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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2408-3</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo Científico</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Caracterización e identificación de <italic>Burkholderia glumae</italic> en semillas de variedades de arroz (<italic>Oryza sativa</italic>) cultivadas en México</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Hernández-Nava</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriel Alejandro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Aranda-Ocampo</surname>
						<given-names>Sergio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Valdovinos-Ponce</surname>
						<given-names>Guadalupe</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>León</surname>
						<given-names>Obdulia Segura-</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Osnaya-González</surname>
						<given-names>Mónica</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>García-Vázquez</surname>
						<given-names>Eridani</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ramírez-Rojas</surname>
						<given-names>Sergio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Hernández-Aragón</surname>
						<given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Colegio de Postgraduados, Km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado México, CP 56264, México, Campus Montecillo.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Texcoco</city>
					<state>Estado México</state>
					<postal-code>56264</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Colegio de Postgraduados, BIOSAT, Carretera Haltunchén-Edzná, Km 17.5, Sihochac, municipio de Champotón, Campeche, CP 24450, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Campeche</state>
					<postal-code>24450</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Investigación Forestal, Agrícolas y Pecuaria (INIFAP), Km. 0.5 Carretera Zacatepec Galeana s/n, Centro, CP 62780, Zacatepec de Hidalgo, Morelos, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Nacional de Investigación Forestal</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Investigación Forestal</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>62780</postal-code>
					<city>Zacatepec de Hidalgo</city>
					<state>Morelos</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><italic>*</italic></label><bold>
 <italic>Autor de correspondencia:</italic> 
</bold> Sergio Aranda-Ocampo <email>arandasergio63@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>25</day>
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>May-Aug</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>43</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT24083</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>07</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p> </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Antecedentes/Objetivo. </title>
					<p><italic>Burkholderia glumae</italic> es el patógeno transmitido por semilla más importante que disminuye el rendimiento de arroz (<italic>Oryza sativa</italic>). En 2022, se observaron semillas con síntomas de manchado de glumas en México. El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar e identificar el agente causal de los síntomas de manchado de glumas de 11 variedades de arroz cultivadas en México.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales y Métodos. </title>
					<p>Se analizaron 37 muestras de semillas. De cada muestra se desinfestó 1 g de semilla con hipoclorito de sodio y se maceraron en amortiguador PBS; de aquí, se sembraron en los medios de cultivo SPG, B de King y Wilbrinks. Las cepas bacterianas aisladas se caracterizaron mediante API20 y se identificaron por amplificación y secuenciación parcial de genes universales y específicos. La patogenicidad se evaluó por inoculación de una suspensión de 3.5 x 10<sup>8</sup> UFC mL<sup>-1</sup> en semillas y plántulas de arroz de las variedades Milagro Filipino e INIFLAR-R.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados. </title>
					<p>De 37 muestras, en nueve (24.3 %) se obtuvieron 11 aislados con la morfología descrita para <italic>B. glumae</italic>. La caracterización mediante API20 identificó dos grupos con perfil metabólico diferente entre las 11 cepas. Por PCR, las 11 cepas se identificaron con 100% de cobertura como <italic>B. glumae</italic> con los iniciadores universales 8F- 1492R, y específicos a <italic>B. glumae</italic> Bglu3F-Bglu3R y OgF-OgR. La patogenicidad de <italic>B. glumae</italic> se confirmó en semillas y plántulas de arroz de las variedades Milagro Filipino e INIFLAR-R.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión</title>
					<p>. <italic>B. glumae</italic> es el agente causal de los síntomas de manchado de glumas de semillas de arroz y se detectó en semillas de siete variedades (63.6 %): GOLFO FL-16, INIFLAR-R, INIFLAR-RT, IRGA, Milagro Filipino, Morelos A-98 y PACÍFICO FL-15 de 11 variedades de arroz cultivadas en México. </p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Tizón bacteriano panícula</kwd>
				<kwd>Aislamiento</kwd>
				<kwd>Variedades</kwd>
				<kwd>Patogenicidad</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="10"/>
				<table-count count="10"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="35"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p>El arroz (<italic>Oryza sativa</italic>) es uno de los cultivos de mayor importancia a nivel mundial, debido a que es un alimento básico para más de 3.5 billones de personas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Faizal-Azizi y Lau, 2022</xref>). Los principales países productores de este cereal son China Continental, India, Indonesia, Vietnam y Tailandia (FAOSTAT, 2023). En México, el arroz se encuentra entre los cuatro principales cultivos básicos en la dieta de la población. A nivel nacional, se cultivan aproximadamente 40 mil ha con más de 17 variedades de arroz en diversas condiciones agroecológicas, especialmente en los estados de Campeche, Jalisco, Morelos, Nayarit y Tamaulipas, con una producción de 246 mil t, fortaleciendo la economía agroindustrial del país (SIAP, 2023).</p>
			<p>A nivel mundial, el cultivo de arroz es afectado por diferentes patógenos; sin embargo, <italic>Acidovorax avenae</italic> subsp. <italic>avenae</italic>, <italic>Burkholderia glumae</italic> y <italic>Xanthomonas oryzae</italic> pv. <italic>oryzae</italic> se ubican entre los principales patógenos bacterianos que se transmiten por semilla (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Kang <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>). No obstante, <italic>B. glumae</italic>, agente causal del tizón bacteriano de la panícula (TBP), se destaca por su distribución mundial e importancia económica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cui <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p><italic>B. glumae</italic> se ha reportado en más de 18 países como un patógeno altamente destructivo en el cultivo de arroz (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Zhou, 2019</xref>). Durante la última década, el TBP se ha considerado una enfermedad emergente que ha aumentado su incidencia y severidad en países que cultivan arroz, debido al cambio climático, provocando pérdidas de hasta</p>
			<p>75 % en el rendimiento y calidad del grano en climas tropicales y subtropicales, especialmente en regiones con alta temperatura y humedad relativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abhishekh-Gowda <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mizobuchi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). En el continente americano, la presencia de <italic>B. glumae</italic> se ha reportado en Colombia, Estados Unidos de América, Panamá, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Costa Rica, República Dominicana y Puerto Rico (CABI, 2021).</p>
			<p><italic>B. glumae</italic> puede sobrevivir en semillas, proliferar en tejidos vegetales, colonizar diferentes microambientes en la planta y causar severas epidemias en el cultivo de arroz, debido a su alta eficiencia de transmisión y diseminación por semillas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Ortega y Rojas, 2021</xref>). En consecuencia, la enfermedad de TBP inicia a partir de la semilla infectada, como inoculo primario. Posteriormente, el patógeno se disemina por salpique del agua de riego y por contacto físico entre panículas sanas y enfermas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Ham <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hasegawa, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Zhou, 2019</xref>). A nivel mundial, los síntomas del TBP que se reportan con mayor frecuencia son manchado de glumas, ausencia o escaso desarrollo de grano, pudrición de semillas, desarrollo anormal de raíces y pudrición de plántulas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sayler <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>), así como tizón de plántulas y panículas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Faizal-Azizi y Lau, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Zhou-qi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Investigadores del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), campo experimental Zacatepec, Morelos, son líderes nacionales en el mejoramiento genético de arroz contra diversos agentes patógenos bióticos y abióticos. Desde el 2016, en experimentos de campo en el INIFAP, Zacatepec, Morelos, se han observado semillas de diferentes variedades de arroz con manchas en las glumas. En esta investigación, se asume que estos síntomas son causados por <italic>Burkholderia glumae,</italic> por la similitud con las manchas en glumas de semilla de arroz reportados para este patógeno como agente causal de la enfermedad del TBP (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Ramachandran <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>).</p>
			<p>El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar e identificar el agente causal de los síntomas de manchado de glumas de variedades de arroz cultivadas en México. La identificación del agente causal de estos síntomas en glumas en semillas de arroz es fundamental para desarrollar futuras estrategias de prevención, manejo y mejoramiento genético en el cultivo de arroz en México.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Materiales y métodos</title>
			<p>Material vegetal. En 2022, se analizaron 37 muestras de semillas con diferente porcentaje de daño de manchado y necrosis de glumas de 11 variedades de arroz cultivadas en México (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>), proporcionadas por el INIFAP-Campo experimental Zacatepec, Morelos.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Variedades de arroz analizadas para la identificación del agente causal del manchado de glumas en semillas.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Variedad de arroz</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Número de muestras</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Azteca</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Azteca 84</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="2">GOLFO FL-16</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="2">INIFLAR R</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="2">INIFLAR RT</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>IRGA</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">13</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="2">Milagro Filipino</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">7</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="2">Morelos A-98</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Pacífico B1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="2">PACÍFICO FL-15</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Sauta</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="font-weight:bold">TOTAL</td>
