<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="es" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2405-00</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00001</article-id> 
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo Científico</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Clonación, expresión y detección serológica de la putativa ARN polimerasa del Virus de la meleira de la papaya variante mexicana en <italic>Escherichia coli</italic></article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Serra</surname>
						<given-names>Wendy</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Arguelles-Quintal</surname>
						<given-names>Jeanin A.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Carrillo-Pech</surname>
						<given-names>Mildred</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Toriz</surname>
						<given-names>Alethia F.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Castaño</surname>
						<given-names>Enrique</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Islas-Flores</surname>
						<given-names>Ignacio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Lopez-Ochoa</surname>
						<given-names>Luisa A.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidad de Biología Integrativa, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. , Mérida, Yucatán, México, CP 97205.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C.</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Mérida</city>
					<state>Yucatán</state>
					<postal-code>97205</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Mérida, Yucatán, México, CP 97205.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C.</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Mérida</city>
					<state>Yucatán</state>
					<postal-code>97205</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><italic>*</italic></label><bold>
 <italic>Autor de Correspondencia:</italic> 
</bold> Luisa A. López-Ochoa <email>luisa_lopez@cicy.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>26</day>
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>May-Aug</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>43</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT240500</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>25</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p> </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Antecedentes/Objetivo. </title>
					<p>La enfermedad de la meleira en papaya en México está asociada al Virus de la meleira de la papaya variante mexicana (PMeV-Mx) y se caracteriza por la exudación espontánea de látex en los frutos. El ORF2 de PMeV-Mx codifica una proteína que tiene motivos de ARN polimerasa dependiente de ARN (RdRp) la cual es esencial para la replicación viral. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar un método para la producción y purificación de la proteína recombinante codificada por el ORF2 de PMeV-Mx (pORF2) en <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> y generar anticuerpos específicos para su detección.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales y Métodos. </title>
					<p>El genoma de PMeV-Mx se analizó utilizando UGENE para predecir los ORFs e identificar el posible sitio deslizante. Se utilizaron plantas de papaya inoculadas con látex de frutos de plantas sintomáticas como reservorio del virus, la infección por PMeV-Mx se confirmó mediante RT-PCR. El ORF1 y ORF2 se amplificaron por PCR a partir de ADNc de papayas infectadas. Ambos se clonaron en el vector pGEM-T Easy y se transfirieron a pDONR221 y pDEST17 para su expresión en <italic>E. coli</italic>. La proteína recombinante 6xHis-pORF2 se expresó en la cepa BL21 de <italic>E. coli</italic> y se purificó bajo condiciones desnaturalizantes. La proteína purificada se utilizó para generar anticuerpos policlonales. La especificidad del antisuero y sus diluciones óptimas de trabajo se evaluaron mediante ensayos de inmunodetección, utilizando la proteína recombinante como diana y proteínas etiquetadas con His como controles negativos.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados. </title>
					<p>Se logró la expresión y purificación de la proteína recombinante 6xHis-pORF2 de PMeV-Mx. Se detectó una banda de aproximadamente ~46,5 kDa, consistente con su peso molecular estimado. La expresión de la proteína se observó entre 2 y 6 horas después de la inducción. El análisis por western blot confirmó la presencia de la etiqueta de Histidinas y la integridad de la proteína recombinante. La purificación con resina Ni-NTA resultó en una banda intensa de ~46,5 kDa, junto con bandas menores de 15 a 150 kDa. Se generaron anticuerpos policlonales contra pORF2, los cuales reconocieron específicamente la proteína purificada en los ensayos de inmunodetección, con detección en diluciones de 1:500 a 1:3000. No se observó reactividad cruzada con los controles negativos, aunque se detectó una banda inespecífica de ~75 kDa en extractos de <italic>E. coli</italic>.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión</title>
					<p>. Se estableció un protocolo para la expresión, detección y purificación de la proteína recombinante 6xHis-pORF2 de PMeV-Mx en <italic>E. coli</italic>. Los anticuerpos policlonales generados en conejo reconocieron la proteína de interés en extractos proteicos de células bacterianas, aunque se requiere una mayor optimización para mejorar la especificidad. Estos anticuerpos contribuirán al desarrollo futuro de herramientas de diagnóstico y a la caracterización de la proteína en plantas.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Meleira de la papaya</kwd>
				<kwd>proteína recombinante</kwd>
				<kwd>anticuerpos</kwd>
				<kwd>virus similares a umbravirus</kwd>
				<kwd>PMeV-Mx.</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="12"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="45"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p>La meleira de la papaya, también conocida como enfermedad pegajosa de la papaya, se caracteriza por la exudación espontánea de látex en frutos verdes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). La oxidación del látex puede provocar la aparición de manchas necróticas en los frutos y darles una apariencia pegajosa. También se ha observado el desarrollo de lesiones necróticas en los ápices de las hojas jóvenes en variedades del grupo Solo en Brasil (Rodríguez <italic>et al</italic>., 2009; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Perez-Brito <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). Esta enfermedad puede causar pérdidas económicas severas para los productores de papaya (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Ventura <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>; Perez-Brito <italic>et al</italic>., 2012). Su presencia se detectó por primera vez en Brasil a finales de la década de 1980 (Nakagawa <italic>et al</italic>., 1987) y en la actualidad se ha extendido a varios países de América Latina, incluyendo México, Ecuador, Colombia y Costa Rica (Perez-Brito <italic>et al</italic>., 2012; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Quito-Avila <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>), así como a Australia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Pathania <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). La meleira de la papaya es causada por complejos virales, compuestos por un virus con genoma de ARN de cadena doble, tentativamente asignado a la familia <italic>Fusagraviridae</italic>, y un virus similar a umbravirus, con genoma de ARN monocatenario de sentido positvo [ARNmc (+)], propuesto dentro de la familia <italic>Tombusviridae</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Sa Antunes <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Maurastoni <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>; Quito-Avila <italic>et al</italic>., 2023). Los virus similares a umbravirus asociados a esta enfermedad incluyen el Virus de la meleira de la papaya 2 (<italic>Papaya meleira virus</italic> 2- PMeV2) en Brasil, el Virus Q de la papaya (<italic>Papaya virus Q</italic> - PpVQ) en Ecuador y el Virus de la meleira de la papaya variante mexicana (<italic>Papaya meleira virus Mexican variant</italic> - PMeV-Mx) en México (Quito-Avila <italic>et al</italic>., 2015; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Zamudio-Moreno <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>;</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Frutos en plantas de papaya (<italic>Carica papaya</italic>) variedad Maradol cultivadas en casa sombra. A) Frutos de papayas que fueron inoculadas con látex de <italic>PMeV-Mx</italic>, mostrando los síntomas característicos de la enfermedad de la meleira, con exudación espontánea de látex. B) Frutos de plantas sanas de papaya, inoculadas solo con el amortiguador.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT240500-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Sa Antunes <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). Adicionalmente, se encontró otro virus similar a umbravirus en plantas de babaco, un pariente silvestre de papaya en Ecuador, denominado Virus Q de babaco (<italic>Babaco virus Q</italic> - BabVQ) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cornejo-Franco <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). De acuerdo a los criterios de demarcación de los umbravirus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Taliansky <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>), los virus similares a umbravirus de papaya se consideran especies distintas (Cornejo-Franco <italic>et al</italic>., 2021).</p>
			<p>Dado que los genomas de los virus similares a umbravirus (<italic>ULV</italic>s) no codifican una proteína de la cápside se han considerado como entidades subvirales denominadas ARNs similares a umbravirus (<italic>ulaRNAs)</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Liu <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). Existen tres clases de <italic>ULVs</italic> en plantas, cuyos genomas varían en tamaño de 3500 a 4500 nt y contienen entre dos y cinco marcos de lectura abiertos (ORFs) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cornejo-Franco <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>; Liu <italic>et al</italic>., 2021; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Redila <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Tahir <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). Los <italic>ULVs</italic> de papaya pertenecen a la clase 1, con genomas de 4376 a 4515 nts que incluyen dos ORFs, seguidos de una región larga de ARN no codificante. El ORF1 codifica para una proteína putativa de 31 a 38 kDa, cuya función es desconocida. Por otro lado, el ORF2 codifica una proteína putativa de 45 a 54 kDa que contiene los ocho motivos característicos de las ARN polimerasas dependientes de ARN (RdRp) presente en los virus con genoma de ARNmc (+), filogenéticamente relacionada con la RdRp de los umbravirus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Zamudio-Moreno <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Sa Antunes <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; Cornejo-Franco <italic>et al</italic>., 2021; Liu <italic>et al</italic>., 2021). Se han identificado dos señales en el genoma viral, entre el ORF1 y ORF2, asociados con el mecanismo de cambio de marco de lectura para que el ribosoma retroceda un nucleótido (-1 FS). Una región deslizante con la secuencia consenso X XXY YYZ (el heptanucleótido) (Cornejo-Franco <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021) seguida de una estructura secundaria de ARN en forma de horquilla o pseudonudo (Liu <italic>et al</italic>., 2021). Este mecanismo contribuye al control de la estequiometría de las proteínas bajo su regulación, por lo que es crucial para una infección viral exitosa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Penn <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). El cambio de marco de lectura del ribosoma es común en miembros de la familia <italic>Tombusviridae</italic>. Su ocurrencia se demostró experimentalmente para el Virus del mosaico de la enación del chícharo 2 (<italic>Pea enation mosaic virus</italic> 2 <italic>-</italic> PEMV2) del género <italic>Umbravirus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Gao y Simon, 2016</xref>; Liu <italic>et al</italic>., 2021) y para el Virus asociado al amarillamiento de las venas de los cítricos (<italic>Citrus yellow vein associated virus -</italic> CYVaV) de los <italic>ULVs</italic> de clase 2. Para este último se identificó una proteína de 81 kDa, producto del ORF1 y del ORF2, mediante la técnica de transcripción/traducción <italic>in vitro</italic> (Liu <italic>et al.</italic>; 2021). Sin embargo, el mecanismo de -1FS aún no se demuestra para los ULVs de papaya.</p>
			<p>A la fecha, no ha sido posible detectar las proteínas virales en plantas con meleira de la papaya (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rodrigues <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>) y no se han obtenido anticuerpos para su diagnóstico. La obtención de anticuerpos contra proteínas virales, como la RdRp, resulta valioso para el estudio y monitoreo de enfermedades en plantas. Además, son fundamentales en epidemiología, ya que permiten rastrear la propagación y evolución de patógenos virales en poblaciones vegetales, lo que resulta crucial para el desarrollo de estrategias de manejo eficientes y la predicción de futuros brotes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Rubio <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Buja <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). Asimismo, el desarrollo de anticuerpos permite realizar estudios funcionales de proteínas virales, como las polimerasas, incluyendo su expresión y su interacción con elementos del hospedante, lo que resulta esencial para el desarrollo de estrategias antivirales y la comprensión de las bases moleculares de la replicación viral (Bolanos-García y Davies, 2006; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Trier <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; Rubio <italic>et al</italic>., 2020). Sin embargo, cabe desatacar que la purificación de las RdRps a partir de células del hospedante resulta difícil debido a sus bajos niveles de expresión (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Cevik <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>). Además, estas enzimas suelen estar asociadas con membranas, lo que complica su aislamiento debido a problemas de estabilidad del péptido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Laliberté y Sanfaçon, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hull, 2014</xref>). Una alternativa para superar estas dificultades la constituye la expresión de proteínas recombinantes en <italic>E. coli</italic> (Cevik <italic>et al</italic>., 2008). En este sentido, se ha demostrado previamente la viabilidad de esta estrategia para el desarrollo de anticuerpos contra la RdRp del Virus de la tristeza de los cítricos (<italic>Citrus tristeza virus</italic> - CTV), lo que permitió la detección y localización de la proteína en tejidos de cítricos infectados con CTV (Cevik, 2001; Cevik <italic>et al</italic>., 2008). De manera similar, las polimerasas del Virus del moteado de las venas de tabaco (<italic>Tobacco vein mottling virus</italic> - TVMV), Virus del mosaico del bambú (<italic>Bamboo mosaic virus</italic> - BaMV) y SARS-CoV-2 han sido expresadas en <italic>E. coli</italic>, obteniéndose anticuerpos que han facilitado avances en la caracterización de sus funciones y actividad catalítica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hong y Hunt, 1996</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Li <italic>et al</italic>., 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dangerfield <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Madru <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). Este estudio tuvo como objetivo desarrollar un método para la producción y purificación de la proteína recombinante codificada por el ORF2 de PMeV-Mx en <italic>E. coli</italic> y generar anticuerpos específicos para su detección, un paso clave para avanzar en el diagnóstico y la investigación básica del virus.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Materiales y métodos</title>
			<p>Plantas de papaya como reservorio del virus. Las semillas de papaya variedad Maradol se germinaron y las plántulas fueron trasladadas a un invernadero con malla antiáfidos y suelo como sustrato. Las plántulas de tres meses de edad fueron inoculadas con látex de frutos obtenidos de plantas sintomáticas de la enfermedad de la meleira de la papaya. Se confirmó la presencia de PMeV-Mx en seis de estas plantas mediante RT-PCR, de acuerdo con el procedimiento previamente establecido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Zamudio-Moreno <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>Análisis de secuencias. Se empleó el programa UGENE para analizar la región codificante del genoma de PMeV-Mx (Número de accesión KF214786 de la base de datos GenBank del NCBI). Se predijeron los marcos de lectura abiertos, así como los productos proteicos de ORF1 y ORF2 de manera independiente y como una proteína de fusión del ORF1/ORF2. Se identificó la secuencia heptamérica, también denominada sitio deslizante, de acuerdo a los parámetros establecidos previamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cornejo-Franco <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>).</p>
