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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2310-5</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id> 
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículos Científicos</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Diversidad y taxonomía de <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> aislado de plantas marchitas de <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> var azul</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Montaño-Becerrra</surname>
						<given-names>Viviana</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Mancilla-Margalli</surname>
						<given-names>Norma Alejandra</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Chávez-Sánchez</surname>
						<given-names>Cristina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Avila-Miranda</surname>
						<given-names>Martin Eduardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Laboratorio de Fitopatología. Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tlajomulco. Km 10 carretera a San Miguel Cuyutlán, Talajomulco de Zuñiga, Jalisco, México, CP. 45640.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Tecnológico Nacional de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Tecnológico Nacional de México</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>45640</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Laboratorio de Bioquímica Vegetal. División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación. Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tlajomulco. Km 10 carretera a San Miguel Cuyutlán, Talajomulco de Zuñiga, Jalisco, México, CP. 45640.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Tecnológico Nacional de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Tecnológico Nacional de México</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>45640</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1"><bold>
 <italic>*Autor de correspondencia</italic>:</bold> Martin Eduardo Avila-Miranda <email>martin.am@tlajomulco.tecnm.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>17</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Jan-Apr</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>43</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT23105</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2023</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>16</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p> </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Antecedentes/Objetivo. </title>
					<p>El objetivo del trabajo fue identificar 24 cepas de <italic>F. solani</italic> aisladas de agave con marchitez, respecto a las nuevas especies filogenéticas; de- terminar su semejanza molecular con f. spp. de <italic>F. solani</italic>; determinar su diversidad genética y su capacidad patogénica en agave, frijol (<italic>Phaseolus vulgaris)</italic> y maíz (<italic>Zea mays</italic>).</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales y Métodos. </title>
					<p>Secuencias del fragmento ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 de 24 aislados de agave y de las f.spp. de <italic>F. solani</italic>, se compararon con el GenBank y FUSAROID- ID. Secuencias amplificadas del 18S rRNA, se alinearon con secuencias reportadas de <italic>F. solani</italic> f. spp. <italic>phaseoli</italic> y <italic>batatas</italic>, definiendo presencia de intrones. Se deter- minó diversidad genética con el marcador de DNA RepPCR. Cepas representativas se confrontaron con plántulas de agave, frijol y maíz, evaluando su patogenicidad como severidad de pudrición radicular.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados. </title>
					<p>Aislados morfológicamente identificados como <italic>F. solani,</italic> el GenBank los ubicó como <italic>F. solani</italic> o incluidos en el FSSC, tres cepas se identificaron como <italic>Xenoacremonium</italic> sp. FUSAROID-ID definió que las secuencias de <italic>F. solani</italic> eran altamente similares a las de <italic>Neocosmospora martii</italic>, <italic>N</italic>. <italic>pseudoradicicola</italic>, <italic>N</italic>. <italic>solani</italic> y <italic>N</italic>. <italic>falciformis</italic>. Las secuencias ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 y ausencia de intrones en su SSU, indicó que ninguno es <italic>F. solani</italic> f.sp. <italic>phaseoli.</italic> Aislados obtenidos de agave fueron patogénicos a <italic>A. tequilana</italic> y a un cv de maíz criollo, pero no a maíces con resisten- cia a <italic>Fusarium</italic>. Ningún aislado de agave fue patogénico a frijol.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusiones. </title>
					<p>Cuatro especies filogenéticas del FSSC provocan pudrición radi- cular en agave; aislados de <italic>F. solani</italic> de agave no afectaron a maíces resistentes a <italic>Fusarium</italic>. Es seguro intercalar frijol en el cultivo de agave.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Neocosmospora</kwd>
				<kwd>Rep-PCR</kwd>
				<kwd>f. sp.</kwd>
				<kwd>phaseoli</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="10"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="35"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p>El tequila es considerado la bebida alcohólica mexicana por excelencia. En 2022, se utilizaron 2.61 millones de toneladas de “piñas” de agave tequilero (<italic>Agave tequilana</italic> var. azul), su materia prima imprescindible, alcanzándose un volumen histórico de producción de 651 millones de litros de tequila, de los cuales el 64% fue exportado (CRT, 2023). El cultivo requiere seis años para madurar y en ese lapso es susceptible a la marchitez del agave, enfermedad en la que <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> provoca una marchitez vascular o <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> induce una pudrición radicular, letales a la madurez, reducen drásticamente la producción (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aceves, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Avila-Miranda <italic>et al.</italic>, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Ramírez-Ramírez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>). <italic>F. solani</italic> es un hongo necrotrófico, que forma monofialides largas con microconidios apicales no catenulados y macroconidios tipo <italic>Fusarium</italic>. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Leslie y Summerell 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Schroers <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>), pero análisis filogenéticos indicaban que integrantes de esta especie, conformaba el complejo de especies <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> (FSSC), diverso y sin tipificación específica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Coleman <italic>et al.</italic>, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Nalim <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">O’Donnell, 2000</xref>; O’Donnell <italic>et al.</italic>, 2008; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Short <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>). Por lo que recientemente, para estabilizar la taxonomía y nomenclatura del FSSC, se reconocieron especies filogenéticas que se incluyeron en el género <italic>Neocosmopora</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Sandoval-Denis <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Crous <italic>et al.</italic> 2021</xref>) o en el género <italic>Fusarium</italic> (Geiser <italic>et al.</italic> 2021). Sin embargo, la patogenicidad vegetal del FSSC, continua ambigua, ya que si bien, durante más de 50 años, se han descrito once formas especiales (f. spp.) con capacidad patógena específica a un grupo estrecho de especies hospederas denominadas: <italic>phaseoli</italic>, <italic>pisi</italic>, <italic>cucurbitae</italic>, <italic>batatas</italic>, <italic>radicicola</italic>, <italic>robiniae</italic>, <italic>mori</italic>, <italic>piperis</italic>, <italic>eumartii</italic>, <italic>xanthoxyli</italic> and <italic>glycines</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Snyder y Hansen, 1941</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">McClure, 1951</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Sakurai y Matuo, 1959</xref>; Sakurai y Matuo, 1961; Matuo y Sakurai, 1965; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Roy <italic>et al.</italic>, 1989</xref>), pero en 2017 se reportaban más de 1,000 relaciones patogénicas de <italic>F. solani</italic>, con más de 500 especies de plantas hospederas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Farr y Rossman, 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>Como estrategia de manejo de la marchitez del agave cuando incrementa a ni-</p>
			<p>veles antieconómicos, se realiza rotación de cultivos, siendo el maíz (<italic>Zea mays</italic>) el principal cultivo alternante, aunque existe reportes de epidemias severas, aun después de años de rotación. Así mismo, se recomienda sembrar frijol (<italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</italic>) como cultivo entre hileras en los primeros años, para mejorar el manejo</p>
			<p>de maleza y anticipar un beneficio económico en el largo ciclo del agave (HerreraPérez, 2017). Considerando la escasa información de <italic>F. solani</italic> como fitopatógeno del agave tequilero, este estudio tuvo como objetivos: Definir la taxonomía de 24 cepas identificadas morfológicamente como <italic>F. solani</italic>, obtenidas de plantas de agave tequilero con marchitez y síntomas de pudrición de raíz y corona, secuenciando el fragmento conservado del ADNr ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 y comparando estas secuencias en la base de datos FUSAROID-ID para ubicarlas taxonómicamente considerando su similitud de secuencias con las nuevas especies filogenéticas reportadas a partir de complejo de especies <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> (FSSC); con estas mismas secuencias, se buscó relacionar 24 cepas de agave, con las11 f. spp. de <italic>F. solani</italic>, y definir con base a la presencia de intrones en la subunidad 18S del ADNr (SSU), su similitud molecular con la f. sp. <italic>phaseoli</italic> que es patogénica a frijol. Adicionalmente, se buscó definir la diversidad genética del genoma completo, utilizando huellas génicas de amplificación de fragmentos repetidos Rep-PCR y a partir del análisis de su diversidad, determinar la capacidad patogénica de cepas representativas, sobre plantas de agave, maíz y frijol, para constatar o definir su condición de hospederos.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Materiales y Métodos</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Muestreo de plantas de Agave con síntomas</title>
