
									<td>0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, 10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tecto</td>
									<td>Tiabendazol a 600 g</td>
									<td>0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, 10</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Serenade</td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Bacillus subtilis cepa QST 713 a 146 g</td>
									<td>0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>sin fungicida-Diámetro del hongo en PDA con fungicida) / (Diámetro del hongo en PDA sin fungicida) * 100]. La CE que inhibe el 50 % del crecimiento micelial (CE<sub>50</sub>) se calculó mediante el Software GraphPad Prism (versión 8.0.1; GraphPad, San Diego, CA).</p>
				<p><bold>Prueba dual <italic>in vitro</italic> de <italic>Trichoderma</italic>
</bold> .</p>
				<p>Para evaluar la capacidad antagónica de <italic>Trichoderma</italic>, se utilizó la técnica de cultivo dual descrita por Morton y Stroube (1955). Se realizó la prueba con los agentes fitopatógenos obtenidos, y dos agentes antagonistas: <italic>Trichoderma harzianum</italic> y <italic>T. viride</italic> que pertenecen a la colección del INIFAP. La prueba consistió en colocar un disco de micelio de cada hongo (5 mm) en un extremo de la caja Petri y en el otro extremo se colocó un disco del agente antagonista (5 mm), a una separación de 2 cm. Para cada tratamiento se incluye- ron tres repeticiones y un testigo. Se mantuvieron a una temperatura de 24 °C. Al culminar el periodo se calculó el % de inhibición radial (PICR) con la fórmula de Osorio <italic>et al.</italic> (2016): PICR= [(Diámetro del hongo sin <italic>Trichoderma</italic>-Diámetro del hongo con <italic>Trichoderma</italic>) / (Diámetro del hongo sin <italic>Trichoderma</italic>) * 100].</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Análisis estadístico.</title>
				<p>El diseño experimental utilizado fue completamente al azar. Se realizó un análisis de varianza y una comparación de medias con la prueba de Tukey (<italic>P ≤</italic> 0.05). Los resultados se analizaron con el software estadístico SAS (versión 9.0; SAS Institute, Cary, N.C.).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>Resultados y discusión</title>
				<p>Caracterización morfológica de hongos asociados a la gomosis. De las muestras vegetales, se obtuvieron colonias que corresponden a un solo hongo, con las siguientes características: un crecimiento circular de color blanco y de borde filamentoso con textura esponjada que se tornó a color verde militar y finalmente a negro (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>a). Se presentaron picnidios de 133 µm de ancho x 212.69 µm de largo con</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Anverso y reverso de aislamientos en medio de cultivo PDA de hongos asociados a la go- mosis de los cítricos. <bold>A)</bold> Colonia de <italic>Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae</italic> de seis días de edad, obtenida de tejido de la corteza. <bold>B)</bold> Colonia de <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> de seis días de edad. <bold>C)</bold> Colonia de <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp<italic>.</italic> de seis días de edad, ambos obtenidos del suelo.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-04-RMEXFIT202403-gf7.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>conidios que medían (17.75-) 25.30 (-34.97) µm de largo x (11.37-) 13.30 (-18.08) µm de ancho, de forma subovoide a elipsoide, con ápice y base truncada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2</xref>). Los conidios son inicialmente hialinos y aseptados, y posteriormente septados de color café con estriado longitudinal. Además, se presentaron otras estructuras como células conidiógenas y paráfisis. Estas características corresponden a las descritas por Phillips <italic>et al.</italic> (2013) y Liang <italic>et al.</italic> (2020) para <italic>L. pseudotheobromae.</italic></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Morfología microscópica de cuerpos fructíferos de <italic>Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae.</italic> 
 <bold>A, B</bold> y <bold>C)</bold> Conidiomas picnidiales globosos, <bold>D)</bold> conidios maduros septados con estriados longi- tudinales, <bold>E)</bold> células conidiógenas y paráfisis y <bold>F)</bold> conidios aseptados inmaduros.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-04-RMEXFIT202403-gf8.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>De las muestras de suelo, se obtuvieron colonias con crecimiento circular de color crema con borde filamentoso y de textura plana que se tornó a una tonali- dad café claro (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>b). Los macroconidios triseptados ligeramente curvos de (28.99-) 35.02 (-42.76) µm de largo por (4.18-) 5.18 (-6.99) µm de ancho. Los microconidios con uno o sin septo de (6.86-) 10.02 (-14.08) µm de largo por (5.24-) 3.75 (-2.41) µm de ancho. Las fiálides largas y cilíndricas de 97.30 µm, y clamidosporas de doble pared, terminales o intercalares de 8.69 µm de diámetro (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3</xref>). La anterior descripción coincide con <italic>F. solani</italic> (Leslie y Summerell,</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f9">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Morfología microscópica de <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> asociado a la gomosis de los cítricos<italic>.</italic> 