			<p>Construcción de plásmidos. Las regiones correspondientes tanto al ORF1 como al ORF2 de PMeV-Mx se amplificaron por PCR con los cebadores CB157/CB158 y CB183/CB184 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>), respectivamente. Para ello se emplearon 2 μL de ADNc de plantas de papaya infectadas, obtenido como se reportó previamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Zamudio-Moreno <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). La reacción de PCR se realizó en un volumen de 25 μL [solución de PCR (1x); 1,5 mM de MgCl2; 0,2 mM de dNTPs; 0,2 μM de cebadores; 2 Unidades de Platinum™ Taq DNA Polimerasa (Invitrogen, Massachusetts, USA)]. El producto de PCR se purificó con el estuche comercial QIAquick PCR Purification (Qiagen, Hilden, Alemania). Posteriormente se ligó en pGEM-T Easy siguiendo las instrucciones del fabricante (Promega, Wisconsin, USA) para producir los plásmidos pCB251 (pGEM-T Easy:ORF1) y pCB233 (pGEM-T Easy:ORF2). La presencia del inserto se corroboró mediante PCR, con cebadores dirigidos a las regiones promotoras SP6 y T7 de pGEM-T Easy (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>). El ADN plasmídico se purificó con el estuche comercial QIAprep Spin Miniprep (Qiagen, Hilden, Alemania) y se secuenció en ambas direcciones (Macrogen Inc., Seúl, Corea).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Cebadores utilizados para la obtención de los plásmidos pCB252 y pCB253, mediante la clonación del ORF1 y ORF2 de PMeV-Mx en el vector pDEST17.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Cebador</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Secuencia (5’ a 3’)y</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Región a la que se unenz</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>CB135</td>
								<td>TAATACGACTCACTATAGGG</td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Promotor T7 de pGEM-T Easy</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>CB136</td>
								<td>ATTTAGGTGACACTATAGAA</td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Promotor SP6 de pGEM-T Easy</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>CB157</td>
								<td>ATGAACATTTCGAACATTCCC</td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Sentido ORF1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>CB158</td>
								<td>GGATCCTTACGGGCCAACCAGAAAA</td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Antisentido ORF1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>CB183</td>
								<td>aattagatatcATGGTTTATACCTTCATCAAA</td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Sentido ORF2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>CB184</td>
								<td>taattaagcttCTAAGGGGTTAAGATAAGC</td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Antisentido ORF2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>CB107</td>
								<td>aaaaagcaggcttcATGAACATTTCGAACATTCCCGT</td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Sentido ORF1 y sitio attB1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>CB108</td>
								<td>agaaagctgggtcTTACGGGCCAACCAGAAAAGGACGA</td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Antisentido ORF1 y sitio attB2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>CB191</td>
								<td>aaaaagcaggctccATGGTTTATACCTTCATCAAA</td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Sentido ORF2 y sitio attB1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>CB193</td>
								<td>agaaagctgggtcAGGGGTTAAGATAACCCTAGG</td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Antisentido ORF2 y sitio attB2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>CB194</td>
								<td>ggggacaagtttgtacaaaaaagcaggct</td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Adaptador attB1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>CB195</td>
								<td>ggggaccactttgtacaagaaagctgggt</td>
								<td style="text-align:left">Adaptador attB2</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>yLetras en minúscula indican secuencias no virales, como sitios de restricción y nucleótidos extras (CB183 y CB184), o sitios recombinantes (CB107, CB108, CB191, CB193, CB194 y CB195). Letras en negritas indican codones de inicio y de parada. zORF, marco de lectura abierto; <italic>att</italic>B, sitio de unión específica para recombinación por tecnología <italic>Gateway</italic>.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Los amplicones del ORF1 y ORF2 de PMeV-Mx se recombinaron con pDONR221 empleando la tecnología de Gateway (Invitrogen, Massachusetts, USA) para generar pCB247 (pDONR221:ORF1) y pCB249 (pDONR221:ORF2), respectivamente. Posteriormente, estos plásmidos se recombinaron en pDEST17 (Invitrogen, Massachusetts, USA) para generar pCB252 (pDEST17:ORF1) y pCB253 (pDEST17:ORF2). La recombinación mediante la tecnología Gateway se realizó mediante dos reacciones de PCR, el primero con cebadores específicos para los ORF1 y ORF2 de PMeV-Mx, respectivamente que agregaron la mitad de los sitios <italic>att</italic>B (CB107/CB108 y CB191/CB193), y el segundo, con un par de cebadores que permitieron completar los sitios <italic>att</italic>B (CB194/CB195) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>). La mezcla de reacción y las dos reacciones de PCR se realizaron de acuerdo al manual de tecnología Gateway (2021) (Invitrogen, Massachusetts, USA). Los productos finales de PCR fueron recombinados con el vector de entrada pDONR221 (Invitrogen, Massachusetts, USA), empleando la mezcla de enzimas BP CLONASE (Invitrogen, Massachusetts, USA), de acuerdo a las instrucciones del fabricante. Los productos de recombinación fueron introducidos en células competentes de <italic>E. coli</italic> DH5α y seleccionados en placas de agar Luria Broth (LB) suplementadas con 100 mg mL<sup>-1</sup> de kanamicina. Los vectores de entrada resultantes, pCB247 y pCB249, se secuenciaron en ambas direcciones (Macrogen Inc., Seúl, Corea). El ADN plasmídico se extrajo y se utilizó para la recombinación con el vector de destino pDEST17 (Invitrogen, Massachusetts, USA) para generar pCB252 y pCB253, respectivamente, con la mezcla de enzimas LR CLONASE (Invitrogen, Massachusetts, USA), siguiendo las instrucciones del fabricante. Los productos fueron introducidos en células de <italic>E. coli</italic> DH5α, seleccionados en placas de agar LB suplementadas con 100 μg mL<sup>-1</sup> de ampicilina. El ADN plasmídico se secuenció y se utilizó para transformar la cepa</p>
			<p><italic>E. coli</italic> BL21.</p>
			<p><bold>Expresión y purificación de proteínas recombinantes en <italic>E. coli</italic>.</bold> Se evaluaron las condiciones de temperatura óptimas para la expresión de la RdRp de PMeV-Mx, realizando un seguimiento temporal de su expresión. Para ello se utilizaron células de <italic>E. coli</italic> BL21 portadoras de pCB253 que se inocularon en 5 mL de medio LB con 100 μg mL<sup>-1</sup> de ampicilina e incubaron a 37 °C y 200 rpm, durante 14 horas. De este preinóculo, se transfirieron 500 μL a 300 mL de medio LB bajo las mismas condiciones, hasta alcanzar una densidad óptica a 600 nm de 0,6. Posteriormente, se retiraron 40 mL de medio y se almacenaron como control no inducido. Se añadió IPTG 1 mM al resto del inóculo y se incubó durante 6 h a 37 °C y 200 rpm. Cada hora, se retiraron 40 mL de cultivo. Ambos cultivos, inducidos y no inducidos, se centrifugaron a 5000 rpm durante 10 minutos, el precipitado se resuspendió en 2 mL de solución de extracción de proteínas bajo condiciones desnaturalizantes (100 mM de NaH2PO4; 10 mM de Tris-Cl; 8 M de Urea, pH 8,0), como se describe en el Manual QIAexpressionist, 2003 (QIAGEN, 2003). La suspensión se mantuvo en hielo y se sonicó empleando ciclos de 20 segundos hasta que perdió la viscosidad. Posteriormente, se trató con 0,2 mM de fenilmetilsulfonilfluoruro (PMSF) y se centrifugó a 12000 rpm y 4 °C durante 10 minutos. El sobrenadante se almacenó a -80 °C y el precipitado se resuspendió en 3 mL de solución de extracción de proteínas.</p>
			<p>Para el ensayo de inmunodetección de proteínas recombinantes, los extractos proteicos de <italic>E. coli</italic> se incubaron durante 3 h a 92 °C, se separaron en un gel de poliacrilamida al 12 % con dodecil sulfato de sodio (SDS) y se transfirieron a una membrana de fluoruro de polivinilideno (PVDF), aplicando 100 voltios durante 1 h. Las membranas se bloquearon mediante incubación con 0,1 % PBS-T/5 % de leche (w/v) durante 1 h a temperatura ambiente, seguidas de tres lavados de 20 minutos cada uno con 0,1 % PBS-</p>
			<p>T. Posteriormente, se incubaron durante 12 h a 4 °C, con una dilución 1:1000 del anticuerpo monoclonal Anti-His acoplado a peroxidasa de rábano (HRP) (Invitrogen #R931, Massachusetts, USA). Después, se realizaron dos lavados con 0,1 % PBS-T. Tras la incubación con el sustrato (ECL, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Pierce, Massachusetts, USA), se registraron las imágenes en el sistema de documentación Gel Doc XR+ (Bio- Rad Laboratories, Inc., California, USA). Para este ensayo, se utilizó como control positivo la proteína 6xHis-GST-8xHis, expresada a partir de pET42b (Novagen, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Alemania).</p>
			<p>Para purificar las proteínas recombinantes se partió de cultivos de <italic>E. coli</italic> BL21 con los plásmidos en 500 mL de medio LB a las 2 h después de la inducción. La purificación se llevó a cabo según lo descrito previamente y siguiendo las instrucciones del Manual QIAexpressionist (Qiagen, 2003), con la excepción de la cantidad de solución de extracción utilizada (6 mL). Las proteínas recombinantes se purificaron por afinidad en una columna empaquetada con resina de nitrilotriacetato de níquel (Ni-NTA) (Qiagen) y se lavaron tres veces con solución de lavado a pH 6,3. Para las eluciones se emplearon soluciones de elución con pH 5,9 y 4,5, respectivamente.</p>
			<p>Producción de antisuero. Las proteínas recombinantes purificadas se separaron en geles de poliacrilamida al 12 % con SDS. La banda correspondiente a la proteína recombinante 6xHis-pORF2 se cortó del gel y se liofilizó. Posteriormente, la proteína liofilizada se mezcló con 200 µL de PBS, se cuantificó en un espectrofotómetro NanoDrop 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Massachusetts, USA). Para la primera inoculación, esta solución se mezcló con 200 µL de adyuvante completo, y para las siguientes, con adyuvante incompleto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Amero <italic>et al</italic>., 1988</xref>). Posteriormente, las emulsiones se inocularon por vía subcutánea en uno o dos puntos del dorso de dos conejos. Antes de la inmunización, se extrajeron 500 µL de sangre para verificar la ausencia de reactividad al antígeno en el suero preinmune. La primera inmunización se realizó con 100 μg de proteína, y se repitió dos semanas después (500 μg de proteína), seguida de una primera recolección de 3 mL de sangre diez días después. Posteriormente, los conejos descansaron durante cuatro semanas, tras lo cual se administró una inmunización final (100 μg de proteína), seguida de una recolección de 5 mL de sangre siete días después empleando un catéter neonatal. La sangre se centrifugó a 3000 rpm durante 20 minutos a 4 °C y los antisueros se almacenaron a -20 °C (Amero <italic>et al</italic>., 1988; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Pihl <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>Se realizó un dot blot para verificar la reactividad del suero e identificar la dilución óptima de trabajo. Para ello se evaluaron las siguientes diluciones: 1:500, 1:1000, 1:2000, 1:3000 y 1:4000. El ensayo se llevó a cabo de la siguiente manera: se añadieron 10 μL de antisuero a una membrana de nitrocelulosa (1 cm²), que luego se bloqueó con una solución de 5 % de leche en polvo descremada en PBS-T 1X durante 1 h, con agitación a temperatura ambiente. Posteriormente, la membrana se incubó toda la noche, a 4 °C con las diferentes diluciones del anticuerpo primario. Luego, se realizaron tres lavados con PBS-T, seguidos de una incubación con el anticuerpo secundario anti-conejo acoplado a HRP (dilución 1:3000) durante 2 h, a temperatura ambiente.</p>
			<p>Para confirmar la especificidad de los antisueros y anticuerpos, se realizaron ensayos de inmunodetección. En este caso, la detección se llevó a cabo con una dilución 1:1000 de anti-pORF2 como anticuerpo primario y una dilución 1:3000 del anticuerpo secundario anti-conejo acoplado a HRP (PROMEGA #W401B), con membrana de nitrocelulosa. Para este ensayo, se emplearon dos proteínas fusionadas a etiquetas de histidina (His) como controles negativos: 6xHis-GST-8xHis, expresada a partir del plásmido pET42b (Novagen, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Alemania), y 6xHis-pORF1, codificada por el ORF1 de PMeV-Mx y expresada a partir de pCB252 (Invitrogen, Massachusetts, USA).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Resultados</title>
			<p>Predicción de las proteínas putativas de PMeV-Mx. El genoma parcial de PMeV-Mx contiene dos ORFs, el primero se ubica desde el nucleótido 1 hasta el 963 (ORF1) y el segundo desde el nt 1231 hasta el 2437 (ORF2). Estos marcos de lectura codifican dos proteínas putativas de 35 y 45,6 kDa, respectivamente, denominadas pORF1 y pORF2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Se detectó, igualmente, un sitio de desplazamiento (heptanucleótido) en la posición 942-948 (UCCUUUU), que constituye una señal putativa para el -1 FS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Este elemento en <italic>cis</italic> podría participar para generar una proteína de fusión entre el ORF1 y el ORF2, como se ha propuesto para BabVQ (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cornejo-Franco <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). Sin embargo, el análisis de secuencia del genoma de PMeV-Mx en el presente estudio no respalda dicha premisa, en virtud de que existen codones de paro, generando en su lugar una proteína putativa truncada.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2.Organización</label>
					<caption>
						<title>genómica de PMeV-Mx. Los números indican la posición en nucleótidos (nt) y la cantidad total de nt en el genoma parcial. Los cuadros en el genoma representan el ORF1 y el ORF2, respectivamente. Los cuadros debajo representan los productos putativos del ORF1 y ORF2 (pORF1 y pORF2, respectivamente), así como el producto de fusión putativo que se podría obtener a partir de desplazamiento ribosomal en -1 nt (pORF1/pORF2). La flecha indica la posición de la secuencia deslizante.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT240500-gf2.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Expresión y purificación de la proteína de fusión recombinante 6xHis-pORF2. Se realizó un ensayo de curso temporal para determinar las mejores condiciones para la expresión de la proteína recombinante 6xHis-ORF2. En este sentido, se observó a partir de 1 h después de la inducción con IPTG una proteína muy abundante que migraba entre los marcadores de 37 y 50 kDa, contrario a lo observado en el tratamiento sin inducir (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>). Estos resultados son consistentes con la masa estimada (~46,5 kDa) para la proteína codificada por el ORF2 de PMeV-Mx y la etiqueta His. Cabe destacar también que se observa un aumento notable en la expresión a partir de las 2 h y hasta las 6 h después de la inducción (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Ensayo de expresión temporal de la proteína recombinante 6xHis-pORF2 de PMeV-Mx empleando la fracción proteica correspondiente a los cuerpos de inclusión de <italic>E. coli</italic>. La expresión de 6xHis-pORF2 se indujo con 1 mM IPTG a 37 °C. Se retiraron alícuotas en los tiempos indicados (1 a 6 h después de la inducción con IPTG) y las proteínas se visualizaron mediante gel SDS teñido con Coomassie. M, marcador Bio-Rad 10-250 kDa; NI, control no inducido. La flecha indica la proteína 6xHis-pORF2 de 46,5 kDa.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT240500-gf3.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Considerando los datos obtenidos en el ensayo de expresión temporal, se seleccionó un período de inducción de 2 h para maximizar el rendimiento de la expresión proteica. Para corroborar estos resultados, la proteína recombinante de PMeV-Mx 6xHis-pORF2 se detectó por western blot con el anticuerpo anti-His acoplado a HRP. Como se esperaba, se observaron bandas de ~46,5 y ~28 kDa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>B, carriles 3 y 4), correspondientes a las proteínas 6xHis-ORF2 y 6xHis-GST-8xHis, respectivamente. Este resultado confirma la presencia de la etiqueta de His en la proteína recombinante 6xHis-pORF2 y la integridad de la misma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>). Los resultados obtenidos a partir de la purificación con resina Ni-NTA se muestran en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>. En este sentido, se observó una banda intensa del tamaño esperado, ~46,5 kDa, en cada elución. Igualmente, se observaron bandas tenues que van desde 15 hasta 150 kDa, tanto en la elución como en la resina Ni-NTA. Manteniendo las condiciones previamente establecidas, se realizaron ocho purificaciones de fracciones celulares de 20 mL. Como resultado, se obtuvieron 800 µg de la proteína 6xHis-pORF2 purificada que se usaron posteriormente para la producción de anticuerpos.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Detección de la proteína recombinante 6xHis-pORF2 de PMeV-Mx en extractos proteicos de <italic>E. coli</italic> empleando el anticuerpo monoclonal anti-His. A) Gel de SDS teñido con Coomassie. B) Western blot en membranas de PVDF incubadas con una dilución 1:1000 del anticuerpo monoclonal anti-His acoplado a peroxidasa de rábano (HRP). M, marcador Bio-Rad 10-250 kDa; NI y 6xHis-GST-8xHis, control no inducido y positivo, respectivamente; 6xHis-pORF2, fracción celular con la proteína recombinante pORF2 de PMeV-Mx expresada en células BL21. Las flechas indican las proteínas 6xHis-pORF2 (~46,5 kDa) y 6xHis-GST-8xHis (~28 kDa), respectivamente.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT240500-gf4.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f5">