								<td style="font-weight:bold">11</td>
								<td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold">37</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Síntomas de manchado de glumas en panículas y semillas en las variedades de arroz, <bold>A.</bold> MILAGRO FILIPINO, <bold>B.</bold> MORELOS A-98, <bold>C.</bold> PACÍFICO FL-15, <bold>D.</bold> IRGA. Síntomas de manchado de semillas en las variedades de arroz, <bold>E.</bold> MILAGRO FILIPINO, <bold>F.</bold> MORELOS A-98.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24083-gf1.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Aislamiento de bacterias. De cada muestra, se desinfestó 1 g de semilla con hipoclorito de sodio (0.5 % v/v) por 5 min y se enjuagó tres veces con agua destilada estéril. Las semillas se colocaron en matraces con 5 mL de amortiguador PBS (Buffer salino de Fosfato) (pH 7.2) y se mantuvieron en agitación a 125 rpm (ORBIT 1900, Labnet) durante 1 h. Posteriormente, se maceraron en un mortero estéril con 5 mL de amortiguador PBS y se realizaron diluciones seriadas hasta 10<sup>-2</sup>. De cada dilución, se sembraron 20 µL con un asa Digralsky en placas Petri con medio de cultivo sacarosa-fosfato-glutamato (S-PG) semi-selectivo para <italic>B. glumae</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Quesada-González y García-Santamaría, 2014</xref>). Las placas se incubaron a 30 °C por 48 h. Del crecimiento bacteriano, se transfirieron colonias individuales con fenotipo similar a <italic>B. glumae</italic> (colonias circulares, convexas, con márgenes lisos y centro rojo-púrpura) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abhishekh-Gowda <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>), a los medios de cultivo B de King y Wilbrinks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Koike, 1965</xref>) y se incubaron a 30 °C por 48 h. Las colonias con fenotipo similar a <italic>B. glumae</italic> se preservaron en cultivo criogénico (-80 °C) en caldo nutritivo y glicerol (40 %) para estudios posteriores.</p>
			<p>Caracterización fisiológica y bioquímica. Los aislados bacterianos se caracterizaron fisiológica y bioquímicamente mediante API 20E (Biomerieux, Durhan, NC, U.S.A.) siguiendo las instrucciones del fabricante. Así mismo, se evaluó su actividad pectinolítica en papa (<italic>Solanum tuberosum</italic>) y la hipersensibilidad (RH) en tabaco (<italic>Nicotiana tabacum</italic> cv. <italic>xanthi</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Goszczynska <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>).</p>
			<p>Identificación molecular. El ADN genómico de los aislados bacterianos se obtuvo por el método CTAB 2 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Doyle y Doyle, 1990</xref>) a partir de cultivos puros en medio B de King con 48 h de crecimiento a 28 °C, con modificaciones: Durante el proceso de lisis, se agregaron 300 µL de CTAB al 2% (1.4 M NaCl, 0.02 M EDTA, 0.1 M Tris-HCl pH 8, y 2 g de CTAB por 100 mL de buffer) y 3 µL de Beta Mercaptoetanol al 10 %, y se incubó a 55 °C por 30 min. En la precipitación se colectó 200 µL de la fase acuosa y se agregaron 300 µL de isopropanol (100%) a 4 °C y 30 µL de acetato de amonio (7.5 M) y se mezcló cuidadosamente por inversión. La concentración y pureza de las muestras de ADN se analizaron por espectrofotometría de luz UV a 260 nm con un NanoDrop<sup>TM</sup> 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). La integridad se evaluó por electroforesis en gel de agarosa (Invitrogen<sup>TM</sup>) al 1 % a 70V por 90 min. La identificación molecular se realizó mediante PCR punto final con 100 ng μL<sup>-1</sup> de ADN de cada aislado bacteriano utilizando iniciadores universales (8F-1492R) y específicos (Bglu3F-BgluR, OgF-OgR) para <italic>B. glumae</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). Se utilizó el kit PCR GOTAQ® Flexi DNA Polymerase (Ref. M8295, Promega) en un termociclador C1000 Touch TM Thermal Cycler (Eppendorf).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Iniciadores utilizados para la identificación de bacterias aisladas de semillas con síntomas de manchado en glumas de variedades de arroz cultivadas en México.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Iniciador </th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center"> Secuencia (5´-3´)</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Gen </th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Tamaño del amplicón (pb) </th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center"> Referencia </th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Temperatura de alineamiento </th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td> 8F </td>
								<td> AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">16S rRNA</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">1500 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Galkiewicz y Kellogg, 2008 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">57 °C</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>1492R </td>
								<td>GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Bglu3F </td>
								<td>GTCACGATCGCTCTGTTGTT </td>
								<td>Proteína putativa </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">174 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Lee et al., 2018 </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">54 °C</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Bglu3R </td>
								<td>CATGAATCCACGAAGCCGAG </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td> Og-F </td>
								<td> CACCTGGGTAGTCTCTGTAGG </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">Espacio intergénico 16S-23S rRNA </td>
								<td style="text-align:center">402 </td>
								<td> Kang et al., 2016</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">63 °C</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Og-R </td>
								<td>ACGAGTCTGTCTCGCTCT </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Las condiciones de PCR para los iniciadores 8F-1492R fueron desnaturalización inicial de 94 °C por 5 min, seguido de 35 ciclos de 94 °C por 60 s, 57 °C por 45 s, 72 °C por 60 s y una extensión final de 72 °C por 8 min. Para los iniciadores específicos Bglu3F- Bglu3R, las condiciones de PCR fueron desnaturalización inicial de 95 °C por 2 min, seguido de 35 ciclos de 95 °C por 30 s, 54 °C por 30 s, 72 °C por 30 s y una extensión final de 72 °C por 7 min. Para los iniciadores OgF-OgR, desnaturalización inicial de 95</p>
			<p>°C por 2 min, seguido de 35 ciclos de 95 °C por 20 s, 63 °C por 30 s, 72 °C por 30 s y una extensión de 72 °C por 7 min.</p>
			<p>Los productos amplificados se detectaron en un gel de agarosa de ácido tris-borato- etileno-diaminotetraacético (EDTA) al 1.5 %, los cuales se purificaron y secuenciaron bidireccionalmente con los tres pares de iniciadores en la empresa Macrogen Inc. (Seúl, Corea del Sur). Las secuencias remitidas se analizaron y se editaron con el programa BioEdit para generar las secuencias consenso de cada cepa. Las secuencias consenso se compararon con las secuencias nucleotídicas de la base de datos del National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI; https://<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)</ext-link> a través del programa BLASTn 2.2 (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool). Se determinó el polimorfismo de las cepas en la región 16S rRNA por alineación múltiple de las secuencias de México y las disponibles en el NCBI con el programa CLUSTAL W, implementado en el programa MEGA 11 (Tamura <italic>et al</italic>., 2021). Con base en las secuencias 16S rRNA de las 11 cepas, se generó un árbol filogenético analizado con el método de Máxima verosimilitud (ML) con 500 repeticiones de Bootstrap. Los árboles se generaron utilizando la secuencia de una especie del género <italic>Burkholderia</italic> como grupo externo.</p>
			<p>Patogenicidad en semilla de arroz. Se utilizó un cultivo puro de la cepa CPM01 de <italic>B. glumae</italic>, identificada en este estudio, con 48 h de crecimiento en B de King. Las pruebas de patogenicidad se realizaron en semillas de la variedad Milagro Filipino sin síntomas de manchado de glumas. La inoculación se realizó de acuerdo con los protocolos descritos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Li <italic>et al</italic>. (2016</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Ura <italic>et al</italic>. (2006</xref>) con algunas modificaciones. Quince semillas se desinfestaron con etanol al 70 % (v/v), seguido de hipoclorito de sodio al 0.5 % (v/v) por 5 min y tres lavados con agua destilada estéril. Posteriormente, las semillas se inocularon por inmersión en una suspensión bacteriana con 3.5 x 10<sup>8</sup> UFC mL<sup>-1</sup> durante 1 h y se colocaron en cajas germinadoras (BOX LARGE, THOMAS SCIENTIFIC, USA). Las cajas se mantuvieron en condiciones de laboratorio a una temperatura constante de 30 °C y humedad relativa &gt;70 %. A los 15 días después de la inoculación (ddi), se registraron síntomas en la semilla, raíz y tallo de plántulas. El ensayo se realizó en un diseño completamente al azar con tres repeticiones por tratamiento. El tratamiento 1 consistió de semillas inoculadas con la cepa CPM01 de <italic>B. glumae</italic> y el tratamiento 2 de semillas no inoculadas (inmersión de semillas en agua destilada estéril) (testigo).</p>
			<p>Patogenicidad en plántulas de arroz. Las pruebas de patogenicidad se realizaron en plántulas sanas de las variedades Milagro Filipino e INIFLAR-R, las cuales se cultivan extensivamente en México (SIAP, 2023). Las plántulas se obtuvieron a partir de semillas sanas y desinfestadas como se describió previamente. Las semillas se sembraron en vasos de unicel (1 kg) con tierra estéril (NUTRIGARDEN). La inoculación se llevó a cabo cuando las plántulas desarrollaron la cuarta hoja (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Flórez-Zapata y Uribe-Vélez, 2011</xref>). Con una jeringa estéril se hizo una herida en el tallo de las plántulas y se inocularon por aspersión de 3 mL de una suspensión bacteriana con 3.5 x 10<sup>8</sup> UFC mL<sup>-1</sup> de <italic>B. glumae</italic> (cepa CPM01). Las plántulas se mantuvieron en condiciones de invernadero a 28-30 °C, con humedad relativa &gt;70 %. A los 15 ddi, se registraron síntomas en tallo. El ensayo se realizó en un diseño completamente al azar con tres repeticiones por tratamiento. El tratamiento 1 consistió de plántulas de Milagro Filipino inoculadas con la cepa CPM01 de <italic>B. glumae</italic>; el tratamiento 2, de plántulas de INIFLAR-R inoculadas con la cepa CPM01 de <italic>B. glumae</italic>; y los tratamientos 3 y 4 de plántulas de Milagro Filipino e INIFLAR-R no inoculadas (herida en tallo y aspersión con 3 mL de agua destilada estéril) (testigo). De los tejidos (semilla y tallo) en donde se desarrollaron los síntomas, se reaisló la bacteria inoculada en medio de cultivo B de King y se identificó por PCR con los iniciadores específicos (Bglu3 y Og) para <italic>B. glumae</italic>.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Resultados</title>
