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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2024-04</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title><italic>In vitro</italic> evaluation of <italic>Jatropha curcas</italic> and <italic>Bursera linanoe</italic> resins in the control of phytopathogenic fungi isolated from roselle (<italic>Hibiscus sabdariffa</italic>)</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Nava-Eugenio</surname>
						<given-names>Leonardo Miguel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Vargas-Álvarez</surname>
						<given-names>Dolores</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Campos-Hernández</surname>
						<given-names>Eleuterio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Godínez-Jaimes</surname>
						<given-names>Flaviano</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Reyes-Ríos</surname>
						<given-names>Roxana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Paz</surname>
						<given-names>Mairel Valle-de la</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Perales-Rosas</surname>
						<given-names>Daniel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero (UAGro), Ciudad Universitaria. Avenida Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Colonia La Haciendita, C. P. 39086, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero (UAGro)</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>39086</postal-code>
					<city>Chilpancingo de los Bravo</city>
					<state>Guerrero</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero (UAGro), Ciudad Universitaria. Avenida Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Colonia La Haciendita, C. P. 39086, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero (UAGro)</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>39086</postal-code>
					<city>Chilpancingo de los Bravo</city>
					<state>Guerrero</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero (UAGro). Av. Universidad S/N. Ex Rancho Shalako, C. P. 39106, Carr. Nal. Petaquillas-Chilpancingo, Petaquillas, Guerrero, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero (UAGro)</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>39106</postal-code>
					<city>Petaquillas</city>
					<state>Guerrero</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero (UAGro), Ciudad Universitaria. Avenida Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Colonia La Haciendita, C. P. 39086, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero (UAGro)</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>39086</postal-code>
					<city>Chilpancingo de los Bravo</city>
					<state>Guerrero</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero (UAGro). Av. Universidad S/N. Ex Rancho Shalako, C. P. 39106, Carr. Nal. Petaquillas-Chilpancingo, Petaquillas, Guerrero, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero (UAGro)</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>39106</postal-code>
					<city>Petaquillas</city>
					<state>Guerrero</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>6</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero (UAGro). Av. Universidad S/N. Ex Rancho Shalako, C. P. 39106, Carr. Nal. Petaquillas-Chilpancingo, Petaquillas, Guerrero, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero (UAGro)</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>39106</postal-code>
					<city>Petaquillas</city>
					<state>Guerrero</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff7">
				<label>7</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Laboratorio Nacional CONAHCYT de Apoyo a la Evaluación de Productos Bióticos (LaNAEPBi), Unidad de Servicio Tecnológico Nacional de México / I.T. de Ciudad Valles, Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Laboratorio Nacional CONAHCYT de Apoyo a la Evaluación de Productos Bióticos</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Laboratorio Nacional CONAHCYT de Apoyo a la Evaluación de Productos Bióticos (LaNAEPBi)</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Ciudad Valles</city>
					<state>San Luis Potosí</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>05</day>
				<month>11</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>42</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT202404</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>31</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract:</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Antecedents/Objectives. </title>
					<p>Guerrero is an important producer of roselle (<italic>Hibiscus sabdariffa</italic>); therefore, the objective was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of resins <italic>in vitro</italic> using four factors: technique (disc in agar or Kirby Bauer and well in agar), resins (<italic>B. linanoe</italic>, <italic>J. curcas</italic>, mixture of both and Thiabendazole), volume (10, 20 and 30 µL) and phytopathogenic fungi (<italic>C. cassiicola</italic>, <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> and <italic>F. solani</italic>) on the diameter of the inhibition halo.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and Methods. </title>
					<p>Statistical analysis was performed with a completely randomized factorial design with fixed effects to compare the 72 treatments using the Kruskal-Walis test.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results. </title>
					<p>All terms were found to be significant, the main effects of technique, resins, volume and fungi on the diameter of the inhibition halo, but also the double, triple and quadruple interactions.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion. </title>
					<p><italic>B. linanoe</italic> resin showed higher inhibition for <italic>C. cassiicola</italic> and <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>, in the two techniques (agar well and agar disc technique or Kirby Bauer technique), this makes it the resin type with the highest biocontrol potential.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>inhibition</kwd>
				<kwd>antifungal</kwd>
				<kwd>Corynespora cassiicola</kwd>
				<kwd>Fusarium oxysporum</kwd>
				<kwd>Fusarium solani</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="26"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction:</title>
			<p>Roselle (<italic>Hibiscus sabdariffa</italic>) is considered an economically (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Chew <italic>et al</italic>., 2024</xref>) and medicinally (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Takada <italic>et al</italic>., 2024</xref>) important species. On an international scale, Mexico ranks seventh as a producer, with 5.14%. The state of Guerrero is the largest producer of roselle in the country. The municipal areas of Ayutla de los Libres and Tecoanapa are the main production areas, followed by Acapulco de Juárez and San Luis Acatlán (SIAP-SADER, 2022). However, the sale price is low, due to the quality and innocuousness since preharvest, due to problems caused mainly by phytopathogenic fungi (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aparicio <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Dios-López <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>).</p>