 <bold>A)</bold> Fiáli- des y conidios agrupados en cabezuelas, <bold>B)</bold> Macroconidios maduros septados, <bold>C)</bold> Microco- nidios maduros.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-04-RMEXFIT202403-gf9.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>2006). Adicionalmente, se obtuvo una tercera colonia de color blanco con forma- ción de anillos circulares, de textura algodonosa y bordes filamentosos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>c). Presencia de acérvulos de 506 µm y conidios curvos de (13.19-) 21.61 (-28.07) µm de largo por (5.93-) 8.01 (-9.97) µm de ancho, con cinco células de extremos hia- linos (terminal y apical). El extremo terminal presentó tres apéndices que medían 4.96-30.3 µm, 5.33-31.06 µm y 5.28-29.81 µm. Por otro lado, el extremo apical de un solo apéndice corto de 2.86-7.83 µm de largo. Está descripción coincide con el género <italic>Pestalotia</italic>, sin que se pueda diferenciar una especie de acuerdo con Guba (1961) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Barnett y Hunter (1998</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Prueba de patogenicidad de aislamientos.</title>
				<p>A los 21 días se observaron lesiones necrosadas con exudados ámbar en tallos, así como presencia de picnidios en tallos y hojas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4</xref>). Similar a lo obtenido por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Bautista-Cruz <italic>et al.</italic> (2019</xref>) y Berraf- Tebbal <italic>et al.</italic> (2020). Se confirmó que el agente causal de la enfermedad de la gomo- sis corresponde a <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic>, a través de los postulados de Koch.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Efectividad de fungicidas.</title>
				<p>Los resultados obtenidos permitieron identificar al fungicida con mayor efectividad para disminuir el crecimiento micelial de <italic>F. sola- ni</italic>, <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp. y <italic>L. pseudotheobromae.</italic> Para <italic>F. solani,</italic> el análisis de varianza mostró diferencias significativas entre Carbendazim, Tiabendazol y Serenade (<italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05). El Tiabendazol fue el fungicida químico más efectivo debido a que a dosis mínimas logró inhibir a <italic>F. solani</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Cuadro 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref>). Los benzimidazoles como el</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f10">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Síntomas y signos ocasionados por <italic>Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae</italic> en cítricos, A) necrosamiento de tallos, B) presencia de picnidios en tallos, y C) producción de exudado o goma.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-04-RMEXFIT202403-gf10.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Cuadro 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Concentración media efectiva (CE ) (mg L<sup>-1</sup>) de cada fungicida probado para la inhibición del crecimiento micelial <italic>in vitro</italic> de <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> obtenidos de huertas de cítricos en Plan Chac, Sacalum, México.</title>
						</caption>
						<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: center;">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Fungicidas</th>
									<th>Media CE<sub>50</sub></th>
									<th>Valor óptimo CE<sub>50</sub></th>
									<th>Intervalo de confianza al 95%</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Benomilo</td>
									<td>0.4807 a<sup>z</sup></td>
									<td>0.4150</td>
									<td>0.2687 a 0.6068</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Carbendazim</td>
									<td>0.4274 ab</td>
									<td>0.4243</td>
									<td>0.3477 a 0.5037</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tiabendazol</td>
									<td>0.0612 b</td>
									<td>0.0610</td>
									<td>0.05179 a **</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Serenade</td>
									<td>0.04970 b</td>
									<td>0.0496</td>
									<td>0.04613 a 0.05303</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<label><sup>z</sup></label>
