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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2408-5</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo Científico</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Resistencia a <italic>Phytophthora capsici</italic> de chile manzano injertado en CM-334, cultivado en suelo infestado, con aplicaciones de auxinas y <italic>Trichoderma Harzianum</italic></article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Pérez-Reyes</surname>
						<given-names>Tabita Queren</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Leyva-Mir</surname>
						<given-names>Santos Gerardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Pérez-Grajales</surname>
						<given-names>Mario</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"><sup>*</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Martínez-Damián</surname>
						<given-names>María Teresa</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Castro-Brindis</surname>
						<given-names>Rogelio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Instituto de Horticultura, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Carretera México-Texcoco, Km 38.5, Texcoco, Estado de México, CP 56230, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Texcoco</city>
					<state>Estado de México</state>
					<postal-code>56230</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original"> Micología Agrícola, Departamento de Parasitología Agrícola, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Carretera México-Texcoco, Km 38.5, Texcoco, Estado de México, CP 56230, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma Chapingo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Texcoco</city>
					<state>Estado de México</state>
					<postal-code>56230</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><italic>*</italic></label><bold>
 <italic>Autor de Correspondencia:</italic> 
</bold> Mario Pérez-Grajales <email>MPEREZG@chapingo.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>05</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>May-Aug</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>43</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT24085</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p> </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Antecedentes/Objetivo. </title>
					<p><italic>Phytophthora capsici</italic> ocasiona pérdidas hasta de 100 % en <italic>Capsicum pubescens</italic> y no existen variedades comerciales resistentes. Una alternativa viable y sustentable es emplear el portainjerto CM-334 (<italic>Capsicum annuum</italic>) resistente universal a <italic>Phytophthora capsici</italic>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales y Métodos. </title>
					<p>Se estudió el comportamiento de la biomasa radical del CM-334 al injertarse los híbridos ‘Maruca’, ‘Jhos’ y ‘Dali’ de chile manzano; la resistencia del injerto a <italic>P. capsici</italic> en suelo infestado y su rendimiento (híbrido ‘Dali’), así como la biomasa radical del CM-334 con aplicaciones de auxinas y <italic>T. harzianum</italic>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados. </title>
					<p>El CM-334 como portainjerto presentó 50, 53 y 75 % de menor volumen de raíz, peso fresco y seco, comparado con los híbridos no injertados. Con el portainjerto CM- 334 no hubo incidencia de <italic>P. capsici</italic> y el rendimiento disminuyó 2 % e incluso con <italic>T. harzianum</italic> solo o combinado con 1200 ppm de AIB incrementó 8 %. El híbrido ‘Dali’ injertado presentó 32, 50, 50 y 76 % de menor longitud radical, volumen, peso fresco y seco, respectivamente, comparado con el híbrido sin injertar, por lo que se sugieren aplicaciones de 1.25 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> de <italic>T. harzianum</italic> y 1200 ppm de AIB cada 20 días para mejorar la biomasa radical.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión. </title>