			<p>Among the most important diseases affecting roselle in Guerrero are the calyx spot induced by <italic>Corynespora cassiicola</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ortega-Acosta <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>a), <italic>Phytophthora parasitica</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hernández-Morales and Romero-Cova, 1990</xref>), <italic>Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aparicio <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>) and other phytopathogenic fungi associated to these symptoms, such as <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>, <italic>F. solani</italic> and <italic>F. incarnatum</italic> (Ortega-Acosta <italic>et al</italic>., 2015b). Recent studies indicate that the roselle spot disease is the main constraint on calyx production, since it displays a 100% incidence in Ayutla and Tecoanapa (Ortega-Acosta <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020).</p>
			<p>Studies performed on calyces report that out of 1,470 kg of roselle gathered in Guerrero, 40.8% were of commercial quality, with spots and smut on the tips (equivalent to 588 g of the unit) with calyxes under bad innocuousness conditions. The phytopathogenic fungi related to roselle in storage were <italic>Fusarium</italic> and <italic>Corynespora</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Ruiz-Ramírez <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>Mexico has a wide variety of temperate climate coniferous and broadleaf tree species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Quiroz y Magaña 2015</xref>), with a potential in the use of organic extracts with antifungal effects against phytopathogenic fungi, able to reduce diseases, with favorable effects on the quality of the calyces, including pine nut and linaloe, <italic>Jatropha curcas</italic> and <italic>Bursera linanoe</italic> respectively; they are considered a new organic alternative to reduce the use of chemical fungicides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Del Puerto <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of <italic>J. curcas</italic> and <italic>B. linanoe</italic> resins, the mixture of both, and thiabendazole against <italic>C. cassiicola</italic>, <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> and <italic>F. solani</italic> under <italic>in vitro</italic> conditions using the Kirby Bauer and agar well diffusion techniques.</p>
			<p>The <italic>J. curcas</italic> resin sample was gathered fresh and the linaloe (<italic>B. linanoe</italic>) resin was taken from the collection of the National Forestry, Agriculture, and Livestock Research Institute (INIFAP), Zacatepec, Morelos experimental field. Both resin samples were taken from the fruit, which were placed in sterile jars with a screw-on lid for their transportation under refrigeration at a 20 °C.</p>
			<p>The <italic>C. cassiicola</italic> with Access in GenBank (MF000865) responsible for roselle spot, <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> (KM519188) and <italic>F. solani</italic> (KM519190) associated to the “black leg” symptom, originate from the roselle cultivation in the state of Guerrero, and were provided by the Laboratory of Plant Health and Safety of the Phytosanitary Institute at the Colegio de Postgraduados-Campus Montecillo.</p>
			<p>To determine the <italic>in vitro</italic> effect of the resins on the fungi, the strains were planted in Petri dishes in a Potato-Dextrose-Agar (PDA) medium at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C). After 7 days, it was covered with 10 mL of sterile saline solution at 0.85%, shaken for 3 minutes and rubbed on the surface of the culture, firmly and gently, using a bacteriological loop. The suspension obtained from each one of the strains was poured directly into sterile test tubes and left to rest for 20-30 min. The turbidity of the spore suspension was measured by spectrophotometry, 70 75% transmittance at 530 nm, according to the technique by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cermeño and Torres (1998</xref>).</p>
			<p>For the agar well technique, the technique followed was the one proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Moreno-Limón <italic>et al.</italic> (2011</xref>). For the Kirby-Bauer technique, the method by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Gallardo-Vásquez <italic>et al</italic>. (2019</xref>) was followed, using Petri dishes with a PDA culture medium. Separately 10, 20 and 30 μL of the de la spore suspension of each of the fungi was planted, at a concentration of 1x10<sup>1</sup> with four repetitions.</p>
			<p>The Petri dishes were incubated at 25 ± 2 °C for 7 days. Subsequently, the diameter of the radial growth was calculated. The percentage of growth inhibition was calculated considering that the inhibition is the opposite of the growth (TequidaMeneses <italic>et al</italic>., 2002). The inhibiting effect of the resins was determined to be positive with the appearance of a zone of inhibition around the perforations, which was measured using a 150 x 0.02 mm Fumetax<sup>®</sup> caliper every 24 h for 7 days.</p>
			<p>The minimum inhibitory dose (MID) was determined, which is defined as the lowest concentration of resins that showed no growth in the test tubes. PDA culture medium was used, in which 8 tubes were inoculated with 1 mL of PDA with 10 μL of spore suspension, at a concentration of 1x10<sup>1</sup>, adjusted at 530 nm, 70 75% of transmittance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cermeño and Torres 1998</xref>).</p>
			<p>Statistical analysis. The sample averages of the studied factors were calculated and added to their standard deviations in parentheses. Box graphs were also created to know their distribution. The experiment followed a completely randomized factorial design with fixed effects. Four factors were studied: technique (<italic>Ti</italic>) with two levels: agar disk (Kirby Bauer) and agar well diffusion; resins (<italic>Rj</italic>) with four levels: <italic>B. linanoe</italic>, <italic>J. curcas</italic>, the mixture of both, and thiabendazole, volume (<italic>Vk</italic>) with three levels: 10, 20 and 30 µL and fungi (<italic>Hl</italic>) with three species: <italic>C. cassiicola</italic>, <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> and <italic>F. solani,</italic> and the response variable was the diameter of the inhibition halo. The statistical model used was:</p>
			<p><italic>Yijklt</italic> = <italic>μ + Ti + Rj + Vk + Hl</italic> + (<italic>TR</italic>)<italic>ij</italic> + (<italic>TV</italic>)<italic>ik</italic> + (<italic>TH</italic>)<italic>il</italic> + (<italic>RV</italic>)<italic>jk</italic> + (<italic>RV</italic>)<italic>jl</italic> + (<italic>RH</italic>)<italic>kl</italic>+ (<italic>TRV</italic>)<italic>ijk</italic> + (<italic>TRH</italic>)<italic>ijl</italic> + (<italic>RVH</italic>)<italic>ikl</italic> + (<italic>RVH</italic>)<italic>jkl</italic> + (<italic>TRVH</italic>)<italic>ijkl</italic> + <italic>εijklt</italic></p>
			<p><italic>ε ~ IIDN</italic>(0, <italic>σ</italic>
 <sup>2</sup>); <italic>i</italic> = 1, 2; <italic>j</italic> = 1, 2, 3; <italic>k</italic> = 1, 2, 3; <italic>l</italic> = 1,2, 3, 4; <italic>t</italic> = 1, 2, 3.</p>
			<p>The data were analyzed using the R statistical package R (R Core Team, 2020). In the analysis of variance, a significance level of <italic>α</italic> = 0.05 was used. The nonparametric aligned ranks version was used to determine whether the main effects and interactions were significant (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Kay <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). To compare the 72 treatments, the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used.</p>