								<p>Medias con la misma letra dentro de la columna, son estadísticamente iguales según la prueba Tukey (<italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05). NA= No aplica. ** = Indefinido. Valor de <italic>P</italic> = 0.0121.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Carbendazim y Tiabendazol han sido efectivos para controlar al género <italic>Fusarium</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Agrios, 2005</xref>). Zárate-Ramos <italic>et al.</italic> (2022) determinaron que el Tiabendazol fue efectivo con CE50 de 14.50 mg L<sup>-1</sup> contra <italic>F. incarnatum</italic>, mientras que Medina-Osti <italic>et al.</italic> (2022) reportaron que Tiabendazol fue efectivo a una CE50 de 7.2 mg L<sup>-1</sup> contra <italic>F. sacchari</italic>. También, el producto biológico Serenade fue efectivo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Cuadro 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref>). Se ha reportado que las bacterias del género <italic>Bacillus</italic> producen com- ponentes antimicrobianos contra <italic>Fusarium</italic> (Mardanova <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017). En el caso de <italic>F. solani,</italic> para inhibir más del 50 % del hongo, fue necesario una concentración</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f11">
						<label>Figura 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Efecto <italic>in vitro</italic> de fungicidas contra hongos asociados a la gomosis de los cítricos en cinco días. Crecimeinto de <italic>Fusarium solani</italic>: <bold>A)</bold> Medio con Tiabendazol al 0.5 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. <bold>B)</bold> Medio con Carbendazim al 0.8 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. <bold>C)</bold> Medio con Benomil al 50 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. <bold>D)</bold> Testigo. Crecimiento de <italic>Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae</italic>: <bold>E)</bold> Medio con Tiaben- dazol al 0.01 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. <bold>F)</bold> Medio con Benomil al 0.1 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. <bold>G)</bold> Medio con Mancozeb al 50 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. <bold>H)</bold> Testigo. Crecimiento de <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp.: <bold>I)</bold> Medio con Tiabendazol al 0.01 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. <bold>J)</bold> Medio con Benomil al 1 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. <bold>K)</bold> Medio con Mancozeb al 100 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. <bold>L)</bold> Testigo.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-04-RMEXFIT202403-gf11.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>de 0.0497 mg L<sup>-1</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Cuadro 2</xref>). Carbendazim mostró ser eficiente para inhibir su cre- cimiento micelial (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Cuadro 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref>). En general, el Carbendazim ha mostrado buenos resultados contra <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> en tomate (Jahanshir y Dzhalilov, 2010) y contra <italic>F. solani</italic> en chile (Madhavi y Bhattiprolu, 2011). González-Oviedo <italic>et al</italic>. (2022) reportaron que cepas de <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>, provenientes de vainilla, fueron sen- sibles a Benomilo y Carbendazim. Sin embargo, el Benomilo fue menos efectivo, dado que el mayor porcentaje de inhibición se presentó a concentraciones elevadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Cuadro 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref>). La aplicación de Benomilo al suelo restringió la colonización de <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> en melón (Maraite y Meyer, 1971). Se ha demostrado que el Be- nomilo reduce el índice de germinación de las conidias de <italic>Fusarium</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Decallonne y Meyer, 1972</xref>). Romero-Velázquez <italic>et al.</italic> (2015) determinaron que se presentó una CE50 del 0.01 mg L<sup>-1</sup> por <italic>B. subtilis</italic> contra <italic>Fusarium</italic> en chayote. Por otro lado, Zarate-Ramos <italic>et al.</italic> (2022) indicaron que <italic>B. subtilis</italic> fue eficiente con CE<sub>50</sub> 0.00014 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, e inhibió completamente a <italic>Fusarium</italic> a 0.01, 0.05 y 1 mg L<sup>-1</sup>,</p>