				<p>Se muestrearon campos comerciales de nueve municipios de Jalisco, México y un campo cultivado de <italic>A. americana</italic> con síntomas similares en Comitán, Chiapas, México. Los muestreos estaban encaminados a obtener plantas de agave tequilero con síntomas de marchitez y necrosis rojiza en la base del tallo y corona <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> A y B), con la finalidad de obtener aislamientos de <italic>Fusarium solani</italic>.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Apariencia de las plantas de las que se obtuvieron los aislados <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> A) Planta de <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> var. azul, con síntomas de marchitez del agave. B) Tejido necrótico rojizo típico en la corona y base del tallo.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-01-RMEXFIT23105-gf1.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Se obtuvieron fragmentos de tejido interno sano, contiguo a tejido necrótico de la base del tallo o la corona (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>B). Los fragmentos se desinfectaron en una mezcla cloro, alcohol y agua estéril (1:1:8, v/v/v) por 1.5 min. y se sembraron en placas de Petri con medio de cultivo papa-dextrosa-agar (PDA) incubando a 28 ºC por siete días. Se seleccionaron hongos con conidióforos largos con un solo microconidio en el ápice, preferentemente con macroconidios tipo <italic>Fusarium</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> A y B) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Booth, 1971</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Leslie y Summerell, 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Microfotografía de las principales características morfológicas usadas para identificar aislados de <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> obtenidos de tejido necrótico en corona o base del tallo de plantas de <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> var. azul. A). Conidioforos largos con solo un microconidio. B) Macroconidios tipo <italic>Fusarium</italic>.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-01-RMEXFIT23105-gf2.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Para generar micelio, los aislados se sembraron sobre círculos de celofán dulce estéril, colocado sobre PDA, incubando diez días a 27 °C. El micelio se criofracturó en nitrógeno líquido, extrayéndole el ADN utilizando el protocolo de Zymo Research Plant/Seed DNA MiniPrep<sup>®</sup>, Cat. No. D6020. Su integridad y pureza se corroboró por electroforesis en gel de agarosa al 0.8% teñido con SYBER<sup>®</sup> safe Invitrogen DNA gel stain, evidenciada con un transiluminador de luz azul Dark Reader<sup>®</sup>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Utilización de marcadores moleculares de ADN</title>
				<p>Como marcadores moleculares de ADN se utilizaron: El fragmento ITS1-5.8SITS2, que se obtuvo con los iniciadores ITS1 (5’-TCCTCCGCTTATYGATATGC-3’) e ITS4 (5’-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3’), y la subunidad pequeña del ADNr (SSU) amplificando con los iniciadores NS1 (5’-GTAGTCATATGCTTGTCTC-3’) e ITS2 (5’-GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3’) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">White <italic>et al.</italic>, 1990</xref>). La</p>
				<p>reacción de PCR se llevó a cabo en un cóctel de 50 µL que contenía: 30 µL de agua</p>
				<p>desionizada, 10 µL de buffer de reacción 5X MyFi<sup>®</sup> (1 mM de dNTPs y 3 mM de MgCl<sub>2</sub>), 2 µL (1 µL por cada iniciador a 20 µM), 2 µL de MyFi<sup>®</sup> ADN polymerasa Bioline™ y 6 µL del ADN templado. La amplificación se realizó en un termociclador Gradient Palm (Corbett Life Sciences™) con el programa de amplificación siguiente: Una desnaturalización inicial a 95 ºC por 2 min; 30 ciclos de desnaturalización a 94 ºC durante 1 min, anillamiento a 61 ºC durante 2 min y extensión a 72 ºC durante 2 min y una extensión final a 72 ºC por 6 min. Las amplificaciones se evidenciaron en gel de agarosa al 1% teñido con SYBER<sup>®</sup>safe y foto documentando con una cámara Canon Powershot A620. El tamaño de los amplificados se determinó comparándolos con el marcador de ADN HyperLadder 100bp plus de Bioline<sup>®</sup>. Los fragmentos amplificados se secuenciaron en el Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad del CINVESTAV (Irapuato, Guanajuato, México). Para definir la ubicación taxonómica molecular de las cepas, el fragmento ITS1-</p>
				<p>5.8S-ITS2 de cada cepa, se comparó con la colección de nucleótidos (nr/nt) del GenBank, obteniendo reportes de secuencias altamente semejantes con la herramienta Mega BLAST. Adicionalmente, se obtuvieron las secuencias de este mismo fragmento, que fueron agregadas al GenBank por O’Donnell <italic>et al.</italic> (2008), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Lombard <italic>et al.</italic> (2015</xref>), Rupe <italic>et al.</italic> (2001), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Suga <italic>et al.</italic> (2000</xref>b) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Zaccardelli <italic>et al.</italic> (2008</xref>) de las 11 f. spp. de <italic>F. solani</italic> reportadas a la fecha: <italic>batatas, cucurbitae</italic>, <italic>eumartii</italic>, <italic>glycines, mori</italic>, <italic>phaseoli, piperis, pisi</italic>, <italic>radicicola</italic>, <italic>robiniae</italic> y <italic>xanthoxyli</italic>. Todas las secuencias mencionadas, se compararon en la base de datos FUSARIOID-ID (https:// <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.fusarium.org/page/Pairwise ID)">www.fusarium.org/page/Pairwise%20ID)</ext-link> para asociarlas a especies filogenéticas definidas a partir del FSSC (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Crous <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>). Con el programa Mega 11, se obtuvo un árbol filogenético agrupado por el método UPMGA, definiendo su distancia evolutiva por el método de Maximum Composite Likelihood (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Tamura <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>). Para analizar el fragmento SN5-SN8 incluido en la secuencia de la SSU de las cepas aisladas de agave, estas se alinearon con el programa Mega 11 (Tamura <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021), alineando con ellas a las secuencias del fragmento SN5-SN8 de tres cepas de la f. sp. <italic>phaseoli</italic> con los números de acceso en el Gen Bank AF150481, AF150482, AF150483 y de la f. sp. <italic>batatas</italic> con el número de acceso AF150485 (Suga <italic>et al.</italic>, 2000a). Esta estrategia se realizó con el fin de corroborar en las alineaciones, la presencia de intrones en este fragmento de la SSU en la f. sp. <italic>phaseoli</italic>, y determinar su ausencia en la f. sp. <italic>batatas</italic> considerando que este es un rasgo conservado en f. spp. de <italic>F. solani</italic>, que ayuda a su identificación molecular (Suga <italic>et al.</italic>, 2000a) y de esta forma se podría determinar la presencia de intrones y la longitud del inserto en</p>
				<p>pb, en las cepas de <italic>F. solani</italic> obtenidas de <italic>A. tequilana</italic>.</p>
				<p>Para determinar la diversidad del genoma completo de las cepas, se generaron huellas génicas de fragmentos repetidos con el marcador de ADN Rep-PCR, utilizando los iniciadores 1R (5IIIIC GICGICATCIGGC-3’) y REP 2I(5’ ICGICTTATCIGGCCTAC-3’) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Versalovic <italic>et al.</italic>, 1991</xref>) y el protocolo de Rademaker</p>
				<p>y de Brujin (1998) para amplificar, con algunas modificaciones. El cóctel de PCR (25 μL) contenía 2.5 µL de buffer10X (500 mM KCl y 100 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.3], 100 µL de gelatina, 1% de Tritón, 1.5 mg/mL de BSA), 2.5 µL de dNTPs 2 mM,</p>
				<p>1.25 µL de MgCl<sub>2</sub> 1,5 mM, 2 µL de 0.25 µM de cada iniciador, 0.5 µL de 5U de Taq ADN polimerasa Amplificasa<sup>®</sup> (BioTecMol) y 3 µL del DNA. El programa de amplificación consistió en una desnaturalización a a 95 °C por 6 min, seguida de 30 ciclos de desnaturalización a 94 °C durante 6 min, anillamiento a 40 °C durante 1 min, extensión a 65 °C durante 8 min y una extensión final a 65 °C durante 16 min. Las huellas génicas se evidenciaron en geles de agarosa al 2.1%, con electroforesis a 4 °C, 40V y 40 mA durante 20 h. La diversidad determinó en base a matrices estandarizadas de presencia ̶ ausencia de fragmentos amplificados de diferente número de pb, con relación al marcador de peso molecular HyperLadder100bp plus de Bioline<sup>®</sup>. Se generó un árbol filogenético de coeficiente de disimilaridad del promedio de distancias Manhatan, mediante el método de Neighbor-Joining, utilizando el programa NTSYSpc versión 2.21 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Rohlf, 2009</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Pruebas de patogenicidad</title>
				<p>Con el fin de evaluar la patogenicidad de cepas representantes de la diversidad genética de <italic>F. solani</italic>, en tres bioensayos independientes, plantas de <italic>Agave tequilana</italic>; Plántulas de maíz de los híbridos Magno (Aspros<sup>®</sup>), Ocelote y Faisán (Asgrow<sup>®</sup>) reportadas como resistentes a pudrición radicular por <italic>Fusarium</italic> y una variedad tradicional de maíz “Morado”; además de plántulas de frijol “Flor de Mayo”, fueron inoculadas con las cepas FsH, FsC1, FsC7 y FsCA. Adicionalmente se desarrollaron plantas de las tres especies que no fueron inoculadas y se evaluaron como control no inoculado (NI). Las confrontaciones se evaluaron mediante un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Las plantas se establecieron en invernadero, en macetas con sustrato de turba y suelo arenoso, esterilizado en horno a 100 °C por 24 h. El inoculo de cada cepa se creció en PDA durante 10 días, pregerminando una suspensión de conidios, agitándola en medio sintético mínimo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Okon <italic>et al.</italic>, 1973</xref>) a 150 rpm y 28 °C durante 12 h. Se inoculó el sustrato con 4 x 10<sup>5</sup> conidios/mL, colocando 1 ml de la suspensión en tres puntos equidistantes de la planta, sin herir raíces. La severidad de pudrición radicular se cuantificó como porcentaje de la longitud necrosada internamente, de diez fragmentos de raíz de 10 cm de longitud por planta. Los tratamientos se evaluaron 90 días después de la inoculación (DDI) en plantas de agave y 42 DDI días en plantas de maíz y frijol. El análisis estadístico se realizó con Proc ANOVA y prueba de medias de Duncan a un nivel de significancia de P≤ 0.05 con el programa SAS versión 9.0 (The SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>Resultados y Discusión</title>