			<p>A modification was performed on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) since, due to the handling of raw and natural samples without lab equipment, their concentrations are unknown; only different doses were handled (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The <italic>B. linanoe</italic> displayed a better MID in comparison with the rest of the samples (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Minimum Inhibitory Dose (MID) of <italic>Jatropha curcas</italic>, <italic>Bursera linanoe</italic> resins and Mixture of (<italic>J. curcas</italic> and</title>
					</caption>
					<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: center;">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th>Fungi evaluated</th>
								<th>Isolation key</th>
								<th>Resin of Jatropha curcas μL mL<sup>-1</sup></th>
								<th>Resin of Bursera linanoe μL mL<sup>-1</sup></th>
								<th>Mix of (J. curcas and B. linanoe) μL mL<sup>-1</sup></th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Fusarium oxysporum</td>
								<td>FsrT5</td>
								<td>140</td>
								<td>4</td>
								<td>12</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Fusarium solani</td>
								<td>Fs34</td>
								<td>100</td>
								<td>4</td>
								<td>12</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Corynespora cassiicola</td>
								<td>CC33GRO</td>
								<td>120</td>
								<td>4</td>
								<td>8</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>The 20 treatments show a predominance of the agar well technique, since it appears in 12 treatments; the <italic>B. linanoe</italic> resin treatment is amongst the 20 best treatments, since it appears in nine treatments; the mixture of resins in five treatments, and thiabendazole, in six treatments; the 10 and 20 µL volumes appear in eight and seven treatments respectively, and the fungi <italic>C. cassiicola</italic> and <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> appear in 12 and eight treatments, respectively. The combination of agar well and <italic>B. linanoe</italic> appeared in six of the 20 treatments.</p>
			<p>On the opposite end, the group with the lowest means of the inhibition halo diameter contains the five treatments that had a minimum of the inhibition halo diameter of 13 mm (DJcV30Fo, DTV10Fs, DTV30Fs, PTV10Fs and PTV30Fs) and another 14 treatments (DJcV10Cc, DTV20Fo, DJcV30Cc, DTV30Fo, PTV30Fo, DJcV20Cc, DJcV20Fs, PJcV20Fo, DJcV30Fs, PJcV30Fo, DTV20Fs, PTV20Fs, DJcV10Fs, DJcV20Fo), making up a total of 19 treatments. In these treatments, the agar disk technique was predominant, since it appears in 13 treatments; the <italic>J. curcas</italic> resin appears in 10 treatments and thiabendazole, in nine treatments. The 30, 20 and 10 µL volumes appear in eight, seven and four treatments, and the microorganisms <italic>F. solani, F. oxysporum</italic> and <italic>C. cassiicola</italic> appear in nine, seven and three treatments, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Clusters of the 72 treatments after using the Kruskal-Wallis test.</title>
					</caption>
					<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: center;">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th>Trto</th>
								<th>MDHI</th>
								<th>Group*</th>
								<th>Trto</th>
								<th>MDHI</th>
								<th>Group*</th>
								<th>Trto</th>
								<th>MDHI</th>
								<th>Group*</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>DBIV10Cc</td>
								<td>30.0</td>
								<td>a</td>
								<td>DMV30Cc</td>
								<td>11.5</td>
								<td>hijklmnop</td>
								<td>PJcV20Cc</td>
								<td>12.1</td>
								<td>efghijklmn</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DBIV10Fo</td>
								<td>11.3</td>
								<td>ijklmnopq</td>
								<td>DMV30Fo</td>
								<td>21.6</td>
								<td>ab</td>
								<td>PJcV20Fo</td>
								<td>7.4</td>
								<td>uvwxy</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DBIV10Fs</td>
								<td>10.0</td>
								<td>klmnopq</td>
								<td>DMV30Fs</td>
								<td>10.6</td>
								<td>ijklmnopq</td>
								<td>PJcV20Fs</td>
								<td>8.3</td>
								<td>qstuvw</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DBIV20Cc</td>
								<td>30.0</td>
								<td>a</td>
								<td>DTV10Cc</td>
								<td>12.3</td>
								<td>efghijklmn</td>
								<td>PJcV30Cc</td>
								<td>12.0</td>
								<td>efghijklmn</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DBIV20Fo</td>
								<td>12.7</td>
								<td>cdefghijkl</td>
								<td>DTV10Fo</td>
								<td>9.0</td>
								<td>nopqrstuv</td>
								<td>PJcV30Fo</td>
								<td>7.3</td>
								<td>vwxy</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DBIV20Fs</td>
								<td>9.2</td>
								<td>mnopqrstuv</td>
								<td>DTV10Fs</td>
								<td>7.0</td>
								<td>y</td>
								<td>PJcV30Fs</td>
								<td>8.6</td>
								<td>opqrstuvw</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DBIV30Cc</td>
								<td>30.0</td>
								<td>a</td>
								<td>DTV20Cc</td>
								<td>15.0</td>
								<td>abcdefghi</td>
								<td>PMV10Cc</td>
								<td>18.7</td>
								<td>ab</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DBIV30Fo</td>
								<td>9.6</td>
								<td>klmnopqst</td>
								<td>DTV20Fo</td>
								<td>7.6</td>
								<td>stuvwxy</td>
								<td>PMV10Fo</td>
								<td>12.6</td>
								<td>defghijklm</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DBIV30Fs</td>
								<td>8.7</td>
								<td>opqrstuvw</td>
								<td>DTV20Fs</td>
								<td>7.2</td>
								<td>wxy</td>
								<td>PMV10Fs</td>
								<td>9.4</td>
								<td>lmnopqrst</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DJcV10Cc</td>
								<td>7.8</td>
								<td>rstuvwx</td>
								<td>DTV30Cc</td>
								<td>12.0</td>
								<td>fghijklmn</td>
								<td>PMV20Cc</td>
								<td>17.8</td>
								<td>abd</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DJcV10Fo</td>
								<td>8.1</td>
								<td>rstuvwx</td>
								<td>DTV30Fo</td>
								<td>7.4</td>
								<td>tuvwxy</td>
								<td>PMV20Fo</td>
								<td>15.5</td>
								<td>bcdefghi</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DJcV10Fs</td>
								<td>6.9</td>
								<td>wxy</td>
								<td>DTV30Fs</td>
								<td>7.0</td>
								<td>y</td>
								<td>PMV20Fs</td>
								<td>8.8</td>
								<td>opqrstuvw</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DJcV20Fo</td>
								<td>7.1</td>
								<td>xy</td>
								<td>PBIV10Cc</td>
								<td>30.0</td>
								<td>a</td>
								<td>PMV30Cc</td>
								<td>13.0</td>
								<td>bcdefghijk</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DJcV20Fs</td>
								<td>7.4</td>
								<td>tuvwxy</td>
								<td>PBIV10Fo</td>
								<td>30.0</td>
								<td>a</td>
								<td>PMV30Fo</td>
								<td>12.7</td>
								<td>cdefghijkl</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DJcV30Fo</td>
								<td>7.0</td>
								<td>y</td>
								<td>PBIV10Fs</td>
								<td>13.8</td>
								<td>bcdefghi</td>
								<td>PMV30Fs</td>
								<td>13.9</td>
								<td>bcdefghij</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DJcV30Fs</td>
								<td>7.3</td>
								<td>uvwxy</td>
								<td>PBIV20Cc</td>
								<td>30.0</td>
								<td>a</td>
								<td>PTV10Cc</td>
								<td>30.0</td>
								<td>a</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DMV10Cc</td>
								<td>16.1</td>
								<td>abcdef</td>
								<td>PBIV20Fo</td>
								<td>30.0</td>
								<td>a</td>
								<td>PTV10Fo</td>
								<td>30.0</td>
								<td>a</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DMV10Fo</td>
								<td>16.2</td>
								<td>abcdef</td>
