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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2305-3</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo Científico</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Resistencia de variedades de triticale (<italic>x Triticosecale</italic>) a <italic>Fusarium</italic> spp.</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Sánches-Jiménez</surname>
						<given-names>Gloria</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Leyva-Mir</surname>
						<given-names>Santos Gerardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Vargas-Hernández</surname>
						<given-names>Mateo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rodríguez- García</surname>
						<given-names>María Florencia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Villaseñor-Mir</surname>
						<given-names>Héctor Eduardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<institution content-type="original">1Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Carretera México-Texcoco, Km. 38.5. Chapingo, Estado de México. México. CP 56230. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Chapingo</city>
					<state>Estado de México</state>
					<postal-code>56230</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Valle de México, Carretera Los Reyes-Texcoco Km. 13.5 Coatlinchán, Texcoco, Estado de México, CP 56250, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Estado de México</state>
					<postal-code>56250</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><italic>*</italic></label><bold>
 <italic>Autor de Correspondencia:</italic>
</bold> María Florencia Rodríguez García <email>rodriguez.maria@inifap.gob.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>19</day>
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>May-Aug</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>43</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT23053</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Antecedentes/Objetivo. </title>
					<p>El tizón de la espiga causado principalmente por especies de <italic>Fusarium</italic> spp., es una enfermedad que afecta el rendimiento y calidad del grano de cereales. El objetivo fue evaluar la resistencia en planta adulta de siete variedades de triticale a <italic>Fusarium boothii</italic>, <italic>F. camptoceras</italic> y <italic>F. graminearum</italic>.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales y Métodos. </title>
					<p>Se estableció un experimento bajo condiciones de invernadero en el INIFAP-CEVAMEX. Las pruebas de patogenicidad se realizaron durante la etapa de floración, por medio de inoculación puntual mediante el método del algodón. Se evaluó la severidad de la enfermedad en las espigas a los 4, 9, 14, 19 y 26 días después de la inoculación.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados. </title>
					<p>El análisis de varianza mostró diferencias significativas (<italic>p≤</italic>0.01) entre variedades donde se observó una variación en la resistencia. Las variedades Siglo TCL21 (3.1 a 6.4 %) y Bicentenario TCL08 (0.8 a 6.8 %) presentaron las menores severidades y fueron resistentes a las tres especies de <italic>Fusarium</italic>, mientras que Secano TCL96 fue la variedad más susceptible a <italic>F. boothii</italic> presentando 47.6 % de severidad; para <italic>F. camptoceras</italic> y <italic>F. graminearum</italic> la variedad más susceptible fue Caborca TCL79 con un porcentaje de severidad de 54.3 y 43.3 % respectivamente. El peso de grano por espiga se vio afectado hasta en un 90 % en variedades susceptibles.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión</title>
					<p>. Es importante considerar en los programas de mejoramiento genético de triticale la incorporación de resistencia a diversas especies de <italic>Fusarium</italic>, sobresaliendo en el presente estudio Siglo TCL21 y Bicentenario TCL08.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Severidad</kwd>
				<kwd>Tizón</kwd>
				<kwd>Espiga</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="38"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p>El triticale (<italic>x Triticosecale</italic>) es un híbrido intergenérico de trigo (<italic>Triticum</italic> spp.) con centeno (<italic>Secale cereal</italic>). El objetivo inicial de su mejoramiento estuvo enfocado en combinar las mejores cualidades del trigo y centeno, siendo una excelente alternativa en zonas no aptas para la producción de trigo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dobreva, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Góral <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">CIMMYT, 1976</xref>). En México el triticale durante el 2019 se sembró en 24 152 ha, con una producción de 450 518 t de forraje en verde y 23 039 t de grano; los principales estados productores de forraje en verde fueron Durango, Querétaro y Chihuahua, mientras que el Estado de México fue el principal productor de grano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">SIAP, 2023</xref>). La producción de triticale es principalmente para la alimentación animal; sin embargo, en los últimos años se han realizado mejoras genéticas al cultivo para aumentar la calidad del grano para consumo humano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Mcgoverin <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Mergoum <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>).</p>
			<p>Al inicio de su creación, el triticale era considerado resistente a diferentes plagas; sin embargo, la expansión de su área de cultivo incrementó la presión de selección de diversos organismos perjudiciales, aumentando la susceptibilidad de este cereal a plagas insectiles y enfermedades propias del centeno y trigo; de estas, las enfermedades actualmente son una de las principales limitantes para la producción de esta especie destacando el tizón o fusariosis de la espiga (FE) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dobreva, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Góral <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>El tizón de la espiga es una de las enfermedades más agresiva de los cereales de grano pequeño (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Backhouse, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Magliano y Chulze, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Zillinsky, 1984</xref>). En todo el mundo se han reportado graves epidemias por esta enfermedad que han disminuido el rendimiento hasta un 80 % y han demeritado la calidad del grano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alisaac y Mahlein 2023</xref>); disminuyendo el peso y cantidad de proteína del mismo, afectando su composición de carbohidratos, así como también su contaminación con micotoxinas pertenecientes a la clase de los tricotecenos, principalmente, el deoxinivalenol (DON) y nivalenol (NIV), que son perjudiciales para la salud humana y animal, poniendo en riesgo la seguridad alimentaria (Magliano y Chulze, 2013; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Sobrova <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Veitch <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>).</p>
			<p>Hasta hace poco tiempo se consideraba a <italic>F. graminearum</italic> (teleomorfo: <italic>Gibberella zea</italic> (Schwein)) como el principal agente causal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">McMullen <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>)<italic>.</italic> Sin embargo, existen otras especies que pueden estar asociadas a la enfermad, esto depende de las condiciones climáticas (temperatura y humedad relativa), la zona geográfica y el cultivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Xu y Nicholson, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Qu <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>). En México, las especies predominantes son <italic>F. graminearum</italic> y <italic>F. boothii</italic>, así como también <italic>F. culmorum</italic>, <italic>F. equiseti</italic>, <italic>F. avenaceum</italic> y</p>
			<p><italic>F. tricinctum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Cerón-Bustamante <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Leyva-Mir <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Osman <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Ireta y Gilchrist, 1994</xref>). El tizón de la espiga es una enfermedad difícil de controlar, debido a su naturaleza agresiva. No obstante, el uso de variedades resistentes es determinante en la planeación y ejecución de un manejo integral, por ser considerado el método más económico, efectivo y sostenible para su manejo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Gilbert y Fernando, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">McMullen <italic>et al.,</italic> 1997</xref>).</p>