					<p>El injerto de chile manzano en CM-334 es una alternativa de control viable y sustentable para disminuir la incidencia de <italic>P. capsici</italic>, ya que ninguna planta injertada mostró síntomas de marchitez, como las no injertadas, y el rendimiento fue igual en el primer ciclo de producción, con la ventaja de que las plantas injertadas producen más ciclos (4 años) mientras que las no injertadas mueren durante el primer ciclo por el oomicete.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="10"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="40"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p><italic>Phytophthora capsici</italic> es el agente causal de la marchitez del chile, considerada una de las enfermedades más destructivas del género <italic>Capsicum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Majid <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>). El oomiceto puede afectar al cultivo en cualquier etapa de desarrollo, causando pérdida de turgencia en la planta, clorosis, pudrición radical, caída de hojas y muerte, es decir, con nivel de afectación entre el 10 y 100 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Jiménez-Camargo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Entre los métodos alternativos para controlar la marchitez del chile se encuentra el uso de portainjertos resistentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Zhao <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). El Serrano Criollo de Morelos 334 (CM- 334) destaca por su alta resistencia a <italic>P. capsici</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Castro-Rocha <italic>et al</italic>, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Naegele y Hausbeck, 2020</xref>); no obstante, el uso de portainjertos podría afectar positiva o negativamente la producción y calidad del fruto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Greathouse <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>), lo que podría derivarse de la alteración en la arquitectura radical lo que reduce el transporte de agua y nutrientes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Ropokis <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). No obstante, la aplicación exógena de auxinas y <italic>T. harzianum</italic> puede promover y acelerar la formación de raíces adventicias en plantas injertadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Saini y Deepanshu, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Larios <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>En chile manzano <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Pérez-Grajales <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>) comprobaron la compatibilidad entre híbridos de este tipo de chile y el portainjerto CM-334, en condiciones de hidroponía. Sin embargo, es necesario comprobar el comportamiento de plantas injertadas en presencia de <italic>P. capsici</italic>. Por lo tanto, en el presente estudio se evaluó el comportamiento de la biomasa radical del CM-334 como portainjerto de híbridos comerciales de chile manzano ‘Maruca’, ‘Jhos’ y ‘Dali’ en condiciones de hidroponia; y también la resistencia a <italic>P. capsici</italic> de plantas injertadas del híbrido ‘Dali’ sobre el CM-334 <italic>vs</italic> las no injertadas en condiciones de suelo infestado con el oomiceto. Además, se evaluó el efecto en rendimiento de fruto del híbrido ‘Dali’ y biomasa radical del CM-334 en respuesta a las aplicaciones de auxinas y <italic>T. harzianum.</italic></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Materiales y Métodos</title>
			<p>Sitio experimental. La investigación se desarrolló condiciones de invernadero de la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Estado de México (19° 29’ 22.2” LN y 98° 52’ 24.7” LO, a una altitud de 2250 m). Los niveles promedio de temperatura, humedad relativa, radiación fotosintéticamente activa y CO2 fueron 18.7 °C, 68.9 %, 525 µmoles de fotones m<sup>2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> y 450 ppm.</p>
			<p>Biomasa radical de híbridos injertados y no injertados cultivados en hidroponía. En marzo de 2017 se establecieron en macetas e hidroponía en invernadero, plantas de chile manzano de los híbridos ‘Maruca’, ‘Jhos’ y ‘Dali’ (con registros SNICS 1351, 1298 y 1299), injertadas en el CM-334 y plantas no injertadas. El experimento se estableció en un diseño completamente al azar con seis tratamientos (tres híbridos injertados y tres sin injertar) y siete repeticiones cada uno, la unidad experimental y de muestreo fue una planta. Las plantas fueron cultivadas durante dos años, en condiciones de invernadero e hidroponía con un sistema de conducción de plantas a dos tallos en ‘V’ de acuerdo a la propuesta de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pérez y Castro (2008</xref>). En mayo de 2019 se realizó la determinación de la biomasa radical de los seis tratamientos, para ello, se extrajeron las raíces de las macetas y se lavaron con abundante agua, después se pesaron en una balanza granataria con sensibilidad de 0.1 g (Ohaus®, México) y se midió el volumen de raíz por desplazamiento de agua en un recipiente de 10 L graduado en mL. También se obtuvo el peso seco (g) por medio de una estufa de secado (Teknolab®, México) a 70 °C durante 72 horas.</p>