					<label>Figura 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Purificación de la proteína recombinante 6xHis-pORF2 de PMeV-Mx con resina de Ni-NTA en condiciones desnaturalizantes. M, marcador Bio-Rad 10-250 kDa; I, <italic>input</italic>; Ft, <italic>flow</italic>-<italic>through</italic>; E1 y E2: primera y segunda elución, respectivamente; R, resina. La flecha indica la proteína 6xHis- pORF2 (~46,5 kDa).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT240500-gf5.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Especificidad de los anticuerpos policlonales anti-pORF2. Se empleó suero preinmune para corroborar la ausencia de reactividad contra la proteína recombinante 6xHis-pORF2 de PMeV-Mx. Posteriormente, se determinó el título del suero después de la inmunización, detectándose señal en el rango de diluciones de 1:500 a 1:3000. Se seleccionó la dilución 1:1000 para los siguientes análisis. Una vez establecido este parámetro, la especificidad de los anticuerpos anti-pORF2 se evaluó mediante inmunoensayos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 6</xref>). Como resultado, se detectó una señal de ~46,5 kDa en las fracciones celulares correspondientes a 6xHis-pORF2, confirmando la presencia de la proteína de interés en las fracciones purificadas y demostrando la capacidad de los anticuerpos para reconocerla específicamente. La ausencia de señal en los controles negativos, correspondientes a la altura de ~28 kDa para 6xHis-GST-8xHis y de ~35 kDa para 6xHis-pORF1 de PMeV-Mx, reafirmó la especificidad de los anticuerpos. Estos controles negativos se incluyeron para descartar interacciones inespecíficas ya sea con otras proteínas presentes en las fracciones celulares o con la etiqueta de His. Sin embargo, se observó que el anticuerpo también presentó reactividad inespecífica con proteínas de</p>
			<p><italic>E. coli</italic>, ya que se detectó una señal a la altura de ~75 kDa en las fracciones celulares no inducidas y en las inducidas para 6xHis-pORF1, 6xHis-GST-8xHis y 6xHis-pORF2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 6</xref>, B).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f6">
					<label>Figura 6</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Detección de la proteína recombinante 6xHis-pORF2 de PMeV-Mx en extractos proteicos de <italic>E. coli</italic> empleando el anticuerpo policlonal anti-RdRp. A) Gel de SDS teñido con Coomassie. B) Western blot en membrana de Nitrocelulosa, incubada con el anticuerpo policlonal anti-RdRp de PMeV-Mx (dilución 1:1000) y el anticuerpo secundario anti-conejo acoplado a peroxidasa de rábano (HRP) (dilución 1:3000). M, marcador Bio-Rad 10-250 kDa; NI, fracción celular no inducida. 6xHis-pORF1 y 6xHis-GST-8xHis controles negativos. La flecha indica la proteína 6xHis-pORF2 (~46,5 kDa).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT240500-gf6.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discusión</title>
			<p>En este estudio se describe por primera vez la expresión en <italic>E. coli</italic> de la proteína recombinante codificada por el ORF2 de PMeV-Mx, su purificación y la generación de anticuerpos policlonales de conejo. <italic>E. coli</italic> es un sistema de expresión ampliamente utilizado para proteínas recombinantes, conocido por su alto rendimiento y procesos de purificación simplificados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Jia y Jeon, 2016</xref>). El uso de este enfoque, al permitir la obtención de grandes cantidades de proteína, resulta útil para estudios bioquímicos y biofísicos. En contraste, la extracción de proteínas directamente desde tejidos vegetales puede ser un desafío debido a los bajos niveles de expresión de la RdRp y la presencia de proteínas contaminantes. Además, en comparación con los sistemas <italic>in vitro</italic> libres de células, la expresión en <italic>E. coli</italic> ofrece ventajas como costos reducidos, mayor simplicidad y la posibilidad de modificaciones postraduccionales y ensamblaje de proteínas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Rosano y Ceccarelli, 2014</xref>; Jia y Jeon, 2016).</p>
			<p>Durante este estudio, la proteína recombinante 6xHis-pORF2 de PMeV-Mx (~46,5 kDa) se detectó en los extractos proteicos insolubles de <italic>E. coli</italic> a partir de la primera hora de inducción y hasta las 6 h posteriores. Su acumulación en la fracción insoluble era esperada, ya que las ARN polimerasas virales suelen estar asociadas a membranas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Laliberté y Sanfaçon, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hull, 2014</xref>). Aunque la mayor expresión se observó a las 5 h post-inducción (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>), se seleccionó un tiempo de 2 h para la purificación con el fin de minimizar la formación de cuerpos de inclusión, un fenómeno común cuando se presentan altos niveles de expresión de proteínas, así como de proteínas asociadas a membranas (Qiagen, 2003). La identidad de la proteína recombinante se confirmó mediante western blot con anticuerpos anti-His (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>), y su purificación fue exitosa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>), permitiendo su uso en la generación de anticuerpos policlonales en conejo.</p>
			<p>Los anticuerpos obtenidos detectaron específicamente la proteína recombinante 6xHis-pORF2 de PMeV-Mx en extractos de <italic>E. coli</italic>, sin reconocer las proteínas 6xHis- pORF1 de PMeV-Mx ni 8xHis-GST-6x, lo que demuestra su especificidad (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 6</xref>). Sin embargo, también se observó una banda de ~75 kDa en todos los extractos proteicos, lo que sugiere la posible unión inespecífica de proteínas bacterianas a la resina Ni-NTA durante la purificación, como se ha informado previamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Ryan y Henehan, 2013</xref>). Para reducir esta interferencia, sería recomendable optimizar las condiciones de la resina ajustando factores como la concentración de sal, pH e imidazol, además de evaluar diferentes tipos de resinas con mayor selectividad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Wang <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Asimismo, la inclusión de un paso adicional de cromatografía, como exclusión por tamaño o intercambio iónico, podría mejorar la pureza de la proteína de interés (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Saraswat <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Soltaninasab <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). Por otro lado, el uso de un paso extra de cromatografía de afinidad podría incrementar la especificidad y sensibilidad de los anticuerpos, lo que facilitaría su aplicación en el diagnóstico de plantas infectadas (Saraswat <italic>et al</italic>., 2013).</p>
			<p>El uso de anticuerpos constituye una herramienta esencial en estudios básicos, particularmente en la detección y caracterización de proteínas virales. En el caso de PMeV-Mx y los <italic>ULV</italic>s de papaya de clase 1, la proteína codificada por el ORF2 presenta los ocho motivos característicos de las ARN polimerasas dependientes de ARN; sin embargo, su expresión y función en plantas aún no han sido caracterizadas. En contraste, la replicación de otros virus pertenecientes al género <italic>Tombusvirus</italic> (familia <italic>Tombusviridae</italic>) ha sido ampliamente estudiada. Por ejemplo, la RdRp del Virus del enanismo ramificado del tomate (<italic>Tomato bushy stunt virus</italic> - TBSV), de 92 kDa, se produce mediante una lectura continua del codón de paro del ORF1 (<italic>readthrough</italic>) continuando la traducción del ORF2 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Salonen <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Rubino y Scheets, 2021</xref>). Mientras que la replicasa se forma de la interacción entre la proteína auxiliar de replicación p33 (producto de ORF1) y p92 (Salonen <italic>et al</italic>., 2005; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">den Boon et al., 2010</xref>). Se ha propuesto que en los <italic>ULV</italic>s de clase 1, de papaya, se podría producir una proteína de aproximadamente 90 kDa, correspondiente a la RdRp, mediante -1FS, similar a lo demostrado <italic>in vitro</italic> para los <italic>ULVs</italic> de clase 2 y los umbravirus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Liu <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). No obstante, esta hipótesis aún no ha sido confirmada en plantas y se requiere hacer más estudios. En este contexto, el uso de anticuerpos podría ser clave para detectar proteínas virales y profundizar en la expresión y función de la RdRp.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusiones</title>
			<p>En este estudio, se estableció un protocolo para la expresión, detección y purificación de la proteína recombinante 6xHis-pORF2 de PMeV-Mx en <italic>E. coli</italic>, su RdRp putativa. Los anticuerpos en conejo detectaron la proteína de interés en fracciones celulares de <italic>E. coli</italic>; sin embargo, aún es necesaria la optimización del protocolo para mejorar su especificidad en extractos celulares de bacterianos.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Limitaciones</title>
			<p> </p>
			<p>El presente estudio logró la expresión y purificación de la proteína recombinante 6xHis-pORF2 de PMeV-Mx en <italic>E. coli</italic>. Además, se generaron anticuerpos específicos para la misma, proporcionando una herramienta valiosa para la caracterización de proteínas virales y aplicaciones diagnósticas futuras. Sin embargo, aunque el enfoque empleado ha demostrado ser eficaz, ajustes adicionales podrían potenciar su alcance y aplicabilidad. En cuanto al sistema de expresión, <italic>E. coli</italic> puede no replicar completamente el plegamiento y modificaciones postraduccionales nativas en células vegetales. La presencia de bandas no específicas en los ensayos de western blot, resalta la necesidad de mejorar las condiciones de purificación con Ni-NTA para aumentar la pureza de la proteína. Además, aunque los anticuerpos generados detectaron la proteína recombinante en extractos de <italic>E. coli</italic>, aún falta evaluar su desempeño en tejidos vegetales. Estudios futuros deberán investigar la expresión y función de la RdRp codificada por ORF2 de PMeV-Mx en plantas infectadas para esclarecer su papel en la replicación viral.</p>
			<p> </p>
			<p>Conflicto de intereses</p>
			<p> </p>
			<p>Todos los autores declaran que no tienen conflicto de intereses en relación con esta investigación.</p>
			<p> </p>
			<p>Financiamiento</p>
			<p> </p>
			<p>Este proyecto contó con el financiamiento AS-1-19850 otorgado por CONAHCYT a LLO. CONAHCYT también otorgó becas a WS, JAAQ y AFT.</p>
			<p> </p>
			<p> </p>
			<p>AGRADECIMIENTOS</p>
			<p> </p>
			<p>Agradecemos a M.C. Roberto Ku-Cauich, Dr. Ligia Brito-Argaez, y M.C. Miguel Ztzec- Simá por la ayuda técnica ofrecida.</p>
			<p> </p>
			<p> </p>
			<p>Contribución de los autores</p>
			<p> </p>
			<p>Concepción del estudio, LLO; diseño del experimento, WSH, EC, IIF, LLO; ejecución del experimento, WSH, JAAQ, MCP, AFT, LLO; verificación del experimento, JAAQ, MCP, LLO; análisis / interpretación de datos, WSH, EC, LLO; preparación del manuscrito, WSH, LLO; edición y revisión del manuscrito, WSH, JAAQ, MCP, AFT, EC, IIF, LLO. Todos los autores han leído y aprobado la versión publicada del manuscrito.</p>
		</ack>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation> Amero, S. A. James, T. C. Elgin, S. C. 1988 Production of antibodies using proteins in gel bands <italic>Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)</italic> 3 355-362 10.1385/0-89603-126-8:355 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Amero</surname>
							<given-names>S. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>James</surname>
							<given-names>T. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Elgin</surname>
							<given-names>S. C.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1988</year>
					<article-title>Production of antibodies using proteins in gel bands</article-title>
					<source>Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)</source>
					<volume>3</volume>
					<fpage>355</fpage>
					<lpage>362</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1385/0-89603-126-8:355</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<mixed-citation> Arur, S. Schedl, T. 2014 Generation and purification of highly specific antibodies for detecting post-translationally modified proteins in vivo <italic>Nature Protocols</italic> 9 375-395 10.1038/nprot.2014.017 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Arur</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schedl</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Generation and purification of highly specific antibodies for detecting post-translationally modified proteins in vivo</article-title>
					<source>Nature Protocols</source>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<fpage>375</fpage>
					<lpage>395</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nprot.2014.017</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<mixed-citation> Bolanos-Garcia, V. M. Davies, O. R. 2006 Structural analysis and classification of native proteins from E. coli commonly co-purified by immobilised metal affinity chromatography <italic>Biochimica et Biophysica Acta</italic> 1760 1304-1313 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.03.027 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bolanos-Garcia</surname>
							<given-names>V. M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Davies</surname>
							<given-names>O. R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2006</year>
					<article-title>Structural analysis and classification of native proteins from E. coli commonly co-purified by immobilised metal affinity chromatography</article-title>
					<source>Biochimica et Biophysica Acta</source>
					<volume>1760</volume>
					<fpage>1304</fpage>
					<lpage>1313</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.03.027</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<mixed-citation> Buja, I. Sabella, E. Monteduro, A. G. Chiriacò, M. S. De Bellis, L. Luvisi, A. Maruccio, G. 2021 Advances in plant disease detection and monitoring: From traditional assays to in-field diagnostics <italic>Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</italic> 21 10.3390/s21062129 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Buja</surname>
							<given-names>I.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sabella</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Monteduro</surname>
							<given-names>A. G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chiriacò</surname>
							<given-names>M. S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>De Bellis</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Luvisi</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Maruccio</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2021</year>
					<article-title>Advances in plant disease detection and monitoring: From traditional assays to in-field diagnostics</article-title>
					<source>Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</source>