			<p>Las pocas investigaciones realizadas en triticale reportan una amplia variación en la resistencia al tizón de la espiga. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Góral y Arseniuk (2003</xref>) indicaron que existe una variación significativa entre genotipos de triticale para resistencia a <italic>Fusarium</italic>. Según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Oettler y Wahle (2001</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Góral <italic>et al.</italic> (2021)</xref>, el triticale es menos susceptible al tizón de la espiga que el trigo. En un estudio comparativo que realizó <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Góral (2009)</xref> encontró que las líneas de triticale de invierno infectadas por <italic>F. culmorum</italic> presentaron dos veces menos severidad de síntomas que las líneas de trigo.</p>
			<p>En la actualidad, en México, no se tienen investigaciones acerca de los niveles de resistencia que tiene el triticale al tizón de la espiga. Lo anterior refleja la necesidad de realizar estudios de caracterización de la resistencia de las variedades de este cereal lo que también permitirá detectar nuevas fuentes de resistencia que puedan introducirse en los programas de mejoramiento. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar el nivel de resistencia bajo condiciones de invernadero de siete variedades de triticale a la infección causada por <italic>F. graminearum</italic>, <italic>F. boothii</italic> y <italic>F. camptoceras.</italic></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Materiales y Métodos</title>
			<p>Ubicación del experimento. El experimento se estableció durante los años 2018 y 2019, en el Laboratorio Nacional de Royas y otras Enfermedades de Cereales (LANAREC), perteneciente al Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Campo Experimental Valle de México (CEVAMEX) localizado a 19° 29’ LN y 98° 54’ LO a una altitud de 2 260 msnm.</p>
			<p>Variedades. Se evaluaron siete variedades de triticale que se han sembrado en México: Caborca TCL79, Eronga TCL83, Secano TCL96 e Impulso TCL2016 liberadas por el INIFAP; Pollmer y Siglo TCL21 variedades del Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT) y Bicentenario TCL08 liberada por el Instituto de Investigación y Capacitación Agropecuaria, Acuícola y Forestal (ICAMEX).</p>
			<p>Inóculo. Se evaluaron tres especies: <italic>F. graminearum</italic>, <italic>F. boothii</italic> y <italic>F. camptoceras</italic>, que fueron proporcionados por la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco, Estado de México. Dichas especies se incrementaron por medio de cultivos monospóricos en medio de cultivo agar-agua con hoja de clavel (CLA) en el Laboratorio de Micología del Departamento de Parasitología Agrícola de la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. El medio CLA consistió en agar-agua al 2 % (20 g de agar en 1 L de agua) más 10 a 12 trozos estériles de hoja de clavel de 5 mm, colocados en las cajas Petri. Esto se realizó con el propósito de que las colonias de <italic>Fusarium</italic> formaran macroconidios uniformes en tamaño y forma (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Leslie y Summerell, 2007</xref>).</p>
			<p>Diseño experimental. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo de parcelas divididas, donde la parcela grande fueron las especies de <italic>Fusarium</italic> y las parcelas chicas las variedades de triticale. Se formaron 21 tratamientos (siete variedades × tres especies de <italic>Fusarium</italic>) con tres repeticiones más los testigos.</p>
			<p>Siembra y manejo agronómico de las plantas. Bajo condiciones de invernadero, las siete variedades se sembraron en macetas de plástico de siete pulgadas, las cuales contenían sustrato (60 % tierra y 40 % Peat-Moss) previamente esterilizado. Se colocaron cinco semillas por maceta que luego se ralearon dejando las tres plantas más vigorosas por maceta. Obteniendo un total de 12 macetas por variedad (tres macetas por repetición).</p>
			<p>La fertilización se realizó con urea (46-00-00) y Tricel-20 (fertilizante foliar) teniendo en cuenta los requerimientos nutricionales del cultivo.</p>
			<p>Inoculación. Las plantas se inocularon en la etapa de antesis (+- 65 días después de la siembra). Se preparó una suspensión a una concentración de 1 x 10<sup>6</sup> conidios mL<sup>-1</sup>, el método utilizado fue inoculación puntual mediante la técnica de algodón. Se seleccionaron tres espigas por maceta previamente marcadas y el método consistió en colocar dos copetes de algodón de 20 mg de peso embebidos con la solución de esporas bajo las glumas en el punto medio de la espiga; luego se cubrieron las espigas inoculadas con bolsas de papel glassine, metodología descrita por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Gilchrist-Saavedra <italic>et al.</italic> (2005</xref>) e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Imathiu <italic>et al.</italic> (2014</xref>). El testigo de cada uno de los genotipos, fue inoculado con agua destilada estéril y utilizando la misma técnica.</p>
			<p>Una vez inoculadas las espigas con las especies de <italic>Fusarium</italic>, las plantas se colocaron en una cámara de incubación durante 96 horas con una temperatura media de 25 ± 10 °C, un fotoperiodo de 12 horas, así como ocho horas de producción de rocío durante las primeras 24 horas y cuatro horas de rocío las siguientes 72 horas, con el fin de mantener la humedad relativa &lt; 95 %. Posteriormente, las plantas se trasladaron a un invernadero donde se mantuvieron a una temperatura promedio de 25 ± 10 °C hasta presentar síntomas.</p>
			<p>Evaluaciones. Se realizaron cinco evaluaciones de la severidad de la enfermedad de cada tratamiento a los 4, 9, 14, 19 y 26 días después de la inoculación (DDI), utilizando la escala visual del tizón de la espiga de triticale (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>), ajustada a la investigación para evaluar la severidad bajo condiciones de invernadero. Para realizar dicha escala, se tomó como referencia la escala visual para estimar la severidad de <italic>Fusarium</italic> en la espiga de trigo propuesta por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Stack y McMullen (1998</xref>). Con base al porcentaje de severidad promedio obtenida, las variedades de triticale se clasificaron en: Resistente (0 a 10), Susceptible (20-40) y Muy Susceptible (41-100).</p>
			<p>Variables. Las variables evaluadas fueron: a) severidad de la enfermedad (SE): porcentaje de la espiga con infección de <italic>Fusarium</italic>; b) peso de grano (PG): peso del grano obtenido de cada espiga inoculada, una vez que llegaron a punto de cosecha; c) Área Bajo la Curva del Progreso de la Enfermedad (ABCPE): calculada con las lecturas de SE (cinco) tomadas en intervalos de tiempo.</p>
			<p>Análisis estadístico. Los datos de las variables obtenidas fueron analizados estadísticamente de manera conjunta con el programa SAS 9.4 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">SAS, 2018</xref>) y se realizaron comparaciones de medias para las variedades en estudio mediante la prueba de Tukey (<italic>p≤</italic> 0.05).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Escala visual para determinar el porcentaje de severidad del tizón en la espiga de triticale, bajo condiciones de invernadero.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT23053-gf1.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Resultados y discusión</p>
			<p>Análisis de varianza. El análisis de varianza mostró diferencias significativas en las evaluaciones expresadas en días después de la inoculación (DDI), variedades y la interacción; por consiguiente, al menos una de las variedades mostró un comportamiento diferente en los niveles de severidad a través de las cinco evaluaciones de cada especie de <italic>Fusarium</italic>. En la variable Área Bajo la Curva del Progreso de la Enfermedad (ABCPE), no hubo significancia entre especies; sin embargo, las fuentes de variación variedades y la interacción entre variedades × especies mostraron diferencias significativas, esto indica que las variedades presentaron diferentes niveles de desarrollo de la enfermedad a través de las especies. Por otra parte, para el peso del grano por espiga (PG) se encontró significancia entre especies, variedades y en las interacciones variedades × especies, esto indica que el valor promedio del PG entre especies y entre variedades fue diferente.</p>
			<p>Respuesta de las variedades. En la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> se observa el patrón de desarrollo de la enfermedad en las siete variedades durante las cinco evaluaciones para la especie <italic>F. boothii</italic>; se encontraron diferencias significativas entre variedades (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0<italic>.</italic>0001) en la evaluación final a los 26 DDI. Es decir, el porcentaje severidad fue significativamente menor en las variedades Bicentenario TCL08 y Siglo TCL21, con valores menores al 20</p>
			<p>%, con respecto a Secano TCL96, Impulso TCL2016, Caborca TCL79 y Eronga TCL83, siendo estos los que presentaron un mayor desarrollo de la enfermedad.</p>