								<td>PBIV20Fs</td>
								<td>13.9</td>
								<td>bcdefghi</td>
								<td>PTV10Fs</td>
								<td>7.0</td>
								<td>y</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DMV20Cc</td>
								<td>11.8</td>
								<td>ghijklmn</td>
								<td>PBIV30Cc</td>
								<td>30.0</td>
								<td>a</td>
								<td>PTV20Cc</td>
								<td>30.0</td>
								<td>a</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DMV20Fo</td>
								<td>18.3</td>
								<td>abcdefg</td>
								<td>PBIV30Fo</td>
								<td>16.7</td>
								<td>abcde</td>
								<td>PTV20Fo</td>
								<td>30.0</td>
								<td>a</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DMV20Fs</td>
								<td>11.3</td>
								<td>ijklmnop</td>
								<td>PBIV30Fs</td>
								<td>13.6</td>
								<td>bcdefghij</td>
								<td>PTV20Fs</td>
								<td>7.2</td>
								<td>wxy</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Trto: Treatment; MDHI: means of the inhibition halo diameter, * Means with the same letter are statistically equal. D=Disk in agar or Kirby Bauer, P=agar well, Bl= <italic>B. linanoe</italic>, Jc= <italic>J. curcas</italic>, M= mixture of both resins, T= Thiabendazole, V10=10 µL, V20=20 µL, V30=30 µL, Fo= <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>, Fs= <italic>F. solani,</italic> Cc= <italic>C. cassiicola</italic>.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>All factors were found to be significant, including the main effects of the technique, the resins, the volume and the fungi in the diameter of the inhibition halo, as well as the double, triple and quadruple interactions. The <italic>B. linanoe</italic> resin displayed the highest inhibition, and therefore the greatest antifungal effect against <italic>C. cassiicola</italic> and <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>. This antifungal effect can be related to a variety of secondary metabolites found in the plant, such as saponins, phenols, flavonoids and monoterpenic compounds such as the linalyl acetate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Becerra and Noge, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cruz <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). The antifungal response obtained from <italic>B. linanoe</italic> is consistent with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Arellano-Hernández (2018</xref>), who in recent studies observed that the resins obtained from different parts of the tree present bacteriostatic and bio-fungicidal properties.</p>
			<p>This aligns with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Seepe <italic>et al.</italic> (2020</xref>), who mentioned that the plant extracts have presented a high antifungal activity against different pathogens of the <italic>Fusarium</italic> genus. The metabolites of the resins, such as linalyl acetate, caryophyllene and undecane, reported in linalool (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cruz e<italic>t al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>The case of the <italic>J. curcas</italic> resin did not provide promising results, showing that with the agar well technique, an inhibition halo was obtained in the fungus <italic>C. cassicola</italic>, between 12.0 and 13.5 mm in diameter. Despite <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Córdova-Albores <italic>et al.</italic> (2016</xref>) mentioning that the effect of the <italic>Jatropha curcas</italic> oil has been widely studied, it has been found to have the ability to partially alter the morphology of the mycelium and conidia of <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>, causing morphological and cellular damage, including intense vacuolization. These effects are attributed to the large number of metabolites with antifungal activity found in diverse parts of the plant (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Saetae and Suntornsuk, 2010</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Rahu <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>) also mention that it is crucial that the trials determine the fungicidal effect of the extracts or compounds, since <italic>J. curcas</italic> is a plant with a great potential as an antimicrobial agent.</p>
			<p>On the other hand, the mixture of both resins (<italic>B. linanoe</italic> + <italic>J. curcas</italic>) to boost the antifungal effect was lower than expected, presenting inhibition halos of 16.1 to 18.7 mm, greater than those found with the <italic>J. curcas</italic> resin, which presented inhibition halos of 7 to 13.1 mm, though lower than those with <italic>B. linanoe</italic>, with inhibition halos with a diameter of 30 mm. These are marginal means that do not consider the effect of the other three factors studied. Therefore, mixing both resins is not considered a good option. The best minimum inhibitory concentration was for <italic>B. linanoe</italic> (4 µL mL⁻¹), followed by the mixture (12 µL mL⁻¹), and finally, <italic>J. curcas</italic> (140 µL mL⁻¹) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>The commercial control thiabendazole displayed control in six of the treatments, presenting an inhibition halo of 30 mm with the agar well technique of the fungi <italic>C. cassiicola</italic> and <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>. This coincides with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Medina-Osti <italic>et al</italic>. (2022</xref>), who mention that thiabendazole has shown its antifungal action derived from its direct effect on mitosis, which hinders the development of the mycelium, therefore its efficiency in the reduction of the growth of the mycelium in species of <italic>Fusarium</italic>. However, the use of thiabendazole, one of the most efficient fungicides against a wide variety of pathogens, is no longer an effective treatment, although some farmers still use it to control some diseases caused by pathogens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Seepe <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>).</p>
			<p>Regarding every fungal species, the largest inhibition halos, with 30 mm, were found in <italic>C. cassiicola</italic>, being one of the most susceptible and with the least resistance, since it displayed greater zones in all the volumes used. <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> also displayed susceptibility with a 30 mm inhibition halo, presenting larger zones in the fungal volumes of 10 and 20 µL. This suggests that the use of these resins may be a viable alternative against the roselle leaf and calyx spots. These findings coincide with those by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Moreno-Limón <italic>et al</italic>. (2011</xref>), who evaluated different <italic>Aspergillus</italic> and <italic>Penicillium</italic> genera spore suspensions, observing a high variability in their analysis. However, the reports on <italic>C. cassiicola</italic> in roselle are scarce in the state of Guerrero (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ortega-Acosta <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>a). It is therefore important to continue researching to understand the specific action mechanisms of the <italic>Bursera linanoe</italic> resin<italic>.</italic></p>
