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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2407-1</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Nota Fitopatológica</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Caracterización morfológica y molecular de <italic>Fusarium incarnatum</italic> asociado a la Malformación del Mango (<italic>Mangifera indica</italic>) en Sinaloa, México</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Román-Román</surname>
						<given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Vega-Gutiérrez</surname>
						<given-names>Tomás Aarón</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Tirado-Ramírez</surname>
						<given-names>Martín Abraham</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Cázarez-Flores</surname>
						<given-names>Luz Llarely</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Molina-Cárdenas</surname>
						<given-names>Lorena</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rojo-Báez</surname>
						<given-names>Indira</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Facultad de Agronomía, km 17.5 Carretera Culiacán-Eldorado, Culiacán, Sinaloa, C.P. 80000, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Culiacán</city>
					<state>Sinaloa</state>
					<postal-code>80000</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Facultad de Biología, Ciudad Universitaria, Blvd. de las Américas y Blvd. Universitario S/N. Culiacán, Sinaloa, CP. 80013, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Culiacán</city>
					<state>Sinaloa</state>
					<postal-code>80013</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><italic>*</italic></label><bold>
 <italic>Autor de Correspondencia:</italic> 
</bold> Lorena Molina-Cárdenas <email>lorenamolina@uas.edu.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>27</day>
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>May-Aug</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>43</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT24071</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p> </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Antecedentes/Objetivo. </title>
					<p>La malformación del mango es una de las principales enfermedades que ataca a dicho cultivo y por ende limita su producción a nivel mundial. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar a nivel morfológico y molecular al agente fitopatógeno asociado a la malformación del mango en Sinaloa, México.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales y Métodos. </title>
					<p>En el año 2018, se colectaron muestras con síntomas de malformación, como panículas compactadas y erupción de múltiples brotes vegetativos, en huertas de mango en Sinaloa. Con base en las características morfológicas los aislados se identificaron como <italic>Fusarium incarnatum</italic>. La identificación molecular se realizó mediante la amplificación del gen parcial del factor de elongación (TEF-1α) y análisis filogenético. Se realizaron pruebas de patogenicidad en plantas de mango, mediante inoculación artificial.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados. </title>
					<p>Los síntomas en las plantas inoculadas se observaron a las siete semanas después de la inoculación, con un rango de 2 a 4 en la escala de severidad de la enfermedad, en las plantas testigo no se observaron síntomas. Del tejido sintomático se aisló de nuevo el patógeno e identificó por medio de morfología, con ello cumpliendo con los postulados de Koch.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión. </title>
					<p><italic>Fusarium incarnatum</italic> se asocia por primera vez causando la malformación en mango, en Sinaloa, México.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Factor de elongación</kwd>
				<kwd>Fusarium</kwd>
				<kwd>Postulados Koch</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="35"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p>El mango (<italic>Mangifera indica</italic>) es el frutal de mayor importancia económica en las regiones tropicales y subtropicales del mundo. México es uno de los principales productores a nivel mundial, en el 2022 ocupó el quinto lugar en cuanto a superficie y producción, aportando 2,485,545 t (FAO, 2024), mientras que Sinaloa en 2022 aportó 407,831.14 t posicionándose en el segundo lugar (SIAP, 2024). Sin embargo, dicha producción es afectada por enfermedades destructivas como la “enfermedad de la malformación del mango”, “escoba de bruja” o proliferación vegetativa y floral (PVF), reportada por primera vez en India en 1891 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Krishnan <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>), misma que afecta brotes vegetativos y florales; destacando su severidad y control ineficiente, presentándose en la mayoría de las variedades y zonas cultivadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Ploetz, 2007</xref>); las inflorescencias marchitas que permanecen en el árbol provocan el contagio de la enfermedad a yemas sanas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Gamliel-Atinsky <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>).</p>