			<p>Para la especie <italic>F</italic>. <italic>camptoceras</italic>, se encontraron diferencias significativas entre variedades (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>). La severidad del tizón de la espiga fue significativamente mayor en las variedades Caborca TCL79 e Impulso TCL2016, al obtener valores superiores al 80 % a los 26 DDI, mientras que Bicentenario TCL08 y Siglo TCL21 tuvieron severidades significativamente menores de 13.6 y 16.7 %, respectivamente.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Comportamiento de las variedades inoculadas con <italic>F. boothii</italic> durante las cinco evaluaciones.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT23053-gf2.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Comportamiento de las variedades inoculadas con <italic>F. camptoceras</italic> durante las cinco evaluaciones.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT23053-gf3.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>En cuanto a la severidad de la enfermedad causada por <italic>F. graminearum</italic>, los valores más bajos de severidad final fueron observados en Siglo TCL21 (1.56 %) y Bicentenario TCL08 (7.78 %), siendo estos valores significativamente diferentes (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0<italic>.</italic>0001) a los de las demás variedades. Las mayores severidades fueron observadas en Pollmer (81.11 %) y Caborca TCL79 (75.78 %) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Comportamiento de las variedades inoculadas con <italic>F</italic>. <italic>graminearum</italic> durante las cinco evaluaciones.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT23053-gf4.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>La mayoría de las variedades presentaron síntomas característicos de la enfermedad a partir de los cuatro días después de la inoculación (DDI) de cada especie del hongo. Sin embargo, Bicentenario TCL08 comenzó a mostrar síntomas a partir de los 14 DDI para</p>
			<p><italic>F. graminearum</italic> y la variedad Siglo TCL21 para <italic>F. boothii</italic> y <italic>F. graminearum</italic>, de igual forma, mostraron porcentajes de severidad menores al 17 % para las tres especies de <italic>Fusarium;</italic> dicho comportamiento puede deberse, como lo indican <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bai y Shaner (2004</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Imathiu <italic>et al.</italic> (2014</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Shroeder y Christensen (1963</xref>), a que el hongo penetró los tejidos de la planta pero no hubo una propagación de este a través de la espiga por lo que no hubo síntomas de la enfermedad; es decir, las hifas de <italic>Fusarium</italic> no lograron invadir las células adyacentes al punto de infección ya que probablemente dichas variedades poseen características genéticas que no permitieron esta invasión o avance del hongo.</p>
			<p>Respuesta de las variedades combinadas a través de las cinco evaluaciones. En el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref> se muestran las comparaciones de medias entre variedades para la variable porcentaje de severidad promedio en cada uno de las especies de <italic>Fusarium</italic>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Comparaciones de medias del promedio de severidad (%) de cada variedad de triticale, en el análisis combinado a través de las cinco evaluaciones de cada especie de <italic>Fusarium</italic>.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Variedad</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">F. boothii</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">F. camptoceras</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">F. graminearum</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Reacción</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Caborca TCL79</td>
								<td>41.2 az</td>
								<td>54.3 a</td>
								<td>43.3 a</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Muy Susceptible</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Eronga TCL83</td>
								<td>38.7 a</td>
								<td>40.2 b</td>
								<td>17.2 cd</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Susceptible</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Secano TCL96</td>
								<td>47.6 a</td>
								<td>32.6 bc</td>
								<td>27.7 bc</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Susceptible</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Pollmer</td>
								<td>23.4 b</td>
								<td>21.8 c</td>
								<td>39.2 ab</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Susceptible</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Impulso TCL2016</td>
								<td>34.0 ab</td>
								<td>35.9 b</td>
								<td>38.8 ab</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Susceptible</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Siglo TCL21</td>
								<td>4.8 c</td>
								<td>6.4 d</td>
								<td>3.1 de</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Resistente</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Bicentenario TCL08</td>
								<td>3.7 c</td>
								<td>6.8 d</td>
								<td>0.8 e</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Resistente</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DSH</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">14.04</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">12.17</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">14.42</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>zMedias por columna, con la misma letra no son estadísticamente diferentes (Tukey, α=0.05), DSH= Diferencia Significativa Honesta.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Para <italic>F. boothii</italic> se encontraron diferencias significativas entre variedades (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.0001), donde Bicentenario TCL08 (3.7 %) y Siglo TCL21 (4.8 %) fueron estadísticamente diferentes a Secano TCL96 (47.6 %), Caborca TCL79 (41.2 %) y Eronga TCL83 (38.7</p>
			<p>%), obteniendo los porcentajes de severidad más bajos. En el caso de <italic>F. camptoceras</italic>, al igual que <italic>F. boothii</italic>, se observaron diferencias significativas entre variedades (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.0001), donde Siglo TCL21 y Bicentenario TCL08 presentaron los valores más bajos con 6.4 y</p>
			<p>6.8 % respectivamente, en tanto que Caborca TCL79 con 54.3 %, mostró la mayor severidad. Por último, para <italic>F. graminearum,</italic> se observaron diferencias significativas para variedades (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.0001), donde Bicentenario TCL08 con 0.8 % fue significativamente menor y Caborca TCL79 con 43.3 % fue significativamente mayor. Los resultados mostraron que la severidad promedio en las variedades varió de 3.7 a 47.6 % en <italic>F. boothii</italic>, de 6.4 a 54.3 % en <italic>F. camptoceras</italic> y de 0.8 a 43.3 % en <italic>F. graminearum</italic>.</p>
			<p>La severidad de la enfermedad varió ampliamente por las diferentes relaciones que se establecen entre el patógeno y hospedante. Estas variaciones se presentaron en las siete variedades inoculadas con las tres especies de <italic>Fusarium</italic> donde se encontraron diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de severidad promedio (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.0001), destacando que las variedades Siglo TCL21 y Bicentenario TCL08 obtuvieron valores significativamente menores para las tres especies del hongo; es decir mostraron resistencia, mientras que las demás variedades presentaron susceptibilidad, siendo Caborca TCL79 la más susceptible. Por lo tanto, existe un amplio rango de niveles de resistencia en las variedades evaluadas lo que coincide con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Oettler y Wahle (2001</xref>), quienes encontraron una variación en los niveles de resistencia a <italic>F. culmorum</italic> en 100 genotipos de triticale a pesar de la presión de la infección. De igual forma, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Kalih <italic>et al.</italic> (2014</xref>) observaron una amplia variación de la resistencia al tizón de la espiga en líneas enanas de triticale explicado por la presencia de QTLs que confieren resistencia al tizón de la espiga a pesar de la presencia del gen <italic>Ddw1</italic> que disminuye la altura de la planta. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Góral y Arseniuk (2003</xref>) determinaron que existe una variación significativa en los grados de resistencia al tizón de la espiga entre los genotipos parentales de triticale.</p>