			<p>A los datos de peso fresco, volumen y peso seco de raíz de los tratamientos se les aplicó análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y prueba de comparación múltiple de medias de Tukey (P≤0.05), y “t” de Student (P≤0.05) para dos poblaciones (plantas injertadas y no injertadas). En todos los procedimientos se empleó el programa de análisis estadístico SAS 9.1.3.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Resistencia a P. capsici, rendimiento de fruto y biomasa radical de plantas injertadas y no injertadas cultivadas en suelo</title>
				<p><bold>Caracterización morfológica de <italic>P. capsici</italic> aislado de suelo.</bold> Para determinar la presencia de <italic>P. capsici</italic> a utilizar en el experimento, se desarrolló una técnica de recuperación de esporangios de <italic>P. capsici</italic> a partir de una muestra compuesta de suelo tipo limoso (1 kg), que fue obtenida a 30 cm de profundidad, en cinco diferentes puntos de una hectárea de superficie de terreno del lote X4 del campo experimental de Fitotecnia de la UACh, donde se tiene antecedentes de la presencia del oomiceto, por la sintomatología presentada en cultivos anteriores.</p>
				<p>Para el aislamiento de <italic>P. capsici</italic> a partir de suelo, se empleó la metodología propuesta por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aristizábal y Torres (2015</xref>) con algunas modificaciones. Para ello, se pesaron 10 g de suelo con siete repeticiones y se mezclaron con 90 mL de agua destilada estéril, de esta solución se tomó una alícuota de 1 mL y se aforó con agua destilada estéril a 10 mL, esto se repitió dos veces. Después se colocó una gota de la última dilución en una caja Petri estéril y se llenó con medio PDA líquido a temperatura ambiente, se dejó reposar durante siete días para el crecimiento del micelio. Para purificar el hongo se realizó punta de hifa, y para la formación de esporangios fue transferido a cajas Petri que contenía jugo V8- agar como medio de cultivo, en donde permaneció seis días a 26 °C y en completa oscuridad. Para la liberación de oosporas, el oomiceto fue sometido a estrés térmico, es decir, dos horas a 5 °C y una hora a 26 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Ortíz y Camargo, 2005</xref>). Posteriormente, se realizaron preparaciones en porta y cubreobjetos y con la ayuda del programa Motic Plus</p>
				<p>3.0 se medió largo y ancho de papilas de 50 esporangios del oomiceto. La identificación morfológica se realizó con el apoyo de claves tabulares propuestas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Martin <italic>et al.</italic> (2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>Material vegetal. El material vegetal empleado como injerto fue el híbrido ‘Dali’, seleccionado por su alto rendimiento y calidad de fruto, con registro SNICS 1299. El portainjerto fue el cultivar de chile Serrano Criollo de Morelos 334 (CM-334), resistente universal a <italic>P. capsici</italic>. La técnica de injerto se hizo de acuerdo con lo descrito por Pérez- Grajales <italic>et al</italic>. (2021).</p>
				<p>Manejo de plantas injertadas y no injertadas. Setenta días después de realizar el injerto, las plantas del híbrido ‘Dali’ injertadas, así como las no injertadas fueron trasplantadas en bolsas de plástico de 50 x 50 cm (calibre 600) rellenas de suelo previamente analizado. Las plantas se cultivaron y manejaron en invernadero, como propone <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pérez y Castro (2008</xref>). Tres meses después del trasplante se inició con aplicaciones de Ácido 4-indol-3 butírico (AIB) y <italic>T. harzianum</italic> (Th) dirigidas a la raíz de plantas injertadas y no injertadas (durante cuatro meses), de acuerdo a los tratamientos siguientes: 1) 0.18 g de Th por planta cada 20 días; 2) 0.18 g de Th combinado con 1200 ppm de AIB cada 20 días; 3) AIB a 1600 ppm cada15 días; 4) AIB a 1600 ppm cada 30 días; 5) AIB a 1600 ppm cada 45 días; 6) AIB a 1200 ppm cada15 días; 7) AIB a 1200</p>
				<p>ppm cada 30 días; 8) AIB a 1200 ppm cada 45 días; 9) AIB 800 ppm a los 15 días; 10)</p>
				<p>AIB 800 ppm cada 30 días; 11) AIB 800 ppm cada 45 días; y 12) el testigo sin aplicación de auxinas y <italic>T. harzianum</italic>. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones, la unidad experimental y de muestreo fue una planta.</p>