			<p>Se obtuvieron 24 aislados identificados morfológicamente como <italic>F. solani</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>). Todos aislados de plantas de agave con marchitez. Las colonias de las cepas FsP1, FsDr y FsCA, tenían un diámetro claramente menor al crecerse en medio PDA después de 5 días (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref> A), en comparación del diámetro alcanzado por el resto de las cepas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref> B).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Denominación de las cepas de <italic>F. solani</italic> y <italic>Xenoacremonium</italic> spp. y la ubicación de los campos comerciales de <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> var azul, de donde se obtuvieron los aislados de <italic>Fusarium solani,</italic> ordenada por municipio y zona productora en Jalisco, México.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Cepa de F. solani</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Municipio, Estado</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Zona productora de agave</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>FsF, FsG, FsH, FsP1, FsP2, FsP4 FsP FsC FsQ FsO FsA, FsK FsC7</td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Acatic, Jal. Tototlán, Jal. Tepatitlán, Jal. Atotonilco, Jal. Tecolotlán, Jal. Tala, Jal. Comitán, Chis.</td>
								<td>Altos Sur Ciénega Altos Sur Ciénaga Sierra de Amula Valles</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">FsDr</td>
								<td style="text-align:left">San Gabriel, Jal.</td>
								<td>Sur</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">FsCR, FsM, FsI</td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Teuchitlán, Jal.</td>
								<td>Valles</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">FsA3, FsCA, FsC1, FsD2, FsM1, FsSub, F3</td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Zapotlanejo, Jal.</td>
								<td>Centro</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Apariencia de colonias fúngicas después de cinco días de crecimiento en PDA a 28 °C. A) Cepa FsDr molecularmente identificada como <italic>Xenoacremonium</italic> sp. y B) Cepa FsP de <italic>Fusarium solani</italic>. C) Microfotografía de micelio y conidióforos de la cepa FsDr con ausencia de macroconidios.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-01-RMEXFIT23105-gf3.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Se secuenció el fragmento ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 de los aislados obtenidos de plantas de <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> y estas secuencias se integraron a la base datos del GenBank con las claves de acceso: FsCR MK027255; FsP2 MK027256; FsC1 MK027257;</p>
			<p>FsM MK027258; FsSub MK027259; FsA3 MK027260; FsD2 MK027261; FsM1 MK027262; FsP4 MK027263; FsF3 MK027264; FsA KU878136; FsC KU878137; FsF KU878138; FsG KU878139; FsH KU878140; FsK KU878141; FsO KU878142;:FsP KU878143; FsQ KU878144; FsC7 KU878145; XP1</p>
			<p>MK027287; XCA MK027288; XDr MK027289. Al compararse estas secuencias con la colección de nucleótidos (nr/nt), se ratificó molecularmente la taxonomía de 21 aislados como <italic>F. solani</italic> e integrantes del FSSC, por coincidir con entre 47 y 242 reportes de secuencias altamente similares. Las cepas FsCA, FsDr y FsP1, con los mismos criterios de búsqueda, no fueron altamente similares con <italic>F. solani</italic> o el FSSC, en cambio sí lo fueron con el género <italic>Xenoacremonium</italic>, con 15 reportes y 17 de alta similaridad con <italic>Xenoacremonium falcatum</italic> y <italic>X</italic>. <italic>recifei</italic>, que aunado a las características morfológicas antes descritas y a la descripción de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Lombard <italic>et al.</italic> (2015</xref>) se consideró que taxonómicamente no eran <italic>F. solani</italic>. Cuando el fragmento ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 de los asilados identificados como <italic>F. solani</italic>, se compararon con la base de datos FUSARIOID-ID, se ubicaron taxonómicamente en el género <italic>Neocosmospora</italic> de acuerdo con las nuevas especies filogenéticas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Sandoval-Denis <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>; Geiser <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021). Por lo que las 21 cepas de <italic>F. solani</italic>, se subdividieron en: <italic>Neocosmospora falciformis</italic> (syn de <italic>Fusarium falciforme</italic>) FsM1, FsP, FsD2, FsI, FsA3 y FsC1; <italic>N</italic>. <italic>solani</italic> (syn de <italic>F. solani</italic>) FsP4, FsF3; <italic>N</italic>. <italic>martii</italic> (syn de <italic>F. martii</italic>) FsQ, FsP2, FsC7, FsC, FsCr y <italic>N</italic>. <italic>pseudoradicicola</italic> (syn de <italic>F</italic>. <italic>pseudoradicicola</italic>) FsK, FsH, FsG, FsF, FsA, FsSub, FsO y FsM. Esta subclasificación taxonómica permitió una mayor definición de su diversidad, a diferencia de solo considerarlas como <italic>F. solani</italic>. El dendograma de distancia evolutiva generado con las secuencias del fragmento ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 de las 21 cepas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>), evidenció una distancia considerable con la mayoría de las f. spp., con excepción de f. sp. <italic>eumartii</italic> que se ubicó contigua a las cepas de <italic>N</italic>. <italic>martii</italic> y la f. sp. <italic>radicicola</italic> que se ubicó entre las cepas de <italic>N</italic>. <italic>falciformis</italic>. Todas las cepas aisladas de plantas de <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> estuvieron evolutivamente distantes de la f.sp. <italic>phaseoli</italic>. Según reportan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">O’Donnell <italic>et al.</italic> (2000</xref>); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Suga <italic>et al.</italic> (2000</xref>b) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Zaccardelli <italic>et al.</italic> (2008</xref>), cepas de distintas f. spp. de <italic>F. solani</italic> tienden a agruparse cercanas, cuando se analizan filogenéticamente sus secuencias de ITSs y se consideran especies biológica y filogenéticamente distintas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Coleman, 2016</xref>). Sin embargo, las cepas obtenidas de agave, no se podrían considerar una forma especial, por ser de cuatro especies filogenéticas distintas, sin especificidad patogénica, ya que a su vez todas comparten al agave tequilero como hospedero, comportándose como necrotróficos de amplio rango de hospederos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Mengiste, 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>Se obtuvieron las secuencias de la SSU del DNAr de las 21 cepas de <italic>F</italic>. <italic>solani</italic></p>
			<p>y se incluyeron en la base de datos del GenBank con los siguientes números de acceso: FsC1 MK027267; FsA MK027268; FsA3 MK027269; FsH MK027270; FsO MK027271; FsG MK027272; FsF MK027273: FsF3 MK027274; FsD2 MK027275;</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Árbol filogenético de historia evolutiva construido con el método UPGMA, de cepas identificadas en GenBank como <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> y clasificadas en la base de datos FUSARIOID-ID como especies filogenéticas de <italic>Neocosmospora</italic>, analizadas utilizando sus secuencias ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 junto con las de once f. spp. de <italic>F. solani</italic>.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-01-RMEXFIT23105-gf4.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>FsM MK027276; FsM1 MK027277; FsC MK027278; FsC7 MK027279; FsCR MK027280; FsK MK027281; FsQ MK027282; FsP MK027283; FsP2 MK027284; FsP4 MK027285; FsSub MK027286.</p>
			<p>Estas secuencias se cortaron de acuerdo con el inicio y final del fragmento NS5-NS8 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Suga <italic>et al.</italic>, 2000</xref>a) y al alinear estos fragmentos con las secuencias de la f. spp. <italic>phaseoli</italic> y <italic>batatas</italic>, se corroboró que la f. sp. <italic>phaseoli</italic> en la secuencia AF150481, tiene dos insertos y mide 1,457 pb; la secuencia AF150482 tiene un inserto y una longitud de 1,025 pb y la secuencia AF150483 tiene un inserto y 1048 pb de longitud, mientras la secuencia AF150484 de la f. sp. <italic>batatas</italic> no tiene insertos y tiene una longitud de 616 pb. Con estas secuencias como referencia se determinó que ninguna de las cepas de <italic>Neocosmopora</italic> obtenidas de agave, tiene insertos en el fragmento NS5-NS8 y todas tienen una longitud de 616 pb., por</p>
			<p>lo que ninguna es similar a la f. sp. <italic>phaseoli</italic>, lo que respaldaría la sugerencia de intercalar el cultivo de frijol entre las hileras de agave en época de lluvias, o bien hacer rotación con este cultivo, cuando la marchitez del agave haya incrementado su incidencia, reduciendo el riesgo de incrementar el inoculo de <italic>Neocosmodpora</italic> spp. al haber infectado y colonizado al frijol.</p>
			<p>Al analizar las huellas génicas Rep-PCR obtenidas con el genoma completo de las cepas obtenidas de agave, no se aprecia una clara asociación entre sí, de las especies filogenéticas <italic>N</italic>. <italic>falciformis</italic>, <italic>N</italic>. <italic>martii</italic>, <italic>N</italic>. <italic>solani</italic> y <italic>N</italic>. <italic>pseudoradicicola</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>), como la que se apreció con la diversidad mostrada en el dendograma con solo la secuencia ITS1-5.8S-ITS2. Sin embargo, si se consideran cinco grupos a un coeficiente de disimilaridad de 0.30, la mayor parte de las cepas de tres especies filogenéticas se mantienen en un mismo grupo de diversidad genética, pero a su vez, se conformó un grupo de diversidad, conformado con cepas de las cuatro especies filogenéticas, incluidas las cepas de <italic>Xenoacremonium</italic>. Lo anterior puede explicar que si bien en genes conservados ITSs y Factor de elongación 1α, estas especies filogenéticas son muy similares, su genoma completo tiene un mayor grado de diversidad, pero existe afinidad entre algunas cepas.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f5">
					<label>Figura 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Análisis de diversidad de huellas génicas obtenidas con el marcador molecular de ADN Rep-PCR, de cepas de <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> identificadas como cuatro especies filogenéticas de <italic>Neocosmospora</italic> y de <italic>Xenoacremonium</italic> spp. aisladas de plantas de <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> var azul con marchitez del agave.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-01-RMEXFIT23105-gf5.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Al inocularse cuatro cepas representativas de grupos de diversidad y evaluarse su patogenicidad como severidad de tejido necrótico en raíz, se determinó que las cepas FsH, FsC1 y FsC7 inoculadas en agave, provocaron una severidad del 16.35,</p>
			<p>15.10 y 14.65% respectivamente, sin diferencia estadísticas entre ellas. Sin embargo,</p>