			<p>El cultivo de mango es afectado por 83 enfermedades y trastornos diferentes, en los que destaca 52 enfermedades fúngicas y tres bacterianas, aunado a que presenta nematodos fitoparásitos del árbol y de la fruta que causan pérdidas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Pernezny y Simone, 2000</xref>). El género <italic>Fusarium</italic> descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Link (Link, 1809</xref>), pertenece a la familia Nectriaceae, el cual engloba más de 100 especies, de las cuales la mayoría son patógenas de plantas. Entre los síntomas que ocasionan está la marchitez, tizones y pudriciones, en diferentes cultivos de importancia económica y ecosistemas naturales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Ma <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>En <italic>Fusarium</italic>, se han descrito varias especies ocasionando enfermedades en mango, <italic>F. decemcellulare</italic> se reportó como agente causal de la malformación en Venezuela y muerte regresiva en China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Castellano y Guanipa, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Qi <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>), <italic>F. proliferatum</italic> causando la malformación y mancha foliar en China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Zhan <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Omar <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), la malformación se ha reportado en Pakistán asociada a <italic>F. nivale</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Khaskheli <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>), en Senegal y España ocasionada por <italic>F. tupiense</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Lamine <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Crespo <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>), en República Dominicana se asoció a <italic>F. pseudocircinatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">García-López <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). En México se informó que los agentes causales son <italic>F. subglutinans</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Mora, 2000</xref>), <italic>F. mexicanum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Otero-Colina <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>), <italic>F. pseudocircinatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Freeman <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>), <italic>F. neocosmosporiellum</italic> y <italic>F. proliferatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Molina-Cárdenas <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>; 2023). Debido a la importancia de la enfermedad, se plantea que más especies de <italic>Fusarium</italic> pueden causar la malformación por ello, el objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar a nivel morfológico y molecular al agente fitopatógeno asociado a la malformación del mango en Sinaloa, México.</p>
			<p>En 2018 se observaron árboles de mango con malformación floral y vegetativa en huertas comerciales y se recolectaron 25 muestras de tejido de árboles con síntomas como hinchazón de yemas, erupción de múltiples brotes terminando en ápice con apariencia de racimo y panícula compactada, en los municipios de Culiacán (6 muestras) localizada a 24º 19’ 53.6’’ LN 107º 21’ 59.2’’ LO, Navolato (3 muestras) 24° 46' 08.6&quot; LN 107° 33' 10.0&quot; LO, El Rosario (10 muestras) 22° 54' 40.9&quot; LN 105° 53' 45.3 &quot;LO y Escuinapa (6 muestras) 22° 53' 52.9 &quot;LN 105° 48' 30.9&quot; LO en Sinaloa. Las muestras fueron etiquetadas y transportadas al laboratorio de Fitoprotección de la Facultad de Agronomía (UAS) para ser analizadas, el aislamiento del patógeno se realizó cortando pequeños trozos de las muestras con síntomas que se desinfestaron superficialmente con hipoclorito de sodio al 2 % durante tres minutos y etanol al 70 % por tres minutos, posteriormente se procedió a enjuagarlos dos veces por tres minutos con agua destilada esterilizada. Los trozos se colocaron en papel absorbente estéril, para retirar la humedad, se sembraron en cajas de Petri con medio de cultivo Papa Dextrosa Agar (PDA) y se incubaron a 25 ºC. Para obtener los cultivos monospóricos se utilizó la metodología propuesta por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hansen y Smith (1932</xref>), donde se colocó un trozo del micelio en un tubo eppendorf con 1 mL de agua destilada estéril y mediante diluciones seriadas se eligió una espora la cual se colocó en una nueva caja con medio de cultivo PDA.</p>