			<p>Área Bajo la Curva del Progreso de la Enfermedad (ABCPE). Para la variable ABCPE hubo diferencias significativas (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0<italic>.</italic>0001) entre variedades para las tres especies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). Se observó que las variedades Siglo TCL21 y Bicentenario TCL08 fueron estadísticamente diferentes a las demás variedades, con valores bajos en el desarrollo de la enfermedad para <italic>F. boothii</italic>, <italic>F. camptoceras</italic> y <italic>F. graminearum</italic>. Mientras que la variedad Secano TCL96, con un área de 1111.9 unidades (u), mostró el mayor desarrollo de la enfermedad causado por <italic>F. boothii</italic>; mientras que para <italic>F. camptoceras</italic> y <italic>F. graminearum</italic> fue la variedad Caborca TCL79, con 1262.2 u y 1015.4 u, respectivamente. Entre las variedades, el ABCPE vario de 87.5 u a 1111.9 u en <italic>F. boothii</italic>, de 141.2 u a 1262.2 u en <italic>F. camptoceras</italic> y de 18.7 u a 1015.4 u para <italic>F. graminearum</italic>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Comparaciones de medias del Área Bajo la Curva del Progreso de la Enfermedad (ABCPE) de cada variedad de triticale, en el análisis combinado a través de las cinco evaluaciones de cada especie del <italic>Fusarium</italic>.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Variedad</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">F. boothii</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">F. camptoceras</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">F. graminearum</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Caborca TCL79</td>
								<td>981.7 az</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1262.2 a</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1015.4 a</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Eronga TCL83</td>
								<td>930.4 a</td>
								<td>964.9 ab</td>
								<td>401.1 ab</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Secano TCL96</td>
								<td>1111.9 a</td>
								<td>766.9 ab</td>
								<td>624.9 ab</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Pollmer</td>
								<td>535.2 ab</td>
								<td>506.5 bc</td>
								<td>929.8 a</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Impulso TCL2016</td>
								<td>763.2 ab</td>
								<td>803.2 ab</td>
								<td>938.9 a</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Siglo TCL21</td>
								<td>101.1 b</td>
								<td>141.2 c</td>
								<td>70.8 b</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Bicentenario TCL08</td>
								<td>87.5 b</td>
								<td>156.7 c</td>
								<td>18.7 b</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DSH</td>
								<td>697.33</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">545.18</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">688.48</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>zMedias por columna, con la misma letra no son estadísticamente diferentes (Tukey, α=0.05), DSH= Diferencia Significativa Honesta.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Peso de grano por espiga. En el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadro 3</xref>, se muestran los pesos promedios de grano por espiga de las variedades evaluadas con cada especie del hongo y el testigo. Se observó una variabilidad en el peso del grano por espiga de las variedades de triticale en respuesta a las especies del hongo.</p>
			<p>Para <italic>F. boothii,</italic> se encontraron diferencias significativas entre variedades (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.0002), donde Siglo TCL21 con 0.73 g presentó el mayor peso de grano por espiga, en cambio para <italic>F. camptoceras</italic> no hubo diferencias estadísticas significativas entre variedades (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.0652), por lo tanto, el daño ocasionado en los granos de las diferentes variedades fue similar para esta especie. Por otro lado, para <italic>F. graminearum</italic> se observaron diferencias significativas (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.0046) entre la variedad Bicentenario TCL08 con respecto a Caborca TCL08 y Secano TCL86, donde Bicentenario TCL08 con 0.7 g presentó el mayor peso de grano<italic>.</italic></p>
			<p>Todas las variedades evaluadas mostraron menor peso de grano por espiga cuando se inocularon con <italic>F. boothii</italic>, <italic>F. camptoceras</italic> y <italic>F. graminearum</italic> en relación con el testigo. Esto se debió a que los granos de triticale infectados con <italic>Fusarium</italic> presentaron daños en el peritecio, sufrieron cambios estructurales en el endospermo y cambios morfológicos en el almidón, provocando que el grano se deformara y tuviera bajo peso, como lo indican <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Packa <italic>et al.</italic> (2008</xref>).</p>
			<p>En esta investigación, la variedad Bicentenario TCL08 fue la que presentó resistencia y la que obtuvo mayor peso de grano, mientras que Secano TCL96 fue la más susceptible lo que se reflejó en la reducción del peso de grano hasta un 90 % (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadro 3</xref>). En contraste, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Oettler y Wahle (2001</xref>) mencionan que la infección por <italic>F. culmorum</italic> causó una reducción del 48 % del peso promedio de los granos por espiga en genotipos de triticale. Aun cuando se puede obtener grano de plantas con tizón de la espiga, es necesario realizar estudios sobre los niveles de micotoxinas que contienen los granos dañados, ya que, en una investigación realizada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Góral <italic>et al.</italic> (2016</xref>) encontraron que el grano de este cereal puede acumular más micotoxinas tricotecenos que el trigo. Es por esto que se debe evitar sembrar genotipos que presenten niveles altos de severidad de la enfermedad y alta acumulación de este tipo de micotoxinas.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Cuadro 3. Comparaciones</label>
					<caption>
						<title>de medias del peso de grano (gramos) por espiga de cada variedad de triticale en las cinco evaluaciones.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Variedad</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">F. boothii</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">F. camptoceras</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">F. graminearum</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Testigo</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Caborca TCL79</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">0.22 bcz</td>
								<td>0.23 a</td>
								<td>0.19 b</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">0.65 c</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Eronga TCL83</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">0.36 abc</td>
								<td>0.50 a</td>
								<td>0.58 ab</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">0.78 c</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Secano TCL86</td>
								<td>0.13 c</td>
								<td>0.36 a</td>
								<td>0.21 b</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">1.34 ab</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Pollmer</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">0.42 abc</td>
								<td>0.57 a</td>
								<td>0.37 ab</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">0.75 c</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Impulso TCL2016</td>
								<td>0.59 ab</td>
								<td>0.42 a</td>
								<td>0.50 ab</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">1.36 ab</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Siglo TCL21</td>
								<td>0.73 a</td>
								<td>0.55 a</td>
								<td>0.56 ab</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">1.44 a</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Bicentenario TCL08</td>
								<td>0.61 ab</td>
								<td>0.60 a</td>
								<td>0.70 a</td>
								<td style="text-align:right">0.98 bc</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>DSH</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0.41</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0.39</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0.44</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0.44</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<label><sup>z</sup></label>
							<p>Medias por columna con la misma letra no son estadísticamente diferentes (Tukey, α=0.05), DSH= Diferencia Significativa Honesta.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>A pesar de que hay pocas investigaciones que discuten la resistencia al tizón de la espiga comparado con otros cereales, el triticale puede ser más o igual de resistente que el trigo y menos resistente que el centeno a dicha enfermedad como lo mencionaron <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Gaikpa <italic>et al.</italic> (2019</xref>); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Góral <italic>et al.</italic> (2016</xref>); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Góral (2009)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Miedaner <italic>et al.</italic> (2004</xref>); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Miedaner <italic>et al.</italic> (2001)</xref>. Sin embargo, debido a que en México no hay investigaciones sobre los niveles de resistencia que tienen las variedades de triticale al tizón de la espiga, esta investigación permitió encontrar variación media en los niveles de resistencia que existe entre variedades y esta información puede ser útil en los programas de mejoramiento genético del triticale en México para desarrollar nuevas variedades de triticale con resistencia a esta enfermedad.</p>