			<p>las plantas inoculadas con la cepa FsCA, no evidenciaron mayor severidad de necrosis en tejido radicular respecto al control no inoculado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). De esta forma se corrobora la patogenicidad de las cepas FsH, FsC1 y FsC7 en agave, como previamente reportó <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Ramírez-Ramírez <italic>et al.</italic> (2017</xref>) con la cepa FsG.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Severidad (%) de pudrición radicular in plantas de agave inoculadas con cepas de <italic>Neocosmospora pseudoradicicola</italic>, <italic>N</italic>. <italic>falciformis</italic>, <italic>N</italic>. <italic>martii</italic> y <italic>Xenoacremonium</italic> sp. obtenidas de tejido necrótico de la corona en plantas de agave tequilero con marchitez.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">&gt;Cepas de F. solani</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Severidad (%) </th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">PRMDz </th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">FsH N. pseudoradicicola</td>
								<td>16.35 </td>
								<td>A </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">FsC1 N. falciformis</td>
								<td>15.10 </td>
								<td>A </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">FsC7 N. martii</td>
								<td>14.65 </td>
								<td>A </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">FsCA Xenoacremonium sp. </td>
								<td>8.45 </td>
								<td>B </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">NI </td>
								<td>8.33 </td>
								<td>B </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<label><sup>z</sup></label>
							<p>Medias seguidas por la misma letra no difieren significativamente (prueba de rango múltiple de Duncan (PRMD) (<italic>*</italic> ≤ 0.05).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Al inocular las cepas FsC7, FsC1 y FsH y FsCA, sobre cuatro variedades de maíz, las cepas FsC7 y FsH, indujeron necrosis más severas en plantas de maíz “Morado”, promediando 9.9 y 8.1% respectivamente. En un segundo nivel de significancia la cepa C1 provoco necrosis radicular de un 4.8 y 4.7% en maíz Magno y “Morado” respectivamente. Sin embargo, las cepas FsH, FsC7 y FsC1, cuando se inocularon en los híbridos Ocelote<sup>®</sup> y Faisán<sup>®</sup>, que se comercializan como resistentes a pudrición radicular inducida por <italic>Fusarium</italic> en maíz, no evidenciaron mayor severidad de pudrición de raíz que el control no inoculado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadro 3</xref>). Considerando que aun cuando este bioensayo fue breve, en invernadero y solo incluyó cuatro materiales genéticos de maíz, evidencia que, entre los materiales de maíz evaluados, hay diversidad en susceptibilidad a las cepas de <italic>Neocosmospora</italic> spp. aisladas de <italic>A. tequilana</italic>. Esto es importante, si se considera que la rotación con cultivos no hospederos, es una de las estrategias más económicas para manejar fitopatógenos radiculares en campo, buscando reducir con el tiempo su nivel de inoculo en suelo. Pero si esta rotación no se realiza adecuadamente, el inoculo del patógeno no se reduce y la enfermedad y pérdidas del cultivo que se quiere proteger se mantienen o incluso se incrementan, como en la rotación maíz - soya realizada como estrategia de manejo de <italic>Fusarium virguliforme</italic> (<italic>F. solani</italic> f. sp. <italic>glycines</italic>), causante de la muerte súbita en soya (SDS), que al efectuarla por varios ciclos, no redujo la severidad de la enfermedad en soya, debido a que los materiales de maíz utilizados, se evaluaron como susceptibles a la infección por <italic>F. virguliforme</italic>, aunque esta infección no reducía su producción (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Xing and Westphal, 2009</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Cuadro 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Severidad (%) de pudrición radicular en cuatro variedades comerciales y un material criollo de maíz (<italic>Zea mays</italic>) inoculadas con las cepas FsH (<italic>Neocosmospora pseudoradicicola</italic>), FsC7 (<italic>N</italic>. <italic>falciformis</italic>), FsC1 (<italic>N</italic>. <italic>martii</italic>) y FsCA (<italic>Xenoacremonium</italic> sp.), obtenidas de tejido necrótico de la corona en plantas de agave tequilero con marchitez.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Cultivar de maíz</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Cepa inoculada</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Severidad (%)</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">PRMDz</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Morado</td>
								<td>FsC7</td>
								<td>9.9</td>
								<td style="text-align:left">A</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Morado</td>
								<td>FsH</td>
								<td>8.1</td>
								<td>AB</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Magno</td>
								<td>FsC1</td>
								<td>4.8</td>
								<td>BC</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Morado</td>
								<td>FsC1</td>
								<td>4.7</td>
								<td>BC</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Morado</td>
								<td>FsCA</td>
								<td>4.2</td>
								<td>CD</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Magno</td>
								<td>FsC7</td>
								<td>3.3</td>
								<td>CD</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Magno</td>
								<td>FsH</td>
								<td>2.9</td>
								<td>CD</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Faisán</td>
								<td>FsH</td>
								<td>2.8</td>
								<td>CD</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Faisán</td>
								<td>FsCA</td>
								<td>2.8</td>
								<td>CD</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Ocelote</td>
								<td>FsC7</td>
								<td>2.5</td>
								<td>CD</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Magno</td>
								<td>FsCA</td>
								<td>1.7</td>
								<td>CD</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Faisán</td>
								<td>FsC7</td>
								<td>1.7</td>
								<td>CD</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Ocelote</td>
								<td>FsC1</td>
								<td>1.5</td>
								<td>CD</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Ocelote</td>
								<td>FsH</td>
								<td>1.4</td>
								<td>CD</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Faisán</td>
								<td>FsC1</td>
								<td>1.1</td>
								<td>CD</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Ocelote</td>
								<td>FsCA</td>
								<td>1.0</td>
								<td>CD</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Ocelote</td>
								<td>NI</td>
								<td>0.7</td>
								<td>CD</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Morado</td>
								<td>NI</td>
								<td>0.7</td>
								<td>CD</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Faisán</td>
								<td>NI</td>
								<td>0.5</td>
								<td>D</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">Magno</td>
								<td>NI</td>
								<td>0.5</td>
								<td>D</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<label><sup>z</sup></label>
							<p>Medias seguidas por la misma letra no difieren significativamente prueba de rango múltiple</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>de Duncan (PRMD) (<italic>*</italic> ≤ 0.05).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En las plantas de frijol “Flor de Mayo”, la inoculación de las cepas FsC1, FsC7 y FsH, no indujeron más necrosis radicular, que la observada en el tratamiento control no inoculado, ni la cuantificada con la inoculación de la cepa FsCa de <italic>Xenoacremonium</italic> sp de 0.28 y 0.17% de severidad respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Cuadro 4</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Cuadro 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Severidad (%) de pudrición radicular en plantas de frijol (<italic>Phaseolus vulgare</italic> cv. Flor de mayo) inoculadas con cepas de <italic>Neocosmospora pseudoradicicola</italic>, <italic>N</italic>. <italic>falciformis</italic>, <italic>N</italic>. <italic>martii</italic> y <italic>Xenoacremonium</italic> sp., obtenidas de tejido necrótico de la corona en plantas de agave tequilero con marchitez.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Cepa inoculada</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Severidad (%)</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">PRMDz</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">FsC1 N. falciformis</td>
								<td>0.43</td>
								<td>A</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">NI</td>
								<td>0.28</td>
								<td>AB</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">FsC7 N. martii</td>
								<td>0.21</td>
								<td>AB</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">FsCA Xenoacremonium sp.</td>
								<td>0.17</td>
								<td>AB</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left">FsH N. pseudoradicicola</td>
								<td>0.03</td>
								<td>B</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<label><sup>z</sup></label>
							<p>Medias seguidas por la misma letra no difieren significativamente prueba de rango múltiple de</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p>Duncan (PRMD) (<italic>*</italic> ≤ 0.05).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusiones</title>
			<p>De plantas de agave tequilero con síntomas de marchitez y necrosis en la base del tallo y corona, se aislaron principalmente cepas identificadas morfológicamente como <italic>F. solani</italic>.</p>
			<p>Al comparar sus secuencias ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 de cepas obtenidas de <italic>Agave tequilana</italic>, en la base de datos del GenBank, se identificaron molecularmente como <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> y se incluían en el complejo de especies <italic>F. solani</italic> (FSSC).</p>
			<p>Al comparar estas mismas secuencias con la base de datos FUSAROID-ID se determinó alta similitud con las de las especies filogenéticas <italic>Neocosmospora martii</italic>, <italic>N</italic>. <italic>pseudoradicicola</italic>, <italic>N</italic>. <italic>solani</italic> y <italic>N</italic>. <italic>falciformis</italic>, que se reportan como sinónimas de <italic>Fusarium martii</italic>, <italic>F. pseudoradicicola</italic>, <italic>F. solani</italic> y <italic>F. falciformis</italic>, evidenciando su variabilidad genética.</p>
			<p>Secuencias del fragmento ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 de los aislados obtenidos de <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> fueron molecularmente diferentes de las f. spp. de <italic>F. solani</italic>, excepto de las f. spp. <italic>eumartii</italic> que es muy similar a <italic>N. martii</italic> y la f. sp. <italic>radicicola</italic> que es muy similar <italic>N. falciformis</italic>. Esta información, adicionada a la ausencia de intrones en la secuencia de la fracción 18S (SSU), soporta que entre las cepas obtenidas de <italic>A</italic>. <italic>tequilana</italic> ninguna es de la f. sp. <italic>phasioli</italic>.</p>