			<p>Para la caracterización morfológica se siguió la metodología propuesta por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Leslie y Summerell (2006</xref>). Para ello, los aislados se cultivaron en PDA a 25 ºC en la oscuridad por 10 días, para observar la formación de micelio aéreo y color de la colonia. Posteriormente, se transfirió a medio de cultivo agar hoja de clavel (CLA), bajo las mismas condiciones anteriormente mencionadas, por medio de un microscopio óptico se observaron el largo y ancho de microconidias y macroconidias (n=50), número de septos, forma, disposición de células conidiógenas en monofialides y polifialides, la presencia o ausencia de esporodoquios y clamidosporas. Para la medición de las estructuras fúngicas (n=50) se utilizó un microscopio óptico con cámara acoplada al software DinoCapture versión 2.0.</p>
			<p>Para la caracterización molecular se seleccionaron dos aislados monospóricos (95VESIN y 121FRSIN), de un total de ocho aislados que fueron caracterizados por morfología. El micelio de los aislados se colectó raspando la superficie de las colonias crecidas en PDA previamente incubadas durante una semana a 25 ºC. Se procedió a pulverizar 100 mg de micelio fúngico de cada aislamiento en nitrógeno líquido y se extrajo el ADN genómico mediante el método descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Ausubel <italic>et al</italic>. (2003</xref>). La calidad y concentración de ADN se estimaron utilizando un espectrofotómetro Thermo Scientific NanoDropT<sup>TM</sup> 1000 (Fisher Scientific).</p>
			<p>El ADN extraído de los aislados de <italic>Fusarium</italic> se analizó mediante PCR punto final con los cebadores: EF 1 (D) ATGGGTAAGGA(A/G)GACAAGAC, EF 2</p>
			<p>(R)GGA(G/A)GTACCAGT(G/C)ATCATGTT (O´Donell <italic>et al</italic>., 1998; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Geiser <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>). La mezcla de la reacción final fue de 25 μL que contenía 100 ng de ADN molde, una mezcla equimolar de dNTPs y 25 nM MgCl2, 2.1 U de ADN Taq Polimerasa y 40 pmol de cada oligonucleótido (Bioline, TN, EE. UU.).</p>
			<p>Los productos amplificados de PCR (ADN del gen TEF-1α) fueron purificados y secuenciados por Macrogen Inc. (Seúl, Corea del Sur). Las secuencias se utilizaron para buscar similitud y comprobar su identidad al compararse con las secuencias de la base de datos de GenBank NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gobierno/">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gobierno)</ext-link> utilizando el programa BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) y en BLAST en Fusarium-ID. Las especies se identificaron basándose en una identidad de secuencia del 99 al 100 %. Para el análisis filogenético, las secuencias del gen TEF-1α de los aislados se alinearon con secuencias de referencias obtenidas del GenBank y las relaciones filogenéticas entre los cultivos monospóricos de <italic>Fusarium</italic> se infirieron basándose en la alineación de las secuencias de nucleótidos del gen. El árbol se construyó mediante el método de unión de vecinos basado en distancias determinadas por el método de Jukes y Cantor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Erickson, 2010</xref>) utilizando 1,000 réplicas de arranque.</p>
			<p>Se evaluó la capacidad de ocho aislados provenientes de los municipios de Culiacán (161VCSIN, 163VCSIN y 166VCSIN), Navolato (170FNSIN), El Rosario (39VRSIN,</p>
			<p>121FRSIN y 134VRSIN) y Escuinapa (95VESIN), que fueron caracterizados por morfología como <italic>Fusarium incarnatum,</italic> para causar la enfermedad de la malformación, mediante inoculaciones artificiales en cinco plantas sanas de mango criollo por aislado, de cuatro meses de edad contenidas en bolsas de polietileno con suelo estéril, mantenidas en condiciones de invernadero durante 12 meses. El inóculo se preparó cultivando los aislados en CLA bajo luz fluorescente blanca fría durante 14 días a 25 ºC para estimular la esporulación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Freeman <italic>et al</italic>., 1999</xref>). Las pruebas de patogenicidad se realizaron durante 2019-2021. Se inocularon las yemas apicales y cinco nudos por planta, inyectando 20 μL de la suspensión de conidios (1 x 10<sup>6</sup> conidios mL<sup>-1</sup>), y se inocularon cinco nudos por planta. Las plantas testigo se inocularon con agua destilada estéril. Los ensayos de patogenicidad se realizaron dos veces. La severidad de la enfermedad se evaluó mediante la escala propuesta por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Iqbal <italic>et al</italic>. (2006</xref>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>) con modificaciones, 0 es una planta asintomática y 5 es una planta con síntomas más severos.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Escala de severidad de la enfermedad de malformación propuesta por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Iqbal <italic>et al</italic>. (2006</xref>).</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Valor</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Síntoma</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>0</td>
								<td>Planta sana</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>1</td>
								<td>Hinchazón de las yemas para malformaciones vegetativas y florales</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>2</td>