				<p>Evaluación de incidencia y ABCPE. La evaluación de incidencia se realizó mediante la identificación de plantas con síntomas típicos del oomiceto respecto al número total de plantas del experimento, mientras que para el nivel de daño se propuso una escala arbitraria de acuerdo al porcentaje de marchitamiento del follaje (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Con los datos obtenidos del nivel de daño, se calculó el porcentaje de severidad del ataque de <italic>P. capsici</italic> y se calculó el área bajo la curva del progreso de la enfermedad (ABCPE). Para ello se empleó el método de integración trapezoidal propuesto por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Shaner y Finney (1977</xref>). Los datos fueron sometidos a un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y una prueba de comparación múltiple de medias LSD de Fisher (P≤0.05), y se utilizó el paquete estadístico SAS 9.1.3.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f1">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Escala arbitraria para evaluación de incidencia y severidad causada por <italic>P. capsici</italic> en plantas del híbrido ‘Dali’ de Chile manzano (<italic>Capsicum pubescens</italic>) cultivado en macetas con suelo infestado de <italic>P. capsici</italic>. Chapingo, México de 2020 a 2021.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24085-gf1.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p><bold>Caracterización morfológica de <italic>P. capsici</italic> aislado de tejido vegetal.</bold> Una vez observada la sintomatología de marchitez en plantas no injertadas del híbrido ‘Dali’, se realizaron tres muestreos al azar (en diferentes tiempos) de cinco plantas enfermas para aislar el agente causal. Para ello se tomaron cinco porciones de 1 cm de tallo y raíz y fueron desinfectadas con hipoclorito de sodio al 3 % y sembradas en medio PDA (Soto- Plancarte <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017); a los siete días se inició el proceso de purificación mediante punta de hifa. Una vez purificado, se realizaron preparaciones que fueron observadas en microscopio compuesto y con la ayuda del programa Motic Plus 3.0 se midió el largo y ancho de papilas de 50 esporangios. La identificación morfológica se realizó con el apoyo de claves tabulares de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Martin <italic>et al.</italic> (2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>Rendimiento. Se realizaron siete cosechas de fruto (una cada 15 días) y se contabilizó el número y peso de los frutos totales por planta; y el rendimiento por hectárea se calculó al considerar una densidad de 0.694 plantas/m<sup>2</sup> por el peso de fruto por planta.</p>
				<p>Biomasa radical. La determinación de biomasa de raíces se llevó a cabo a los 14 meses después del trasplante, una vez concluida la evaluación de rendimiento de fruto. Las raíces fueron lavadas con abundante agua hasta eliminar la mayor cantidad de suelo. Posteriormente, a cada una de tres plantas, se les midió la longitud de raíz con una cinta métrica graduada en mm y se pesó en una balanza granataria con sensibilidad de 0.1 g (Ohaus®, México). El volumen de raíz se calculó por desplazamiento de agua en un recipiente de 10 L graduado en mL (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Gamboa-Angulo <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>); y el peso seco (g) por medio de una estufa de secado (Teknolab®, USA) a 70 °C durante 72 horas.</p>
				<p>Análisis estadístico. Se realizó análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y comparación múltiple de medias con la prueba de Tukey (P≤0.05), y “t” de Student (P≤0.05) para dos poblaciones (plantas injertadas y no injertadas). En todos los procedimientos se utilizó el programa de análisis estadístico SAS 9.1.3.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>Resultados y Discusión</title>
			<p>Biomasa radical de híbridos injertados y no injertados cultivados en hidroponía. La biomasa radical de los híbridos sin injertar en promedio fue de 52, 70 y 50 % superiores en volumen, peso fresco y seco de raíz respecto a los híbridos injertados en CM-334 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). El comportamiento de menor biomasa radical de las plantas injertadas se explica porque el portainjerto CM-334 es una planta de porte pequeño, de ciclo anual y pertenece a <italic>C. annuum</italic>; en contraste, el injerto (híbridos de chile manzano) es de porte alto, de ciclo perenne y es <italic>C. pubescens.</italic> Para favorecer la formación de raíces en el portainjerto CM-334 que favorezcan la absorción de nutrimentos se sugiere la aplicación exógena de auxinas y <italic>Trichoderma</italic> spp. Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">López-Elías <italic>et al.