					<volume>21</volume>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/s21062129</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<mixed-citation> Cevik, B. 2001 Characterization of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene of Citrus tristeza Closterovirus (PhD), Florida University, USA <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/00/10/07/35/00001/DissertationBC.PDF">http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/00/10/07/35/00001/DissertationBC.PDF</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="thesis">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Cevik</surname>
							<given-names>B.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2001</year>
					<source>Characterization of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene of Citrus tristeza Closterovirus</source>
					<comment content-type="degree">PhD</comment>
					<publisher-name>Florida University</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>USA</publisher-loc>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/00/10/07/35/00001/DissertationBC.PDF">http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/00/10/07/35/00001/DissertationBC.PDF</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<mixed-citation> Cevik, B. Lee, R. F. Niblett, C. L. 2008 In vivo and in vitro expression analysis of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Citrus tristeza virus <italic>Archives of Virology</italic> 153 315-321 10.1007/s00705-007-1060-8 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Cevik</surname>
							<given-names>B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lee</surname>
							<given-names>R. F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Niblett</surname>
							<given-names>C. L.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2008</year>
					<article-title>In vivo and in vitro expression analysis of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Citrus tristeza virus</article-title>
					<source>Archives of Virology</source>
					<volume>153</volume>
					<fpage>315</fpage>
					<lpage>321</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00705-007-1060-8</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<mixed-citation> Cornejo-Franco, J. F. Flores, F. Mollov, D. Quito-Avila, D. F. 2021 An umbra-related virus found in babaco (Vasconcellea × heilbornii) <italic>Archives of Virology</italic> 166 2321-2324 10.1007/s00705-021-05117-8 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Cornejo-Franco</surname>
							<given-names>J. F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Flores</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mollov</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Quito-Avila</surname>
							<given-names>D. F.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2021</year>
					<article-title>An umbra-related virus found in babaco (Vasconcellea × heilbornii)</article-title>
					<source>Archives of Virology</source>
					<volume>166</volume>
					<fpage>2321</fpage>
					<lpage>2324</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00705-021-05117-8</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<mixed-citation> Dangerfield, T. L. Huang, N. Z. Johnson, K. A. 2021 Expression and purification of tag-free SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in Escherichia coli <italic>STAR Protocols</italic> 2 100357 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100357 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Dangerfield</surname>
							<given-names>T. L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Huang</surname>
							<given-names>N. Z.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Johnson</surname>
							<given-names>K. A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2021</year>
					<article-title>Expression and purification of tag-free SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in Escherichia coli</article-title>
					<source>STAR Protocols</source>
					<volume>2</volume>
					<fpage>100357</fpage>
					<lpage>100357</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100357</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<mixed-citation> den Boon, J. A. Ahlquist, P. 2010 Organelle-like membrane compartmentalization of positive-strand RNA virus replication factories <italic>Annual Review of Microbiology</italic> 64 241-256 10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134012 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>den Boon</surname>
							<given-names>J. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ahlquist</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<article-title>Organelle-like membrane compartmentalization of positive-strand RNA virus replication factories</article-title>
					<source>Annual Review of Microbiology</source>
					<volume>64</volume>
					<fpage>241</fpage>
					<lpage>256</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134012</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<mixed-citation> Gao, F. Simon, A. E. 2016 Multiple Cis-acting elements modulate programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting in Pea enation mosaic virus <italic>Nucleic Acids Research</italic> 44 878-895 10.1093/nar/gkv1241 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gao</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Simon</surname>
							<given-names>A. E.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Multiple Cis-acting elements modulate programmed -1 ribosomal frameshifting in Pea enation mosaic virus</article-title>
					<source>Nucleic Acids Research</source>
					<volume>44</volume>
					<fpage>878</fpage>
					<lpage>895</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/nar/gkv1241</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<mixed-citation> Hong, Y. Hunt, A. G. 1996 RNA polymerase activity catalyzed by a potyvirus-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase <italic>Virology</italic> 226 146-151 10.1006/viro.1996.0639 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hong</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hunt</surname>
							<given-names>A. G.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1996</year>
					<article-title>RNA polymerase activity catalyzed by a potyvirus-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase</article-title>
					<source>Virology</source>
					<volume>226</volume>
					<fpage>146</fpage>
					<lpage>151</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1006/viro.1996.0639</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<mixed-citation> Hull, R. 2014 Chapter 7 - Replication of Plant Viruses <italic>Plant Virology (Fifth Edition)</italic> 341-421 Boston Academic Press 10.1016/B978-0-12-384871-0.00007-8 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Hull</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<chapter-title>Chapter 7 - Replication of Plant Viruses</chapter-title>
					<source>Plant Virology (Fifth Edition)</source>
					<fpage>341</fpage>
					<lpage>421</lpage>
					<publisher-loc>Boston</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Academic Press</publisher-name>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/B978-0-12-384871-0.00007-8</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<mixed-citation> Jia, B. Jeon, C. O. 2016 High-throughput recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli: current status and future perspectives <italic>Open Biology</italic> 6 10.1098/rsob.160196 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Jia</surname>
							<given-names>B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jeon</surname>
							<given-names>C. O.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>High-throughput recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli: current status and future perspectives</article-title>
					<source>Open Biology</source>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1098/rsob.160196</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<mixed-citation> Laliberté, J. F. Sanfaçon, H. 2010 Cellular remodeling during plant virus infection <italic>Annual Review of Phytopathology</italic> 48 69-91 10.1146/annurev-phyto-073009-114239 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Laliberté</surname>
							<given-names>J. F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sanfaçon</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<article-title>Cellular remodeling during plant virus infection</article-title>
					<source>Annual Review of Phytopathology</source>
					<volume>48</volume>
					<fpage>69</fpage>
					<lpage>91</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1146/annurev-phyto-073009-114239</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<mixed-citation> Li, Y. I. Cheng, Y. M. Huang, Y. L. Tsai, C. H. Hsu, Y. H. Meng, M. 1998 Identification and characterization of the Escherichia coli-expressed RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of bamboo mosaic virus <italic>Journal of Virology</italic> 72 10093-10099 10.1128/jvi.72.12.10093-10099.1998 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Li</surname>
							<given-names>Y. I.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cheng</surname>
							<given-names>Y. M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Huang</surname>
							<given-names>Y. L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tsai</surname>
							<given-names>C. H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hsu</surname>
							<given-names>Y. H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Meng</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1998</year>
					<article-title>Identification and characterization of the Escherichia coli-expressed RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of bamboo mosaic virus</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Virology</source>
					<volume>72</volume>
					<fpage>10093</fpage>
					<lpage>10099</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/jvi.72.12.10093-10099.1998</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<mixed-citation> Liu, J. Carino, E. Bera, S. Gao, F. May, J. P. Simon, A. E. 2021 Structural analysis and whole genome mapping of a new type of plant virus subviral RNA: Umbravirus-like associated RNAs <italic>Viruses</italic> 13 10.3390/v13040646 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Liu</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Carino</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bera</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gao</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>May</surname>
							<given-names>J. P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Simon</surname>
							<given-names>A. E.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2021</year>
					<article-title>Structural analysis and whole genome mapping of a new type of plant virus subviral RNA: Umbravirus-like associated RNAs</article-title>
					<source>Viruses</source>
					<volume>13</volume>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/v13040646</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<mixed-citation> Liu, J. Simon, A. E. 2022 Identification of Novel 5' and 3' Translation Enhancers in Umbravirus-Like Coat Protein-Deficient RNA Replicons <italic>Journal of Virology</italic> 96 e0173621 10.1128/jvi.01736-21 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Liu</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Simon</surname>
							<given-names>A. E.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2022</year>
					<article-title>Identification of Novel 5' and 3' Translation Enhancers in Umbravirus-Like Coat Protein-Deficient RNA Replicons</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Virology</source>
					<volume>96</volume>
					<elocation-id>e0173621</elocation-id>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1128/jvi.01736-21</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<mixed-citation> Madru, C. Tekpinar, A. D. Rosario, S. Czernecki, D. Brûlé, S. Sauguet, L. Delarue, M. 2021 Fast and efficient purification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase complex expressed in Escherichia coli <italic>PLOS One</italic> 16 e0250610 10.1371/journal.pone.0250610 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Madru</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tekpinar</surname>
							<given-names>A. D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rosario</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Czernecki</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Brûlé</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sauguet</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Delarue</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2021</year>
					<article-title>Fast and efficient purification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase complex expressed in Escherichia coli</article-title>
					<source>PLOS One</source>
					<volume>16</volume>
					<elocation-id>e0250610</elocation-id>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0250610</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<mixed-citation> Maurastoni, M. Sá Antunes, T. F. Abreu, E. F. M. Ribeiro, S. G. Mehta, A. Sanches, M. M. Fontes, W. Kitajima, E. W. Cruz, F. T. Santos, A. M. C. Ventura, J. A. Gomes, A. Zerbini, F. M. Sosa-Acosta, P. Nogueira, F. C. S. Rodrigues, S. P. Aragão, F. J. L. Whitfield, A. E. Fernandes, P. M. B. 2023 A capsid protein fragment of a Fusagra-like virus found in Carica papaya latex interacts with the 50s ribosomal protein L17 <italic>Viruses</italic> 15 10.3390/v15020541 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Maurastoni</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sá Antunes</surname>
							<given-names>T. F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Abreu</surname>
							<given-names>E. F. M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ribeiro</surname>
							<given-names>S. G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mehta</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sanches</surname>
							<given-names>M. M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fontes</surname>
							<given-names>W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kitajima</surname>
							<given-names>E. W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cruz</surname>
							<given-names>F. T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Santos</surname>
							<given-names>A. M. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ventura</surname>
							<given-names>J. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gomes</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zerbini</surname>
							<given-names>F. M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sosa-Acosta</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nogueira</surname>
							<given-names>F. C. S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rodrigues</surname>
							<given-names>S. P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aragão</surname>
							<given-names>F. J. L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Whitfield</surname>
							<given-names>A. E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fernandes</surname>
							<given-names>P. M. B.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2023</year>
					<article-title>A capsid protein fragment of a Fusagra-like virus found in Carica papaya latex interacts with the 50s ribosomal protein L17</article-title>
					<source>Viruses</source>
					<volume>15</volume>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/v15020541</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<mixed-citation> Pathania, N. Justo, V. Magdalita, P. de la Cueva, F. Herradura, L. Waje, A. Lobres, A. Cueto, A. Dillon, N. Vawdrey, L. Hucks, L. Chambers, D. Sun, G. Cheesman, J. 2019 Integrated disease management strategies for the productive, profitable and sustainable production of high quality papaya fruit in the southern Philippines and Australia (FR2019-89) <italic>Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR)</italic> Canberra, Australia <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.aciar.gov.au/sites/default/files/project-page-docs/final_report_hort.2012.113.pdf">https://www.aciar.gov.au/sites/default/files/project-page-docs/final_report_hort.2012.113.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="report">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Pathania</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Justo</surname>
							<given-names>V.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Magdalita</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>de la Cueva</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Herradura</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Waje</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lobres</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cueto</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dillon</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Vawdrey</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hucks</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chambers</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sun</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cheesman</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Integrated disease management strategies for the productive, profitable and sustainable production of high quality papaya fruit in the southern Philippines and Australia (FR2019-89)</article-title>