								<td>Erupción de múltiples brotes(vegetativos) o raquis cortos y gruesos (florales)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>3</td>
								<td>Brotes agrupados con entrenudos acortados (vegetativos) o pedúnculos engrosados (florales)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>4</td>
								<td>Hojas pequeñas escamosas (vegetativos) o flores agrandadas (florales)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>5</td>
								<td>Ápice bunchy (vegetativos) o panícula deformada compacta (florales)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Los aislados se caracterizaron morfológicamente como <italic>F. incarnatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Leslie y Summerell, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Xia <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>) y en medio de cultivo PDA mostraron un micelio algodonoso de coloración blanco a café, con el tiempo se tornaron café oscuro. En medio de cultivo CLA las microconidias (n=50) eran piriformes, de 0 -1 septos, midiendo 7.4-</p>
			<p>30.9 x 3.8-8.3 µm. Las macroconidias (n=50) eran relativamente esbeltos con una curva en la célula basal y apical, de 3 a 5 septos, midiendo 41.4-92.7 x 4.2-10.1 µm. Se observaron esporodoquios de color café y clamidosporas intercaladas y solitarias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>A-G. Características morfológicas de <italic>Fusarium incarnatum</italic>. A y B) Cultivo en PDA; C y D) Microconidias in situ; E) Microconidias y macroconidias; F) Esporodoquios color café; G) Clamidosporas intercaladas y solitarias en medio de cultivo CLA. Barras= 50 μm.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24071-gf1.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Los ocho aislados denominados; 39VRSIN, 95VESIN, 121FRSIN, 134VRSIN, 161VCSIN, 163VCSIN, 166VCSIN y 170FRSIN indujeron síntomas, con un rango en la escala de severidad de la enfermedad de 2 a 4. Se observaron síntomas como hinchazón, múltiples brotes, entrenudos acortados y hojas escamosas, entre las siete y 13 semanas después de la inoculación (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). De los síntomas se aisló al hongo y fue identificado con las mismas características morfológicas descritas previamente para <italic>Fusarium incarnatum</italic>, cumpliendo así con los postulados de Koch.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>A-D) Síntomas de malformación en plantas de mango corriente inoculadas con <italic>Fusarium incarnatum</italic> (95VESIN y 121FRSIN); E) Planta de mango testigo.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24071-gf2.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p><italic>F. incarnatum</italic> ha sido reportado previamente por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Gai <italic>et al</italic>. (2016</xref>) como agente causal de la podredumbre del tallo del maíz (<italic>Zea mays</italic>) en China y en India causando tizón y marchitez de la hoja en cacahuate (<italic>Arachis hypogaea</italic>), observándose los síntomas a los 6 días después de la inoculación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Thirumalaisamy <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), como también ocasionando pudrición del fruto de moringa (<italic>Moringa oleifera</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Ekabote <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>). A su vez se reportó a una especie del complejo FIESC como primer informe causando la pudrición del fruto del melón (<italic>Cucumis melo</italic>) en Taiwán (Ahmen <italic>et al</italic>., 2023).</p>
			<p>La ausencia de regulaciones sanitarias en el tránsito de material vegetativo de viveros de mango a regiones distintas de un país podría contribuir a diseminar a este patógeno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Zheng y Ploetz, 2002</xref>). Además, es un hongo que puede sobrevivir en el suelo ya que forma estructuras de resistencia llamadas clamidosporas, en ausencia del hospedante y cuando tiene una planta huésped y con las condiciones favorables, se puede iniciar la infección en raíces o en partes aéreas de las plantas, favoreciéndose a través del agua o aire (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Ma <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>Las secuencias de los aislados (95VESIN y 121FRSIN) se depositaron en la base de datos del GenBank con los números de accesión; MK932800 y MK932804, respectivamente. El análisis de las secuencias en las bases de datos del GenBank y Fusarium-ID, mostraron que las secuencias estaban alineadas a especies del complejo <italic>Fusarium incarnatum</italic>-<italic>equiseti</italic> (FIESC), en el GenBank los dos aislados presentaron una homología del 99 al 100 % con <italic>Fusarium incarnatum</italic> y <italic>F. pernabucanum</italic>, en el Fusarium-ID mostraron una similitud del 99.84 % con las secuencias (MK289625 y MK289588) registradas como <italic>Fusarium pernambucanum</italic>.</p>