</italic> (2005</xref>) mencionan incrementos de hasta 42 % en volumen de raíz, 35 % de peso fresco y 4 % en peso seco con aplicaciones de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) en pimiento y para chile habanero. Así mismo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Larios <italic>et al</italic>. (2019</xref>), indican incrementos de 41.57 y 55 % de longitud y volumen de raíz, respectivamente, con el uso de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> spp.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Volumen, peso fresco y peso seco de raíces de plantas de chile manzano de los híbridos ‘Maruca’, ‘Jhos’ y ‘Dali’ injertadas en CM-334 <italic>vs</italic> plantas no injertadas cultivadas en Chapingo, México. Ciclo 2017-2019.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tratamiento</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Volumen (mL)</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Peso fresco (g)</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Peso seco (g)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>‘Maruca’</td>
								<td>512.86 a*</td>
								<td>506.50 a*</td>
								<td>133.714 a*</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>‘Maruca’ injertado</td>
								<td>267.14 b</td>
								<td>145.37 b</td>
								<td>67.586 b</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>‘Jhos’</td>
								<td>468.57 a*</td>
								<td>513.57 a*</td>
								<td>140.214 a*</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>‘Jhos’ injertado</td>
								<td>197.14 b</td>
								<td>164.81 b</td>
								<td>70.186 b</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>‘Dali’</td>
								<td>515.71 a*</td>
								<td>511.69 a*</td>
								<td>134.243 a*</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>‘Dali’ injertado</td>
								<td>204.29 b</td>
								<td>148.70 b</td>
								<td>67.429 b</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Coeficiente de variación</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">13.91</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">12.82</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">13.11</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Medias con letras iguales no son estadísticamente diferencias (Tukey, 0.05). *Significativo de acuerdo con la prueba de “t” de Student (P≤0.05).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Raíz del híbrido de chile manzano sin injertar <italic>vs</italic> injertado en CM-334 cultivados en hidroponía e invernadero en Chapingo, México de 2017 a 2019. A) Maruca, B) Maruca injertado, C) Jhos, D) Jhos injertado, E) ‘Dali’, F) ‘Dali’ injertado.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24085-gf2.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<sec>
				<title><bold>Resistencia a <italic>P. capsici,</italic> rendimiento de fruto y biomasa radical de plantas injertadas y no injertadas</bold></title>
				<p><bold>Caracterización morfológica de <italic>P. capsici</italic> aislado de suelo.</bold> El aislado obtenido del suelo infestado mostró crecimiento micelial cenocítico blanco algodonoso con 15 esporangios por mL (alícuota). Los esporangios presentaron 28.24 a 49.61 µm de largo,</p>
				<p>27.29 a 37.41 µm de ancho, y de 4.8 a 6.5 µm ancho de papila (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>). Las características morfológicas observadas del oomiceto concuerdan con las descritas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Díaz-Nájera <italic>et al</italic>. (2015</xref>) para <italic>P. capsici</italic> en cucurbitáceas y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Silva-Rojas <italic>et al</italic>. (2009</xref>) para</p>
				<p><italic>C. annuum</italic>. Por lo que se confirma que el suelo utilizado en el experimento estaba infestado de manera natural con <italic>P. capsici.</italic></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f3">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Esporangio bipapilado y micelio liso; B) Esporangio unipapilado con zoosporas de <italic>P. capsici</italic> obtenido de suelo infestado en Chapingo, México.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24085-gf3.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Incidencia y ABCPE. En las plantas no injertadas, la incidencia de <italic>P. capsici</italic> fue del 70</p>
				<p>% e inició a los 100 días después del trasplante (ddt). Mientras que en plantas injertadas no se observó incidencia de la enfermedad. Lo que confirma el alto nivel de resistencia del portainjerto Serrano Criollo de Morelos 334 (CM-334) a <italic>P. capsici</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Lamour <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref>). De tal manera que el uso de plantas injertadas de chile manzano sobre el CM-334 es una alternativa viable de producción en suelos infestados con este patógeno.</p>