					<source>Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR)</source>
					<publisher-loc>Canberra, Australia</publisher-loc>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.aciar.gov.au/sites/default/files/project-page-docs/final_report_hort.2012.113.pdf">https://www.aciar.gov.au/sites/default/files/project-page-docs/final_report_hort.2012.113.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<mixed-citation> Penn, W. D. Harrington, H. R. Schlebach, J. P. Mukhopadhyay, S. 2020 Regulators of Viral Frameshifting: More Than RNA Influences Translation Events <italic>Annual Review of Virology</italic> 7 1 219-238 10.1146/annurev-virology-012120-101548 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Penn</surname>
							<given-names>W. D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Harrington</surname>
							<given-names>H. R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schlebach</surname>
							<given-names>J. P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mukhopadhyay</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2020</year>
					<article-title>Regulators of Viral Frameshifting: More Than RNA Influences Translation Events</article-title>
					<source>Annual Review of Virology</source>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>219</fpage>
					<lpage>238</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1146/annurev-virology-012120-101548</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<mixed-citation> Perez-Brito, D. Tapia-Tussell, R. Cortes-Velazquez, A. Quijano-Ramayo, A. Nexticapan-Garcez, A. Martín-Mex, R. 2012 First report of Papaya meleira virus (PMeV) in Mexico <italic>African Journal of Biotechnology</italic> 11 13564-13570 10.5897/AJB12.1189 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Perez-Brito</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tapia-Tussell</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cortes-Velazquez</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Quijano-Ramayo</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nexticapan-Garcez</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Martín-Mex</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>First report of Papaya meleira virus (PMeV) in Mexico</article-title>
					<source>African Journal of Biotechnology</source>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<fpage>13564</fpage>
					<lpage>13570</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5897/AJB12.1189</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<mixed-citation> Pihl, T. H. Illigen, K. E. Houen, G. 2015 Polyclonal peptide antisera <italic>Peptide Antibodies: Methods and Protocols</italic> 103-107 New York, NY Springer New York 10.1007/978-1-4939-2999-3_11 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Pihl</surname>
							<given-names>T. H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Illigen</surname>
							<given-names>K. E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Houen</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<chapter-title>Polyclonal peptide antisera</chapter-title>
					<source>Peptide Antibodies: Methods and Protocols</source>
					<fpage>103</fpage>
					<lpage>107</lpage>
					<publisher-loc>New York, NY</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Springer New York</publisher-name>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/978-1-4939-2999-3_11</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B24">
				<mixed-citation> Qiagen I. 2003 The QIAexpressionist. A handbook for high-level expression and purification of 6xHis-tagged protein 128 <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.qiagen.com/us/resources/resourcedetail?id=79ca2f7d-42fe-4d62-8676-4cfa948c9435&amp;lang=en">https://www.qiagen.com/us/resources/resourcedetail?id=79ca2f7d-42fe-4d62-8676-4cfa948c9435&amp;lang=en</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<collab>Qiagen I.</collab>
					</person-group>
					<year>2003</year>
					<source>The QIAexpressionist. A handbook for high-level expression and purification of 6xHis-tagged protein</source>
					<fpage>128</fpage>
					<lpage>128</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.qiagen.com/us/resources/resourcedetail?id=79ca2f7d-42fe-4d62-8676-4cfa948c9435&amp;lang=en">https://www.qiagen.com/us/resources/resourcedetail?id=79ca2f7d-42fe-4d62-8676-4cfa948c9435&amp;lang=en</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B25">
				<mixed-citation> Quito-Avila, D. F. Alvarez, R. A. Ibarra, M. A. Martin, R. R. 2015 Detection and partial genome sequence of a new umbra-like virus of papaya discovered in Ecuador <italic>European Journal of Plant Pathology</italic> 143 199-204 10.1007/s10658-015-0675-y </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Quito-Avila</surname>
							<given-names>D. F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alvarez</surname>
							<given-names>R. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ibarra</surname>
							<given-names>M. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Martin</surname>
							<given-names>R. R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Detection and partial genome sequence of a new umbra-like virus of papaya discovered in Ecuador</article-title>
					<source>European Journal of Plant Pathology</source>
					<volume>143</volume>
					<fpage>199</fpage>
					<lpage>204</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10658-015-0675-y</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B26">
				<mixed-citation> Quito-Avila, D. F. Reyes-Proaño, E. Cañada, G. Cornejo-Franco, J. F. Alvarez-Quinto, R. Moreira, L. Grinstead, S. Mollov, D. Karasev, A. V. 2023 Papaya sticky disease caused by virus &quot;couples&quot;: A challenge for disease detection and management <italic>Plant Disease</italic> 107 1649-1663 10.1094/pdis-11-22-2565-fe </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Quito-Avila</surname>
							<given-names>D. F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Reyes-Proaño</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cañada</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cornejo-Franco</surname>
							<given-names>J. F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Alvarez-Quinto</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moreira</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Grinstead</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mollov</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Karasev</surname>
							<given-names>A. V.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2023</year>
					<article-title>Papaya sticky disease caused by virus &quot;couples&quot;: A challenge for disease detection and management</article-title>
					<source>Plant Disease</source>
					<volume>107</volume>
					<fpage>1649</fpage>
					<lpage>1663</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1094/pdis-11-22-2565-fe</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B27">
				<mixed-citation> Redila, C. D. Prakash, V. Nouri, S. 2021 Metagenomics Analysis of the Wheat Virome Identifies Novel Plant and Fungal-Associated Viral Sequences <italic>Viruses</italic> 13 10.3390/v13122457 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Redila</surname>
							<given-names>C. D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Prakash</surname>
							<given-names>V.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nouri</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2021</year>
					<article-title>Metagenomics Analysis of the Wheat Virome Identifies Novel Plant and Fungal-Associated Viral Sequences</article-title>
					<source>Viruses</source>
					<volume>13</volume>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/v13122457</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B28">
				<mixed-citation> Riguero, V. Clifford, R. Dawley, M. Dickson, M. Gastfriend, B. Thompson, C. Wang, S. C. O'Connor, E. 2020 Immobilized metal affinity chromatography optimization for poly-histidine tagged proteins <italic>Journal of Chromatography. A</italic> 1629 461505 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461505 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Riguero</surname>
							<given-names>V.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Clifford</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dawley</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dickson</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gastfriend</surname>
							<given-names>B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Thompson</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>S. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>O'Connor</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2020</year>
					<article-title>Immobilized metal affinity chromatography optimization for poly-histidine tagged proteins</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Chromatography. A</source>
					<volume>1629</volume>
					<fpage>461505</fpage>
					<lpage>461505</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461505</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B29">
				<mixed-citation> Rodrigues, S. P. Ventura, J. A. Aguilar, C. Nakayasu, E. S. Almeida, I. C. Fernandes, P. M. Zingali, R. B. 2011 Proteomic analysis of papaya (Carica papaya L.) displaying typical sticky disease symptoms <italic>Proteomics</italic> 11 2592-2602 10.1002/pmic.201000757 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rodrigues</surname>
							<given-names>S. P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ventura</surname>
							<given-names>J. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aguilar</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nakayasu</surname>
							<given-names>E. S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Almeida</surname>
							<given-names>I. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fernandes</surname>
							<given-names>P. M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zingali</surname>
							<given-names>R. B.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>Proteomic analysis of papaya (Carica papaya L.) displaying typical sticky disease symptoms</article-title>
					<source>Proteomics</source>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<fpage>2592</fpage>
					<lpage>2602</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/pmic.201000757</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B30">
				<mixed-citation> Rodrigues, S. P. Ventura, J. A. Aguilar, C. Nakayasu, E. S. Choi, H. Sobreira, T. J. Nohara, L. L. Wermelinger, L. S. Almeida, I. C. Zingali, R. B. Fernandes, P. M. 2012 Label-free quantitative proteomics reveals differentially regulated proteins in the latex of sticky diseased Carica papaya L. plants <italic>Journal of Proteomics</italic> 75 3191-3198 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.03.021 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rodrigues</surname>
							<given-names>S. P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ventura</surname>
							<given-names>J. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aguilar</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nakayasu</surname>
							<given-names>E. S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Choi</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sobreira</surname>
							<given-names>T. J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nohara</surname>
							<given-names>L. L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wermelinger</surname>
							<given-names>L. S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Almeida</surname>
							<given-names>I. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zingali</surname>
							<given-names>R. B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fernandes</surname>
							<given-names>P. M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Label-free quantitative proteomics reveals differentially regulated proteins in the latex of sticky diseased Carica papaya L. plants</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Proteomics</source>
					<volume>75</volume>
					<fpage>3191</fpage>
					<lpage>3198</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jprot.2012.03.021</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B31">
				<mixed-citation> Rodrigues, S. P. Ventura, J. A. Zingali, R. B. Fernandes, P. M. 2009 Evaluation of sample preparation methods for the analysis of papaya leaf proteins through two-dimensional gel electrophoresis <italic>Phytochemical Analysis</italic> 20 456-464 10.1002/pca.1147 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rodrigues</surname>
							<given-names>S. P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ventura</surname>
							<given-names>J. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zingali</surname>
							<given-names>R. B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fernandes</surname>
							<given-names>P. M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2009</year>
					<article-title>Evaluation of sample preparation methods for the analysis of papaya leaf proteins through two-dimensional gel electrophoresis</article-title>
					<source>Phytochemical Analysis</source>
					<volume>20</volume>
					<fpage>456</fpage>
					<lpage>464</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/pca.1147</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B32">
				<mixed-citation> Rosano, G. L. Ceccarelli, E. A. 2014 Recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli: advances and challenges <italic>Frontiers in Microbiology</italic> 5 172 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00172 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rosano</surname>
							<given-names>G. L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ceccarelli</surname>
							<given-names>E. A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli: advances and challenges</article-title>
					<source>Frontiers in Microbiology</source>
					<volume>5</volume>
					<fpage>172</fpage>
					<lpage>172</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fmicb.2014.00172</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B33">
				<mixed-citation> Rubio, L. Galipienso, L. Ferriol, I. 2020 Detection of plant viruses and disease management: Relevance of genetic diversity and evolution <italic>Frontiers in Plant Science</italic> 11 1092 10.3389/fpls.2020.01092 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rubio</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Galipienso</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ferriol</surname>
							<given-names>I.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2020</year>
					<article-title>Detection of plant viruses and disease management: Relevance of genetic diversity and evolution</article-title>
					<source>Frontiers in Plant Science</source>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<fpage>1092</fpage>
					<lpage>1092</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fpls.2020.01092</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B34">
				<mixed-citation> Rubino, L. Scheets, K. 2021 Tombusviruses (Tombusviridae) <italic>Encyclopedia of Virology (Fourth Edition)</italic> 788-796 Oxford Academic Press </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Rubino</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Scheets</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2021</year>
					<chapter-title>Tombusviruses (Tombusviridae)</chapter-title>
					<source>Encyclopedia of Virology (Fourth Edition)</source>
					<fpage>788</fpage>
					<lpage>796</lpage>
					<publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Academic Press</publisher-name>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B35">
				<mixed-citation> Ryan, B. J. Henehan, G. T. 2013 Overview of approaches to preventing and avoiding proteolysis during expression and purification of proteins <italic>Current Protocols in Protein Science</italic> 5 Unit5.25 10.1002/0471140864.ps0525s71 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ryan</surname>
							<given-names>B. J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Henehan</surname>
							<given-names>G. T.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Overview of approaches to preventing and avoiding proteolysis during expression and purification of proteins</article-title>
					<source>Current Protocols in Protein Science</source>
					<volume>5</volume>
					<fpage>Unit5.25</fpage>
					<lpage>Unit5.25</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/0471140864.ps0525s71</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B36">
				<mixed-citation> Sá Antunes, T. F. Amaral, R. J. Ventura, J. A. Godinho, M. T. Amaral, J. G. Souza, F. O. Zerbini, P. A. Zerbini, F. M. Fernandes, P. M. 2016 The dsRNA virus Papaya meleira virus and an ssRNA virus are associated with papaya sticky disease <italic>PLOS One</italic> 11 e0155240 10.1371/journal.pone.0155240 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sá Antunes</surname>