			<p><bold>Aislamiento de <italic>B. glumae</italic>.</bold> En nueve (24.3 %) de las 37 muestras de semillas de arroz que se analizaron, se aislaron 11 colonias bacterianas. En el medio sacarosa-fosfato- glutamato (S-PG), las colonias presentaron crecimiento lento, forma circular convexa, con márgenes lisos y centro rojo-púrpura. Estas características fenotípicas se correlacionan con lo que se ha reportado en este mismo medio de cultivo para colonias de <italic>B. glumae</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Ura <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Quesada-González y García-Santamaría, 2014</xref>). En los medios de cultivo B de King y Wilbrinks, las bacterias formaron colonias amarillas, circulares elevadas, mucoides y con márgenes lisos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). En los tres medios se observó una pigmentación amarilla difusible alrededor de las colonias bacterianas.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2.Características</label>
					<caption>
						<title>morfológicas de las colonias bacterianas aisladas de semillas de arroz con síntomas de manchado de glumas. Cultivo de las colonias a 28 °C por 72 h en medio de cultivo. <bold>A.</bold> Sacarosa- fosfato-glutamato (S-PG), <bold>B.</bold> B de King, <bold>C.</bold> Wilbrinks.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24083-gf2.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>De las 11 variedades de arroz analizadas, las cepas bacterianas con fenotipo similar a</p>
			<p><italic>B. glumae</italic> se aislaron de siete (63.6 %) variedades: GOLFO FL-16, INIFLAR R, INIFLAR RT, IRGA, Milagro Filipino, Morelos A-98 y PACÍFICO FL-15. No se aislaron cepas con este fenotipo de cuatro (36.3 %) variedades: Azteca, Azteca 84, Pacífico B1 y Sauta (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadro 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Cuadro 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Cepas bacterianas con fenotipo de <italic>B. glumae</italic> aisladas de semillas con síntomas de manchado de glumas en variedades de arroz cultivadas en México.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Variedad</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">No. de aislados</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">ID cepa</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center">Azteca</td>
								<td>0</td>
								<td>-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center">Azteca 84</td>
								<td>0</td>
								<td>-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>GOLFO FL-16</td>
								<td>1</td>
								<td>CPM04</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>INIFLAR-R</td>
								<td>1</td>
								<td>CPM01</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>INIFLAR-RT</td>
								<td>2</td>
								<td>CPM02, CPM03</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center">IRGA</td>
								<td>1</td>
								<td>CPJ01</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:right">Milagro Filipino</td>
								<td>3</td>
								<td>CPN01, CPN03, CPJ02</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Morelos A-98</td>
								<td>1</td>
								<td>CPN02</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>PACÍFICO B1</td>
								<td>0</td>
								<td>-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:right">PACÍFICO FL-15</td>
								<td>2</td>
								<td>CPM05, CPM06</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center">Sauta</td>
								<td>0</td>
								<td>-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>TOTAL</td>
								<td>11</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Caracterización fisiológica y bioquímica. Las 11 cepas fueron Gram negativas, causaron pudrición blanda en papa e indujeron RH en tabaco<italic>.</italic> Los resultados de la caracterización mediante API 20E distinguieron dos grupos en función del perfil metabólico. El grupo 1 diferenció las cepas (n= 8) aisladas de las variedades GOLFO FL- 16 (CPM04), INIFLAR R (CPM01), INIFLAR-RT (CPM02 y CPM03), Milagro Filipino (CPN01), Morelos A-98 (CPN02) y PACÍFICO FL-15 (CPM05 y CPM06). El grupo 2 diferenció las cepas (n= 3) aisladas de las variedades IRGA (CPJ01) y Milagro Filipino (CPN03 y CPJ02) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadros 3</xref> y <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Cuadro 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Caracterización fisiológica y bioquímica mediante API 20E de 11 cepas con fenotipo de <italic>B. glumae</italic> aisladas de semilla de arroz con síntomas de necrosis en glumas.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Prueba</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Reacción</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Cepas grupo 1y (n= 8)</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Cepas grupo 2z (n=3)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>ONPG</td>
								<td>β-Galactosidasa</td>
								<td>+</td>
								<td>+</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>ADH</td>
								<td>Arginina dihidrolasa</td>
								<td>-</td>
								<td>+</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>LDC</td>
								<td>Lisina descarboxilasa</td>
								<td>-</td>
								<td>+</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>ODC</td>
								<td>Ornitina descarboxilasa</td>
								<td>-</td>
								<td>+</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>CIT</td>
								<td>Utilización de citrato</td>
								<td>-</td>
								<td>+</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>H2S</td>
								<td>Producción de H2S</td>
								<td>-</td>
								<td>-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>URE</td>
								<td>Hidrólisis de urea</td>
								<td>-</td>
								<td>+</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>GEL</td>
								<td>Hidrólisis de gelatina</td>
								<td>+</td>
								<td>+</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>GLU</td>
								<td>Fermentación de glucosa</td>
								<td>+</td>
								<td>+</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>MAN</td>
								<td>Manitol</td>
								<td>+</td>
								<td>-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>INO</td>
								<td>Inositol</td>
								<td>+</td>
								<td>+</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>SOR</td>
								<td>Sorbitol</td>
								<td>+</td>
								<td>-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>RHA</td>
								<td>Ramnosa</td>
								<td>-</td>
								<td>-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>SAC</td>
								<td>Sacarosa</td>
								<td>-</td>
								<td>-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>MEL</td>
								<td>Melibiosa</td>
								<td>+</td>
								<td>+</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>AMY</td>
								<td>Amigdalina</td>
								<td>+</td>
								<td>-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>ARA</td>
								<td>Arabinosa</td>
								<td>+</td>
								<td>+</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>yGrupo 1: Variedades de arroz y cepas (n=8) de <italic>B. glumae</italic>: GOLFO FL-16 (CPM04), INIFLAR-R (CPM01), INIFLAR- RT (CPM02 y CPM03), Milagro Filipino (CPN01), Morelos A-98 (CPN02) y PACÍFICO FL-15 (CPM05 y CPM06).</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>zGrupo 2: Variedades de arroz y cepas (n=3) de <italic>B. glumae</italic>: IRGA (CPJ01) y Milagro Filipino (CPN03 y CPJ02).</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>Las diferencias en el perfil metabólico entre los dos grupos se observan con ADH, LDC, ODC, CIT, URE, MAN, SOR y AMY.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p><bold>Identificación molecular de <italic>B. glumae.</italic> 
</bold> A partir del ADN de las 11 cepas bacterianas aisladas, se amplificaron fragmentos de 1500, 402 y 174 pb con los iniciadores universales 8F-1492R, y los iniciadores específicos para <italic>B. glumae</italic> Bglu3F-Bglu3R y OgF-OgR, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Detección de <italic>B. glumae</italic> mediante PCR punto final. Amplificación parcial de los genes: <bold>A.</bold> 16S rRNA con los iniciadores 8F-1492R (1500 pb). <bold>B.</bold> Proteína putativa con los iniciadores Bglu3 (174 pb). <bold>C.</bold> Espacio intergénico 16S-23S rRNA con los iniciadores Og (402 pb). Carril 1: INIFLAR-R (CPM01); carriles 2-3: INIFLAR-RT (CPM02 y CPM03, respectivamente); Carril 4: GOLFO FL-16 (CPM04); carriles 5-6: PACÍFICO FL-15 (CPM05 y CPM06, respectivamente); carriles 7-9: Milagro Filipino (CPN01, CPN03 y CPJ02, respectivamente); carril 10: IRGA (CPJ01) y carril 11: Morelos A-98 (CPN02). MM: Marcador molecular 100 pb (GOLDBIO); (-): Control negativo (agua destilada estéril).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24083-gf3.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>El análisis bioinformático de los fragmentos de los genes 16S rRNA, proteína putativa y del espacio intergénico 16S-23S rRNA de las 11 cepas indicaron una identidad con valor mayor entre 99-100 % con la secuencia CPO23203.1. de <italic>B. glumae</italic> reportada en el banco de genes del NCBI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Cuadro 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>), que corresponde a la secuencia completa del genoma de la cepa 336 gr-1 de <italic>B. glumae</italic>, aislada de <italic>O. sativa</italic> en Luisiana, Estados Unidos de América.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
					<label>Cuadro 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Identificación molecular de 11 cepas aisladas de semillas de variedades de arroz cultivadas en México con síntomas de manchado de glumas.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Gen</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">No. de secuencias</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Cobertura (%)</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Identidad (%)</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Tamaño del amplicón (pb)</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Especie</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">No. de accesión NCBI</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>16S rRNA</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">11</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">100</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">99-100</td>
								<td>1500</td>
								<td>B. glumae</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">CP023203.1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Proteína putativa</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">11</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">100</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">99-100</td>
								<td>174</td>
								<td>B. glumae</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">CP023203.1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Espacio intergénico 16S-23S rRNA</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">11</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">100</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">99-100</td>
								<td>402</td>
								<td>B. glumae</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">CP023203.1</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Análisis filogenético del fragmento de la región 16S rRNA de 11 cepas de <italic>B. glumae</italic> aisladas en México. Árbol filogenético consenso inferido por el método Máxima verosimilitud. Modelo GTR+G+I y 500 repeticiones de Bootstrap. La secuencia CP098321.1 de <italic>Burkholderia gladioli</italic> se incluyó como grupo externo. ?= Cepas de <italic>B. glumae</italic> aisladas de semillas con síntomas de necrosis en glumas de variedades de arroz cultivadas en México.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24083-gf4.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Las secuencias de nucleótidos 16S rRNA de las 11 cepas de <italic>B. glumae</italic> se registraron en el GenBank del NCBI con los números de acceso: CPM01 (PV435843), CPM02 (PV435844), CPM03 (PV435845), CPM04 (PV435846), CPM05 (PV435847), CPM06 (PV435848), CPN01 (PV435849), CPN02 (PV435850), CPN03 (PV435851), CPJ01 (PV435852), CPJ02 (PV435853).</p>