			<p>Cepas representativas de <italic>Neocosmospora</italic> aisladas de <italic>A. tequilana</italic>, fueron fitopatógenas a agave, a maíz morado y a maces sin resistencia a <italic>Fusarium</italic>. En cambio, maíces resistentes a <italic>Fusarium</italic>, no fueron susceptibles</p>
			<p>En pruebas de patogenicidad, ninguna de las cepas fue patogénica a las plantas</p>
			<p>de frijol inoculadas lo que parece confirmar los hallazgos moleculares al respecto.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimientos</title>
			<p> </p>
			<p>Los autores agradecen a Casa Cuervo S.A. de C.V. su apoyo para realizar el muestreo de campo. Parte de este proyecto fue apoyado por el Tecnológico Nacional de México (TecNM) a través del proyecto número 5434.14-P. VMB agradece al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de México (CONACyT) por su beca de Maestría en Ciencias.</p>
		</ack>
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	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Scientific Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Diversity and taxonomy of <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> isolated of wilted <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> var. azul plants</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background/Objective. </title>
					<p>The objective of this work was to identify 24 strains of <italic>F. solani</italic> isolated from agave with wilt, with respect to the new phylogenetic species; determine their molecular similarity to <italic>F. solani</italic> f. spp.; determine their genetic diversity and their pathogenic capacity in agave, bean and corn.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and Methods. </title>
					<p>Sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 fragment of 24 agave isolates and those of <italic>F. solani</italic> f.spp., were compared with GenBank and FUSAROID-ID. Amplified 18S rRNA sequences were aligned with sequences reported of <italic>F. solani</italic> f. spp. <italic>phaseoli</italic> and <italic>batatas</italic>, defining the presence of introns. Genetic diversity was determined with the DNA RepPCR marker. Representative strains were tested against agave, bean and maize seedlings, evaluating their pathogenicity as root rot severity.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results. </title>
					<p>Isolates morphologically identified as <italic>F. solani</italic>, GenBank placed them as</p>
					<p><italic>F. solani</italic> or included in the FSSC, three strains were identified as <italic>Xenoacremonium</italic> sp. FUSAROID-ID defined that the sequences of <italic>F. solani</italic> were highly similar to those of <italic>Neocosmospora martii</italic>, <italic>N</italic>. <italic>pseudoradicicola</italic>, <italic>N</italic>. <italic>solani</italic> and <italic>N</italic>. f<italic>alciformis</italic>. The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences and absence of introns in its SSU indicated that none is <italic>F. solani</italic> f. sp. <italic>phaseoli</italic>. Isolates obtained from agave were pathogenic to</p>
					<p><italic>A</italic>. <italic>tequilana</italic> and a criollo corn cv, but not to <italic>Fusarium</italic>-resistant corn. No agave isolates were pathogenic to beans.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusions. </title>
					<p>Four phylogenetic species of FSSC cause root rot in agave; <italic>F. solani</italic> isolates from agave did not affect <italic>Fusarium</italic>-resistant corn. It is safe to intercrop beans in agave.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title><bold>Keywords:</bold></title>
				<kwd>Neocosmospora</kwd>
				<kwd>Rep-PCR</kwd>
				<kwd>f. sp. <italic>phaseoli</italic>.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>Tequila is considered the quintessential Mexican alcoholic beverage. In 2022, 2.61 million tons of agave (<italic>Agave tequilana</italic> var. azul) stems “piñas”, its essential raw material, were used, reaching a historical production volume of 651 million liters of tequila, of which 64% was exported (CRT, 2023). The crop requires six years to mature and, in that time, it is susceptible to agave wilt, a disease in which <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> causes a vascular wilt or <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> induces a rot in the roots, lethal in maturity, and as such reduce production drastically (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aceves, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Avila-Miranda <italic>et al.</italic>, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Ramírez-Ramírez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>). <italic>F. solani</italic> is a necrotrophic fungus, which forms long monophialides with non-catenulated apical microconidia and <italic>Fusarium</italic> macroconidia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Leslie and Summerell, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Schroers <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>), although phylogenetic analyses indicated that members of that species made up the <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> species complex (FSSC), diverse and without a specific typification (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Coleman <italic>et al.</italic>, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Nalim <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">O’Donnell, 2000</xref>; O’Donnell <italic>et al.</italic>, 2008; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Short <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>). Therefore, in order to stabilize the taxonomy and nomenclature of the FSSC, phylogenetic species were recently recognized which were included in the genus <italic>Neocosmopora</italic> (SandovalDenis <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Crous <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>) or in the genus <italic>Fusarium</italic> (Geiser <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021). However, the plant pathogenicity of the FSSC, continues to be ambiguous, since, despite eleven <italic>formae speciales</italic> (f. spp.) called <italic>phaseoli</italic>, <italic>pisi</italic>, <italic>cucurbitae</italic>, <italic>batatas</italic>, <italic>radicicola</italic>, <italic>robiniae</italic>, <italic>mori</italic>, <italic>piperis</italic>, <italic>eumartii</italic>, <italic>xanthoxyli</italic> and <italic>glycines</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Snyder and Hansen, 1941</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">McClure, 1951</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Sakurai and Matuo, 1959</xref>; Sakurai and Matuo, 1961; Matuo and Sakurai, 1965; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Roy <italic>et al.</italic>, 1989</xref>), having been described for over 50 years with a specific pathogenic capacity to a narrow group of species, in 2017, around 1,000 pathogenic relations with <italic>F. solani</italic> were reported with over 500 species of host plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Farr and Rossman, 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>As a strategy to manage wilt in agave when it increases to anti-economic levels, crop rotation is carried out, with maize (<italic>Zea mays</italic>) being the main alternating group, although there are reports of severe epidemics, even after years of rotation. Likewise, the planting of beans (<italic>Phaseolus vulgaris</italic>) is recommended as a crop between rows in the first years to improve weed management and anticipate an economic benefit in the long cycle of the agave (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Herrera-Pérez, 2017</xref>). Considering the lack of information of <italic>F. solani</italic> as a phytopathogen of <italic>Agave tequilana</italic>, the aims of this study were to define the taxonomy of 24 strains identified morphologically as</p>
				<p><italic>F. solani</italic>, isolated from agave plants with wilt and symptoms of root and crown rot. Conserved fragment of the rRNA ITS-5.8S-ITS2 were sequenced and compared into the FUSAROID-ID data base to locate them taxonomically, considering their similarity of sequences with the new phylogenetic species reported from the <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> species complex (FSSC). With these same sequences, an attempt was made to relate 24 agave strains with the 11 <italic>F. solani</italic> f. spp. to define, based on the presence of introns in the 18S rDNA (SSU) subunit, its molecular similarity to f. sp. <italic>phaseoli</italic>, which is pathogenic to beans. In addition, an attempt was also made to define the genetic diversity of the complete genome, using Rep-PCR fingerprints of repeated fragment amplification, and from the analysis of this diversity, determine the pathogenic capacity of representative strains on agave, maize and bean plants in order to confirm or define their host status.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>Materials and Methods</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Sampling symptomatic agave plants</title>
					<p>Nine commercial fields in nine municipal areas in Jalisco, Mexico were sampled, in addition with another field with <italic>A. americana</italic> with similar symptoms in Comitán, Chiapas, Mexico. The sampling was aimed to obtain agave plants with symptoms of wilt and reddish necrosis in the base of the stem and crown (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref> A and B), in order to obtain <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> isolations.</p>
					<p>Fragments of healthy internal tissue, adjacent to necrotic tissue from the base of the stem or the crown, were obtained (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>B). The fragments were disinfected in a mixture of chlorine, alcohol and sterilized water (1:1:8, v/v/v) for</p>
					<p>1.5 min. and planted in Petri dishes with a potato-dextrose-agar (PDA) culture medium, incubated at 28 ºC for seven days. Fungi with long conidiophores with</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f6">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Appearance of plants from which the <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> strains were isolated A) <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> var. azul plant, with symptoms of agave wilt. B) Typical reddish necrotic tissue in the crown and the base of the stem.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-01-RMEXFIT23105-gf6.jpg"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>a single microconidium at the apex were selected, preferably with <italic>Fusarium</italic>-type macroconidia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2</xref> A and B) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Booth, 1971</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Leslie and Summerell, 2006</xref>).</p>