			<p>Conclusiones</p>
			<p>Las variedades Siglo TCL21 (3.1 a 6.4 %) y Bicentenario TCL08 (0.8 a 6.8 %) presentaron las menores severidades al tizón de la espiga ocasionado por <italic>Fusariumboothii</italic>, <italic>F. camptoceras</italic> y <italic>F. graminearum</italic>, considerándose como resistentes. La variedad más susceptible para <italic>F. boothii</italic> fue Secano TCL96 (47.6 %), y para <italic>F. camptoceras</italic> (54.3</p>
			<p>%) y <italic>F. graminearum</italic> (43.3 %) fue Caborca TCL79. El peso de grano por espiga se vio afectado hasta en un 90 % en el caso de la variedad Secano TCL96 considerada como susceptible a la enfermedad. Es importante considerar en los programas de mejoramiento genético de cereales la incorporación de resistencia a diversas especies de <italic>Fusarium</italic> en el cultivo de triticale en México.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Agradecimientos</title>
			<p> </p>
			<p>A la Secretaría de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnología e Innovación (SECIHTI), antes CONAHCYT.</p>
		</ack>
		<ref-list>
			<title>Referencias</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation> Alisaac, E., Mahlein, A. K. 2023. <italic>Fusarium</italic>Head Blight on Wheat: Biology, Modern Detection and Diagnosis and Integrated Disease Management. <italic>Toxins</italic> 15 192 10.3390/toxins15030192 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Alisaac</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mahlein</surname>
							<given-names>A. K.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2023</year>
					<article-title>Fusarium Head Blight on Wheat: Biology, Modern Detection and Diagnosis and Integrated Disease Management</article-title>
					<source>Toxins</source>
					<volume>15</volume>
					<fpage>192</fpage>
					<lpage>192</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/toxins15030192</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<mixed-citation> Backhouse, D. 2014. Global distribution of<italic>Fusarium graminearum</italic>,<italic>F. asiaticum</italic>and<italic>F. boothii</italic>from wheat in relation to climate. <italic>European Journal of Plant Pathology</italic> 139 1 161-173 10.1007/s10658-013-0374-5</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Backhouse</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Scientific Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Resistance of Triticale (<italic>× Triticosecale</italic>) varieties to <italic>Fusarium</italic> spp.</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p> </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Background/Objective. </title>
					<p><italic>Fusarium</italic> head blight (FHB) is mainly caused by <italic>Fusarium</italic> spp. species, and is a disease that affects the yield and quality of cereal grain. The objective was to evaluate the resistance in adult plants of seven triticale varieties to <italic>Fusarium boothii</italic>, <italic>F</italic>. <italic>camptoceras</italic> and <italic>F</italic>. <italic>graminearum</italic>.</p>
					<p> </p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and Methods. </title>
					<p>The experiment was established under greenhouse conditions at INIFAP-CEVAMEX. The pathogenicity tests were carried out during the flowering stage, by means of spot inoculation by the cotton method. The severity of the disease in the spikes was assessed at 4, 9, 14, 19 and 26 days after inoculation.</p>
					<p> </p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results. </title>
					<p>The analysis of variance showed significant differences (<italic>p≤</italic>0.01) between varieties where variation in resistance was observed. The varieties Siglo TCL21 (3.1 to 6.4%) and Bicentenario TCL08 (0.8 to 6.8%) showed the lowest severities and were resistant to the three species of <italic>Fusarium</italic>, while Secano TCL96 was the most susceptible variety to <italic>F</italic>. <italic>boothii</italic>, presenting 47.6% severity; for <italic>F</italic>. <italic>camptoceras</italic> and <italic>F</italic>. <italic>graminearum</italic>, the most susceptible variety was Caborca TCL79, with severity percentages of 54.3 and 43.3%, respectively. Grain weight per spike was affected up to 90% in susceptible varieties.</p>
					<p> </p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion</title>
					<p>. It is important to consider in triticale breeding programs the incorporation of resistance to several <italic>Fusarium</italic> species, standing out in the present study Siglo TCL21 and Bicentenario TCL08.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Severity</kwd>
				<kwd>Blight</kwd>
				<kwd>Spikes</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>Triticale (<italic>× Triticosecale</italic>) is an intergeneric hybrid of wheat (<italic>Triticum</italic> spp.) and rye (<italic>Secale cereale</italic>). It was originally bred to combine the best qualities of both crops, offering an excellent alternative for regions unsuitable for wheat production (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dobreva, <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Góral <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">CIMMYT, 1976</xref>). In Mexico, triticale was planted on 24, 152 ha in 2019, producing 450, 518 t of green forage and 23, 039 t of grain. The main forage-producing states were Durango, Querétaro, and Chihuahua, while the State of Mexico led in grain production (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">SIAP, 2023</xref>). Although triticale is mainly grown for animal feed, recent genetic improvements have focused on enhancing grain quality for human consumption (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Mcgoverin <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Mergoum <italic>et al.</italic>, 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p>When first developed, triticale was considered resistant to various pests; however, the expansion of its cultivation area increased the selection pressure from harmful organisms, making this cereal more susceptible to insect pests and diseases common to rye and wheat. Among these, diseases have become one of the main constraints on triticale production, with <italic>Fusarium</italic> head blight (FHB) standing out as particularly significant (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Dobreva, <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Góral <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p><italic>Fusarium</italic> head blight is one of the most aggressive diseases affecting small grain cereals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Backhouse, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Magliano and Chulze, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Zillinsky, 1984</xref>). Severe FHB epidemics have been reported worldwide, reducing yields by up to 80% and significantly lowering grain quality (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alisaac and Mahlein, 2023</xref>). The disease decreases both grain weight and protein content, alters carbohydrate composition, and leads to contamination with trichothecenes mycotoxins mainly deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) which are harmful to human and animal health and pose a threat to food safety (Magliano and Chulze, 2013; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Sobrova <italic>et al.</italic>, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Veitch <italic>et al.</italic>, 2008</xref>).</p>
				<p>Until recently, <italic>Fusarium graminearum</italic> (teleomorph: <italic>Gibberella zeae</italic> (Schwein)) was considered the main causal agent (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">McMullen <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012</xref>). However, other species may also be associated with the disease, depending on climatic conditions (temperature and relative humidity), geographic location, and the crop involved (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Xu and Nicholson, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Qu <italic>et al.</italic>, 2008</xref>). In Mexico, the predominant species are <italic>F. graminearum</italic> and <italic>F. boothii</italic>, as well as <italic>F. culmorum</italic>, <italic>F. equiseti</italic>, <italic>F. avenaceum</italic>, and <italic>F. tricinctum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Cerón-Bustamante <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Leyva-Mir <italic>et al.</italic>, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Osman <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Ireta and Gilchrist, 1994</xref>). <italic>Fusarium</italic> head blight is a difficult disease to control due to its aggressive nature. Nevertheless, the use of resistant varieties is key in planning and implementing an integrated management strategy, as it is considered the most economical, effective, and sustainable control method (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Gilbert and Fernando, 2004</xref>; McMullen <italic>et al.</italic>, 1997).</p>