			<p><bold>Patogenicidad de <italic>B. glumae</italic> en semilla y plántulas de arroz.</bold> A los 15 ddi, <italic>B. glumae</italic> CPM01 causó necrosis y pudrición en 100 % de semillas, raíces y tallo de plántulas de la variedad Milagro Filipino. Asimismo, la bacteria inoculada en los tallos de las plántulas de las variedades Milagro Filipino e INIFLAR-R, causó necrosis y pudrición de tallo, así como el desarrollo anormal de raíces y disminución del crecimiento de las plántulas. En las semillas y plántulas del tratamiento testigo no se observaron síntomas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f5">
					<label>Figura 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Síntomas inducidos por <italic>B. glumae</italic> CPM01 a los 15 ddi en semillas y plántulas de arroz. Variedad MILAGRO FILIPINO: A. Testigo, inmersión de semilla en agua destilada estéril. <bold>B.</bold> Necrosis y pudrición de semillas, raíces y tallo. <bold>C.</bold> Reducción del crecimiento y desarrollo anormal de raíces. Variedad INIFLAR-R: <bold>D.</bold> Testigo, aspersión de agua destilada estéril en tallo. <bold>E.</bold> Necrosis y pudrición de tallo de plántulas. <bold>F.</bold> Reducción del crecimiento y desarrollo anormal de raíces.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24083-gf5.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Las bacterias inoculadas en semillas y plántulas se reaislaron e identificaron por PCR como <italic>B. glumae</italic> con los iniciadores específicos Bglu3 y Og descritos previamente confirmando la patogenicidad de la bacteria.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discusión</title>
			<p>El arroz es un cultivo básico para más del 50 % de la población mundial. En esta investigación, se aisló e identificó a <italic>B. glumae</italic> en semillas de arroz con síntomas de manchado de glumas. De 37 muestras de semillas analizadas, en nueve de ellas (24.3%) se aislaron colonias bacterianas. Las bacterias desarrollaron colonias redondas, convexas, lisas, de color amarillo y centro rojo-púrpura en el medio semiselectivo S-PG, lo que coincide con la morfología descrita para <italic>B. glumae</italic> en otras investigaciones (Quesada- González y García-Santamaría, 2014; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Ramachandran <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Tsushima <italic>et al.,</italic> 1986</xref>). Así mismo, todas las colonias produjeron un pigmento amarillo difusible en los medios de cultivo B de King y Wilbrinks. Dicho pigmento, conocido como toxoflavina, es una toxina que se considera como un factor de virulencia significativo para la patogenicidad de <italic>B. glumae</italic> en plantas de arroz (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Gil <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Maurya <italic>et al.,</italic> 2023</xref>).</p>
			<p>La identificación de <italic>B. glumae</italic> se confirmó por PCR con iniciadores universales y específicos. Con base en las secuencias parciales de los genes 16S rRNA, proteína putativa y espacio intergénico 16S-23S rRNA, las 11 cepas aisladas mostraron 100 % de cobertura e identidad con la cepa CP023203.1 de <italic>B. glumae</italic> depositada en el NCBI. El análisis de secuencias específicas para esta bacteria, como la del gen de proteína putativa (Bglu3), posibilita la identificación precisa de <italic>B. glumae</italic> y su discriminación entre poblaciones de <italic>B. gladioli,</italic> las cuales exhiben una elevada similitud fenotípica con las colonias de <italic>B. glumae</italic>, así como en el mecanismo de biosíntesis de toxoflavina, causando síntomas idénticos a los de <italic>B. glumae</italic> en semillas y panículas de arroz (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Lee <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nandakumar <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>). Asimismo, el análisis de la secuencia del espacio intergénico 16S-23S ARNr (Og) permite separar poblaciones de <italic>B. glumae</italic> de otros patógenos transmitidos por semillas de arroz como <italic>Xanthomonas oryzae</italic> pv. <italic>oryzae</italic> y <italic>Acidovorax avenae</italic> subsp. <italic>avenae</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Kang <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>). <italic>Burkholderia glumae</italic> es un patógeno que se transmite por semilla (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cui <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Chompa <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>) y se ha evidenciado que la infección de las semillas de arroz es la principal fuente de diseminación de la bacteria dentro de un país (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abhishekh-Gowda <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>). Se estima que la presencia de <italic>B. glumae</italic> puede causar pérdidas hasta de 75 % en el rendimiento y calidad del grano, dependiendo de la variedad de arroz en regiones con alta temperatura y humedad relativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Fory <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Shew <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>), como es el caso de las regiones donde se cultiva arroz en México.</p>
			<p>En esta investigación, <italic>B. glumae</italic> se aisló de semillas de siete (63.6 %) variedades de arroz: GOLFO FL-16, INIFLAR-R, INIFLAR-RT, IRGA, Milagro Filipino, Morelos A- 98 y PACÍFICO FL-15. La bacteria se aisló con mayor frecuencia (43 %) de las semillas de la variedad Milagro Filipino, lo que resulta de gran relevancia, ya que esta variedad actualmente registra el 86.8 % de la superficie sembrada en México y se cultiva en ocho de los 12 estados productores de arroz, seguida de la variedad tipo Morelos, con 7.6 % de la superficie total cultivada a nivel nacional (SIAP, 2023).</p>
			<p>Hasta ahora, los métodos de control químico, biológico y prácticas culturales no han sido eficientes para el óptimo manejo del TBP (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mizobuchi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Ortega y Rojas, 2021</xref>). La resistencia genética de las plantas se considera una de las principales estrategias de control de las enfermedades bacterianas; sin embargo, a nivel mundial, no se han identificado variedades ni híbridos de arroz con resistencia completa a <italic>B. glumae</italic>. Se han evaluado diversas variedades con el fin de identificar materiales con algún grado de tolerancia o resistencia a la bacteria; pero las variedades cultivadas han mostrado altos niveles de susceptibilidad y niveles moderados de resistencia (Mizobuchi <italic>et al</italic>., 2018; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Shew <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). No obstante, se consigna que la resistencia a <italic>B. glumae</italic> en el cultivo de arroz es cuantitativa (asociada a múltiples genes), por lo que se ha sugerido el mapeo de Quantitative Trait Locus (locus de rasgos cuantitativos) (QTL) en las variedades de arroz con estos niveles de resistencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Pilet-Nayel <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>La inoculación de la cepa CPM01 de <italic>B. glumae</italic>, identificada en este estudio, confirmó la patogenicidad de la bacteria en semillas y plántulas de arroz de las variedades Milagro Filipino e INIFLAR- R, ambas cultivadas extensivamente en México. Se observó una mayor severidad en semillas, raíces y tallos de la variedad Milagro Filipino, lo que sugiere que podrían existir diferentes respuestas de susceptibilidad a la infección de <italic>B. glumae</italic> en plántulas de las variedades de arroz cultivadas en México.</p>
			<p>Hasta la fecha, no existe algún reporte de <italic>B. glumae</italic> causando la enfermedad del TBP en el cultivo de arroz en México. Sin embrago, en este estudio se evidencia la presencia de <italic>B. glumae</italic> en semillas con síntomas de manchado de glumas en siete de las 11 variedades de arroz que se cultivan en México; entre ellas, la variedad Milagro Filipino, la cual registra el 86.8 % de la superficie nacional cultivada (SIAP, 2023). Por lo anterior, es necesario profundizar en el conocimiento acerca del origen y vía de ingreso al país, así como la variabilidad genética y virulencia de las poblaciones de <italic>B. glumae</italic> identificadas en este estudio. En países altamente productores de arroz como Tailandia, Malasia e India, el conocimiento sobre la variabilidad genética y virulencia de <italic>B. glumae</italic> ha sido importante para el desarrollo de estrategias de manejo del TBP (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Jungkhun <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Kumar <italic>et al.,</italic> 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Ramachandran <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Sreenayana <italic>et al.,</italic> 2024</xref>).</p>
			<p>En 2016, se evaluaron materiales genéticos de arroz en condiciones del trópico seco y húmedo de México. De esta evaluación, se seleccionaron las variedades INIFLAR- RT, INIFLAR-R, Pacífico FL-15 y Golfo FL-16 al mostrar alto potencial de rendimiento, buena calidad industrial del grano y moderada resistencia a <italic>Magnaporthe oryzae</italic> (sinónimo de <italic>Pyricularia oryzae</italic>), al rice hoja blanca virus (RHBV) y a <italic>Bipolaris oryzae</italic>, agentes causales de las enfermedades “quema del arroz”, “hoja blanca del arroz” y “mancha marrón del arroz”, respectivamente (INIFAP-Fondo Sectorial SAGARPA- CONACyT, 2016); no obstante, en esta evaluación no se consideró a <italic>B. glumae</italic>.</p>
			<p>La incorporación de la resistencia a <italic>B. glumae</italic> en las variedades de arroz requiere de una evaluación minuciosa de la respuesta de los materiales genéticos disponibles contra el patógeno, con el fin de identificar aquellos con mayor resistencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Zhou, 2019</xref>). Debido a la relevancia que tiene <italic>B. glumae</italic> en el cultivo de arroz a nivel global, en México es fundamental evaluar el nivel de resistencia contra <italic>B. glumae</italic> de las variedades de arroz cultivadas en la actualidad, ya que se desconoce el grado de susceptibilidad a este patógeno bajo las condiciones ambientales que prevalecen en las áreas en las que se cultiva arroz. En consecuencia, los resultados de esta investigación aportan información relevante para el cultivo de arroz en México, ya que la detección temprana y precisa de</p>
			<p><italic>B. glumae</italic> en semilla se considera un prerrequisito fundamental para el desarrollo de estudios epidemiológicos, limitar su diseminación, así como para la implementación oportuna de estrategias de contención, prevención y mejoramiento genético de variedades de arroz con resistencia a este patógeno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abhishekh-Gowda <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>; Faizal-Azzizi y Lau, 2022; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Kumar <italic>et al.,</italic> 2023</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusiones</title>