				<p>Por otra parte, el análisis de varianza (<italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05) para <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp. mostró que existen diferencias significativas entre Benomilo y Mancozeb. El Tiabenda- zol mostró ser el más efectivo en todas las concentraciones evaluadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Cuadro 3</xref>). Hernández-Ceja <italic>et al.</italic> (2021), reportaron que Tiabendazol a partir de 5 mg mL<sup>-1</sup> logró inhibir el 100 % de hongos asociados a la muerte regresiva del arándano: <italic>Pestalotiopsis clavispora</italic>, <italic>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</italic> y <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic>. Con Serenade se obtuvo un valor óptimo de CE 0.04870 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. Monroy y Liza- razo (2010), no encontraron propiedades antagonistas contra <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp., con la siembra del hongo con bacterias <italic>Pseudomonas fluorescens</italic> y <italic>B. subtilis</italic> a una concentración 10<sup>6</sup> UFC/mL<sup>8</sup> en PDA. El Mancozeb fue el menos efectivo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Cuadro 3</xref>). La inhibición del 100 % del hongo se logró con la aplicación de la dosis más alta evaluada. En fresa, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Ara <italic>et al.</italic> (2017</xref>) y Rajnish &amp; Gauta, (2022), lograron inhibir a <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp. completamente a concentraciones de 250, 500 y 1000 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. Por otro lado, el Carbendazim y Mancozeb fueron los que controlaron a <italic>P. anacardii</italic> en mango (Patil <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Cuadro 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Concentración media efectiva (CE ) (mg L<sup>-1</sup>) de cada fungicida probado para la inhibición del crecimiento micelial <italic>in vitro</italic> de <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp. obtenidos de huertas de cítricos en Plan Chac, Sacalum, Yucatán.</title>
						</caption>
						<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: center;">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Fungicidas</th>
									<th>Media CE<sub>50</sub></th>
									<th>Valor óptimo CE<sub>50</sub></th>
									<th>Intervalo de confianza al 95 %</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Mancozeb</td>
									<td>58.73 a<sup>z</sup></td>
									<td>58.09</td>
									<td>45.44 a 73.40</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Benomilo</td>
									<td>0.0819 b</td>
									<td>0.06934</td>
									<td>0.03579 a **</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Serenade</td>
									<td>0.0481 b</td>
									<td>0.04870</td>
									<td>0.04547 a 0.05117</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tiabendazol</td>
									<td>NA</td>
									<td>NA</td>
									<td>NA</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<label><sup>z</sup></label>
								<p>Medias con la misma letra dentro de la columna, son estadísticamente iguales según la prueba Tukey (<italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05). NA= No aplica. ** = Indefinido. Valor de <italic>P</italic> = 0.0001.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>En <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic> el análisis de varianza indica que no hubo diferencias significativas sobre la CE<sub>50</sub> entre Benomilo, Serenade y Tiabendazol, sin embargo, si difieren estadísticamente con Mancozeb (<italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05). El Tiabendazol fue efecti- vo, ya que mostro un valor de CE<sub>50</sub> menor (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Cuadro 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref>) y presentó mayor inhibición a partir de 0.01 mg×L<sup>-1</sup> (98.55 %). Los benzimidazólicos han sido efec- tivos contra <italic>L. theobromae</italic>. En 120 aislados de <italic>L. theobromae</italic> se determinó que</p>
				<p>91.6 % fueron sensibles a benzimidazólicos con CE50 de 0.36 al 1.27 µg mL<sup>-1</sup> para Tiabendazol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Da Silva <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>). En condiciones de campo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Camacho-Tapia <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>) demostraron que la aplicación de Tiabendazol, permitió un buen control de la gomosis en limón. El control con Benomilo se logró a concentraciones bajas</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t9">
						<label>Cuadro 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Concentración media efectiva (CE ) (mg L<sup>-1</sup>) de cada fungicida probado para la in- hibición del crecimiento micelial <italic>in vitro</italic> de <italic>Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae</italic> obte- nidos de huertas de cítricos en Plan Chac, Sacalum, Yucatán.</title>
						</caption>
						<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: center;">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Fungicidas</th>
									<th>Media CE<sub>50</sub></th>
									<th>Valor óptimo CE<sub>50</sub></th>
									<th>Intervalo de confianza al 95 %</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Mancozeb</td>
									<td>20.96 a<sup>z</sup></td>
									<td>25.59</td>
									<td>-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Benomilo</td>
									<td>0.0638 b</td>
									<td>0.0638</td>