			<p>El filograma obtenido con las secuencias en estudio y las otras secuencias registradas en el GenBank se dividió en tres grupos, en el primero las secuencias registradas en el presente estudio marcadas en negrita, donde se observa que formaron un grupo donde se alinearon con secuencias de <italic>F. incarnatum</italic> registradas de otros países, por ejemplo, de China e India. Los dos grupos restantes representan grupos externos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Filograma inferido por Neighbor Joining para secuencias parciales del gen TEF-1α de especies de <italic>Fusarium</italic>. Los valores en los nodos representan las puntuaciones de arranque basadas en 1000 réplicas. Las secuencias MK932800 y MK932804 provienen del presente estudio.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24071-gf3.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Se reporta por primera vez a <italic>Fusarium incarnatum</italic> causando la malformación en mango, en Sinaloa, México. Por ello es de suma importancia futuras investigaciones para comprender la relación patógeno-huésped, ya que es un nuevo patógeno en un nuevo cultivo y así poder diseñar estrategias de control adecuadas para la enfermedad.</p>
		</sec>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Phytopathological Note</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Morphological and molecular characterization of <italic>Fusarium incarnatum</italic> associated to the malformation of mango (<italic>Mangifera indica</italic>) in Sinaloa, Mexico</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p> </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Background/Objective. </title>
					<p>The malformation in mango is one of the main diseases to attack this crop, and therefore limits its worldwide production. The aim of this study was to identify, morphologically and molecularly, the phytopathogen associated to the malformation of mango in Sinaloa, Mexico.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and methods. </title>
					<p>In 2018, samples showing malformation symptoms, such as compacted panicles and the eruption of multiple vegetative shoots, were collected from mango orchards in Sinaloa. Based on morphological characteristics, the isolates were identified as <italic>Fusarium incarnatum</italic>. The molecular identification was carried out by amplifying the partial sequence of the elongation factor gene (TEF-1α) and conducting a phylogenetic analysis. Pathogenicity tests were performed on mango plants through artificial inoculation.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results. </title>
					<p>Symptoms on the inoculated plants were observed seven weeks after inoculation, with a disease severity scale rating between 2 and 4; no symptoms were observed in the control plants. The pathogen was re-isolated from symptomatic tissue and identified based on morphology, thus fulfilling Koch’s postulates.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion. </title>
					<p><italic>Fusarium incarnatum</italic> is repored for the first time as associated with mango malformation in Sinaloa, Mexico.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Elongation factor</kwd>
				<kwd>Fusarium</kwd>
				<kwd>Koch’s postulates</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>The mango (<italic>Mangifera indica</italic>) is the most important fruit tree in the world’s tropical and subtropical regions. Mexico is one of the main producers globally; in 2022, it was fifth in terms of surface and production, contributing 2,485,545 t (FAO, 2024), whereas Sinaloa contributed 407,831.14 t in 2022, placing itself in second place (SIAP, 2024). However, this production is affected by destructive diseases. However, this production is affected by the “mango malformation disease,” “witches’ broom” vegetative and floral proliferation (VFP), first reported in India in 1891 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Krishnan <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). This disease affects vegetative and floral shoots, with notable severity and inefficient control, occurring in most varieties and cultivated areas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Ploetz, 2007</xref>). The withered inflorescences that remain on the tree cause the disease to spread to healthy buds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Gamliel-Atinsky <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>).</p>