				<p>The few studies conducted on triticale report wide variation in resistance to <italic>Fusarium</italic> head blight. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Góral and Arseniuk (2003</xref>) noted significant variation among triticale genotypes in resistance to <italic>Fusarium</italic>. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Oettler and Wahle (2001</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Góral <italic>et al.</italic> (2021)</xref>, triticale is less susceptible to <italic>Fusarium</italic> head blight than wheat. In a comparative study, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Góral (2009)</xref> found that winter triticale lines infected with <italic>F. culmorum</italic> showed half the symptom severity observed in wheat lines.</p>
				<p>Currently, there are no studies in Mexico on the levels of resistance that triticale has to <italic>Fusarium</italic> head blight. This underscores the need to conduct research to characterize the resistance of triticale varieties, which would also help identify new sources of resistance for use in breeding programs. The objective of this study was to evaluate, under greenhouse conditions, the resistance levels of seven triticale varieties to infection by <italic>F. graminearum</italic>, <italic>F. boothii</italic>, and <italic>F. camptoceras</italic>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>Materials and Methods</title>
				<p>Experiment location. The experiment was conducted in 2018 and 2019 at the National Laboratory for Rusts and Other Cereal Diseases (LANAREC), part of the National Institute for Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research (INIFAP), at the Valle of México Experimental Station (CEVAMEX), located at 19° 29' N and 98° 54' W, at an altitude of 2,260 masl.</p>
				<p>Varieties. Seven triticale varieties cultivated in Mexico were evaluated: Caborca TCL79, Eronga TCL83, Secano TCL96, and Impulso TCL2016, released by INIFAP; Pollmer and Siglo TCL21, developed by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT); and Bicentenario TCL08, released by the Institute for Agricultural, Aquaculture and Forestry Research and Training (ICAMEX).</p>
				<p>Inoculum. Three species were evaluated: <italic>F. graminearum</italic>, <italic>F. boothii</italic>, and <italic>F. camptoceras</italic>, provided by the Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, State of Mexico. These species were propagated through monospore cultures on carnation leaf agar (CLA) medium at the Mycology Laboratory of the Department of Agricultural Parasitology at the Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. The CLA medium consisted of 2% water agar (20 g of agar in 1 L of water) plus 10 to 12 sterile 5 mm carnation leaf pieces placed in Petri dishes. This method was used to promote the formation of <italic>Fusarium</italic> colonies producing macroconidia of uniform size and form (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Leslie and Summerell, 2007</xref>).</p>
				<p>Experimental design. A completely randomized design with a split-plot arrangement was used, where the main plots were the <italic>Fusarium</italic> species and the subplots were the triticale varieties. A total of 21 treatments were established (seven varieties × three <italic>Fusarium</italic> species), with three replications plus controls.</p>
				<p>Planting and agronomic management. Under greenhouse conditions, the seven varieties were planted in seven-inch plastic pots filled with a sterilized substrate (60% soil and 40% peat moss). Five seeds were sown per pot and later thinned to retain the three most vigorous plants. A total of 12 pots were used per variety (three pots per replication). Fertilization was carried out using urea (46-00-00) and Tricel-20 (a foliar fertilizer), based on the crop’s nutritional requirements.</p>
				<p>Inoculation. Plants were inoculated at the anthesis stage (approximately 65 days after sowing). A spore suspension was prepared at a concentration of 1 × 10⁶ conidia mL⁻¹, and the point inoculation method using the cotton technique was employed. Three previously marked spikes per pot were selected, and two 20 mg cotton tufts soaked in the spore solution were placed under the glumes at the midpoint of each spike. The inoculated spikes were then covered with glassine paper bags, following the methodology described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Gilchrist-Saavedra <italic>et al.</italic> (2005</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Imathiu <italic>et al.</italic> (2014</xref>). The control for each genotype was inoculated with sterile distilled water using the same technique.</p>
				<p>After the spikes were inoculated with <italic>Fusarium</italic> species, the plants were placed in an incubation chamber for 96 hours at an average temperature of 25 ± 10 °C, with a 12-hour photoperiod. Dew was produced for eight hours during the first 24 hours and for four hours over the following 72 hours to maintain relative humidity below 95%. The plants were then transferred to a greenhouse, where they were kept at an average temperature of 25 ± 10 °C until symptoms appeared.</p>
				<p>Evaluations. Five evaluations of disease severity were carried out for each treatment at 4, 9, 14, 19, and 26 days after inoculation (DAI), using a visual scale for <italic>Fusarium</italic> head blight in triticale (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>), adapted for assessing severity under greenhouse conditions. This scale was based on the visual scale for estimating <italic>Fusarium</italic> severity in wheat spikes proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Stack and McMullen (1998</xref>). Based on the average severity percentage obtained, triticale varieties were classified as: Resistant (0-10), Susceptible (20-40), and High Susceptible (41-100).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Visual scale for determining the percentage of <italic>Fusarium</italic> head blight severity in triticale spikes under greenhouse conditions.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT23053-gf5.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Variables. The evaluated variables were: a) disease severity (DS), the percentage of the spike showing <italic>Fusarium</italic> infection; b) grain weight (GW), the weight of the grain obtained from each inoculated spike once it reached harvest maturity; and c) Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC), calculated from the five DS readings taken at set time intervals.</p>
				<p>Statistical analysis. The data for the evaluated variables were statistically analyzed jointly using SAS 9.4 software (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">SAS, 2018</xref>), and mean comparisons for the studied varieties were performed using Tukey’s test (<italic>p≤</italic>0.05).</p>
				<p>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</p>
				<p>Analysis of variance. The analysis of variance showed significant differences in the evaluations expressed in days after inoculation (DAI), among varieties, and in their interaction. This indicates that at least one variety exhibited a different pattern of severity across the five evaluations for each <italic>Fusarium</italic> species. For the variable Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC), there were no significant differences among species; however, the sources of variation-varieties and the interaction between varieties × species-showed significant differences. This suggests that the varieties displayed different levels of disease development across the species. In contrast, for grain weight per spike (GW), significant differences were found among species, among varieties, and in the varieties × species interaction, indicating that the average GW varied both among species and among varieties.</p>
				<p>Response of the varieties. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref> shows the disease development pattern in the seven varieties over the five evaluations for the species <italic>F. boothii</italic>. Significant differences were found among varieties (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.0001) in the final evaluation at 26 DAI. In other words, the severity percentage was significantly lower in the varieties Bicentenario TCL08 and Siglo TCL21, with values below 20%, compared to Secano TCL96, Impulso TCL2016, Caborca TCL79, and Eronga TCL83, which showed greater disease development.</p>