			<p><italic>Burkholderia glumae</italic> es el agente causal del manchado de glumas en semillas de arroz, se detectó en siete de las once variedades de arroz que se cultivan en México (GOLFO FL- 16, INIFLAR-R, INIFLAR-RT, IRGA, Milagro Filipino, Morelos A-98 y PACÍFICO FL-15 de11). La bacteria se presentó con mayor prevalencia en la variedad Milagro Filipino, la cual es una de las variedades más extensivamente cultivadas en diferentes regiones del país. En esta investigación se reporta, por primera vez, la presencia de <italic>B. glumae</italic> en México en semillas de arroz con síntomas de manchado de glumas. Estos resultados son de gran importancia para el desarrollo de investigaciones futuras enfocadas en el establecimiento de estrategias de contención y manejo, y en el mejoramiento genético de variedades de arroz cultivadas en México con resistencia a <italic>B. glumae</italic>.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Conflicto de interés</title>
			<p> </p>
			<p>Los autores declaramos que no existe conflicto de interés relacionado con esta investigación.</p>
			<p> </p>
			<p> </p>
			<p>Agradecimientos</p>
			<p> </p>
			<p>Agradecemos el apoyo financiero brindado a este trabajo por el Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencia y Tecnología (CONAHCyT), mediante la beca doctoral otorgada al primer autor, y al Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Institución en donde se realizó la investigación.</p>
			<p> </p>
			<p>Contribuciones del autor</p>
			<p> </p>
			<p>Gabriel Alejandro Hernández-Nava: Realizó los experimentos, recopiló datos y redactó su tesis doctoral con base en esta investigación. Sergio Aranda-Ocampo: Concepción, diseño y conducción de la investigación, redacción, revisión y edición del borrador original. Guadalupe Valdovinos-Ponce, Obdulia Segura-León, Mónica Osnaya-González, Eridani García-Vázquez, Sergio Ramírez-Rojas y Leonardo Hernández-Aragón: Investigación, metodología, revisión del borrador original. Todos los autores leyeron y aprobaron el manuscrito final.</p>
		</ack>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Scientific Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Characterization and identification of <italic>Burkholderia glumae</italic> in seeds of rice (<italic>Oryza sativa</italic>) varieties planted in Mexico</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p> </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Backgrounds/Objectives. </title>
					<p><italic>Burkholderia glumae</italic> is the most important pathogen transmitted through seeds that reduces the yield of rice (<italic>Oryza sativa</italic>). In 2022, seeds were found with symptoms of glume blotch in Mexico. The aim of this investigation was to characterize and identify the causal agent of the symptoms of glume blotch of 11 varieties of rice planted in Mexico.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and Methods. </title>
					<p>A total of 37 seeds samples were analyzed. From each sample, 1 g of seed was disinfested with sodium hypochlorite and macerated in a PBS buffer and subsequently streaked onto SPG, B de King and Wilbrinks culture media. The isolated bacterial strains were characterized by API20 and identified by amplification and partial sequencing of universal and specific genes. Pathogenicity was evaluated using a 3.5 x 10<sup>8</sup> CFU mL<sup>-1</sup> suspension on rice seeds and seedlings of the Milagro Filipino and INIFLAR- R varieties.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results. </title>
					<p>Out of 37 samples, in nine (24.3 %), 11 isolates were taken with the morphology described for <italic>B. glumae</italic>. Characterization by API20 identified two groups with different metabolic profiles between the 11 strains. With PCR, the 11 strains were identified with a coverage of 100% as <italic>B. glumae</italic> with the universal primers 8F-1492R, and specific to <italic>B. glumae</italic> Bglu3F-Bglu3R and OgF-OgR. The pathogenicity of <italic>B. glumae</italic> was confirmed in rice seeds and seedlings of the Milagro Filipino and INIFLAR-R varieties.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion</title>
					<p>. <italic>B. glumae</italic> is the causal agent of the symptoms of glume blotch in rice seeds, and it was detected in seeds from seven varieties (63.6 %): GOLFO FL-16, INIFLAR-R, INIFLAR-RT, IRGA, Milagro Filipino, Morelos A-98 and PACÍFICO FL-15 of 11 rice varieties planted in Mexico.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Bacterial panicle blight</kwd>
				<kwd>Isolation</kwd>
				<kwd>Varieties</kwd>
				<kwd>Pathogenicity</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>Rice (<italic>Oryza sativa</italic>) is one of the most important crops worldwide, since it is a staple food for more than 3.5 billion people (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Faizal-Azizi and Lau, 2022</xref>). The main countries that produce this crop are Continental China, India, Indonesia, Vietnam and Thailand (FAOSTAT, 2023). In Mexico, rice is one of the four main staple crops in the diet of the country’s population. Nationwide, approximately 40 thousand ha are planted, with more than 17 varieties of rice in diverse agroecological conditions, particularly in the states of Campeche, Jalisco, Morelos, Nayarit and Tamaulipas, with a production of 246 thousand t, strengthening the agro-industrial economy of the country (SIAP, 2023).</p>
				<p>Worldwide, the rice crop is affected by different pathogens, although, <italic>Acidovorax avenae</italic> subsp. <italic>avenae</italic>, <italic>Burkholderia glumae</italic> and <italic>Xanthomonas oryzae</italic> pv. <italic>oryzae</italic> are among the main bacterial pathogens transmitted via seeds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Kang <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>). However,</p>
				<p><italic>B. glumae</italic>, the causal agent of the bacterial panicle blight (BPB), stands out for its worldwide distribution and economic importance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cui <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p><italic>B. glumae</italic> has been reported in more than 18 countries as a highly destructive pathogen in rice (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Zhou, 2019</xref>) fields. In the last decade, BPB has been considered an emerging disease that has increased its incidence and severity in rice-producing countries due to climate change, leading to losses of up to 75% in the yield and quality of the grain in tropical and subtropical climates, particularly in regions with high temperatures and relative humidity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abhishekh-Gowda <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mizobuchi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>). In the Americas, the presence of <italic>B. glumae</italic> has been reported in Colombia, United States, Panama, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico (CABI, 2021).</p>
				<p><italic>B. glumae</italic> can survive in seeds, prosper in plant tissues, colonize different microenvironments in the plant and cause severe epidemics in rice crops, due to its high transmission efficiency and dissemination via seeds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Ortega and Rojas, 2021</xref>). Consequently, the BPB disease begins with the infected seed as a primary inoculum. Subsequently, the pathogen is disseminated with the splashing of irrigation water and physical contact between healthy and diseased panicles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Ham <italic>et al.,</italic> 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hasegawa, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Zhou, 2019</xref>). On a global scale, the most frequently reported BPB symptoms are the glume blotch, the scarcity or absence of grain development, seed rot, abnormal root development and the rotting of seedlings (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Sayler <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>), as well as blight in seedlings and panicles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Faizal-Azizi y Lau, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Zhou-qi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Scientists of the National Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research Institute (INIFAP), in the Zacatepec, Morelos, experimental field are leaders in the genetic breeding of rice against diverse biotic and abiotic pathogenic agents. Since 2016, in the INIFAP field experiments in Zacatepec, Morelos, seeds of different rice varieties have been observed with glume blotches. This investigation assumes that these symptoms are caused by <italic>Burkholderia glumae,</italic> due to the similarity with glume blotches in rice seeds reported for this pathogen as a causal agent of the BPB disease (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Ramachandran <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>).</p>
				<p>The aim of this investigation was to characterize and identify the causal agent of the symptoms of glume blotch in rice varieties planted in Mexico. Identifying the causal agent of these symptoms in glumes in rice seeds is crucial to develop future prevention, management and genetic breeding strategies for rice cultivation in Mexico.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>Materials and methods</title>
				<p>Plant material. In 2022, 37 seed samples were analyzed with different percentages of blotch damage and necrosis in glumes in 11 varieties of rice planted in Mexico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>), provided by the INIFAP- Zacatepec, Morelos, experimental field.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Varieties of rice analyzed to identify the causal agent of the glume blotch in seeds.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Rice varieties</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Number of samples</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Azteca</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Azteca 84</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="2">GOLFO FL-16</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="2">INIFLAR R</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="2">INIFLAR RT</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>IRGA</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">13</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="2">Milagro Filipino</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="2">Morelos A-98</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="2">Pacífico B1</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="2">PACÍFICO FL-15</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Sauta</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="font-weight:bold">TOTAL</td>
									<td style="font-weight:bold">11</td>