				<p>The mango crop is affected by 83 different diseases and disorders, out of which 52 fungal and three bacterial diseases stand out, along with the fact that it displays phytoparasitic nematodes of the tree and the fruit that cause losses (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Pernezny and Simone, 2000</xref>). The <italic>Fusarium</italic> genus described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Link (Link, 1809</xref>) belongs to the family of the Nectriaceae, which covers over 100 species, most of which are plant pathogens. Among the symptoms caused are wilting, blight and rot in different crops of economic importance and in natural ecosystems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Ma <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>Several species have been described in <italic>Fusarium</italic> as causing diseases in mango. <italic>F. decemcellulare</italic> was reported as a causal agent of malformation in Venezuela and regressive death in China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Castellano and Guanipa, 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Qi <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>); <italic>F. proliferatum</italic> causing malformation and foliar spot in China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Zhan <italic>et al</italic>., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Omar <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>); malformation has been reported in Pakistan associated to <italic>F. nivale</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Khaskheli <italic>et al</italic>., 2008</xref>); in Senegal and Spain, caused by <italic>F. tupiense</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Lamine <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Crespo <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>); in the Dominican Republic, associated to <italic>F. pseudocircinatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">García-López <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>). In Mexico, the causal agents were reported as <italic>F. subglutinans</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Mora, 2000</xref>),</p>
				<p><italic>F. mexicanum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Otero-Colina <italic>et al.,</italic> 2010</xref>), <italic>F. pseudocircinatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Freeman <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>),</p>
				<p><italic>F. neocosmosporiellum</italic> and <italic>F. proliferatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Molina-Cárdenas <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>; 2023). Due to the importance of the disease, it is suggested that more <italic>Fusarium</italic> species may cause malformation. For this reason, the aim of the present study was to morphologically and molecularly identify the phytopathogenic agent associated to the malformation of mango in Sinaloa, Mexico.</p>
				<p>In 2018, mango trees with floral and vegetative malformations were observed in commercial orchards, and 25 tissue samples were gathered from trees with symptoms such as the swelling of buds, eruption of multiple buds ending in cluster-like apices and compacted panicles, in the municipal areas of Culiacán (6 samples) located at 24º 19’ 53.6’’ LN 107º 21’ 59.2’’ LW, Navolato (3 samples) 24° 46' 08.6&quot; LN 107° 33' 10.0&quot; LW, El Rosario (10 samples) 22° 54' 40.9&quot; LN 105° 53' 45.3 “LW and Escuinapa (6 samples) 22° 53' 52.9 &quot;LN 105° 48' 30.9&quot; LW in Sinaloa. The samples were labeled and transported to the Phytoprotection laboratory in the School of Agronomy (UAS) to be analyzed. The pathogen was isolated by cutting small pieces of the samples with symptoms that sere superficially disinfested with 2% sodium hypochlorite for three minutes and 70% ethanol for three minutes. Subsequently, they were rinsed twice for three minutes with sterilized distilled water. The pieces were placed on sterile absorbent paper to remove excess moisture. They were planted in Petri dishes with Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) culture medium and incubated at 25 ºC. To obtain the monosporic cultures, the methodology proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hansen and Smith (1932</xref>) was used, in which a piece of the mycelium was placed in an Eppendorf tube with 1 mL of sterile distilled water and, with serial dilutions, a spore was chosen and placed in a new dish with PDA culture medium. For the morphological characterization, the methodology proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Leslie and Summerell (2006</xref>) was followed. For this, the isolates were planted in PDA at 25 ºC in the dark for 10 days, to observe the formation of aerial mycelia and the color of the colony. Subsequently, it was transferred to a clover leaf (CLO) culture medium under the conditions mentioned above. Using an optic microscope, the length and width of the microconidia and macroconidia (n=50) were observed, along with the number of septa, shape, the layout of conidiogenic cells in monophialides and polyphialides, the presence or lack of sporodochia and chlamydospores. To measure the fungal structures (n=50), an optic microscope with a camera built into the DinoCapture version 2.0 software was used. For the molecular characterization, two monosporic isolates (95VESIN and 121FRSIN) were chosen out of a total of eight isolates that were characterized by morphology. The mycelia of the isolates were gathered by scraping the surface of the cultures grown in PDA, previously incubated for a week at 25 ºC. One hundred milligrams of fungal mycelium from each isolate were ground in liquid nitrogen, and genomic DNA was extracted using the method described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Ausubel <italic>et al</italic>. (2003</xref>). The DNA quality and concentration were estimated using a Thermo Scientific NanoDropT<sup>TM</sup> 1000</p>