							<given-names>T. F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Amaral</surname>
							<given-names>R. J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ventura</surname>
							<given-names>J. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Godinho</surname>
							<given-names>M. T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Amaral</surname>
							<given-names>J. G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Souza</surname>
							<given-names>F. O.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zerbini</surname>
							<given-names>P. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zerbini</surname>
							<given-names>F. M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fernandes</surname>
							<given-names>P. M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>The dsRNA virus Papaya meleira virus and an ssRNA virus are associated with papaya sticky disease</article-title>
					<source>PLOS One</source>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<elocation-id>e0155240</elocation-id>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0155240</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B37">
				<mixed-citation> Salonen, A. Ahola, T. Kääriäinen, L. 2005 Viral RNA replication in association with cellular membranes <italic>Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology</italic> 285 139-173 10.1007/3-540-26764-6_5 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Salonen</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ahola</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kääriäinen</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2005</year>
					<article-title>Viral RNA replication in association with cellular membranes</article-title>
					<source>Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology</source>
					<volume>285</volume>
					<fpage>139</fpage>
					<lpage>173</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/3-540-26764-6_5</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B38">
				<mixed-citation> Saraswat, M. Musante, L. Ravidá, A. Shortt, B. Byrne, B. Holthofer, H. 2013 Preparative purification of recombinant proteins: current status and future trends <italic>BioMed Research International</italic> 312709 10.1155/2013/312709 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Saraswat</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Musante</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ravidá</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shortt</surname>
							<given-names>B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Byrne</surname>
							<given-names>B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Holthofer</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Preparative purification of recombinant proteins: current status and future trends</article-title>
					<source>BioMed Research International</source>
					<fpage>312709</fpage>
					<lpage>312709</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2013/312709</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B39">
				<mixed-citation> Soltaninasab, S. Ahmadzadeh, M. Shahhosseini, S. Mohit, E. 2022 Evaluating the efficacy of immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) for host cell protein (HCP) removal from anti-HER2 scFv expressed in Escherichia coli <italic>Protein Expression and Purification</italic> 190 106004 10.1016/j.pep.2021.106004 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Soltaninasab</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ahmadzadeh</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shahhosseini</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mohit</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2022</year>
					<article-title>Evaluating the efficacy of immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) for host cell protein (HCP) removal from anti-HER2 scFv expressed in Escherichia coli</article-title>
					<source>Protein Expression and Purification</source>
					<volume>190</volume>
					<fpage>106004</fpage>
					<lpage>106004</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.pep.2021.106004</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B40">
				<mixed-citation> Tahir, M. N. Bolus, S. Grinstead, S. C. McFarlane, S. A. Mollov, D. 2021 A new virus of the family Tombusviridae infecting sugarcane <italic>Archives of Virology</italic> 166 961-965 10.1007/s00705-020-04908-9 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Tahir</surname>
							<given-names>M. N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bolus</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Grinstead</surname>
							<given-names>S. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>McFarlane</surname>
							<given-names>S. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mollov</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2021</year>
					<article-title>A new virus of the family Tombusviridae infecting sugarcane</article-title>
					<source>Archives of Virology</source>
					<volume>166</volume>
					<fpage>961</fpage>
					<lpage>965</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00705-020-04908-9</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B41">
				<mixed-citation> Taliansky, M. E. Robinson, D. J. 2003 Molecular biology of umbraviruses: phantom warriors <italic>Journal of General Virology</italic> 84 1951-1960 10.1099/vir.0.19219-0 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Taliansky</surname>
							<given-names>M. E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Robinson</surname>
							<given-names>D. J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2003</year>
					<article-title>Molecular biology of umbraviruses: phantom warriors</article-title>
					<source>Journal of General Virology</source>
					<volume>84</volume>
					<fpage>1951</fpage>
					<lpage>1960</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1099/vir.0.19219-0</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B42">
				<mixed-citation> Trier, N. Hansen, P. Houen, G. 2019 Peptides, antibodies, peptide antibodies and more <italic>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</italic> 20 10.3390/ijms20246289 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Trier</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hansen</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Houen</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2019</year>
					<article-title>Peptides, antibodies, peptide antibodies and more</article-title>
					<source>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</source>
					<volume>20</volume>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms20246289</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B43">
				<mixed-citation> Ventura, J. A. Costa, H. Tatagiba, J. d. S. 2004 Papaya diseases and integrated control <italic>Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables: Volume II: Diagnosis and Management</italic> 201-268 Dordrecht Springer Netherlands <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128132558">https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128132558</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Ventura</surname>
							<given-names>J. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Costa</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tatagiba</surname>
							<given-names>J. d. S.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2004</year>
					<chapter-title>Papaya diseases and integrated control</chapter-title>
					<source>Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables: Volume II: Diagnosis and Management</source>
					<fpage>201</fpage>
					<lpage>268</lpage>
					<publisher-loc>Dordrecht</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Springer Netherlands</publisher-name>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128132558">https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128132558</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B44">
				<mixed-citation> Wang, W. Zhou, F. Cheng, X. Su, Z. Guo, H. 2020 High-efficiency Ni2+-NTA/PAA magnetic beads with specific separation on His-tagged protein <italic>IET Nanobiotechnology</italic> 14 67-72 10.1049/iet-nbt.2019.0271 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Wang</surname>
							<given-names>W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhou</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cheng</surname>
							<given-names>X.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Su</surname>
							<given-names>Z.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Guo</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2020</year>
					<article-title>High-efficiency Ni2+-NTA/PAA magnetic beads with specific separation on His-tagged protein</article-title>
					<source>IET Nanobiotechnology</source>
					<volume>14</volume>
					<fpage>67</fpage>
					<lpage>72</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1049/iet-nbt.2019.0271</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B45">
				<mixed-citation> Zamudio-Moreno, E. Ramirez-Prado, J. H. Moreno-Valenzuela, O. A. Lopez-Ochoa, L. A. 2015 Early diagnosis of a Mexican variant of Papaya meleira virus (PMeV-Mx) by RT-PCR <italic>Genetics and Molecular Research</italic> 14 1145-1154 10.4238/2015.February.6.18 </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Zamudio-Moreno</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ramirez-Prado</surname>
							<given-names>J. H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Moreno-Valenzuela</surname>
							<given-names>O. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lopez-Ochoa</surname>
							<given-names>L. A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Early diagnosis of a Mexican variant of Papaya meleira virus (PMeV-Mx) by RT-PCR</article-title>
					<source>Genetics and Molecular Research</source>
					<volume>14</volume>
					<fpage>1145</fpage>
					<lpage>1154</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4238/2015.February.6.18</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Scientific Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Cloning, expression, and serological detection of the putative RNA polymerase of Papaya meleira virus Mexican variant in <italic>Escherichia coli</italic></article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p> </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Background/Objective. </title>
					<p>Papaya meleira disease in Mexico is associated to Papaya meleira virus Mexican variant (PMeV-Mx) and is characterized by the spontaneous exudation of latex in fruits. PMeV-Mx ORF2 encodes a protein with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) motifs, which is essential for viral replication. This study aimed to develop a method for producing and purifying recombinant PMeV-Mx ORF2 encoded protein (pORF2) in <italic>E. coli</italic> and generate specific antibodies for its detection.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and Methods. </title>
					<p>The PMeV-Mx genome was analyzed using UGENE to predict ORFs and identify the putative slippery site. ORF1 and ORF2 were amplified by PCR from cDNA obtained from infected papaya latex, cloned into pGEM-T Easy, and subsequently transferred into pDONR221 and pDEST17 for expression in <italic>E. coli</italic>. Recombinant 6xHis-pORF2 was expressed in <italic>E. coli</italic> BL21 strain, induced with IPTG, and purified under denaturing conditions. The purified protein was used to generate polyclonal antibodies, with immunizations conducted at different time points. Antisera specificity and optimal working dilutions were evaluated by immunodetection assays, using recombinant 6xHis-pORF2 as the target and His-tagged proteins as negative controls. Additionally, papaya plants were inoculated with latex from symptomatic fruits as virus reservoir and PMeV-Mx infection was confirmed by RT-PCR.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results. </title>
					<p>The recombinant 6xHis-pORF2 protein of PMeV-Mx was expressed <italic>in E. coli</italic> and purified. A ~46.5 kDa band was detected, consistent with its estimated molecular weight. The protein expression increased between 2- and 6-hours post-induction with IPTG. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of the His- tag and the integrity of the recombinant protein. Purification using Ni-NTA resin resulted in a strong ~46.5 kDa band along with light bands ranging from 15 to 150 kDa. Polyclonal antibodies against pORF2 were generated and specifically recognized the purified protein in immunoassays, with detection observed at dilutions from 1:500 to 1:3000. No cross-reactivity was observed with negative controls, but a non-specific</p>
					<p>~75 kDa band was detected in <italic>E. coli</italic> extracts.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion</title>
					<p>. A protocol for expressing, detecting, and purifying the recombinant 6xHis-pORF2 protein from PMeV-Mx in <italic>E. coli</italic> was established. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies recognized the target protein in bacterial fractions, though further optimization is needed to enhance specificity. These antibodies will support future diagnostic development and protein characterization in plants.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Papaya meleira</kwd>
				<kwd>Recombinant proteins</kwd>
				<kwd>Antibodies</kwd>
				<kwd>Umbra-like viruses</kwd>
				<kwd>PMeV-Mx</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>Papaya meleira, also known as papaya sticky disease, is typically characterized by a spontaneous exudation of latex from the green fruits (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 1</xref>). The exuded latex undergoes oxidation, which can cause necrotic spots on fruits, resulting in a sticky appearance. Necrotic lesions have also been observed on the tips of young leaves in Solo group varieties in Brazil (Rodríguez <italic>et al</italic>., 2009; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Perez-Brito <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). Papaya meleira can lead to severe economic losses for papaya growers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Ventura <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>; Perez-Brito <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012). It was first reported in Brazil (Nakagawa <italic>et al</italic>., 1987) at the end of the decade of the 80´s and now it has extended to several countries in Latin America, including Mexico, Ecuador, Colombia and Costa Rica (Perez-Brito <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012; Quito- Avila <italic>et al</italic>., 2023) as well as to Australia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Pathania <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). It is caused by virus complexes, a double stranded RNA genome virus tentatively assigned to the <italic>Fusagraviridae</italic> family and a positive sense single stranded RNA [(+) ssRNA ssRNA] genome, an umbra-like virus, proposed into the <italic>Tombusviridae</italic> family (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Sa Antunes <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Maurastoni <italic>et al.,</italic> 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Quito-Avila <italic>et al.</italic>, 2023</xref>). Papaya umbra-like viruses associated to meleira disease are Papaya meleira virus 2 (PMeV2) in Brazil, Papaya virus Q (PpVQ) in Ecuador and Papaya meleira virus Mexican variant (PMeV-Mx) in Mexico (Quito-Avila <italic>et al</italic>., 2015; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Zamudio-Moreno <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; Sa Antunes <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016). Based on umbraviruses demarcation criteria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Taliansky <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>) papaya umbra-like viruses are considered separated species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cornejo-Franco <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figure. 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Fruits of <italic>Carica papaya</italic> cv. Maradol plants grown in the screen house. A) Papaya fruits infected with PMeV-Mx showing the typical meleira disease symptom of spontaneous latex exudation. B) Fruit of mock-inoculated papayas (Healthy).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT240500-gf7.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Because the genomes of umbra-like viruses (ULVs) do not encode a capsid protein, they have been considered as sub viral entities, and also referred as umbra-like associated RNAs (ulaRNAs) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Liu <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>). There are three classes of plant ULVs, with genomes varying in size from 3500 to 4500 nt, with two to five open reading frames (ORFs) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cornejo-Franco <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>; Liu <italic>et al</italic>., 2021; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Redila <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Tahir <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). Papaya ULVs belong to class 1, with genomes of 4376 to 4515 nt that contain two ORFs, followed by a large non-coding RNA. ORF1 encodes a putative protein of 31 to 38 kDa, of unknown function. ORF2 encodes a protein of 45-54 kDa that contains the eight motifs of RNA dependent RNA Polymerases (RdRp) in (+) ssRNA viruses, phylogenetically related to the RdRp of umbraviruses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Zamudio-Moreno <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Sa Antunes <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>; Cornejo-Franco <italic>et al</italic>., 2021; Liu <italic>et al</italic>., 2021). Two motifs associated with -1 ribosomal frameshifting (-1 FS) have been identified in the genome of ULVs, between ORF1 and ORF2. A slippery region with the consensus sequence X XXY YYZ (the heptanucleotide) and a downstream RNA secondary structure in the form of a hairpin or pseudoknot. This suggests the possibility that the RdRp is expressed through a -1 FS mechanism in ULVs as the product of ORF1 and ORF2 (Liu <italic>et al</italic>., 2021; Cornejo-Franco <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021). Ribosomal frameshifting contributes to the control of the stoichiometry of the proteins under its regulation, which is crucial for successful viral infection (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Penn <italic>et al</italic>.; 2020</xref>). It is common in members of the <italic>Tombusviridae</italic> family, and its occurrence has been experimentally demonstrated in the umbravirus <italic>Pea enation mosaic virus 2</italic> (PEMV2) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Gao and Simon, 2016</xref>) and in class 2 ULV <italic>Citrus yellow vein associated virus</italic> (CYVaV), where an 81 kDa protein, product of ORF1 and ORF2, has been observed using <italic>in vitro</italic> transcription/translation assays (Liu <italic>et al.</italic>; 2021). However, the -1FS mechanism remains to be demonstrated for papaya ULVs.</p>