									<td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold">37</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Symptoms of glume blotch in panicles and seeds in the rice varieties: <bold>A.</bold> MILAGRO FILIPINO, <bold>B.</bold> MORELOS A- 98, <bold>C.</bold> PACÍFICO FL-15, <bold>D.</bold> IRGA. Symptoms of blotch in seeds of the rice varieties: <bold>E.</bold> MILAGRO FILIPINO, <bold>F.</bold> MORELOS A-98. </title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24083-gf6.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Isolation of bacteria. One gram of seed from every sample was disinfested with sodium hypochlorite (0.5% v/v) for 5 min and rinsed three times with sterile distilled water. The seeds were placed in beakers with 5 mL of PBS (Phosphate-Buffered Saline) (pH 7.2) and stirred at 125 rpm (ORBIT 1900, Labnet) for 1 h. Subsequently, they were macerated with a sterile mortar with 5 mL of PBS buffer and serial dilutions were carried out until 10<sup>-2</sup>. From every dilution, 20 µL were spread using a Digralsky loop onto Petri dishes containing a sucrose-phosphate-glutamate (S-PG) semi-selective medium for <italic>B. glumae</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Quesada-González and García-Santamaría, 2014</xref>). The dishes were incubated at 30 °C for 48 h. From the bacterial growth, individual colonies with a phenotype similar to <italic>B. glumae</italic> (circular, convex colonies with smooth edges and a red-purple center) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abhishekh-Gowda <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>) were transferred to King’s B and Wilbrinks culture media (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Koike, 1965</xref>) and incubated at 30 °C for 48 h. The colonies with a phenotype similar to <italic>B. glumae</italic> were preserved in cryogenic culture (-80 °C) in nutrient broth and glycerol (40 %) for further studies.</p>
				<p>Physiological and biochemical characterization. The bacterial isolates were physiologically and biochemically characterized by API 20E (Biomerieux, Durhan, NC, U.S.A.), following the manufacturer’s instructions. Likewise, its pectinolytic activity in potato (<italic>Solanum tuberosum</italic>) was evaluated, along with the hypersensitivity (RH) in tobacco (<italic>Nicotiana tabacum</italic> cv. <italic>xanthi</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Goszczynska <italic>et al</italic>., 2000</xref>).</p>
				<p>Molecular identification. The genomic DNA of the bacterial isolations was obtained with the method CTAB 2% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Doyle and Doyle, 1990</xref>) from pure cultures in King’s B medium with 48 h of growth at 28 °C, with modifications: During the lysis process, 300 µL of 2% CTAB a (1.4 M NaCl, 0.02 M EDTA, 0.1 M Tris-HCl pH 8, and 2 g of CTAB for every 100 mL of buffer) and 3 µL of Beta Mercaptoethanol at 10 % were added, and incubated at 55 °C for 30 min. In the precipitation, 200 µL of the aqueous phase were collected and 300 µL of isopropanol (100%) were added, at 4 °C, along with 30 µL of ammonium acetate (7.5 M), and gently mixed by inversion. The concentration and purity of the DNA samples were analyzed by UV light spectrophotometry at 260 nm with a NanoDrop<sup>TM</sup> 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The integrity was evaluated by electrophoresis in agarose gel (Invitrogen<sup>TM</sup>) at 1% at 70V for 90 min. Molecular identification was performed by endpoint PCR with 100 ng μL<sup>-1</sup> of DNA from each bacterial isolation using universal (8F-1492R) and specific (Bglu3F-BgluR, OgF-OgR) primers for <italic>B. glumae</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>). The PCR GOTAQ® Flexi DNA Polymerase (Ref. M8295, Promega) kit was used in a C1000 Touch TM Thermal Cycler (Eppendorf).</p>
				<p>The PCR conditions for the 8F-1492R primers were an initial denaturalization at 94 °C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles at 94 °C for 60 s, 57 °C for 45 s, 72 °C for 60 s and a final extension at 72 °C for 8 min. For the specific primers Bglu3F-Bglu3R, the PCR conditions were an initial denaturalization at 95 °C for 2 min, followed by 35 cycles at 95 °C for 30 s, 54 °C for 30 s, 72 °C for 30 s and a final extension at 72 °C for 7 min. For the primers OgF-OgR, an initial denaturalization at 95 °C for 2 min, followed by 35 cycles at 95 °C for 20 s, 63 °C for 30 s, 72 °C for 30 s and an extension at 72 °C for 7 min.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Primers used for the identification of bacteria isolated from seeds with symptoms of glume blotch in rice varieties planted in Mexico.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center"> Primer</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Sequence (5´-3´)</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Target gene</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Predicted size of PCR product (bp)</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Reference</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Annealing temperature</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td> 8F</td>
									<td> AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">16S rRNA</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">1500</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Galkiewicz y Kellogg, 2008</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">57°C</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>1492R</td>
									<td>GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Bglu3F</td>
									<td>GTCACGATCGCTCTGTTGTT</td>
									<td>Putative protein</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">174</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">Lee et al., 2018</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">54°C</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Bglu3R</td>
									<td>CATGAATCCACGAAGCCGAG</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td> Og-F</td>
									<td> CACCTGGGTAGTCTCTGTAGG</td>
									<td>16S-23S rRNA Intergenic spacer region</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">402</td>
									<td> Kang et al., 2016</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">63°C</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Og-R</td>
									<td>ACGAGTCTGTCTCGCTCT</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The amplified products were detected in a tris-ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) agarose gel at al 1.5%, purified and sequenced bidirectionally with the three pairs of primers in the company Macrogen Inc. (Seoul, South Korea). The submitted sequences were analyzed and edited with the program BioEdit to generate the consensus sequences of each strain. The consensus sequences were compared with the nucleotide sequences in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) database using the BLASTn 2.2 (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) program. The polymorphism of the strains in the 16S rRNA was determined with the multiple alignment of the sequences from Mexico and those available in the NCBI with the program CLUSTAL W, implemented in the program MEGA 11 (Tamura <italic>et al</italic>., 2021). Based on the 16S rRNA sequences of the 11 strains, a phylogenetic tree was generated and analyzed with the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method 500 Bootstrap replications. The trees were generated using the sequence of a species of the <italic>Burkholderia</italic> genus as outgroup.</p>
				<p>Pathogenicity in rice seed. A pure culture of the <italic>B. glumae</italic> CPM01 strain was used, identified in this study, with 48 h of growth in King’s B. The pathogenicity tests were carried out in Milagro Filipino variety seeds without any symptoms of glume blotch. The inoculation was carried out following the protocols by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Li <italic>et al</italic>. (2016</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Ura <italic>et al</italic>. (2006</xref>) with some modifications. Fifteen seeds were disinfested with 70% ethanol (v/v), followed by 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (v/v) for 5 min and three washes with sterile distilled water. Subsequently, the seeds were inoculated by submersion in a bacterial suspension with 3.5 x 10<sup>8</sup> CFU mL<sup>-1</sup> for 1 h and placed in germination boxes (BOX LARGE, THOMAS SCIENTIFIC, USA). The boxes were kept under laboratory conditions at a constant temperature of 30 °C and a relative humidity of &gt;70%. Fifteen days after inoculation (dai), symptoms were found on the seed, root and stem of seedlings. The assay was carried out in a completely randomized design with three repetitions per treatment. Treatment 1 consisted of seeds inoculated with <italic>B. glumae</italic> strain CPM01 and the treatment of 2 non-inoculated seeds (submersion of seeds in sterile distilled water) (control).</p>
				<p>Pathogenicity in rice seedlings. The pathogenicity tests were performed in healthy seedlings of the Milagro Filipino and INIFLAR-R varieties, which are extensively planted in Mexico (SIAP, 2023). The seedlings were obtained from healthy and disinfested seeds as described earlier. The seeds were planted in Styrofoam cups (1 kg) with sterile soil (NUTRIGARDEN). Inoculation was performed when the seedlings developed their fourth leaf (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Flórez-Zapata and Uribe-Vélez, 2011</xref>). Using a sterilized syringe, a lesion was made on the stem of the seedling and 3 mL of a bacterial suspension were inoculated by spraying, along with 3.5 x 10<sup>8</sup> CFU mL<sup>-1</sup> of <italic>B. glumae</italic> (strain CPM01). The seedlings were maintained under greenhouse conditions at 28-30 °C, with a relative humidity</p>
				<p>&gt;70%. Fifteen days after inoculation, symptoms were observed on the stem. The assay was carried out in a completely randomized design with three repetitions per treatment. Treatment 1 consisted of Milagro Filipino seedlings inoculated with <italic>B. glumae</italic> strain CPM01. Treatment 2 consisted of INIFLAR-R seedlings inoculated with <italic>B. glumae</italic> strain CPM01; treatments 3 and 4, of non-inoculated Milagro Filipino and INIFLAR-R seedlings (with lesion on the stem and sprayed with 3 mL of sterile distilled water) (control). Out of the tissues (seed and stem) in which the symptoms developed, the inoculated bacteria was reisolated in King’s B culture medium and identified by PCR with the specific primers (Bglu3 and Og) for <italic>B. glumae</italic>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Results</title>
				<p><bold>Isolation of <italic>B. glumae</italic>.</bold> In nine (24.3%) of the 37 rice seed samples analyzed, 11 bacterial colonies were isolated. In the sucarose-phosphate-glutamate (S-PG), the colonies displayed slow growth, a convex circular shape, with smooth edges and a red-purple center. These phenotypic characteristics are correlated with what has been reported in this culture medium for <italic>B. glumae</italic> colonies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Ura <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Quesada-González and García- Santamaría, 2014</xref>). In the King’s B and Wilbrinks culture media, the bacteria formed yellow colonies, raised circular colonies, mucoid and with smooth edges (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2</xref>). In the three media, a yellow diffusible pigmentation was observed around the bacterial colonies.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Morphological characteristics of the bacterial colonies isolated from rice seeds with symptoms of glume blotch. Culture of the colonies at 28 °C for 72 h in a culture medium. <bold>A.</bold> Sucrose-phosphate-glutamate (S-PG), <bold>B.</bold> King’s B, <bold>C.</bold> Wilbrinks.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24083-gf7.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Out of the 11 rice varieties analyzed, the bacterial strains with phenotypes similar to <italic>B. glumae</italic> were isolated from seven varieties (63.6%): GOLFO FL-16, INIFLAR R, INIFLAR RT, IRGA, Milagro Filipino, Morelos A-98 and PACÍFICO FL-15. No strains were isolated with this phenotype from four varieties: Azteca, Azteca 84, Pacífico B1 and Sauta (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Bacterial strains with a <italic>B. glumae</italic> phenotype isolated with symptoms of glume blotch in rice varieties planted in Mexico.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Variety</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">No. of isolates</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Strain ID</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Azteca</td>