				<p>For the species <italic>F. camptoceras</italic>, significant differences were found among varieties (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>). <italic>Fusarium</italic> head blight severity was significantly higher in the varieties Caborca TCL79 and Impulso TCL2016, with values exceeding 80% at 26 DAI, while Bicentenario TCL08 and Siglo TCL21 showed significantly lower severities of 13.6% and 16.7%, respectively.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Performance of the varieties inoculated with <italic>F. boothii</italic> over the five evaluations.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT23053-gf6.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Performance of the varieties inoculated with <italic>F. camptoceras</italic> over the five evaluations.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT23053-gf7.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Regarding disease severity caused by <italic>F. graminearum</italic>, the lowest final severity values were observed in Siglo TCL21 (1.56%) and Bicentenario TCL08 (7.78%), which were significantly different (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.0001) from those of the other varieties. The highest severities were recorded in Pollmer (81.11%) and Caborca TCL79 (75.78%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Performance of the varieties inoculated with <italic>F. graminearum</italic> over the five evaluations.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT23053-gf8.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Most of the varieties began showing characteristic disease symptoms starting at four days after inoculation (DAI) with each <italic>Fusarium</italic> species. However, Bicentenario TCL08 began to show symptoms at 14 DAI for <italic>F. graminearum</italic>, and Siglo TCL21 showed delayed symptom development for both <italic>F. boothii</italic> and <italic>F. graminearum</italic>. Both varieties also exhibited severity percentages below 17% for all three <italic>Fusarium</italic> species. As suggested by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bai and Shaner (2004</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Imathiu <italic>et al.</italic> (2014</xref>), and Schroeder and Christensen (1963), this behavior may be due to the fungus penetrating plant tissues without spreading through the spike, resulting in the absence of visible symptoms. In other words, <italic>Fusarium</italic> hyphae may have failed to invade the cells adjacent to the infection site, likely because these varieties possess genetic traits that prevented fungal progression or colonization.</p>
				<p>Combined response of the varieties across the five evaluations. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref> presents the mean comparisons among varieties for the variable average severity percentage for each of the <italic>Fusarium</italic> species.</p>
				<p>For <italic>F. boothii</italic>, significant differences were found among varieties (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.0001). Bicentenario TCL08 (3.7%) and Siglo TCL21 (4.8%) were statistically different from Secano TCL96 (47.6%), Caborca TCL79 (41.2%), and Eronga TCL83 (38.7%), showing the lowest severity percentages. Similarly, for <italic>F. camptoceras</italic>, significant differences were observed among varieties (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.0001). Siglo TCL21 and Bicentenario TCL08 had the lowest severity values, with 6.4% and 6.8%, respectively, while Caborca TCL79 showed the highest severity at 54.3%. Finally, for <italic>F. graminearum</italic>, significant differences were also found among varieties (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.0001). Bicentenario TCL08 showed the lowest severity at 0.8%, and Caborca TCL79 the highest at 43.3%. The results indicated that average severity across varieties ranged from 3.7% to 47.6% for <italic>F. boothii</italic>, from 6.4% to 54.3% for <italic>F. camptoceras</italic>, and from 0.8% to 43.3% for <italic>F. graminearum</italic>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 1. Mean</label>
						<caption>
							<title>comparisons of average severity (%) for each triticale variety in the combined analysis across the five evaluations for each <italic>Fusarium</italic> species.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Variety</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">F. boothii</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">F. camptoceras</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">F. graminearum</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Reaction</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Caborca TCL79</td>
									<td>41.2 az</td>
									<td>54.3 a</td>
									<td>43.3 a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">High Susceptible</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Eronga TCL83</td>
									<td>38.7 a</td>
									<td>40.2 b</td>
									<td>17.2 cd</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Susceptible</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Secano TCL96</td>
									<td>47.6 a</td>
									<td>32.6 bc</td>
									<td>27.7 bc</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Susceptible</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pollmer</td>
									<td>23.4 b</td>
									<td>21.8 c</td>
									<td>39.2 ab</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Susceptible</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Impulso TCL2016</td>
									<td>34.0 ab</td>
									<td>35.9 b</td>
									<td>38.8 ab</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Susceptible</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Siglo TCL21</td>
									<td>4.8 c</td>
									<td>6.4 d</td>
									<td>3.1 de</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Resistance</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Bicentenario TCL08</td>
									<td>3.7 c</td>
									<td>6.8 d</td>
									<td>0.8 e</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Resistance</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>HSD</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">14.04</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">12.17</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">14.42</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>zMeans within each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey, α = 0.05). HSD = Honestly Significant Difference.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Disease severity varied widely due to the different interactions established between the pathogen and the host. These variations were observed in the seven triticale varieties inoculated with the three <italic>Fusarium</italic> species, where significant differences were found in the average severity percentage (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.0001). Notably, Siglo TCL21 and Bicentenario TCL08 consistently showed significantly lower severity values for all three fungal species, indicating resistance, while the remaining varieties were susceptible, with Caborca TCL79 being the most susceptible. This confirms the existence of a wide range of resistance levels among the evaluated varieties, in line with findings by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Oettler and Wahle (2001</xref>), who reported variation in resistance to <italic>F. culmorum</italic> among 100 triticale genotypes despite infection pressure. Similarly, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Kalih <italic>et al.</italic> (2014</xref>) observed broad variation in <italic>Fusarium</italic> head blight resistance in dwarf triticale lines, explained by the presence of QTLs that confer resistance despite the presence of the <italic>Ddw1</italic> gene, which reduces plant height. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Góral and Arseniuk (2003</xref>) also found significant variation in resistance levels to <italic>Fusarium</italic> head blight among parental triticale genotypes.</p>
				<p>Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC). For the AUDPC variable, significant differences were found among varieties for all three species (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.0001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>). The varieties Siglo TCL21 and Bicentenario TCL08 were statistically different from the others, showing the lowest disease development values for <italic>F. boothii</italic>, <italic>F. camptoceras</italic>, and <italic>F. graminearum</italic>. In contrast, Secano TCL96 showed the highest disease development for <italic>F. boothii</italic>, with an area of 1111.9 units (u), while for <italic>F. camptoceras</italic> and <italic>F. graminearum</italic>, the highest values were observed in Caborca TCL79, with 1262.2 u and 1015.4 u, respectively. Among the varieties, AUDPC ranged from 87.5 u to 1111.9 u for</p>
				<p><italic>F. boothii</italic>, from 141.2 u to 1262.2 u for <italic>F. camptoceras</italic>, and from 18.7 u to 1015.4 u for</p>