				<p>La sintomatología de las plantas infestadas inició con pérdida de turgencia del área foliar, seguido por lesiones color marrón en tejidos de hojas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>), cuello del tallo y oscurecimiento del sistema radical. Estos síntomas son típicos de la marchitez del chile ocasionada por <italic>P. capsici,</italic> y concuerdan con los reportados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Callaghan <italic>et al</italic>. (2016</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Moreira-Morrillo <italic>et al</italic>. (2022</xref>) para el género <italic>Capsicum</italic>. La severidad de los síntomas en las plantas afectadas se fue incrementando hasta alcanzar la marchitez total de la parte aérea y necrosis del sistema radical, a esto se consideró como 100 % de daño. La muerte de las plantas se presentó en promedio a los 14 días después de iniciados los síntomas de marchitez y concuerdan con los resultados mencionados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Barchenger <italic>et al</italic>. (2018</xref>) para plantas adultas de <italic>Capsicum.</italic></p>
				<p>Con el área bajo la curva del progreso de la enfermedad (ABCPE) se corroboró que todos los tratamientos con plantas injertadas no presentaron la enfermedad en ninguna etapa fenológica de estudio. De la comparación múltiple de medias LSD de Fisher, se encontraron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos con aplicaciones de auxinas y <italic>T. harzianum</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>). Las plantas del híbrido ‘Dali’ con 1200 ppm de AIB cada 15 días presentaron la mayor severidad de la enfermedad; en contraste, las aplicaciones que incluyeron <italic>T. harzianum</italic> no mostraron diferencias significativas en el ABCPE respecto a los tratamientos con plantas injertadas, a pesar de que la incidencia de la enfermedad fue del 50 %. Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Gallegos-Morales <italic>et al</italic>. (2022</xref>) mencionaron que con el uso de <italic>T. harzianum</italic> se incrementó en 30 % el rendimiento de chile serrano variedad Tampiqueño, y la incidencia por <italic>P. capsici</italic> disminuyó 71 %. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Romero-Arenas <italic>et al</italic>. (2017</xref>) indican una incidencia de la enfermedad del 60 al 70 % al inocular <italic>P. capsici</italic> en plantas de jitomate previamente tratadas con <italic>T. harzianum</italic>, esto se atribuyó a la relación antagónica entre los microorganismos involucrados. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ita <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>) señalan que <italic>T. harzianum</italic> tiene mayor velocidad de crecimiento que <italic>P. capsici</italic>, por lo que inhibe su desarrollo, considerándose como agente de biocontrol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Mousumi <italic>et al</italic>. 2018</xref>). También, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">La Spada <italic>et al</italic>. (2020</xref>) afirman que <italic>Trichoderma</italic> puede inducir respuestas de defensa en raíces cuando los fitopatógenos penetran su región rizodérmica, aumentando la actividad de las enzimas peroxidasa y quitinasa así como la deposición de calosa en sus paredes celulares.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Área bajo la curva del progreso de <italic>P. capsici</italic> en chile manzano en plantas cultivadas en Chapingo, México, de 2020 a 2021. ddt: días después del trasplante. D: Híbrido ‘Dali’ sin injertar, d: días (frecuencia de aplicación). <sup>z</sup>Letras iguales indican que no existe diferencias estadísticamente significativas (LSD de Fisher P≤0.05).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24085-gf4.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p><bold>Caracterización morfológica de <italic>P. capsici</italic> aislado de tejido vegetal.</bold> El aislado de plantas con síntomas de marchitez presentó crecimiento micelial cenocítico blanco algodonoso con esporangios de 24.01 a 44.45 µm de largo y 17.4 a 35.17 µm de ancho, y bipapilas de 3.3 a 6.8 µm de ancho (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>). Las características morfológicas observadas son típicas de <italic>P. capsici</italic> y concuerdan con las descritas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Callaghan <italic>et al</italic>. (2016</xref>) y Moreira-Morillo <italic>et al.