					<p>To generate mycelia, the isolations were grown on sweet sterile cellophane, placed on PDA and incubated for ten days at 27 °C. The mycelium was cryofractured in liquid nitrogen and the DNA was extracted using the Zymo Research Plant/Seed DNA MiniPrep™ protocol, Cat. No. D6020. Its integrity and purity were confirmed by electrophoresis on a 0.8% agarose gel stained with SYBRSafe<sup>™</sup> Invitrogen DNA gel stain, visualized using a Dark Reader<sup>™</sup> blue light transilluminator.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f7">
							<label>Figure 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Microphotograph of the main morphological characteristics used to identify <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> isolations obtained from necrotic tissue in the crown or base of the stem of <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> var. azul plant. A). Long conidiophores with only one microconidium. B) <italic>Fusarium</italic> macroconidia.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-01-RMEXFIT23105-gf7.jpg"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Using DNA molecular markers</title>
					<p>The following were used as DNA molecular markers: The fragment ITS1-5.8SITS2, obtained with the primers ITS1 (5’-TCCTCCGCTTATYGATATGC-3’) and ITS4 (5’-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3’), and the small subunit of rDNA (SSU) amplified with the primers NS1 (5’-GTAGTCATATGCTTGTCTC-3’) and ITS2 (5’-GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3’) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">White <italic>et al.</italic>, 1990</xref>). The PCR reaction was performed in a 50 µL cocktail containing 30 µL of deionized water, 10 µL of 5X MyFi<sup>™</sup> buffer reaction (1 mM of dNTPs and 3 mM of MgCl<sub>2</sub>), 2 µL (1 µL for each primer at 20 µM), 2 µL of MyFi<sup>™</sup> Bioline<sup>™</sup> polymerase and 6 µL of the DNA template. Amplification was carried out in a Gradient Palm thermocycler (Corbett Life Sciences<sup>™</sup>) with the following amplification program: An initial denaturation at 95 ºC for 2 min; 30 cycles with denaturation at 94 ºC for 1 min, annealing at 61 ºC for 2 min and an extension at 72 ºC for 2 min and a final extension at 72 ºC</p>
					<p>for 6 min. The amplifications were visualized in a 1% agarose gel, stained with SYBERsafe<sup>™</sup> and photo-documented with a Canon Powershot<sup>™</sup> A620 camera. The size of the amplifications was determined by comparing them with the Bioline<sup>™</sup> HyperLadder 100bp plus DNA marker. The amplified fragments were sequenced in the National Laboratory of Genetics of Biodiversity of the CINVESTAV (Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico).</p>
					<p>To define the molecular taxonomic location of the strains, the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 fragment of each strain was compared with the nucleotide collection (nr/nt) of the GenBank, and reports were obtained of highly similar sequences with the Mega BLAST tool. In addition, the sequences of this same tool were obtained, which were added to the GenBank by O’Donnell <italic>et al.</italic> (2008), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Lombard <italic>et al.</italic> (2015</xref>), Rupe <italic>et al.</italic> (2001), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Suga <italic>et al.</italic> (2000</xref>b) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Zaccardelli <italic>et al.</italic> (2008</xref>) of the 11 f. spp. of <italic>F. solani</italic> reported to date: <italic>batatas, cucurbitae</italic>, <italic>eumartii</italic>, <italic>glycines, mori</italic>, <italic>phaseoli, piperis, pisi</italic>, <italic>radicicola</italic>, <italic>robiniae</italic> and <italic>xanthoxyli</italic>. All these sequences were compared in the FUSARIOID-ID database (h<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.fusarium.org/page/">ttps://www.fusarium.org/page/</ext-link> Pairwise%20ID) to associate them to phylogenetic species defined from the FSSC (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Crous <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>). Using the program Mega 11, a phylogenetic tree was obtained grouped with the UPMGA method, defining its evolutionary distance with the Maximum Composite Likelihood method (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Tamura <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>).</p>
					<p>To analyze the SN5-SN8 fragment included in the SSU sequence of the isolated agave strains, they were aligned using the program Mega 11 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Tamura <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>), thus aligning the sequences of the fragment SN5-SN8 of three f. sp. <italic>phaseoli</italic> strains with Gen Bank accession numbers AF150481, AF150482, AF150483 and one of the f. sp. <italic>batatas</italic> with accession number AF150485 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Suga <italic>et al.</italic>, 2000</xref>a). This strategy was carried out to verify, in the alignments, the presence of introns in this fragment of the SSU in f. sp. <italic>phaseoli</italic>, and to determine their absence in f. sp. <italic>batatas</italic>, considering that this is a trait that remains in f. spp of <italic>F. solani</italic>, which helps in its molecular identification (Suga <italic>et al.</italic>, 2000a). In this way, the presence of introns and the insert length in base pairs could be determined in the <italic>F. solani</italic> strains obtained from <italic>A. tequilana</italic>.</p>
					<p>To determine the diversity of the complete genome of the strains, genetic fingerprinting were generated from fragments repeated with the Rep-PCR DNA marker, using primers 1R (5IIIIC GICGICATCIGGC-3’) and REP 2I(5’ ICGICTTATCIGGCCTAC-3’) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Versalovic <italic>et al.</italic>, 1991</xref>) and the protocol by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Rademaker and Brujin (1998</xref>) to amplify, with a few modifications. The PCR cocktail (25 μL) contained 2.5 µL of buffer10X (500 mM KCl and 100 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.3], 100 µL gelatin, 1% Triton, 1.5 mg/mL BSA), 2.5 µL of 2 mM dNTPs, 1.25 µL of 1.5 mM MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 2 µL of 0.25 µM of each primer, 0.5 µL of 5U of Taq DNA polymerase Amplificasa™ (BioTecMol) and 3 µL of the DNA. The amplification program consisted in a denaturation at 95 °C for 6 min, followed by 30 cycles with</p>
					<p>denaturation at 94 °C for 6 min, annealing at 40 °C for 1 min, an extension at 65</p>
					<p>°C for 8 min and a final extension at 65 °C for 16 min. The genetic fingerprinting were visualized in agarose gels at 2.1%, with electrophoresis at 4 °C, 40V and 40 mA for 20 h. Diversity was determined based on standardized matrices of presenceabsence of amplified fragments of different base pair numbers in relation to the HyperLadder100bp plus molecular weight marker from Bioline™. A phylogenetic tree was generated using the Manhattan average dissimilarity coefficient, with the Neighbor-Joining method, using the NTSYSpc program, version 2.21 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Rohlf, 2009</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Pathogenicity tests</title>
					<p>In order to evaluate the pathogenicity of representative strains of the genetic diversity of <italic>F. solani</italic>, in three independent bioassays, <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> plants; maize seedlings of the Magno (Aspros ™), Ocelote and Faisán hybrids (Asgrow<sup>™</sup>) reported as resistant to root rot by <italic>Fusarium</italic> and a traditional variety of “Morado” maize; as well as “Flor de Mayo” bean seedlings were inoculated with the FsH, FsC1, FsC7 and FsCA strains. Additionally, plants of the three species that were not inoculated were developed and evaluated as non-inoculated control (NI). Confrontations were evaluated by a completely randomized design with four repetitions. The plants were established in a greenhouse, in pots with a peat and sandy soil substrate, sterilized in an oven at 100 °C for 24 h. The inoculum of each strain was grown in PDA for 10 days, pre-germinating a conidial suspension by shaking it in a minimal synthetic medium (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Okon <italic>et al.</italic>, 1973</xref>) at 150 rpm and 28</p>
					<p>°C for 12 h. The substrate was inoculated with 4 x 10<sup>5</sup> conidia/mL, placing 1 mL of the suspension in three equidistant points around the plant, without injuring the roots. The severity of the root rot was quantified as a percentage of the internally necrotic lenght of ten root fragments, each 10 cm long per plant. The treatments were evaluated 90 days after inoculation (DDI) in agave plants and 42 DDI in maize and bean plants. The statistical analysis was carried out with Proc ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test at a significance level of P≤ 0.05 with the program SAS, version 9.0 (The SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>Results and Discussion</title>
				<p>Twenty-four isolates, morphologically identified as <italic>F. solani</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>) were obtained. They were all isolated from agave plants with wilt. The cultures of strains FsP1, FsDr and FsCA had a clearly smaller diameter, in PDA medium after 5 days (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref> A), in comparison with the diameter reached by the rest of the strains (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref> B).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Designation of <italic>F</italic>. <italic>solani</italic> and <italic>Xenoacremonium</italic> spp strains and ubication of the commercial <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> var azul fields where strains were obtained by municipality and production zone in Jalisco, Mexico.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">F. solani strain</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Municipality, State</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Agave production zone</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>FsF, FsG, FsH, FsP1, FsP2, FsP4 FsP FsC FsQ FsO FsA, FsK FsC7</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Acatic, Jal. Tototlán, Jal. Tepatitlán, Jal. Atotonilco, Jal. Tecolotlán, Jal. Tala, Jal. Comitán, Chis.</td>
									<td>Altos Sur Ciénega Altos Sur Ciénaga Sierra de Amula Valles</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">FsDr</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">San Gabriel, Jal.</td>