									<td>0</td>
									<td>-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Azteca 84</td>
									<td>0</td>
									<td>-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>GOLFO FL-16</td>
									<td>1</td>
									<td>CPM04</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>INIFLAR-R</td>
									<td>1</td>
									<td>CPM01</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>INIFLAR-RT</td>
									<td>2</td>
									<td>CPM02, CPM03</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">IRGA</td>
									<td>1</td>
									<td>CPJ01</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:right">Milagro Filipino</td>
									<td>3</td>
									<td>CPN01, CPN03, CPJ02</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Morelos A-98</td>
									<td>1</td>
									<td>CPN02</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>PACÍFICO B1</td>
									<td>0</td>
									<td>-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:right">PACÍFICO FL-15</td>
									<td>2</td>
									<td>CPM05, CPM06</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Sauta</td>
									<td>0</td>
									<td>-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>TOTAL</td>
									<td>11</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Physiological and biochemical characterization. The 11 strains were Gram-negative, they caused soft rot in potato and induced RH in tobacco<italic>.</italic> The results of the characterization by API 20E differentiated two groups based on their metabolic profiles. Group 1 differentiated strains (n= 8) isolated from the varieties GOLFO FL-16 (CPM04), INIFLAR R (CPM01), INIFLAR-RT (CPM02 and CPM03), Milagro Filipino (CPN01), Morelos A-98 (CPN02) and PACÍFICO FL-15 (CPM05 and CPM06). Group 2</p>
				<p>differentiated the strains (n= 3) isolated from the varieteis IRGA (CPJ01) and Milagro Filipino (CPN01 and CPJ02) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">4</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t9">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Physiological and biochemical characterización with API 20E from 11 strains with a <italic>B. glumae</italic> phenotype of rice seeds with symptoms of necrosis in glumes.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Test</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Reaction</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Strains Group1y (n= 8)</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Strains Group2z (n=3)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>ONPG</td>
									<td>β-Galactosidase</td>
									<td>+</td>
									<td>+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>ADH</td>
									<td>Arginine dihydrolase</td>
									<td>-</td>
									<td>+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>LDC</td>
									<td>Lysine decarboxilase</td>
									<td>-</td>
									<td>+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>ODC</td>
									<td>Ornithine descarboxilase</td>
									<td>-</td>
									<td>+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>CIT</td>
									<td>Citrate utilization</td>
									<td>-</td>
									<td>+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>H2S</td>
									<td>H2S production</td>
									<td>-</td>
									<td>-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>URE</td>
									<td>Urea hydrolysis</td>
									<td>-</td>
									<td>+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>GEL</td>
									<td>Gelatin hydrolysis</td>
									<td>+</td>
									<td>+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>GLU</td>
									<td>Glucose fermentation</td>
									<td>-</td>
									<td>-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>MAN</td>
									<td>Mannitol</td>
									<td>+</td>
									<td>-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>INO</td>
									<td>Inositol</td>
									<td>+</td>
									<td>+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>SOR</td>
									<td>Sorbitol</td>
									<td>+</td>
									<td>-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>RHA</td>
									<td>Rhamnose</td>
									<td>-</td>
									<td>-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>SAC</td>
									<td>Sucrose</td>
									<td>-</td>
									<td>-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>MEL</td>
									<td>Melibiose</td>
									<td>+</td>
									<td>+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>AMY</td>
									<td>Amigdalin</td>
									<td>+</td>
									<td>-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>ARA</td>
									<td>Arabinose</td>
									<td>+</td>
									<td>+</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>yGroup 1: Rice varieties and <italic>B. glumae</italic> strains (n=8) GOLFO FL-16 (CPM04), INIFLAR-R (CPM01), INIFLAR- RT (CPM02 and CPM03), Milagro Filipino (CPN01), Morelos A-98 (CPN02) and PACÍFICO FL-15 (CPM05 and CPM06).</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>zGroup 2: Rice varieties and <italic>B. glumae</italic> strains (n=3) de <italic>B. glumae</italic>: IRGA (CPJ01) and Milagro Filipino (CPN03 and CPJ02). Differences in the metabolic profile between the two groups aere found with ADH, LDC, ODC, CIT, URE, MAN, SOR y AMY.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><bold>Molecular identification of <italic>B. glumae.</italic> 
</bold> From the DNA of the 11 isolated bacterial strains found, fragments of 1500, 402 and 174 bp were amplified with the 8F-1492R universal primers, and the specific primers for <italic>B. glumae</italic> Bglu3F-Bglu3R and OgF-OgR, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Detection of <italic>B. glumae</italic> by endpoint PCR. Partial amplification of the following genes: <bold>A.</bold> 16S rRNA with primers 8F-1492R (1500 bp). <bold>B.</bold> Putative protein with primers Bglu3 (174 bp). <bold>C.</bold> 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region with primers Og (402 bp). Lane 1: INIFLAR-R (CPM01); lanes 2-3: INIFLAR-RT (CPM02 and CPM03, respectively); Lane 4: GOLFO FL-16 (CPM04); lanes 5-6: PACÍFICO FL-15 (CPM05 and CPM06, respectively); Lanes 7-9: Milagro Filipino (CPN01, CPN03 and CPJ02, respectively); Lane 10: IRGA (CPJ01) and lane 11: Morelos A-98 (CPN02). MM: Molecular marker 100 bp (GOLDBIO); (-): Negative control (sterile distilled water).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24083-gf8.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The bioinformatic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene fragments, putative protein and the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region of the 11 strains indicated an identity value between 99 and 100% with <italic>B. glumae</italic> sequence CPO23203.1. reported in the NCBI GenBank (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4</xref>), which corresponds to the complete sequence of the genome of <italic>B. glumae</italic> strain 336gr-1, isolated from <italic>O. sativa</italic> in Louisiana, United States.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t10">
						<label>Table 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Molecular identification of 11 strains isolated from seeds of rice varieties planted in Mexico with symptoms of glume blotch.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Target gene</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Strains</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Query coverage</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Percent Identity</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Predicted size of PCR (pb)</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">Scientific Name</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center">NCBI Accesion no.</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>16S rRNA</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">11</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">100</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">99-100</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">1500</td>
									<td>B. glumae</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">CP023203.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Putative protein</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">11</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">100</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">99-100</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">174</td>
									<td>B. glumae</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">CP023203.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>16S-23S rRNA Intergenic spacer region</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">11</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">100</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">99-100</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">402</td>
									<td> B. glumae</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">CP023203.1</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f9">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Phylogenetic analysis of the fragment of region 16S rRNA of 11 strains of <italic>B. glumae</italic> isolated in Mexico. Consensus phylogenetic tree inferred by the Maximum likelihood method. Model GTR+G+I and 500 Bootstrap replicates. The <italic>Burkholderia gladioli</italic> sequence CP098321.1 was included as an outgroup. ?= <italic>B. glumae</italic> strains isolated from seeds with symptoms of glume blotch from rice varieties planted in Mexico.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24083-gf9.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The 16S rRNA nucleotide sequences of the 11 <italic>B. glumae</italic> strains were registered in the NCBI GenBank with accession numbers CPM01 (PV435843), CPM02 (PV435844), CPM03 (PV435845), CPM04 (PV435846), CPM05 (PV435847), CPM06 (PV435848), CPN01 (PV435849), CPN02 (PV435850), CPN03 (PV435851), CPJ01 (PV435852) and CPJ02 (PV435853).</p>
				<p><bold>Pathogenicity of <italic>B. glumae</italic> in rice seeds and seedlings.</bold> At 15 ddi, <italic>B. glumae</italic> CPM01 caused necrosis and rot in 100% of seeds, roots and stem of Milagro Filipino variety seedlings. Likewise, the bacteria inoculated in the Milagro Filipino and INIFLAR-R seedling stems caused necrosis and stem rot, as well as the abnormal development of roots and a reduction in seedling growth. No symptoms were observed in the seeds and seedlings of the control treatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f10">
						<label>Figure 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Symptoms induced by <italic>B. glumae</italic> CPM01 15 dai in rice seeds and seedlings. MILAGRO FILIPINO variety: <bold>A.</bold> Control, submersion of seed in sterile distilled water. <bold>B.</bold> Necrosis and rotting of seeds, roots and stem. <bold>C.</bold> Reduction in growth and abnormal root development. INIFLAR-R variety: <bold>D.</bold> Control, spraying of sterile distilled water on stem. <bold>E.</bold> Necrosis and rotting of seedling stems. <bold>F.</bold> Reduction in growth and abnormal development of roots.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24083-gf10.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>The bacteria inoculated in seeds and seedlings were reisolated and identified by PCR as <italic>B. glumae</italic> with specific primers Bglu3 and Og described earlier, confirming the pathogenicity of the bacteria.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussion</title>