</italic> (2022) para <italic>C. annuum,</italic> por lo que se confirmó la presencia de este oomiceto en las plantas de ‘Dali’ (<italic>C. pubescens</italic>) cultivadas en suelo infestado de manera natural con <italic>P. capsici.</italic></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figura 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Caracterización morfológica de <italic>P. capsici</italic> en plantas enfermas. A) crecimiento algodonoso, B y C) esporangios bipapilados de <italic>P. capsici</italic> en chile manzano en Chapingo, México.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24085-gf5.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Rendimiento. Los tratamientos con mayor número de frutos fueron ‘Dali’ sin injertar con aplicaciones de 800 ppm de AIB cada 15 días y ‘Dali’ injertado con aplicaciones de auxinas combinado con <italic>T. harzianum</italic> con un promedio de 86 y 88 frutos por planta (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). En contraste, el tratamiento testigo (híbrido ‘Dali’ sin injertar), sin aplicaciones de auxinas y sin <italic>Trichoderma,</italic> tuvo el menor número de frutos con 70. No obstante, los tratamientos con aplicaciones de auxinas que tuvieron los menores valores y fueron ‘Dali’ a 1200 ppm y ‘Dali’ sin injertar a 800 ppm cada 45 días, ambas con 66 frutos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). Por lo tanto, no se observó una tendencia clara en el comportamiento del número de frutos por las aplicaciones de auxinas y <italic>T. harzianum,</italic> es decir, mayor número de frutos por efecto de estos tratamientos.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Cuadro 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Medias de número y peso de frutos por planta y rendimiento por hectárea de chile manzano de plantas injertadas sobre CM-334 vs no injertadas, con y sin aplicación de AIB y <italic>T. harzianum</italic> cultivadas en Chapingo, México. Ciclo 2020 y 2021.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tratamientos</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Frutos totales por planta</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Peso total de frutos por planta (kg)</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Rendimiento (t ha-1)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">D testigo sin Th y AIB</td>
									<td>69.66 hz *</td>
									<td>6.00 jkns</td>
									<td>41.64 jkns</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Di testigo sin Th y AIB</td>
									<td>74.66 g</td>
									<td>5.99 jk</td>
									<td>41.55 jk</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">D Th+AIB 1200 ppm cada 20 días</td>
									<td>66.66 ij*</td>
									<td>6.32 efg*</td>
									<td>43.88 efg*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Di Th+AIB 1200 ppm cada 20 días</td>
									<td>87.66 a</td>
									<td>6.85 abc</td>
									<td>46.91 abc</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">D Th 1200 ppm cada 20 días</td>
									<td>69.66 h*</td>
									<td>6.19 ef*</td>
									<td>42.98 g*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Di Th 1200 ppm cada 20 días</td>
									<td>77.66 e</td>
									<td>6.85 a</td>
									<td>47.54 a</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">D AIB 1600 ppm cada 15 días</td>
									<td>83.33 bc*</td>
									<td>6.82 ab*</td>
									<td>47.35 ab*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 1600 ppm cada 15 días</td>
									<td>70.33 h</td>
									<td>6.66 c</td>
									<td>46.20 c</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">D AIB 1200 ppm cada 15 días</td>
									<td>76.66 ef *</td>
									<td>6.69 bcns</td>
									<td>46.43 bc*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 1200 ppm cada 15 días</td>
									<td>74.66 g</td>
									<td>6.46 de</td>
									<td>44.81 de</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">D AIB 800 ppm cada 15 días</td>
									<td>86.00 a*</td>
									<td>6.49 d*</td>
									<td>45.02 d*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 800 ppm cada 15 días</td>
									<td>81.66 cd</td>
									<td>6.40 def</td>
									<td>44.39 def</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">D AIB 1600 ppm cada 30 días</td>
									<td>80.33 d*</td>
									<td>6.29 fgh*</td>
									<td>43.68 fgh*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 1600 ppm cada 30 días</td>
									<td>74.33 g</td>
									<td>6.17 hi</td>
									<td>42.82 hi</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">D AIB 1200 ppm cada 30 días</td>
									<td>67.66 i*</td>
									<td>6.49 d*</td>