				<p><italic>F. graminearum</italic>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Mean comparisons of the Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) for each triticale variety in the combined analysis across the five evaluations for each <italic>Fusarium</italic> species.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Variety</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">F. boothii</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">F. camptoceras</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">F. graminearum</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Caborca TCL79</td>
									<td>981.7 az</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">1262.2 a</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">1015.4 a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Eronga TCL83</td>
									<td>930.4 a</td>
									<td>964.9 ab</td>
									<td>401.1 ab</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Secano TCL96</td>
									<td>1111.9 a</td>
									<td>766.9 ab</td>
									<td>624.9 ab</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pollmer</td>
									<td>535.2 ab</td>
									<td>506.5 bc</td>
									<td>929.8 a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Impulso TCL2016</td>
									<td>763.2 ab</td>
									<td>803.2 ab</td>
									<td>938.9 a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Siglo TCL21</td>
									<td>101.1 b</td>
									<td>141.2 c</td>
									<td>70.8 b</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Bicentenario TCL08</td>
									<td>87.5 b</td>
									<td>156.7 c</td>
									<td>18.7 b</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>HSD</td>
									<td>697.33</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">545.18</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">688.48</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>zMeans within each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey, α = 0.05). HSD = Honestly Significant Difference.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Grain weight per spike. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the average grain weight per spike for the evaluated varieties under each fungal species and the control. A variability in grain weight per spike was observed among the triticale varieties in response to the different <italic>Fusarium</italic> species.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Mean comparisons of grain weight (grams) per spike for each triticale variety across the five evaluations</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Variety</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">F. boothii</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">F. camptoceras</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">F. graminearum</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Control</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Caborca TCL79</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">0.22 bcz</td>
									<td>0.23 a</td>
									<td>0.19 b</td>
									<td>0.65 c</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Eronga TCL83</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">0.36 abc</td>
									<td>0.50 a</td>
									<td>0.58 ab</td>
									<td>0.78 c</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Secano TCL86</td>
									<td>0.13 c</td>
									<td>0.36 a</td>
									<td>0.21 b</td>
									<td>1.34 ab</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Pollmer</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">0.42 abc</td>
									<td>0.57 a</td>
									<td>0.37 ab</td>
									<td>0.75 c</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Impulso TCL2016</td>
									<td>0.59 ab</td>
									<td>0.42 a</td>
									<td>0.50 ab</td>
									<td>1.36 ab</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Siglo TCL21</td>
									<td>0.73 a</td>
									<td>0.55 a</td>
									<td>0.56 ab</td>
									<td>1.44 a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Bicentenario TCL08</td>
									<td>0.61 ab</td>
									<td>0.60 a</td>
									<td>0.70 a</td>
									<td>0.98 bc</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">HSD</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">0.41</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">0.39</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">0.44</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">0.44</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>zMeans within each column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey, α = 0.05). HSD = Honestly Significant Difference.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>For <italic>F. boothii</italic>, significant differences were found among varieties (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.0002), with Siglo TCL21 showing the highest grain weight per spike at 0.73 g. In contrast, for <italic>F. camptoceras</italic>, there were no statistically significant differences among varieties (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.0652), indicating that the damage to grain was similar across varieties for this species. For <italic>F. graminearum</italic>, significant differences were observed (<italic>p&lt;</italic>0.0046), with Bicentenario TCL08 showing a significantly higher grain weight (0.7 g) compared to Caborca TCL79 and Secano TCL96.</p>
				<p>All evaluated varieties showed lower grain weight per spike when inoculated with <italic>F. boothii</italic>, <italic>F. camptoceras</italic>, and <italic>F. graminearum</italic> compared to the control. This reduction was due to damage caused by <italic>Fusarium</italic>, which affected the pericarp, induced structural changes in the endosperm, and altered starch morphology, resulting in deformed and lightweight grains, as reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Packa <italic>et al.</italic> (2008</xref>).</p>
				<p>In this study, the variety Bicentenario TCL08 showed resistance and recorded the highest grain weight, while Secano TCL96 was the most susceptible, with grain weight reduced by up to 90% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>). In contrast, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Oettler and Wahle (2001</xref>) reported that infection by <italic>F. culmorum</italic> caused a 48% reduction in average grain weight per spike in triticale genotypes. Although grain can still be harvested from plants affected by <italic>Fusarium</italic> head blight, it is essential to assess the levels of mycotoxins present in the damaged grain. In a study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Góral <italic>et al.</italic> (2016</xref>), it was found that triticale grain can accumulate higher levels of trichothecene mycotoxins than wheat. For this reason, it is important to avoid planting genotypes that show high disease severity and high accumulation of these mycotoxins.</p>
				<p>Although few studies have examined resistance to <italic>Fusarium</italic> head blight in triticale compared to other cereals, triticale may be as resistant as wheat and less resistant than rye, as noted by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Gaikpa <italic>et al.</italic> (2019</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Góral <italic>et al.</italic> (2016</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Góral (2009)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Miedaner <italic>et al.</italic> (2004</xref>), and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Miedaner <italic>et al.</italic> (2001)</xref>. However, since there is no research in Mexico on the levels of resistance that triticale, varieties have to <italic>Fusarium</italic> head blight; this study identified moderate variation in resistance levels among varieties. This information can be useful for triticale breeding programs in Mexico aimed at developing new varieties with resistance to this disease.</p>
				<p>CONCLUSIONS</p>
				<p>The varieties Siglo TCL21 (3.1 to 6.4%) and Bicentenario TCL08 (0.8 to 6.8%) showed the lowest severities of <italic>Fusarium</italic> head blight caused by <italic>Fusarium boothii</italic>, <italic>F. camptoceras</italic>, and <italic>F. graminearum</italic>, and were considered resistant. The most susceptible variety to <italic>F. boothii</italic> was Secano TCL96 (47.6%), while for <italic>F. camptoceras</italic> (54.3%) and</p>
				<p><italic>F. graminearum</italic> (43.3%) it was Caborca TCL79. Grain weight per spike was reduced by up to 90% in the case of Secano TCL96, which was considered susceptible to the disease. It is important for cereal breeding programs to incorporate resistance to different <italic>Fusarium</italic> species in triticale cultivation in Mexico.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</title>
				<p> </p>
				<p>To the Secretariat of Science, Humanities, Technology and Innovation (SECIHTI), formerly CONAHCYT.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>