				<p>To date, viral proteins exhibiting meleira disease have not been detected in plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Rodrigues <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>), and no antibodies for diagnosis have been produced. The development of antibodies specific to viral regions such as the RdRp provides a valuable toolkit for studying and monitoring plant diseases. They are also valuable in epidemiology, allowing the tracking of the spread and evolution of viral pathogens in plant populations, information crucial for developing more efficient management strategies and predicting future outbreaks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Rubio <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Buja <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>). Furthermore, antibodies enable functional studies of viral proteins, such as polymerases, including their expression and interaction with host factors, knowledge essential to develop antiviral strategies and understanding the molecular basis of viral replication (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bolanos-Garcia and Davies, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Trier <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; Rubio <italic>et al</italic>., 2020). However, it has proven difficult to purify RdRps directly from host cells due to their low expression levels (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Cevik <italic>et al.,</italic> 2008</xref>). Also, they are usually associated with membrane structures which difficult the isolation due to stability problems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Laliberte and Sanfaçon, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hull, 2014</xref>). These problems can be overcome by expressing recombinant proteins in <italic>E. coli</italic> (Cevik <italic>et al</italic>., 2008). Previous studies have demonstrated the viability of this strategy for the development of antibodies against the RdRp of the <italic>Citrus tristeza virus</italic> (CTV), which led to the detection and localization of the protein in citrus tissue infected with CTV (Cevik, 2001; Cevik <italic>et al.</italic>, 2008). Likewise, the polymerases of the <italic>Tobacco vein mottling virus</italic> (TVMV), <italic>Bamboo mosaic virus</italic> (BaMV) and SARS-CoV-2 have been expressed in</p>
				<p><italic>E. coli</italic>, obtaining antibodies, and with them, advances in the characterization of their functions and catalytic activity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Hong and Hunt, 1996</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Li <italic>et al</italic>., 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dangerfield <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Madru <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>This study aimed to develop a method for producing and purifying recombinant PMeV-Mx ORF2 encoded protein in <italic>E. coli</italic> and generate specific antibodies for its detection, a key step to further virus diagnostic and basic research.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>Materials and methods</title>
				<p>Papaya plants as virus reservoir. Papaya seeds Maradol variety, were germinated and seedlings were transferred to an anti-aphids screened green house with soil bedding. Three-month-old seedlings were inoculated with the latex of fruits obtained from plants symptomatic for papaya meleira disease and the presence of PMeV-Mx was confirmed on six of these plants by RT-PCR as was previously reported (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Zamudio-Moreno <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>Sequence analysis. The partial sequence of the PMeV-Mx genome, which includes the complete coding region (NCBI GenBank nucleotide database accession number KF214786) was analyzed using UGENE software. ORFs were identified, as well as the putative slippery site (heptameric sequence) as described previously (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cornejo-Franco <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>). The putative translated products were predicted, either individually or by -1 FS spanning ORF1 and ORF2.</p>
				<p>Construction of plasmids. The PMeV-Mx ORF1 and ORF2 were amplified by PCR with primers CB157/CB158 and CB183/CB184 respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>), using 2 μL of the first strand cDNA obtained with RNA from latex of fruits of infected papaya plants as template as previously reported (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Zamudio-Moreno <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). The PCR reaction was carried out in a 25 μL volume [PCR buffer (1x), 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM dNTPs, 0.2 μM of primers, 2 U of Platinum™ Taq DNA Polymerase (Invitrogen, Massachusetts, USA)]. The PCR product was purified with QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and ligated into pGEM-T Easy following the suppliers’ instructions (Promega, Wisconsin, USA) to produce pCB251 (pGEM-T Easy:ORF1) and pCB233 (pGEM-T Easy:ORF2). The insert was confirmed by PCR, with primers that target the promotors SP6 and T7 regions of pGEM-T Easy (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>). Plasmid DNA was purified with QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and sequenced (Macrogen Inc., Seoul, Korea).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Primers used to clone PMeV-Mx ORF1 and ORF2 in pDEST17 vector, to generate plasmids pCB252 and pCB253, respectively.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Primer</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Sequence (5’ to 3’) y</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Binding regionz</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>CB135</td>
									<td>TAATACGACTCACTATAGGG</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Promotor T7 of pGEM-T Easy</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CB136</td>
									<td>ATTTAGGTGACACTATAGAA</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">Promotor SP6 of pGEM-T Easy</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CB157</td>
									<td>ATGAACATTTCGAACATTCCC</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">ORF1 sense orientation</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CB158</td>
									<td>GGATCCTTACGGGCCAACCAGAAAA</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">ORF1 anti-sense orientation</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CB183</td>
									<td>aattagatatcATGGTTTATACCTTCATCAAA</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">ORF2 sense orientation</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CB184</td>
									<td>taattaagcttCTAAGGGGTTAAGATAAGC</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">ORF2 anti-sense orientation</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CB107</td>
									<td>aaaaagcaggcttcATGAACATTTCGAACATTCCCGT</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">ORF1 sense orientation and attB1 site</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CB108</td>
									<td>agaaagctgggtcTTACGGGCCAACCAGAAAAGGACGA</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">ORF1 anti-sense orientation and attB2 site</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CB191</td>
									<td>aaaaagcaggctccATGGTTTATACCTTCATCAAA</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">ORF2 sense orientation and attB1 site</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CB193</td>
									<td>agaaagctgggtcAGGGGTTAAGATAACCCTAGG</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">ORF2 anti-sense orientation and attB2 site</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CB194</td>
									<td>ggggacaagtttgtacaaaaaagcaggct</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">attB1 adapter</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CB195</td>
									<td>ggggaccactttgtacaagaaagctgggt</td>
									<td style="text-align:left">attB2 adapter</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>yLowercase letters indicate non-viral sequences, such as restriction sites and extra nucleotides (CB183 and CB184), or recombination sites (CB107, CB108, CB191, CB193, CB194 and CB195). Bold font signals stop and start codons.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>zORF, open reading frame; <italic>att</italic>B, site specific attachment for Gateway recombination<italic>.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The amplicons containing PMeV-Mx ORF1 and PMeV-Mx ORF2 were transferred into the Gateway plasmid pDONR221 (Invitrogen Massachusetts, USA) to generate pCB247 (pDONR221:ORF1) and pCB249 (pDONR221:ORF2), respectively. Later on, they were recombined into pDEST17 (Invitrogen, Massachusetts, USA) to generate pCB252 (pDEST17:ORF1) and pCB253 (pDEST17:ORF2), respectively. Primers for PMeV-Mx ORF1 and ORF2 adding half of the <italic>att</italic>B sites (CB107/CB108 and CB191/CB193, respectively), were used, as well as a second pair of adapter primers to complete the <italic>att</italic>B sites (CB194/CB195) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>). The reaction mixture and PCRs were performed following the Gateway Technology manual (2021) (Invitrogen, Massachusetts, USA). The final PCR products were recombined respectively with the entry vector pDONR221 (Invitrogen, Massachusetts, USA), using the BP CLONASE enzyme mixture (Invitrogen, Massachusetts, USA), following the manufacturer's instructions. The recombination products were introduced into <italic>E. coli</italic> DH5α competent cells and selected on Luria Broth (LB) agar plates supplemented with 100 μg mL<sup>-1</sup> kanamycin. The resulting entry vectors, pCB247 and pCB249, were sequenced (Macrogen Inc., Seoul, Korea). Plasmid DNA was extracted and used for recombination with the destination vector pDEST17 (Invitrogen, Massachusetts, USA) to generate pCB252 and pCB253, respectively using the LR CLONASE enzyme mixture (Invitrogen, Massachusetts, USA), following the manufacturer's instructions. The products were introduced into <italic>E. coli</italic> DH5α cells, selected on agar LB plates supplemented with 100 μg mL<sup>-1</sup> ampicillin. Plasmid DNA was sequenced and used to transform the <italic>E. coli</italic> BL21 strain.</p>
				<p><bold>Expression and purification of recombinant proteins in <italic>E. coli</italic>.</bold> A time course expression was first conducted. <italic>E. coli</italic> BL21 cells carrying pCB253 were used to inoculate 5 mL LB medium with 100 μg mL<sup>-1</sup> ampicillin, and incubated shaking at 200 rpm, during 14 h at 37 °C. From this pre-inoculum, 500 µL were transferred to 300 mL medium under the same conditions, until reaching an optical density of 0.6 at 600 nm wavelength. 40 mL of medium were removed and stored as uninduced control. 1 mM isopropyl β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) was added to the remaining inoculum and incubated for 6 h at 37 °C shaking at 200 rpm. Every hour, 40 mL of medium were removed. The induced and non-induced bacterial cultures were centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes, the pellet was re-suspended in 2 mL protein extraction buffer for denaturing conditions (100 mM NaH2PO4, 10 mM Tris-Cl; 8 M Urea, pH 8.0) as described in The QIAexpressionist Manual, 2003 (Qiagen, 2003). The suspension was sonicated on ice with 20-second cycles, until viscosity was lost; treated with 0.2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and centrifuged at 12,000 rpm and 4 °C during 10 min. The supernatant was stored at -80 °C, and the pellet resuspended in 3 mL protein extraction buffer.</p>
				<p>For immunodetection of recombinant proteins, <italic>E. coli</italic> protein extracts were first incubated for 3 h at 92 °C, separated on a 12 % sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel and transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane, applying 100 volts for 1 h. Membranes were blocked by incubation with 0.1 % PBS-T/5</p>
				<p>% milk (w/v) for 1 h at room temperature followed of three 20 min washes with 0.1 % PBS-T, and the subsequent incubation with a 1:1000 dilution of the anti-His tag monoclonal antibody coupled to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (Invitrogen #R93125, Massachusetts, USA) during 12 h at 4 °C. Followed by two washes with 0.1 % PBS-T. After substrate incubation (ECL, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Pierce, Massachusetts, USA), images were registered on a Gel Doc XR+ documentation system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., California, USA). For this assay, the 6xHis-GST-8xHis recombinant protein, expressed from pET42b (Novagen, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) was used as positive control.</p>
				<p>To purify recombinant proteins, <italic>E. coli</italic> BL21 cells were grown in a 500 mL culture 2 h after induction, as described above, except for the amount of extraction buffer (6 mL) and following instructions in the QIAexpressionist Manual, 2003 (Qiagen, 2003). The recombinant proteins were affinity purified in a column packed with nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) resin (Qiagen) and washed three times with buffer pH 6.3. Two elutions were obtained, decreasing the pH from 5.9 to 4.5.</p>
				<p>Production of Antisera. Purified recombinant proteins were separated on 12 % SDS- polyacrylamide gels. The band corresponding to the recombinant 6xHis-pORF2 protein was cut from the gel and lyophilized. The protein was then mixed with 200 µL PBS, quantified in a NanoDrop 2000 Spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Massachusetts, USA), and then mixed with 200 µL of complete adjuvant for the first inoculation and incomplete adjuvant for the following ones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Amero <italic>et al</italic>., 1988</xref>). Subsequently, the emulsions were subcutaneously inoculated at one or two points on the back of two rabbits. Before immunization, 500 µL of rabbit blood was extracted to verify the absence of reactivity to the antigen in the pre-immune serum. The first immunization (100 μg of protein) was performed and repeated two weeks later (500 μg of protein), followed by a first collection of 3 mL of blood ten days later. Subsequently, the rabbits rested for four weeks, and a final immunization (100 μg of protein) was performed, followed by a collection of 5 mL of blood seven days later with a neonatal catheter. The blood was centrifuged at 3000 rpm, during 20 min at 4 °C and the antisera were stored at</p>