			<p>No significant differences were found in the evaluations of the volumes of fungi used, since the largest inhibition halo diameters were consistently observed in the volumes of 10, 20 and 30 µL. The <italic>B. linanoe</italic> resin, obtained from the fruit of the tree, is considered a promising and efficient alternative as a biofungicide in the control of <italic>C. cassiicola</italic>, <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> and <italic>F. solani</italic>, according to the <italic>in vitro</italic> results. Therefore, investing in the development of medicinal plant-based products for the control of crop diseases caused by pathogens is a growing sector that should be considered and developed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Seepe <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>).</p>
			<p>Reducing the use of conventional synthetic fungicides by incorporating natural effective products is a crucial step towards a sustainable agricultural production. Nevertheless, it is crucial to understand the action mechanism of these resins and evaluate their effectiveness under field conditions. It was found that all terms were significant, including the main effects of technique, resins, fungal volume and fungal species on the diameter of the inhibition halo, as well as the double, triple and quadruple interactions.</p>
			<p>The results of this <italic>in vitro</italic> investigation show that the <italic>B. linanoe</italic> resin exhibited greater inhibition for <italic>C. cassiicola</italic> and <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> in both techniques (the agar well technique and agar disk or the Kirby Bauer technique)<italic>,</italic> making it the type of resin with the greatest biocontrol potential.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="es">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Articles</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Evaluación <italic>in vitro</italic> de resinas de <italic>Jatropha curcas</italic> y <italic>Bursera linanoe</italic> en el control de hongos fitopatógenos aislados de jamaica (<italic>Hibiscus sabdariffa</italic>)</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen: Antecedentes/Objetivos. Guerrero es importante productor de jamaica (<italic>Hibiscus sabdariffa</italic>); por lo que el objetivo fue evaluar el efecto inhibitorio de resinas <italic>in vitro</italic> utilizando cuatro factores: técnica (disco en agar o Kirby Bauer y pozo en agar), resinas (<italic>B. linanoe</italic>, <italic>J. curcas</italic>, mezcla de ambas y Tiabendazol), volumen (10, 20 y 30 µL) y hongos fitopatógenos (<italic>C. cassiicola</italic>, <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> y <italic>F. solani)</italic> en el diámetro del halo de inhibición.</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales y Métodos. </title>
					<p>El análisis estadístico se realizó con un diseño factorial completamente al azar de efectos fijos para comparar los 72 tratamientos se usó la prueba de Kruskal-Walis.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados. </title>
					<p>Se encontró que todos los términos fueron significativos, los efectos principales de técnica, resinas, volumen y hongos en el diámetro del halo de inhibición, pero también las interacciones dobles, triples y cuádruples.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión. </title>
					<p>La resina de <italic>B. linanoe</italic> mostró mayor inhibición para <italic>C. cassiicola</italic> y <italic>F. oxysporum,</italic> en las dos técnicas (técnica de pozo en agar y disco en agar o técnica Kirby Bauer)<italic>,</italic> esto la convierte en el tipo de resina con mayor potencial biocontrolador.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras claves:</title>
				<kwd>Inhibición</kwd>
				<kwd>antifúngico</kwd>
				<kwd>Corynespora cassiicola</kwd>
				<kwd>Fusarium oxysporum</kwd>
				<kwd>Fusarium solani.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introducción</title>
				<p>La jamaica (<italic>Hibiscus sabdariffa</italic>), es considerada una especie de importancia económica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Chew <italic>et al</italic>., 2024</xref>) y medicinal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Takada <italic>et al</italic>., 2024</xref>). A nivel internacional, México ocupa el séptimo lugar como productor con el 5.14%. Guerrero ocupa el primer lugar como productor de jamaica en el país. Los municipios de Ayutla de los Libres y Tecoanapa son los principales productores, seguidos de Acapulco de Juárez y San Luis Acatlán (SIAP-SADER, 2022); sin embargo, el precio de venta es bajo, debido a la calidad e inocuidad desde la precosecha, por problemas ocasionados principalmente por hongos fitopatógenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aparicio <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Dios-López <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>).</p>
				<p>Entre las enfermedades más importantes que afectan la jamaica en Guerrero se encuentran el manchado de cáliz inducido por <italic>Corynespora cassiicola</italic> (OrtegaAcosta <italic>et al</italic>., 2015a), <italic>Phytophthora parasitica</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hernández-Morales y RomeroCova, 1990</xref>), <italic>Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aparicio <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>) y otros hongos fitopatógenos asociados a dicha sintomatología como <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>, <italic>F. solani</italic> y <italic>F. incarnatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ortega-Acosta <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>b). Trabajos realizados recientemente indican que la enfermedad del manchado de la jamaica, es la principal limitante para la producción de cálices, ya que se presenta en incidencias del 100 % en Ayutla y Tecoanapa (Ortega-Acosta <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020).</p>
				<p>Estudios realizados en muestras de cálices reportan que por 1,470 kg de jamaica recolectadas en Guerrero, el 40.8 % eran de calidad comercial con presencia de manchas y tizones en las puntas (equivalente a 588 g de la unidad) con cálices en malas condiciones de inocuidad. Los hongos fitopatógenos asociados a la jamaica en almacén fueron <italic>Fusarium</italic> y <italic>Corynespora</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Ruiz-Ramírez <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>México posee una amplia diversidad de especies arbóreas de coníferas y latifoliadas de clima templado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Quiroz y Magaña 2015</xref>), con potencial en el uso de extractos orgánicos con efecto antifúngico, para combatir los hongos fitopatógenos, capaz de reducir enfermedades, con efectos favorables en la calidad de los cálices; entre ellos el “piñón” y “linaloe”, <italic>Jatropha curcas</italic> y <italic>Bursera linanoe</italic> respectivamente, se consideran una nueva alternativa orgánica para disminuir el uso de fungicidas de origen químico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Del Puerto <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto inhibitorio de resinas de <italic>J. curcas</italic>, <italic>B. linanoe</italic>, la mezcla de ambas y Tiabendazol contra <italic>C. cassiicola</italic>, <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> y <italic>F. solani</italic> en condiciones <italic>in vitro</italic> mediante las técnicas de Kirby Bauer y por pozo en agar.</p>
				<p>Las muestras de resina de <italic>J. curcas</italic> se recolectaron en fresco y la resina de lináloe (<italic>B. linanoe</italic>) se obtuvo de la colección del Instituto Nacional de Investigación Forestal Agrícola y Pecuaria (INIFAP), campo experimental de Zacatepec, Morelos. Ambas muestras de resina se obtuvieron del fruto, las cuales se depositaron en frascos estériles con tapa de rosca para su transporte en refrigeración a 20 °C de temperatura.</p>