									<td>Sur</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">FsCR, FsM, FsI</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Teuchitlán, Jal.</td>
									<td>Valles</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">FsA3, FsCA, FsC1, FsD2, FsM1, FsSub, F3</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Zapotlanejo, Jal.</td>
									<td>Centro</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Appearance of fungal cultures after five days of growing in PDA at 28 °C. A) FsDr strain, identified molecularly as <italic>Xenoacremonium</italic> sp.and B) <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> FsP strain. C) Microphotograph of mycelium and conidiophore of the FsDr strain without macroconidia.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-01-RMEXFIT23105-gf8.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The fragment ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 of the isolations obtained from <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> plants was sequenced and these sequences were integrated into the GenBank database with accession codes FsCR MK027255; FsP2 MK027256; FsC1 MK027257; FsM MK027258; FsSub MK027259; FsA3 MK027260; FsD2 MK027261; FsM1 MK027262; FsP4 MK027263; FsF3 MK027264; FsA KU878136; FsC KU878137; FsF KU878138; FsG KU878139; FsH KU878140; FsK KU878141; FsO KU878142;:FsP KU878143; FsQ KU878144; FsC7 KU878145; XP1 MK027287; XCA MK027288; XDr MK027289. When comparing</p>
				<p>these sequences with the collection of nucleotides (nr/nt), the taxonomy of 21 isolations such as <italic>F. solani</italic> and members of the FSSC were molecularly ratified, for coinciding with 47 to 242 reports of highly similar sequences. FsCA, FsDr and FsP1 strains, with the same search criteria, were not highly similar to <italic>F. solani</italic> or</p>
				<p>the FSSC, but they were similar to the genus <italic>Xenoacremonium</italic>, with 15 reports and 17 of high similarity with <italic>Xenoacremonium falcatum</italic> and <italic>X</italic>. <italic>recifei</italic>, which, along with the previously described morphological characteristics and the description by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Lombard <italic>et al.</italic> (2015</xref>), was taxonomically not considered to be <italic>F. solani</italic>. When the fragment ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 of the different isolates of <italic>F. solani</italic> were compared with the FUSARIOID-ID data base, they were taxonomically located in the genus <italic>Neocosmospora</italic> according to the new phylogenetic species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Sandoval-Denis <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>; Geiser <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021). Therefore, the 21 <italic>F. solani</italic> strains were subdivided into <italic>Neocosmospora falciformis</italic> (syn of <italic>Fusarium falciforme</italic>) FsM1, FsP, FsD2, FsI, FsA3 and FsC1; <italic>N</italic>. <italic>solani</italic> (syn of <italic>F. solani</italic>) FsP4, FsF3; <italic>N</italic>. <italic>martii</italic> (syn of <italic>F. martii</italic>) FsQ, FsP2, FsC7, FsC, FsCr and <italic>N</italic>. <italic>pseudoradicicola</italic> (syn of <italic>F</italic>. <italic>pseudoradicicola</italic>) FsK, FsH, FsG, FsF, FsA, FsSub, FsO and FsM. This taxonomic subclassification helped to give a greater definition of its diversity, unlike considering them only</p>
				<p><italic>F. solani</italic>. The evolutionary distance dendrogram generated with the ITS1-5.8SITS2 fragment sequences of the 21 strains (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4</xref>), showed a considerable distance from most of the f. spp., with the exception of f. sp. <italic>eumartii</italic>, which was located next to the <italic>N</italic>. <italic>martii</italic> strains, and the f. sp. <italic>radicicola</italic>, which was located among the <italic>N</italic>. <italic>falciformis</italic> strains. All the strains isolated from <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> plants were evolutionarily distant from the f.sp. <italic>phaseoli</italic>. According to reports by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">O’Donnell <italic>et al.</italic> (2000</xref>); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Suga <italic>et al.</italic> (2000</xref>b) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Zaccardelli <italic>et al.</italic> (2008</xref>), strains from different <italic>F. solani</italic> f. spp. tend to group closely when their ITS sequences are analyzed phylogenetically and are considered biologically and phylogenetically different species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Coleman, 2016</xref>). However, the strains taken from agave could not be considered a special form, as they belong to four distinct phylogenetic species without a pathogenic specificity, since they all share tequila agave as a host, behaving as necrotrophic with a wide range of hosts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Mengiste, 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>The sequences of the SSU of rDNA of the 21 strains of <italic>F</italic>. <italic>solani</italic> were obtained and included in the GenBank data base, with the following accession numbers: FsC1 MK027267; FsA MK027268; FsA3 MK027269; FsH MK027270; FsO MK027271; FsG MK027272; FsF MK027273: FsF3 MK027274; FsD2 MK027275; FsM MK027276; FsM1 MK027277; FsC MK027278; FsC7 MK027279; FsCR MK027280; FsK MK027281; FsQ MK027282; FsP MK027283; FsP2 MK027284; FsP4 MK027285; FsSub MK027286.</p>
				<p>These sequences were cut according to the beginning and end of the fragment NS5-NS8 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Suga <italic>et al.</italic>, 2000</xref>a), and when aligning these fragments with the sequences of the f. spp. <italic>phaseoli</italic> and <italic>batatas</italic>, f. sp. <italic>phaseoli</italic> in sequence AF150481 was verified to have two inserts and measures 1,457 pb; sequence AF150482 has one insert and a length of 1,025 pb and sequence AF150483 has one insert and a length of 1048 pb, while sequence AF150484 of the f. sp. <italic>batatas</italic> has no inserts and has a length of 616 pb. With these sequences as a reference, it was determined that</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f9">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Phylogenetic tree of evolutive history constructed with UPGMA method from strains identified as <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> in the GenBank and classified as phylogenetic species of <italic>Neocosmospora</italic> using FUSARIOID-ID nucleotide base, analyzing ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences comparing with those of eleven <italic>F. solani</italic> f. spp.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-01-RMEXFIT23105-gf9.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>none of the <italic>Neocosmopora</italic> strains isolated from agave have inserts in the fragment NS5-NS8 and all have a length of 616 pb., therefore none are similar to the f. sp. <italic>phaseoli</italic>, which would support the suggestion of intercropping beans between the rows of agave during the rainy season, or rotating with this crop when the incidence of agave wilt has increased, reducing the risk of increasing the inoculum of <italic>Neocosmodpora</italic> spp. by infecting and colonizing the beans.</p>
				<p>An analysis of the Rep-PCR fingerprints obtained with the complete genome of the strains taken from agave, showed no clear association between the phylogenetic species <italic>N</italic>. <italic>falciformis</italic>, <italic>N</italic>. <italic>martii</italic>, <italic>N</italic>. <italic>solani</italic> and <italic>N</italic>. <italic>pseudoradicicola</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 5</xref>) as seen with the diversity shown in the dendrogram with only the sequence ITS1-</p>
				<p>5.8S-ITS2. Nevertheless, if five groups are considered at a dissimilarity coefficient</p>
				<p>of 0.30, most of the strains from three phylogenetic species remain in the same</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f10">
						<label>Figure 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Diversity analysis of fingerprints obtained with the DNA marker Rep-PCR from strains of <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> identified as four phylogenetic species of <italic>Neocosmospora</italic> and <italic>Xenoacremonium</italic> spp. isolated from <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> var azul with agave wilt.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-01-RMEXFIT23105-gf10.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>genetic diversity group. However, a diversity group was also formed, consisting of strains from all the four phylogenetic species, including the <italic>Xenoacremonium</italic> strains. This may explain that, although in ITSs and 1α elongation factor conserved genes, these phylogenetic species are very similar, their complete genome has a higher degree of diversity, but there is affinity between some strains.</p>
				<p>When inoculating four representative strains from diversity groups and evaluating their pathogenicity as the severity of necrotic tissue, it was determined that the FsH, FsC1 and FsC7 strains inoculated in agave led to a severity of 16.35,</p>
				<p>15.10 and 14.65 % respectively, without statistical differences between them. However, in the plants inoculated with the FsCA strain, no greater severity of root tissue necrosis was observed compared to the non-inoculated control (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>). This corroborates the pathogenicity of the FsH, FsC1 and FsC7 strains in agave, as previously reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Ramírez-Ramírez <italic>et al.</italic> (2017</xref>) with the FsG strain.</p>
				<p>When inoculating the strains FsC7, FsC1 and FsH and FsCA in four maize varieties, strains FsC7 and FsH induced more severe necrosis in “Morado” maize plants, with averages of 9.9 and 8.1% respectively. In a second level of significance, the C1 strain caused root necrosis by 4.8 and 4.7% in Magno and “Morado” maize, respectively. However, the strains FsH, FsC7 and FsC1, when inoculated in the hybrids Ocelote<sup>®</sup> and Faisán<sup>®</sup>, which are sold as resistant to root rot induced by <italic>Fusarium</italic> in maize, displayed no greater root rot severity than the non-inoculated control (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>). Considering that, despite this bioassay having been brief, being conducted in a greenhouse and only including four genetic materials in maize, it</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Severity (%) of root rot in agave plants inoculated with <italic>Neocosmospora pseudoradicicola</italic>, <italic>N</italic>. <italic>falciformis</italic>, <italic>N</italic>. <italic>martii</italic> and <italic>Xenoacremonium</italic> sp. obtained from rotten crown tissue of <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> var azul plants with agave wilt.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">F. solani strains</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Severity (%)</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">DMRT z</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">FsH N. pseudoradicicola</td>