				<p>-20 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Amero <italic>et al</italic>., 1988</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Pihl <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>To verify the serum reactivity and to identify the optimal working dilution a dot blot was performed. The following dilutions were evaluated: 1:500, 1:1000, 1:2000, 1:3000, and 1:4000. The assay was conducted as follows: 10 μL of antisera was added to a nitrocellulose membrane (1 cm²), which was then blocked with a solution of 5 % non-fat powdered milk in 1X PBS-T for 1 h, with agitation at room temperature. Afterward, the membrane was incubated overnight at 4 °C with different dilutions of the primary antibody. Three washes with PBS-T were then performed, followed by incubation with the secondary anti-rabbit antibody conjugated with HRP (dilution 1:3000) (Promega #W4011, Wisconsin, USA) for 2 h at room temperature, and developed as described above.</p>
				<p>To confirm the specificity of the antisera and the antibodies, immunodetection assays were performed. In this case, detection was carried out in nitrocellulose membranes with a 1:1000 dilution of anti-pORF2 as the primary antibody, followed of incubation with a 1:3000 dilution of anti-rabbit secondary antibody coupled to HRP (Promega #W4011, Wisconsin, USA). For this assay two recombinant proteins fused to His tags were used as negative controls, 6xHis-GST-8xHis expressed from the pET42b plasmid (Novagen, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and 6xHis-pORF1 expressed from pCB252.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Results</title>
				<p>The predicted putative proteins from PMeV-Mx. PMeV-Mx genome contains two ORFs, from positions 1 to 963 (ORF1) and 1231 to 2437 (ORF2) encoding two putative proteins of 35 and 45.6 kDa, respectively, named here pORF1 and pORF2. It also contains a slippery site at position 942 to 948 (UCCUUUU), a putative signal for -1 FS, which could generate a putative protein of 91.3 kDa, as a product of ORF1 and ORF2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 2</xref>), as proposed previously for BabVQ (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Cornejo-Franco <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). However, sequence analysis of the PMeV-Mx genome and proteins in this study does not support this premise, because stop codons are introduced in the intergenic region, and thus creating a potential truncated protein.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Genomic organization of PMeV-Mx. Numbers indicate the nucleotide (nt) positions and the total number of nt in the genome. Solid boxes in the genome represent ORF1 and ORF2, respectively. Solid boxes below indicate the putative proteins, product of ORF1 and ORF2 (pORF1 and pORF2, respectively) and the putative fusion product of -1 ribosomal frameshifting (pORF1/pORF2). The arrow indicates the position of the heptanucleotide.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT240500-gf8.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Expression and purification of a recombinant 6xHis-pORF2 fusion protein. In order to determine the best conditions for expression of the protein product of PMeV-Mx ORF2 (pORF2) fused to the 6xHis tag (6xHis-pORF2), a time course was done. A protein migrating between the 37 and 50 kDa markers was observed 1 h after induction with IPTG but not in the non-induced treatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 3</xref>). These results are consistent with the estimated molecular mass of ~46.5 kDa for the recombinant protein 6xHis-pORF2. A notable increase in expression is observed from 2 h to 6 h post-induction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f9">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Time course of PMeV-Mx 6xHis-pORF2 expression using insoluble crude <italic>E. coli</italic> lysate to establish the optimal induction period for expression. Expression of 6xHis-pORF2 was induced with 1 mM IPTG, at 37 ºC. Aliquots were removed at the times indicated (1 to 6 h after IPTG induction) and proteins were visualized by Coomassie-stained SDS gel. M, Bio-Rad 10-250 kDa marker; NI, non-induced control. The arrow indicates the 46.5 kDa 6xHis-pORF2 protein.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT240500-gf9.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Considering the data from the time course assay, a 2 h induction period was selected to maximize protein yield. The 6xHis-pORF2 PMeV-Mx recombinant protein was detected by western blot with anti-His antibodies. As expected, ~46.5 and ~28 kDa proteins were observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 4</xref> B, lanes 3 and 4) corresponding to the 6xHis-pORF2 and 6xHis-GST-8xHis recombinant proteins, respectively. This result confirmed that the recombinant PMeV-Mx pORF2 protein contained the His-tag and its overall integrity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 4</xref>). The purification of the recombinant protein with Ni-NTA resin is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 5</xref>. An intense band of the expected size, ~46.5 kDa, was observed in each elution. Likewise, less intense bands of larger and smaller masses, ranging from 15 to 150 kDa were also observed in both the elution, and the resin. Following the previously stated conditions eight purifications from 20 mL of cellular fractions were carried out. As a result, 800 µg of the purified 6xHis-pORF2 were obtained for downstream applications, such as antibody production.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f10">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Detection of PMeV-Mx 6xHis-pORF2 in <italic>E. coli</italic> crude lysates by monoclonal anti-His antibodies. A) Coomassie- stained SDS gel. B) Western blot in PVDF membranes incubated with a 1:1000 dilution of the anti-His tag monoclonal antibody coupled to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). M, Bio-Rad 10-250 kDa marker; NI and 6xHis- GST-8xHis, non-induced and positive controls, respectively; 6xHis-pORF2, cellular fraction with recombinant PMeV-Mx pORF2 expressed in BL21 cells. The arrows indicate the 46.5 kDa 6xHis-pORF2 and the 28 kDa 6xHis- GST-8xHis proteins, respectively.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT240500-gf10.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f11">
						<label>Figure 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Purification of PMeV-Mx 6xHis-pORF2 with Ni-NTA Agarose under denaturing conditions. M, Bio-Rad 10-250 kDa marker; I, input; Ft, flow-through; E1 and E2, first and second eluates, respectively; R, resin. The arrow indicates the 46.5 kDa 6xHis-pORF2 protein.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT240500-gf11.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Specificity of anti-pORF2 polyclonal antibodies. Pre-immune serum was obtained to confirm the absence of reactivity against PMeV-Mx 6xHis-pORF2. Furthermore, the serum titer was determined after immunization, and a signal was detected with dilutions 1:500 to 1:3000. Dilution 1:1000 was used to continue the analysis. The specificity of the anti-pORF2 antibodies was evaluated using immunoassays (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 6</xref>). A signal of ~46.5 kDa was detected on the cellular fractions corresponding to 6xHis-pORF2. This confirmed the presence of the target protein in the protein extracts and demonstrated the ability of the antibodies to specifically recognize it. The absence of a signal at the expected sizes on the negative controls, ~28 kDa band for 6xHis-GST-8xHis and ~35 kDa for PMeV-Mx 6xHis-pORF1 further confirmed the specificity. These negative controls were included to ensure that the observed signal was not due to non-specific interactions with other proteins present in the cellular fractions or the His tag. Nonetheless, the antibody was also found to be non-specific for <italic>E. coli</italic> proteins, since a protein of approximately 75 kDa was detected in the lanes corresponding to the non-induced cellular fraction and induced fractions for 6xHis-pORF1, 6xHis-GST-8xHis and 6xHis-pORF2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 6</xref>, B).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f12">
						<label>Figure 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Detection of PMeV-Mx 6xHis-pORF2 in <italic>E. coli</italic> crude lysate with anti-pORF2 antibodies. A) Coomassie-stained SDS gel. B) Western blot (Nitrocellulose membrane) incubated with the anti- PMeV-Mx pORF2 polyclonal antibody (dilution 1:1000), and the anti-rabbit coupled to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) secondary antibody (dilution 1:3000). M, Bio-Rad 10-250 kDa marker; NI, non-induced cellular fraction. 6xHis-pORF1 and 6xHis- GST-8xHis were used as negative controls. The arrow indicates the 46.5 kDa 6xHis-ORF2 protein.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT240500-gf12.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussion</title>
				<p>The present manuscript describes for the first time the expression in <italic>E. coli</italic> of the recombinant protein encoded by the ORF2 of PMeV-Mx, its purification as well as the development of rabbit polyclonal antibodies. The successful expression of the recombinant protein in <italic>E. coli</italic> represents a valuable tool for both phytopathological and protein characterization studies, as it presents several advantages. <italic>E. coli</italic> is a well- established expression system for recombinant proteins, known for its high yields and simplified purification procedures (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Jia and Jeon, 2016</xref>). This approach facilitates the production of large quantities of recombinant protein for detailed biochemical and biophysical characterization. Obtaining such quantities directly from plant tissues can be challenging due to low RdRp expression levels and the presence of contaminating proteins. Furthermore, expressing a viral protein in <italic>E. coli</italic> offers several advantages over cell-free <italic>in vitro</italic> expression systems, including lower costs, simpler procedures, and the ability to perform post-translational modifications and protein assembly (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Rosano and Ceccarelli, 2014</xref>; Jia and Jeon, 2016).</p>
				<p>In this study, the 46.5 kDa recombinant protein expressed by the ORF2 of PMeV-Mx (6xHis-pORF2) was observed at 1 h post induction and throughout a 6 h time course in</p>
				<p><italic>E. coli</italic> insoluble crude lysates. This was expected since viral RNA polymerases are usually associated to membranes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Laliberte and Sanfaçon, 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hull, 2014</xref>). Although the highest expression was observed at 5 h post induction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 3</xref>), a 2 h time point was selected for purification in order to decrease the formation of inclusion bodies, which usually takes place when expressing membrane associated proteins at high levels (Qiagen, 2003). Western blot results with anti-His antibodies (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 4</xref>) corroborated that the 46.5 kDa protein contained the 6xHis tag and corresponded to the recombinant protein. This protein was successfully purified (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 5</xref>) and used to raise rabbit polyclonal antibodies.</p>
				<p>Anti-pORF2 antibodies were able to detect the recombinant PMeV-Mx 6xHis-pORF2 in <italic>E. coli</italic> cell extracts, and did not detect either the recombinant PMeV-Mx 6xHis-pORF1 or the 8xHis-GST-6x proteins in western blots, demonstrating their specificity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 6</xref>). Anti-pORF2 antibodies also detected a ~75 kDa protein in all <italic>E. coli</italic> extracts (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 6</xref>). These could be attributed to non-specific bacterial protein binding to the Ni-NTA resin during protein purification, as shown by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Ryan and Henehan, 2013</xref>. Optimizing Ni-NTA resin conditions (salt concentration, pH, and imidazole concentration) can reduce non- specific binding. Additionally, testing different Ni-NTA resins for better binding capacity and selectivity is recommended (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Wang <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). Furthermore, including a size- exclusion or ion exchange chromatography step (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Saraswat <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013</xref>) and optimizing elution conditions (pH or imidazole concentration) would ensure pure elution of the target protein (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Soltaninasab <italic>et al.</italic>, 2022</xref>). In addition, antibodies purification by affinity chromatography could also improve their specificity and sensibility for plant diagnosis (Saraswat <italic>et al</italic>., 2013).</p>
				<p>Antibodies are also necessary for fundamental studies. The protein encoded by ORF2 in PMeV-Mx and other class 1 papaya ULVs, contain the eight motifs present in RNA- dependent RNA polymerases. However, their expression mechanisms and function in plants have not been characterized. Replication of members of the genus <italic>Tombusvirus,</italic> in the <italic>Tombusviridae</italic> family, has been extensively studied. The RdRp of Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) is a 92 kDa protein produced by stop codon readthrough of ORF1 spanning ORF2. While its replicase is formed by the interaction of the replication auxiliary protein p33, encoded by ORF1, and p92 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Salonen <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">den Boon <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>. It has been proposed that a RdRp of ~90 kDa could be produced as a result of -1 RF mechanism for class 1 papaya ULVs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Quito-Avila, <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>), as has been shown <italic>in vitro</italic> for class 2 ULVs and umbraviruses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Liu <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>). However, this has not been demonstrated and needs to be addressed. Antibodies could be used to detect viral proteins in plants and further study their RdRp expression and function.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusions</title>
				<p>In this study, we successfully established a protocol for the expression, detection, and purification of the recombinant 6xHis-pORF2 protein of PMeV-Mx in <italic>E. coli</italic>, the putative RdRp. Anti-pORF2 antibodies detected the target protein in <italic>E. coli</italic>, although further optimization is still necessary, to increase their specificity in <italic>E. coli</italic> cell extracts<italic>.</italic></p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Limitations</title>
				<p> </p>
				<p>In this study we successfully expressed and purified the recombinant PMeV-Mx ORF2 protein in <italic>E. coli</italic> and generated specific antibodies, providing a valuable tool for viral protein characterization and future diagnostic applications. However, although the approach used has proven to be effective, further adjustments could enhance its scope and applicability. The expression system may not fully replicate the native folding and post- translational modifications occurring in plant cells. The presence of non-specific bands in western blot assays highlights the need for further optimization of Ni-NTA purification conditions to improve protein purity. Furthermore, while the generated antibodies successfully detected the recombinant protein in <italic>E. coli</italic> extracts, their performance in plant tissues remains to be assessed. Future studies are necessary to investigate the expression and function of the PMeV-Mx RdRp in infected plants, which could provide insights into its role in viral replication.</p>
				<p> </p>
				<p>Conflicts interest</p>
				<p> </p>
				<p>The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.</p>
				<p> </p>
				<p>Funding</p>
				<p> </p>
				<p>This project was financed by CONAHCYT, grant AS-1-19850 to LLO. CONAHCYT also provided scholarships to WS, JAAQ and AFT.</p>
				<p> </p>
				<p>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</p>
				<p> </p>
				<p>We thank to M.C. Roberto Ku-Cauich, Dr. Ligia Brito-Argaez, and M.C. Miguel Ztzec- Simá for technical help.</p>
				<p> </p>
				<p>Author contributions</p>
				<p> </p>
				<p>Conception, LLO; experimental design, WS, EC, IIF, LLO; experimental execution, WS, JAAQ, MCP, AFT, LLO; experiment verification, JAAQ, MCP, LLO; data analysis/interpretation, WSH, EC, LLO; manuscript preparation, WS, LLO; manuscript editing and review, WS, JAAQ, MCP, AFT, EC, IIF, LLO. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>