				<p>Las cepas de <italic>C. cassiicola</italic> con acceso en GenBank (MF000865) causante del manchado de la jamaica, <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> (KM519188) y <italic>F. solani</italic> (KM519190) asociada al síntoma de “pata prieta”, son provenientes del cultivo de jamaica del estado de Guerrero, fueron proporcionadas por el laboratorio de Sanidad e Inocuidad del Instituto de Fitosanidad del Colegio de Postgraduados-Campus Montecillo.</p>
				<p>Para determinar el efecto <italic>in vitro</italic> de las resinas sobre los hongos, las cepas se sembraron en cajas Petri en medio de cultivo papa dextrosa agar (PDA) a temperatura ambiente (25 ± 2 °C). A los 7 días, se cubrió con 10 mL de solución salina estéril al 0.85 %, se agitó durante 3 minutos y se frotó en la superficie de la colonia de manera firme y suave con un asa bacteriológica. La suspensión obtenida de cada una de las cepas se vacío directamente en tubos de ensayo estéril en reposo por 2030 min. La turbidez de la suspensión de esporas fue medida por espectrofotometría, 70 75 % transmitancia a 530 nm de acuerdo a la técnica de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cermeño y Torres (1998</xref>).</p>
				<p>Para la técnica de pozo en agar se siguió la técnica propuesta por MorenoLimón <italic>et al.</italic> (2011). Para la técnica de Kirby Bauer se siguió la metodología de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Gallardo-Vásquez <italic>et al</italic>. (2019</xref>) utilizando cajas Petri con medio de cultivo PDA, se sembraron por separado 10, 20 y 30 μL de la suspensión de esporas de cada uno de los hongos, a una concentración de 1x10<sup>1</sup> con cuatro repeticiones.</p>
				<p>Las cajas Petri se incubaron a 25 ± 2 °C por 7 días. Posteriormente se calculó el diámetro de crecimiento radial. El porcentaje de inhibición de crecimiento fue calculado tomando en cuenta que la inhibición es el inverso del crecimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Tequida-Meneses <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>). El efecto inhibitorio de las resinas fue determinado positivo con la aparición de un halo de inhibición de crecimiento alrededor de las perforaciones, el cual fue medido con un Vernier marca Fumetax<sup>®</sup> de 150 x 0,02 mm cada 24 h por 7 días.</p>
				<p>Se determinó la dosis mínima inhibitoria (DMI), la cual es definida como la menor concentración de resinas que no mostró crecimiento en los tubos de ensaye. Se utilizó medio de cultivo PDA, donde se sembraron 8 tubos con 1 mL de PDA con 10 μL de suspensión de esporas, a una concentración de 1x10<sup>1</sup> ajustada a 530 nm, 70 75 % de transmitancia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cermeño y Torres 1998</xref>).</p>
				<p>Análisis estadístico. Se calcularon las medias muestrales de los factores estudiados y se agregó su desviación estándar entre paréntesis. También se hicieron gráficas de cajas para conocer su distribución. El experimento correspondió a un diseño factorial completo al azar de efectos fijos. Se estudiaron cuatro factores: técnica (<italic>Ti</italic>) con dos niveles: disco en agar o Kirby Bauer y pozo en agar, resinas (<italic>Rj</italic>) con cuatro niveles: <italic>B. linanoe</italic>, <italic>J. curcas</italic>, mezcla de ambas y Tiabendazol, volúmen (<italic>Vk</italic>) con tres niveles: 10, 20 y 30 µL y Hongos (<italic>Hl</italic>) con tres especies: <italic>C. cassiicola</italic>, <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> y <italic>F. solani,</italic> y la variable respuesta fue el diámetro del halo de inhibición. El modelo estadístico utilizado fue:</p>
				<p><italic>Yijklt</italic> = <italic>μ + Ti + Rj + Vk + Hl</italic> + (<italic>TR</italic>)<italic>ij</italic> + (<italic>TV</italic>)<italic>ik</italic> + (<italic>TH</italic>)<italic>il</italic> + (<italic>RV</italic>)<italic>jk</italic> + (<italic>RV</italic>)<italic>jl</italic> + (<italic>RH</italic>)<italic>kl</italic>+ (<italic>TRV</italic>)<italic>ijk</italic> + (<italic>TRH</italic>)<italic>ijl</italic> + (<italic>RVH</italic>)<italic>ikl</italic> + (<italic>RVH</italic>)<italic>jkl</italic> + (<italic>TRVH</italic>)<italic>ijkl</italic> + <italic>εijklt</italic></p>
				<p><italic>ε ~ IIDN</italic>(0, <italic>σ</italic>
 <sup>2</sup>); <italic>i</italic> = 1, 2; <italic>j</italic> = 1, 2, 3; <italic>k</italic> = 1, 2, 3; <italic>l</italic> = 1,2, 3, 4; <italic>t</italic> = 1, 2, 3.</p>
				<p>Los datos se analizaron con el paquete estadístico R (R Core Team, 2020). En el análisis de varianza se usó el nivel de significancia de <italic>α</italic> = 0.05. Bajo la versión no paramétrica de rangos alineados para determinar si los efectos principales y las interacciones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Kay <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). Para comparar los 72 tratamientos se usó la prueba no paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis.</p>
				<p>Se realizó una modificación en la concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) ya que, al manejar muestras crudas y naturales sin proceso con equipo de laboratorio, no se conoce la concentración que presentan, solo se trabajó con diferentes dosis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>). La resina de <italic>B. linanoe</italic> mostró una DMI mejor en comparación con el resto de las muestras (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadro 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Cuadro 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Dosis Mínima Inhibitoria (DMI) de resinas de <italic>Jatropha curcas</italic>, <italic>Bursera linanoe</italic> y Mezcla de (<italic>J. curcas</italic> y <italic>B. linanoe</italic>) contra los hongos asociados a enfermedades de jamaica.</title>
						</caption>
						<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: center;">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Hongo evaluado</th>
									<th>Clave de aislamiento</th>
									<th>Resina de Jatropha curcas µL mL<sup>-1</sup></th>
									<th>Resina de Bursera linanoe µL mL<sup>-1</sup></th>
									<th>Mezcla de (J. curcas y B. linanoe) µL mL<sup>-1</sup></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Fusarium oxysporum</td>
									<td>FsrT5</td>
									<td>140</td>
									<td>4</td>
									<td>12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Fusarium solani</td>
									<td>Fs34</td>
									<td>100</td>
									<td>4</td>
									<td>12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Corynespora cassiicola</td>
									<td>CC33GRO</td>
									<td>120</td>
									<td>4</td>
									<td>8</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Los 20 tratamientos muestran una predominación de la técnica de pozo en Agar pues aparece en 12 tratamientos; la resina <italic>B. linanoe</italic> se encuentra entre los mejores 20 tratamientos, ya que aparece en nueve tratamientos, la mezcla de resinas en cinco tratamientos y el tiabendazol en seis tratamientos; los volúmenes 10 y 20 µL aparecen en ocho y siete tratamientos respectivamente y los hongos <italic>C. cassiicola</italic> y <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> aparecen en 12 y ocho tratamientos respectivamente. La combinación Pozo en Agar y <italic>B. linanoe</italic> apareció en seis de los 20 tratamientos.</p>