				<p>spectrophotometer (Fisher Scientific).</p>
				<p>The DNA extracted from the <italic>Fusarium</italic> isolates was analyzed using endpoint PCR using the primers EF 1 (D) ATGGGTAAGGA(A/G)GACAAGAC, EF 2 (R)GGA(G/A)GTACCAGT(G/C)ATCATGTT (O´Donell <italic>et al</italic>., 1998; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Geiser <italic>et al</italic>., 2004</xref>). The mixture of the final reaction was of 25 μL containing 100 ng of mold DNA, an equimolar mixture of dNTPs and 25 nM MgCl2, 2.1 U de ADN Taq Polymerase and 40 pmol of each oligonucleotide (Bioline, TN, EE. UU.).</p>
				<p>The products amplified by PCR (DNA of the TEF-1α gene) were purified and sequenced by Macrogen Inc. (Soul, South Korea). The sequences were used to search for similarities and verify their identity in a comparison with the sequences in the GenBank NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) data base (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gobierno/">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gobierno)</ext-link> using the BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) program and in BLAST in Fusarium-ID. The species were identified based on a sequence identity of 99 to 100%. For the phylogenetic analysis, the sequences of the TEF- 1α gene of the isolates were aligned with sequences of references obtained from the GenBank and the phylogenetic relations between the <italic>Fusarium</italic> monosporic cultures were inferred based on the alignment of the gene nucleotide sequences. The tree was built with the neighbor-joining method, based on distances determined with the method by Jukes and Cantor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Erickson, 2010</xref>) using 1,000 bootstrap replicates.</p>
				<p>The ability of eight isolates from the municipal areas of Culiacán (161VCSIN, 163VCSIN and 166VCSIN), Navolato (170FNSIN), El Rosario (39VRSIN, 121FRSIN</p>
				<p>and 134VRSIN) and Escuinapa (95VESIN) was evaluated and characterized by the morphology as <italic>Fusarium incarnatum</italic> to cause the malformation disease by artificial inoculations in five healthy creole mango plants per isolate, aged four months, contained in polyethylene bags with sterile soil, kept under greenhouse conditions for 12 months. The inoculum was prepared by planting the isolates in CLO under cold fluorescent white light for 14 days at 25 ºC to stimulate sporulation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Freeman <italic>et al</italic>., 1999</xref>). The pathogenicity tests were performed from 2019 to 2021. The apical buds were inoculated, along with five nodes per plant, injecting 20 μL of the conidial suspension (1 x 10<sup>6</sup> conidia mL<sup>-1</sup>) and five nodes per plant were inoculated. The control plants were inoculated with sterile distilled water. The pathogenicity assays were performed twice. Th severity of the disease was evaluated using the scale proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Iqbal <italic>et al</italic>. (2006</xref>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>) with modifications, 0 being an asymptomatic plant and 5, a plant with more severe symptoms.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Scale of severity of the malformation disease proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Iqbal <italic>et al</italic>. (2006</xref>).</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Value</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Symptoms</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>0</td>
									<td>No symptoms</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>1</td>
									<td>Bud swelling for vegetative and floral malformations</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>2</td>
									<td>Eruption of multiple shoots (vegetative) or short and thick rachis (floral)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>3</td>
									<td>Clustered shoots with shortened internodes (vegetative) or thickened peduncles (floral)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>4</td>
									<td>Small scaly leaves (vegetative) or flowers (floral)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>5</td>