									<td>16.35</td>
									<td>A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">FsC1 N. falciformis</td>
									<td>15.10</td>
									<td>A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">FsC7 N. martii</td>
									<td>14.65</td>
									<td>A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">FsCA Xenoacremonium sp.</td>
									<td>8.45</td>
									<td>B</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">NI</td>
									<td>8.33</td>
									<td>B</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<label><sup>z</sup></label>
								<p>Means followed with the same letter are not significatively different. Duncan´s Multiple Rage Test</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>(DMRT) (<italic>*</italic> ≤ 0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Severity (%) of root rot in four commercial and one native cultivar of corn (<italic>Zea mays</italic>) inoculated with the strains FsH (<italic>Neocosmospora pseudoradicicola</italic>), FsC7 (<italic>N</italic>. <italic>falciformis</italic>), FsC1 (<italic>N</italic>. <italic>martii</italic>) y FsCA (<italic>Xenoacremonium</italic> sp.), obtained from rotten crown of agave plants (<italic>Agave tequilana</italic> Weber var. azul) with agave wilt.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Corn variety</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Inoculated strain</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Severity (%)</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">DMRTz</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Morado</td>
									<td>FsC7</td>
									<td>9.9</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">A</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Morado</td>
									<td>FsH</td>
									<td>8.1</td>
									<td>AB</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Magno</td>
									<td>FsC1</td>
									<td>4.8</td>
									<td>BC</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Morado</td>
									<td>FsC1</td>
									<td>4.7</td>
									<td>BC</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Morado</td>
									<td>FsCA</td>
									<td>4.2</td>
									<td>CD</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Magno</td>
									<td>FsC7</td>
									<td>3.3</td>
									<td>CD</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Magno</td>
									<td>FsH</td>
									<td>2.9</td>
									<td>CD</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Faisán</td>
									<td>FsH</td>
									<td>2.8</td>
									<td>CD</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Faisán</td>
									<td>FsCA</td>
									<td>2.8</td>
									<td>CD</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Ocelote</td>
									<td>FsC7</td>
									<td>2.5</td>
									<td>CD</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Magno</td>
									<td>FsCA</td>
									<td>1.7</td>
									<td>CD</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Faisán</td>
									<td>FsC7</td>
									<td>1.7</td>
									<td>CD</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Ocelote</td>
									<td>FsC1</td>
									<td>1.5</td>
									<td>CD</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Ocelote</td>
									<td>FsH</td>
									<td>1.4</td>
									<td>CD</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Faisán</td>
									<td>FsC1</td>
									<td>1.1</td>
									<td>CD</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Ocelote</td>
									<td>FsCA</td>
									<td>1.0</td>
									<td>CD</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Ocelote</td>
									<td>NI</td>
									<td>0.7</td>
									<td>CD</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Morado</td>
									<td>NI</td>
									<td>0.7</td>
									<td>CD</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Faisán</td>
									<td>NI</td>
									<td>0.5</td>
									<td>D</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">Magno</td>
									<td>NI</td>
									<td>0.5</td>
									<td>D</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<label><sup>z</sup></label>
								<p> Means followed with the same letter are not significatively different. Duncan’s Multiple Rage</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN9">
								<p>Test (DMRT) (<italic>*</italic> ≤ 0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>shows that among the evaluated maize materials, there is diversity in the susceptibility to <italic>Neocosmospora</italic> spp. strains isolated from <italic>A. tequilana</italic>. This is important if we consider that the rotation with non-host crops is one of the cheapest strategies to handle soil borne plant pathogens in the field, when attempting to reduce its level of inoculum in the soil. Yet if this rotation is not carried out adequately, the inoculum of the pathogen is not reduced and losses in the crop that is trying to be protected remain or are even increased, such as in the maize-soybean rotation performed as a strategy for the management of <italic>Fusarium virguliforme</italic> (<italic>F. solani</italic> f. sp. <italic>glycines</italic>), causing sudden death in soybean (SDS), which, when performed for several cycles, did not reduce the severity of the disease in soybean, since the maize materials used were evaluated as susceptible to infection by <italic>F. virguliforme</italic>, although this infection did not reduce its production (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Xing and Westphal, 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p>In the “Flor de Mayo” bean plants, the inoculation of strains FsC1, FsC7 y FsH, did not induce more root necrosis than that observed in the non-inoculated control treatment, nor that quantified with the inoculation of the FsCa strain of <italic>Xenoacremonium</italic> sp of 0.28 y 0.17% de severity respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Severity (%) of root rot in bean (<italic>Phaseolus vulgare</italic> cv. Flor de Mayo) plants inoculated with strains of <italic>Neocosmospora pseudoradicicola</italic>, <italic>N</italic>. <italic>falciformis</italic>, <italic>N</italic>. <italic>martii</italic> y <italic>Xenoacremonium</italic> sp., isolated from rotten crown tissue of <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> var. azul with agave wilt.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Inoculated strain</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Severity (%)</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">DMRTz</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">FsC1 N. falciformis</td>
									<td>0.43 </td>
									<td style="text-align:left">A </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">NI </td>
									<td>0.28 </td>
									<td style="text-align:right">AB </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">FsC7 N. martii</td>
									<td>0.21 </td>
									<td style="text-align:right">AB </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">FsCA Xenoacremoniumsp. </td>
									<td>0.17 </td>
									<td style="text-align:right">AB </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left">FsH N. pseudoradicicola</td>
									<td>0.03 </td>
									<td style="text-align:right">B </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN10">
								<label><sup>z</sup></label>
								<p>Means followed with the same letter are not significatively different. Duncan’s Multiple Rage Test</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN11">
								<p>(DMRT) (<italic>*</italic> ≤ 0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusions</title>
				<p>Strains morphologically identified as <italic>F. solani</italic> were primarily isolated from tequila agave plants with symptoms of wilting and necrosis at the base of the stem and crown.</p>
				<p>When comparing the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences of strains obtained from <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> in the GenBank data base, were molecularly identified as <italic>Fusarium solani</italic> and were included in the <italic>F. solani</italic> species complex (FSSC).</p>
				<p>A comparison of these same sequences with the FUSAROID-ID database led to determining a high similarity with those from the <italic>Neocosmospora martii</italic>, <italic>N</italic>. <italic>pseudoradicicola</italic>, <italic>N</italic>. <italic>solani</italic> and <italic>N</italic>. <italic>falciformis</italic> phylogenetic species, which are reported as synonymous with <italic>Fusarium martii</italic>, <italic>F. pseudoradicicola</italic>, <italic>F. solani</italic> and</p>
				<p><italic>F. falciformis</italic>, displaying their genetic variability.</p>
				<p>Sequences of the fragment ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 of the isolations obtained from <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> were molecularly different from the <italic>F. solani</italic> f. spp, with the exception of the f. sp. <italic>eumartii</italic> which is very similar to <italic>N. martii</italic> and the f. sp. <italic>radicicola</italic>, which is very similar to <italic>N. falciformis</italic>. This information, along with the absence of introns in the sequence of the 18S (SSU) fraction, supports that none of the strains obtained from <italic>A</italic>. <italic>tequilana</italic> belong to the f. sp. <italic>phasioli</italic>.</p>
				<p>Strains representative of <italic>Neocosmospora</italic> isolated from <italic>A. tequilana</italic> were phytopathogenic to agave, “Morado” maize and to maize varieties without resistance to <italic>Fusarium</italic>. On the other hand, maize varieties resistant to <italic>Fusarium</italic> were not susceptible.</p>
				<p>In pathogenicity tests, none of the strains was pathogenic to the inoculated bean</p>
				<p>plants, which seems to confirm the molecular findings in this regard.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
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				<title>Acknowledgments</title>
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				<p>The authors wish to thank Casa Cuervo S.A. de C.V. for their support in the field sampling. Part of this project was supported by the Tecnológico Nacional de México (TecNM) through project number 5434.14-P. VMB thanks the National Science and Technology Council (CONACyT) for the scholarship for the MSc. degree.</p>
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