				<p>En el extremo opuesto, el grupo con menores medias del diámetro del halo de inhibición contiene a los cinco tratamientos que tuvieron un mínimo del diámetro del halo de inhibición de 13 mm (DJcV30Fo, DTV10Fs, DTV30Fs, PTV10Fs y PTV30Fs) y otros 14 tratamientos (DJcV10Cc, DTV20Fo, DJcV30Cc, DTV30Fo, PTV30Fo, DJcV20Cc, DJcV20Fs, PJcV20Fo, DJcV30Fs, PJcV30Fo, DTV20Fs, PTV20Fs, DJcV10Fs, DJcV20Fo) que hacen un total de 19 tratamientos. En estos tratamientos predominó la técnica de Disco en Agar ya que aparece en 13 tratamientos; la resina <italic>J. curcas</italic> aparece en 10 tratamientos y el tiabendazol en nueve tratamientos; los volúmenes 30, 20 y 10 µL aparecen en ocho, siete y cuatro tratamientos y los microoganismos <italic>F. solani, F. oxysporum</italic> y <italic>C. cassiicola</italic> aparecen en nueve, siete y tres tratamientos respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Cuadro 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Cuadro 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Agrupaciones de los 72 tratamientos después de usar la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis.</title>
						</caption>
						<table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; text-align: center;">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th>Trto</th>
									<th>MDHI</th>
									<th>Grupo*</th>
									<th>Trto</th>
									<th>MDHI</th>
									<th>Grupo</th>
									<th>Trto</th>
									<th>MDHI</th>
									<th>Grupo</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>DBIV10Cc</td>
									<td>30.0</td>
									<td>a</td>
									<td>DMV30Cc</td>
									<td>11.5</td>
									<td>hijklmnop</td>
									<td>PJcV20Cc</td>
									<td>12.1</td>
									<td>efghijklmn</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DBIV10Fo</td>
									<td>11.3</td>
									<td>ijklmnopq</td>
									<td>DMV30Fo</td>
									<td>21.6</td>
									<td>ab</td>
									<td>PJcV20Fo</td>
									<td>7.4</td>
									<td>uvwxy</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DBIV10Fs</td>
									<td>10.0</td>
									<td>klmnopq</td>
									<td>DMV30Fs</td>
									<td>10.6</td>
									<td>ijklmnopq</td>
									<td>PJcV20Fs</td>
									<td>8.3</td>
									<td>qstuvw</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DBIV20Cc</td>
									<td>30.0</td>
									<td>a</td>
									<td>DTV10Cc</td>
									<td>12.3</td>
									<td>efghijklmn</td>
									<td>PJcV30Cc</td>
									<td>12.0</td>
									<td>efghijklmn</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DBIV20Fo</td>
									<td>12.7</td>
									<td>cdefghijkl</td>
									<td>DTV10Fo</td>
									<td>9.0</td>
									<td>nopqrstuv</td>
									<td>PJcV30Fo</td>
									<td>7.3</td>
									<td>vwxy</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DBIV20Fs</td>
									<td>9.2</td>
									<td>mnopqrstuv</td>
									<td>DTV10Fs</td>
									<td>7.0</td>
									<td>y</td>
									<td>PJcV30Fs</td>
									<td>8.6</td>
									<td>opqrstuvw</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DBIV30Cc</td>
									<td>30.0</td>
									<td>a</td>
									<td>DTV20Cc</td>
									<td>15.0</td>
									<td>abcdefghi</td>
									<td>PMV10Cc</td>
									<td>18.7</td>
									<td>ab</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DBIV30Fo</td>
									<td>9.6</td>
									<td>klmnopqst</td>
									<td>DTV20Fo</td>
									<td>7.6</td>
									<td>stuvwxy</td>
									<td>PMV10Fo</td>
									<td>12.6</td>
									<td>defghijklm</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DBIV30Fs</td>
									<td>8.7</td>
									<td>opqrstuvw</td>
									<td>DTV20Fs</td>
									<td>7.2</td>
									<td>wxy</td>
									<td>PMV10Fs</td>
									<td>9.4</td>
									<td>lmnopqrst</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DJcV10Cc</td>
									<td>7.8</td>
									<td>rstuvwx</td>
									<td>DTV30Cc</td>
									<td>12.0</td>
									<td>fghijklmn</td>
									<td>PMV20Cc</td>
									<td>17.8</td>
									<td>abd</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DJcV10Fo</td>
									<td>8.1</td>
									<td>rstuvwx</td>
									<td>DTV30Fo</td>
									<td>7.4</td>
									<td>tuvwxy</td>
									<td>PMV20Fo</td>
									<td>15.5</td>
									<td>bcdefghi</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DJcV10Fs</td>
									<td>6.9</td>
									<td>wxy</td>
									<td>DTV30Fs</td>
									<td>7.0</td>
									<td>y</td>
									<td>PMV20Fs</td>
									<td>8.8</td>
									<td>opqrstuvw</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DJcV20Fo</td>
									<td>7.1</td>
									<td>xy</td>
									<td>PBIV10Cc</td>
									<td>30.0</td>
									<td>a</td>
									<td>PMV30Cc</td>
									<td>13.0</td>
									<td>bcdefghijk</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DJcV20Fs</td>
									<td>7.4</td>
									<td>tuvwxy</td>
									<td>PBIV10Fo</td>
									<td>30.0</td>
									<td>a</td>
									<td>PMV30Fo</td>
									<td>12.7</td>
									<td>cdefghijkl</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DJcV30Fo</td>
									<td>7.0</td>
									<td>y</td>
									<td>PBIV10Fs</td>
									<td>13.8</td>
									<td>bcdefghi</td>
									<td>PMV30Fs</td>
									<td>13.9</td>
									<td>bcdefghij</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DJcV30Fs</td>
									<td>7.3</td>
									<td>uvwxy</td>
									<td>PBIV20Cc</td>
									<td>30.0</td>
									<td>a</td>
									<td>PTV10Cc</td>
									<td>30.0</td>
									<td>a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DMV10Cc</td>
									<td>16.1</td>
									<td>abcdef</td>
									<td>PBIV20Fo</td>
									<td>30.0</td>
									<td>a</td>
									<td>PTV10Fo</td>
									<td>30.0</td>
									<td>a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DMV10Fo</td>
									<td>16.2</td>
									<td>abcdef</td>
									<td>PBIV20Fs</td>
									<td>13.9</td>
									<td>bcdefghi</td>
									<td>PTV10Fs</td>
									<td>7.0</td>
									<td>y</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DMV20Cc</td>
									<td>11.8</td>
									<td>ghijklmn</td>
									<td>PBIV30Cc</td>
									<td>30.0</td>
									<td>a</td>
									<td>PTV20Cc</td>
									<td>30.0</td>
									<td>a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DMV20Fo</td>
									<td>18.3</td>
									<td>abcdefg</td>
									<td>PBIV30Fo</td>
									<td>16.7</td>
									<td>abcde</td>
									<td>PTV20Fo</td>
									<td>30.0</td>
									<td>a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>DMV20Fs</td>
									<td>11.3</td>
									<td>ijklmnop</td>
									<td>PBIV30Fs</td>
									<td>13.6</td>
									<td>bcdefghij</td>
									<td>PTV20Fs</td>
									<td>7.2</td>