									<td>Bunchy apex (vegetative) or compact deformed panicle (floral)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The isolates were morphologically characterized as <italic>F. incarnatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Leslie and Summerell, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Xia <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>) and in a PDA culture medium, they displayed a white- to-brown cottonlike mycelium, which turned dark brown in time. In a CLA culture medium, the microconidia (n=50) were pyriform, with 0 -1 septum, measuring 7.4-30.9 x 3.8-8.3 µm. The macroconidia (n=50) were relatively slim, with a curve in the base and apex cells, from 3 to 5 septa, measuring 41.4-92.7 x 4.2-10.1 µm. Brown sporodochia and alternated and lone chlamydospores were observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>A-G. Morphological characteristics of <italic>Fusarium incarnatum</italic>. A and B) Culture in PDA; C and D) <italic>In situ</italic> microconidia; E) Microconidia and macroconidia; F) Brown sporodochia; G) Alternated and lone chlamidospores in a CLA culture medium. Bars= 50 μm.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24071-gf4.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The eight isolates named 39VRSIN, 95VESIN, 121FRSIN, 134VRSIN, 161VCSIN, 163VCSIN, 166VCSIN and 170FNSIN induced symptoms, with a range in the disease severity scale between 2 and 4. Symptoms such as swelling, multiple shoots, shortened internode and scale leaves were observed between seven and thirteen weeks after inoculation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>). Out of the symptoms, the fungus was isolated and identified with the same morphological characteristics described previously for <italic>Fusarium incarnatum</italic>, thus complying with Koch’s postulates.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>A-D) Symptoms of malformation in common mango plants inoculated with <italic>Fusarium incarnatum</italic> (95VESIN and 121FRSIN); E) Control mango plant.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24071-gf5.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p><italic>F. incarnatum</italic> has been previously reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Gai <italic>et al</italic>. (2016</xref>) as causing blight and wilting in the peanut plant (<italic>Arachis hypogaea</italic>), with symptoms observed 6 days after inoculation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Thirumalaisamy <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), as well as causing rot in the moringa fruit (<italic>Moringa oleifera</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Ekabote <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>). In turn, a species of the FIESC complex was reported for the first time as causing the rot of the cantaloupe fruit (<italic>Cucumis melo</italic>) in Taiwan (Ahmen <italic>et al</italic>., 2023).</p>
				<p>The lack of phytosanitary regulations in the movement of vegetative material from mango nurseries to different regions within a country could contribute to the dissemination of this pathogen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Zheng and Ploetz, 2002</xref>). In addition, it is a fungus that can survive in the ground, since it forms resistance structures called chlamidospores. In the absence of the host and when it has a host plant and under favorable conditions, infection can begin on the roots or aerial parts of the plants, being favored through the water or air (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Ma <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>The sequences of isolations (95VESIN and 121FRSIN) were deposited in the GenBank data base with accession numbers MK932800 and MK932804, respectively. The analysis of the sequences in the GenBank and Fusarium-ID data bases showed that the sequences were aligned to species in the <italic>Fusarium incarnatum</italic>-<italic>equiseti</italic> complex (FIESC). In the GenBank, both isolates displayed a homology of 99 to 100% with <italic>Fusarium incarnatum</italic> and <italic>F. pernabucanum</italic>. In the Fusarium-ID they displayed a similarity of 99.84% with the sequences (MK289625 and MK289588) recorded as <italic>Fusarium pernambucanum</italic>.</p>
				<p>The phylogram obtained with the sequences under study and other sequences registered in the GenBank was divided into three groups. In the first one, the sequences recorded in this study, highlighted in bold, formed a cluster aligned with <italic>F. incarnatum</italic> reported from other countries, such as China and India. The remaining two groups represent outgroups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Phylogram inferred by Neighbor Joining for partial sequenced of the TEF-1α gene of <italic>Fusarium</italic> species. The values in the nodes represent bootstrap scores based on 1000 replicates. Sequences MK932800 and MK932804 originate from the present study.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24071-gf6.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p><italic>Fusarium incarnatum</italic> is reported for the first time as causing malformation in mango, in Sinaloa, Mexico. Therefore, future investigations are crucial to understand the pathogen-host relation, since it is a new pathogen in a new crop, and to be able to design adequate control strategies for the disease.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>