				<p>Rice is a staple crop for over 50% of the world’s population. In this investigation, <italic>B. glumae</italic> was isolated and identified in rice seeds with symptoms of glume blotch. Out of 37 seed samples analyzed, bacterial colonies were isolated in nine of them (24.3%). The bacteria developed round, convex, smooth and yellow colonies with red-purple centers in the semiselective medium S-PG, which coincides with the morphology described for <italic>B. glumae</italic> in other investigations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Quesada-González and García-Santamaría, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Ramachandran <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Tsushima <italic>et al.,</italic> 1986</xref>). Likewise, all colonies produced a diffusible yellow pigment in the King’s B and Wilbrinks culture media. This pigment, known as toxoflavin, is a toxin that is considered a significant virulence factor for the pathogenicity of <italic>B. glumae</italic> in rice plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Gil <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Maurya <italic>et al.,</italic> 2023</xref>).</p>
				<p>The identification of <italic>B. glumae</italic> was confirmed by PCR with universal and specific primers. Based on the partial sequences of the 16S rRNA genes, putative protein and 16S- 23S rRNA intergenic spacer region, the 11 isolated strains displayed a coverage of 100% and identity with the <italic>B. glumae</italic> strain CP023203.1 deposited in the NCBI. The analysis of specific sequences for these bacteria, along with the putative protein gene (Bglu3), enables the precise identification of <italic>B. glumae</italic> and its discrimination among <italic>B. gladioli</italic>, which present a phenotypical similarity with the <italic>B. glumae</italic> colonies, as well as in the mechanism of biosynthesis of toxoflavin, causing identical symptoms to those of <italic>B. glumae</italic> in rice seeds and panicles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Lee <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Nandakumar <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref>). Likewise, the analysis of the sequence of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region (Og) helps separate <italic>B. glumae</italic> from other pathogens transmitted by rice seeds, such as <italic>Xanthomonas oryzae</italic> pv. <italic>oryzae</italic> and <italic>Acidovorax avenae</italic> subsp. <italic>avenae</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Kang <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>). <italic>Burkholderia glumae</italic> is a pathogen that is transmitted through seeds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cui <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Chompa <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>) and it has been proven that the infection of rice seeds is the main source of dissemination of the bacteria within a country (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abhishekh-Gowda <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>). The presence of <italic>B. glumae</italic> is estimated to cause losses of up to 75% in grain yield and quality, depending on the rice variety in regions with high temperatures and relative humidity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Fory <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Shew <italic>et al.,</italic> 2019</xref>), as in the case of the regions in Mexico where rice is planted.</p>
				<p>In this investigation, <italic>B. glumae</italic> was isolated from seeds from seven (63.6%) rice varieties: GOLFO FL-16, INIFLAR-R, INIFLAR-RT, IRGA, Milagro Filipino, Morelos A-98 and PACÍFICO FL-15. The bacteria was isolated with a higher frequency (43%) from the seeds of the variety Milagro Filipino, which is highly relevant, since this variety currently covers 86.8% of the surface planted in Mexico and is cultivated in eight of the 12 rice-producing states, followed by the Morelos variety, with 7.6% of the surface planted nationwide (SIAP, 2023).</p>
				<p>So far, neither the chemical and biological control methods nor cultural practices have been efficient for the optimum management of BPB (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mizobuchi <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Ortega and Rojas, 2021</xref>). The genetic resistance of plants is considered one of the main strategies for the control of bacterial diseases; however, on a global scale, no rice varieties or hybrids have been found that are completely resistant to <italic>B. glumae</italic>. Several varieties have been evaluated in order to identify materials with some degree of tolerance or resistance to the bacteria, although the varieties planted have shown high levels of susceptibility and moderate levels of resistance (Mizobuchi <italic>et al</italic>., 2018; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Shew <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Nevertheless, resistance to <italic>B. glumae</italic> in rice has been reported to be quantitative (associated to multiple genes), and therefore the mapping of Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) has been suggested in rice varieties with these levels of resistance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Pilet-Nayel <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>The inoculation of <italic>B. glumae</italic> strain CPM01 identified in this study confirmed the pathogenicity of the bacteria in rice seeds and seedlings of the Milagro Filipino and INIFLAR- R varieties, both of which have been planted extensively in Mexico. A greater severity was observed in seeds, roots and stems of the Milagro Filipino variety, which suggests that there could be different responses of susceptibility to the infection of <italic>B. glumae</italic> in seedlings of the rice varieties planted in Mexico.</p>
				<p>To date, there are no reports of <italic>B. glumae</italic> causing the BPB disease in rice in Mexico. However, this study shows the presence of <italic>B. glumae</italic> in seeds with symptoms of glume blotch in seven of the 11 rice varieties planted in Mexico, including the variety Milagro Filipino, which covers 86.8% of the national surface planted (SIAP, 2023). Due to this, it is necessary to further investigate the origin and route of entry into the country, as well as the genetic variability and virulence of the <italic>B. glumae</italic> populations identified in this study. In countries with high rice production rates, such as Thailand, Malaysia and India, knowledge on the genetic variability and virulence of <italic>B. glumae</italic> has been important to develop strategies for the management of BPB (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Jungkhun <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Kumar <italic>et al.,</italic> 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Ramachandran <italic>et al.,</italic> 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Sreenayana <italic>et al.,</italic> 2024</xref>).</p>
				<p>In 2016, rice genetic materials were evaluated under conditions of the dry and humid Mexican tropics. From this evaluation, the varieties INIFLAR- RT, INIFLAR-R, Pacífico FL-15 and Golfo FL-16 were selected, as they displayed a high potential for yield, a high industrial quality of the grain and a moderate resistance to <italic>Magnaporthe oryzae</italic> (synonymous with <italic>Pyricularia oryzae</italic>), to the rice hoja blanca virus (RHBV) and to <italic>Bipolaris oryzae</italic>, causal agents of the “rice blast”, “hoja blanca” y “brown spot” diseases, respectively (INIFAP-Fondo Sectorial SAGARPA-CONACyT, 2016). Nevertheless, this evaluation did not consider <italic>B. glumae</italic>.</p>
				<p>The incorporation of resistance to <italic>B. glumae</italic> in the rice varieties requires a careful evaluation of the response of the available genetic materials against the pathogen, in order to identify those with the highest resistance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Zhou, 2019</xref>). Due to the global relevance of</p>
				<p><italic>B. glumae</italic> in rice, in Mexico it is crucial to evaluate the level of resistance against <italic>B. glumae</italic> of the rice varieties currently planted, since the degree of susceptibility to this pathogen under the environmental conditions that prevail in the areas in which rice is grown is unknown. As a consequence, the results of this investigation provide relevant information for the production of rice in Mexico, since the early and accurate detection of <italic>B. glumae</italic> in seeds is considered a crucial prerequisite for the development of epidemiological studies, as well as to limit its dissemination and to implement strategies to contain, prevent and for the genetic breeding of rice varieties with resistance to this pathogen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abhishekh-Gowda <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>; Faizal-Azzizi and Lau, 2022; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Kumar <italic>et al.,</italic> 2023</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusions</title>
				<p><italic>Burkholderia glumae</italic> is the causal agent of glume blotch in rice seeds and was found in seven of the eleven rice varieties planted in Mexico (GOLFO FL-16, INIFLAR-R, INIFLAR-RT, IRGA, Milagro Filipino, Morelos A-98 and PACÍFICO FL-15). The bacterium was more prevalent in the variety Milagro Filipino, which is one of the most extensively planted varieties in different regions of the country. This investigation is the first to report the presence of <italic>B. glumae</italic> in Mexico in rice seeds with symptoms of glume blotch. These results are of great importance for the development of future investigations centered on the establishment of containment and management strategies, as well as on the genetic breeding of rice varieties planted in Mexico with resistance to <italic>B. glumae</italic>.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Conflict of interest</title>
				<p> </p>
				<p>The authors declare there is no conflict of interest related with this investigation.</p>
				<p> </p>
				<p> </p>
				<p> </p>
				<p>Acknowledgments</p>
				<p> </p>
				<p>The authors would like to thank the financial support provided towards this work by the National Humanities, Science and Technology Council (CONAHCyT), in the form of the PhD scholarship granted to the main author, as well as to the Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo Campus, the institution in which the investigation was carried out.</p>
				<p> </p>
				<p>Contributions of the author</p>
				<p> </p>
				<p>Gabriel Alejandro Hernández-Nava: Performed the experiments, gathered data and wrote his PhD dissertation based on this investigation. Sergio Aranda-Ocampo: Conception, design and conduction of research, writing, revision and editing of the original draft. Guadalupe Valdovinos-Ponce, Obdulia Segura-León, Mónica Osnaya- González, Eridani García-Vázquez, Sergio Ramírez-Rojas and Leonardo Hernández-Aragón: Research, methodology, revision of the original draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>