									<td>wxy</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>Trto: Tratamiento; MDHI: medias del diámetro del halo de inhibición, * Medias con la misma letra son estadísticamente iguales. D=Disco en agar o Kirby Bauer, P=pozo en agar, Bl= <italic>B. linanoe</italic>, Jc= <italic>J. curcas</italic>, M= mezcla de ambas resinas, T= Tiabendazol, V10=10 µL, V20=20 µL, V30=30 µL, Fo= <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>, Fs= <italic>F. solani,</italic> Cc= <italic>C. cassiicola</italic>.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Se encontró que todos los factores fueron significativos, incluyendo los efectos principales de la técnica, las resinas, el volumen y los hongos en el diámetro del halo de inhibición, así como las interacciones dobles, triples y cuádruples. La resina de <italic>B. linanoe</italic>, mostró la mayor inhibición y, por lo tanto, el mayor efecto antifúngico contra <italic>C. cassiicola</italic> y <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>, dicho efecto antifúngico puede estar asociada con una variedad de metabolitos secundarios presentes en la planta, como saponinas, fenoles, flavonoides y compuestos monoterpénicos como el acetato de linalool (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Becerra y Noge, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cruz <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). La respuesta antifúngica que se obtuvo de <italic>B. linanoe,</italic> va de acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Arellano-Hernández (2018</xref>) quien en estudios recientes observó que presenta propiedades bacteriostáticas y biofúngicas de sus resinas obtenidas de diferentes partes del árbol. Esto concuerda con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Seepe <italic>et al.</italic> (2020</xref>) quienes mencionan que los extractos de plantas han demostrado una alta actividad antifúngica contra diferentes patógenos como el género <italic>Fusarium</italic>. Los metabolitos de las resinas como acetato de linalilo, cariofileno, undeceno reportado en lináloe (Cruz e<italic>t al</italic>., 2016).</p>
				<p>En el caso de la resina de <italic>J. curcas</italic> no se obtuvieron resultados alentadores mostrando que con la técnica de pozo agar se obtuvo un halo de inhibición en el hongo <italic>C. cassicola</italic> de 12.0 a 13.5 mm. A pesar de que <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Córdova-Albores <italic>et al.</italic> (2016</xref>) mencionan que el efecto del aceite de <italic>Jatropha curcas</italic> ha sido estudiado extensamente, encontrándose que tiene la capacidad de alterar parcialmente la morfología del micelio y conidios de <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>, provocando daños morfológicos y celulares, incluyendo una intensa vacuolización. Estos efectos se atribuyen a la gran cantidad de metabolitos con actividad antifúngica presentes en diversas partes de la planta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Saetae y Suntornsuk, 2010</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Rahu <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>) mencionan también que es fundamental que los ensayos determinen el efecto fungicida de los extractos o compuestos, ya que <italic>J. curcas</italic> es una planta con mucho potencial como agente antibacteriano.</p>
				<p>Por otra parte, la mezcla de ambas resinas (<italic>B. linanoe</italic> + <italic>J. curcas</italic>) para potenciar el efecto antifúngico fue menor a lo esperado, mostrando halos de inhibición de 16.1 a 18.7 mm, superiores a los de la resina de <italic>J. curcas</italic>, que presentó halos de inhibición de 7 a 13.1 mm, pero inferiores a los de <italic>B. linanoe</italic>, con halos de inhibición de 30 mm. Estas son medias marginales que no consideran el efecto de los otros tres factores estudiados. Por lo tanto, no se considera una buena opción mezclar ambas resinas. La mejor concentración mínima inhibitoria fue para <italic>B. linanoe</italic> (4 µL mL⁻¹), seguida de la mezcla (12 µL mL⁻¹) y, por último, <italic>J. curcas</italic> (140 µL mL⁻¹) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadro 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>El testigo comercial tiabendazol presentó control en seis de los tratamientos mostrando un halo de inhibición de 30 mm con la técnica de pozo en agar de los hongos <italic>C. cassiicola</italic> y <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>. Esto concuerda con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Medina-Osti <italic>et al</italic>. (2022</xref>) quienes mencionan que tiabendazol ha demostrado su acción antifúngica derivado de su efecto directo sobre la mitosis, lo que impide el desarrollo del micelio; por lo que es eficaz en la disminución del crecimiento del micelio en especies de <italic>Fusarium</italic>. Sin embargo, el uso del tiabendazol, uno de los fungicidas más efectivos contra una amplia variedad de patógenos, ya no es un tratamiento efectivo, aunque algunos agricultores todavía hacen uso de éste para controlar algunas enfermedades causadas por patógenos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Seepe <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>En cuanto a cada especie de hongo, los mayores halos de inhibición, con 30 mm, se presentan en <italic>C. cassiicola</italic>, siendo uno de los más susceptibles y de menor resistencia, ya que mostró halos superiores en todos los volúmenes empleados. En cuanto a <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> también mostró susceptibilidad con un halo de inhibición de 30 mm, presentando halos superiores en los volúmenes de hongo de 10 y 20 µL. Esto sugiere que el uso de estas resinas odrían ser una alternativa viable contra la enfermedad del manchado de hojas y cálices de la jamaica. Estos hallazgos coinciden con los de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Moreno-Limón <italic>et al</italic>. (2011</xref>), quienes evaluaron diferentes suspensiones de esporas de los géneros <italic>Aspergillus</italic> y <italic>Penicillium</italic> observando una alta variabilidad en su análisis. Sin embargo, los informes sobre <italic>C. cassiicola</italic> en jamaica son escasos en el estado de Guerrero (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ortega-Acosta <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>a). Por lo tanto, es importante continuar investigando para comprender los mecanismos de acción específicos de la resina de <italic>Bursera linanoe.</italic></p>
				<p>No se observaron diferencias significativas en la evaluación de los volúmenes de hongos utilizados, ya que los mayores diámetros en los halos de inhibición se presentaron consistentemente en volúmenes de 10, 20 y 30 µL. La resina de <italic>B. linanoe</italic>, obtenida del fruto del árbol, se considera una alternativa prometedora y eficiente como biofungicida en el control de <italic>C. cassiicola</italic>, <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> y <italic>F. solani</italic>, según resultados obtenidos <italic>in vitro</italic>. Por lo tanto, invertir en el desarrollo de productos a base de plantas medicinales para el control de enfermedades de los cultivos causadas por patógenos, es un sector en crecimiento que debe ser considerado y desarrollado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Seepe <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>Reducir el uso de fungicidas sintéticos convencionales mediante la incorporación de productos naturales efectivos es un paso crucial hacia una producción agrícola sostenible. No obstante, es fundamental comprender el mecanismo de acción de estas resinas y evaluar su efectividad en condiciones de campo.</p>
				<p>Se obtuvo que todos los términos fueron significativos, los efectos principales de técnica, resinas, volumen de hongos y especies de hongos en el diámetro del halo de inhibición, pero también las interacciones dobles, triples y cuádruples.</p>
				<p>Los resultados de la presente investigación <italic>in vitro</italic> permiten observar que la resina de <italic>B. linanoe</italic> mostró mayor inhibición para <italic>C. cassiicola</italic> y <italic>F. oxysporum,</italic> en las dos técnicas (técnica de pozo en agar y disco en agar o técnica Kirby Bauer)<italic>,</italic> esto la convierte en el tipo de resina con mayor potencial biocontrolador.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>