									<td>0.04696 a **</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Serenade</td>
									<td>0.0528 b</td>
									<td>0.0528</td>
									<td>0.05052 a 0.05537</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Tiabendazol</td>
									<td>0.0049 b</td>
									<td>0.0056</td>
									<td>**</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<label><sup>z</sup></label>
								<p>Medias con la misma letra dentro de la columna, son estadísticamente iguales según la prueba Tukey (<italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05). ** = Indefinido (GraphPad Prism no muestra un intervalo de confianza com- pleto). Valor de <italic>P</italic> 
 <bold>=</bold> 0.0004.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Cuadro 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref>), la inhibición de <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> se logró la aplicación de 0.1 mg L<sup>-1</sup> (86.58 %) y se inhibió completamente a 10 mg×L<sup>-1</sup> (99.56 %). Similar a lo obtenido por Da Silva Pereira <italic>et al</italic>. (2021), donde la CE<sub>50</sub> de Benomilo para <italic>L. the- obromae</italic> fue de 0.002 a 1.75 µg mL<sup>-1</sup>. También, algunas especies de <italic>Botryosphae- riaceae</italic> fueron controlados con Benomilo (CE a 0.36 a 0.55 µg mL<sup>-1</sup>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Bester <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>). La aplicación de Benomilo y compuestos a base de oxicloruro de cobre contra <italic>L. theobromae</italic> es efectiva en distintas fases fenológicas del cultivo (Sáenz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019). El Serenade fue menos efectivo, con valor de CE a 0.0528 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. El Mancozeb logró controlar a <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic> a altas concentraciones de 50, 100, 500 mg L<sup>-1</sup>, en comparación con los fungicidas evaluados. Esto último lo confirman <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Dianda <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> y Sultana y Ghaffar (2010), dado que se inhibió completamente a <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic> a 100 y 500 mg L<sup>-1</sup>. El Mancozeb en conjunto con Carbendazim ha permitido un control más amplio (Jadeja y Bhatt, 2010; Valle- de la Paz <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019b). Por otro lado, Sultana y Ghaffar (2010), obtuvieron buenos resultados con la aplicación de <italic>B. subtilis</italic> en el control de pre y post-emergencia en el control de <italic>L. theobromae.</italic></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Efecto de <italic>Trichoderma</italic>.</bold></title>
				<p>Tanto <italic>T. harzianum</italic> como <italic>T. viride</italic> inhibieron el desarrollo de los hongos asociados a la gomosis de los cítricos; sin embargo, de acuerdo con el ANVA, <italic>T. harzianum</italic> causó la mayor inhibición. Se ha reportado su efectividad como agente de control biológico contra hongos, nematodos e insectos (Ferreira y Musumeci, 2021). En <italic>F. solani</italic>, el ANVA indica que <italic>T. harzianum</italic> (61.08 %) mostró diferencias significativas en comparación con <italic>T. viride</italic> (22.17 %) (<italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Cuadro 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 6</xref>). También, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Fernández y Suárez (2009)</xref> reportaron que la apli- cación de <italic>T. harzianum</italic> inhibió más del 50 % de <italic>Fusarium</italic> en maracuyá. En beren- jenas, Ganesh y Dwivedi (2019) reportaron que se inhibió alrededor del 20 % de </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t10">
						<label>Cuadro 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Porcentaje de inhibición de crecimiento micelial por efec- to de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> en contra <italic>F. solani</italic>, <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp. y <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic>.</title>
						</caption>
						<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: center;">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Patógeno</th>
									<th>Tratamientos</th>
									<th>Media</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="4" style="font-style:italic">Fusarium solani</td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">T. harzianum</td>
									<td>61.08 a<sup>z</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style:italic">T. viride</td>
									<td>22.17 b</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Valor P</td>
									<td>0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style:italic">DMS</td>
									<td>5.549</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="4" style="font-style:italic">Pestalotia spp.</td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">T. harzianum</td>
									<td>62.93 a<sup>z</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style:italic">T. viride</td>
									<td>53.78 a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Valor P</td>
									<td>0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style:italic">DMS</td>
									<td>14.76</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="4" style="font-style:italic">Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae</td>
									<td style="font-style:italic">T. harzianum</td>
									<td>35.64 a<sup>z</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style:italic">T. viride</td>
									<td>25.45 a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style:italic">Valor P</td>
									<td>0.0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-style:italic">DMS</td>
									<td>4.856</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<label><sup>z</sup></label>
								<p>Medias con la misma letra dentro de la columna, no difieren estadísti- camente según la prueba Tukey (<italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05). DMS; Diferencia mínima significativa.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><italic>Fusarium</italic> con <italic>T. viride</italic>. Madhavi y Bhattiprolu (2011) indican que la integración de distintos tratamientos como el baño de las plántulas con Carbendazim, la adición de vermicompost, el empapado con fungicida y la aplicación de <italic>T. viride</italic> es eficaz para el control de la enfermedad del marchitamiento por <italic>Fusarium</italic> en chile. Para <italic>Pestalotia</italic>, el análisis de varianza (<italic>P</italic> ≤ 0.05) indica que <italic>T. harzianum</italic> (62.93 %) mostró diferencias significativas en comparación con <italic>T. viride</italic> (53.78 %) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Cuadro 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 6</xref>). En mango, se logró inhibir al hongo con la aplicación de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> (72.88 %) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Bhuvaneswari y Rao, 2001</xref>). En el caso de <italic>Lasiodiplodia</italic>, el ANVA (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05) indica que <italic>T. harzianum</italic> (35.64 %) no mostró diferencias significativas en comparación con <italic>T. viride</italic> (25.45 %) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Cuadro 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 6</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Boat <italic>et al.</italic> (2022</xref>), determinaron que <italic>T. harzianum</italic> redujo el 64.1 % de <italic>L. theobromae</italic>. Mientras que Bhuvaneswari y Rao (2001) reportaron que el 62.41 % del crecimiento micelial del hongo fue reducido. Asimismo, Da Silva <italic>et al.</italic> (2022) demostraron que <italic>Tricho- derma</italic> redujo el crecimiento de <italic>F. solani</italic> (34 %) y <italic>L. theobromae</italic> (89 %) asociado a <italic>Nopalea cochinillifera</italic>. En Morelos, se encontró que <italic>L. citricola</italic> fue sensible a todas las dosis evaluadas de <italic>T. harzianum</italic> (0.55, 0.39 y 0.19 g/100 mL) (Valle-de la Paz, 2019a).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f12">
						<label>Figura 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Efecto de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> spp. en el desarrollo de hongos asociados a la gomosis de los cítricos. <bold>A)</bold> 
 <italic>Fusarium solani vs T. harzianum.</italic> 
 <bold>B)</bold> 
 <italic>F. solani</italic> vs <italic>T. viride.</italic> 
 <bold>C)</bold> 
 <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp vs <italic>T. harzianum</italic>. <bold>D)</bold> 
 <italic>Pestalotia</italic> vs <italic>T. viride.</italic> 
 <bold>E)</bold> 
 <italic>Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae</italic> vs <italic>T. harzianum.</italic> 
 <bold>F)</bold> 
 <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic> vs <italic>T. viride</italic>.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-42-04-RMEXFIT202403-gf12.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusiones</title>
				<p>La identificación morfológica y las pruebas de patogenicidad mostraron que la enfermedad de la gomosis en cítricos provenientes de la localidad de Plan Chac en Sacalum, Yucatán es causada por <italic>L. pseudotheobromae</italic>. Además, se identifi- caron otros hongos fitopatógenos: <italic>Pestalotia</italic> spp. y <italic>F. solani</italic>. El tratamiento con Tiabendazol, <italic>B. subtilis</italic> cepa QST 713 y <italic>T. harzianum</italic> controlan eficientemente <italic>F. solani</italic>, L. <italic>pseudotheobromae y Pestalotia spp</italic>. El manejo de la gomosis en cítricos se puede realizar en combinación con el uso de agentes biológicos, disminuyendo así el uso del control químico y evitando una probable resistencia con su uso a largo plazo.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>