									<td>45.02 d*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 1200 ppm cada 30 días</td>
									<td>74.66 g</td>
									<td>6.32 efg</td>
									<td>43.86 efg</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">D AIB 800 ppm cada 30 días</td>
									<td>67.66 i*</td>
									<td>6.85 a*</td>
									<td>47.54 a*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 800 ppm cada 30 días</td>
									<td>83.66 b</td>
									<td>6.67 c</td>
									<td>46.29 c</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">D AIB 1600 ppm cada 45 días</td>
									<td>74.66 g NS</td>
									<td>6.09 ij*</td>
									<td>42.26 ij*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 1600 ppm cada 45 días</td>
									<td>73.66 g</td>
									<td>5.91 kl</td>
									<td>41.04 kl</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">D AIB 1200 ppm cada 45 días</td>
									<td>75.33 fg*</td>
									<td>5.97 jkl*</td>
									<td>41.43 jkl*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 1200 ppm cada 45 días</td>
									<td>65.66j</td>
									<td>5.82 l</td>
									<td>40.41 l</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">D AIB 800 ppm cada 45 días</td>
									<td>65.66 j *</td>
									<td>6.19 ghi*</td>
									<td>41.70 jk*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 800 ppm cada 45 días</td>
									<td>67.66 i</td>
									<td>5.8 kl</td>
									<td>40.81 kl</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Coeficiente de variación</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">2.80</td>
									<td>3.74</td>
									<td>3.74</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>D: híbrido ‘Dali’ sin injertar, D<sup>i</sup>: híbrido ‘Dali’ injertado sobre el portainjerto CM-334, Th: <italic>T. harzianum,</italic> AIB: Ácido 4-indol- 3 butírico, <sup>z</sup>Letras iguales indican que no existe diferencias estadísticamente significativas (Tukey, 0.05), *Significativo y ns: No significativo de acuerdo con la prueba de “t” de Student (P≤0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>En contraste, en peso de fruto por planta, al extrapolarse como rendimiento por hectárea, se encontraron dos tratamientos, con mayor rendimiento de fruto: ‘Dali’ injertado con aplicaciones de <italic>T. harzianum</italic> cada 20 días y ‘Dali’ sin injertar a 800 ppm de AIB cada 30 días ambos con 47.54 t ha<sup>-1</sup>; seguido de ‘Dali’ sin injertar con aplicaciones de auxinas a 1600 ppm cada 15 días y ‘Dali’ injertado sobre CM-334 con aplicaciones de</p>
				<p><italic>T. harzianum</italic> y auxinas a 1200 ppm cada 20 días con 47.3 y 46.9 t ha<sup>-1</sup>, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). En tanto, que los testigos sin aplicación de auxinas y <italic>T. harzianum</italic> (‘Dali’ no injertado e injertado) presentaron rendimientos más bajos con 41.6 y 41. 5 t ha<sup>-1</sup>, respectivamente. Estos resultados son similares a los tratamientos con aplicaciones de auxinas cada 45 días, lo que indica que las aplicaciones exógenas de auxinas dirigida a raíz cada 45 días no tiene efectos sobre el peso de fruto, pero sí con aplicaciones más frecuentes, es decir, cada 15 y 30 días (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). El incremento del rendimiento de fruto con el uso de auxinas puede atribuirse a que son hormonas vegetales encargadas de regular varios aspectos del crecimiento, desarrollo de las plantas, tejidos y órganos, al inducir la división, crecimiento y diferenciación celular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Jordán y Casaretto, 2006</xref>). Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Salas <italic>et al</italic>. (2009</xref>) señalan incrementos en el rendimiento de fruto en pimiento con el uso de auxinas en el sistema de riego. No obstante, también para pimiento, Pérez- Jiménez <italic>et al.</italic> (2015) no encontraron diferencias significativas entre plantas con aplicaciones de ácido indol-3-acético (AIA) y el testigo sin aplicación. Por otra parte, en relación al uso de <italic>T. harzianum</italic>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Kumari <italic>et al.</italic> (2019</xref>) mencionan mayor número de frutos por planta en pimiento morrón e incluso <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Khan <italic>et al</italic>. (2017</xref>) indican un incremento de hasta 300 %. Estos resultados positivos al usar <italic>Trichoderma</italic> se relacionan con la producción de fitohormonas de este ascoomiceto que disminuyen el pH del suelo y promueven la disponibilidad de fosfatos y otros minerales necesarios para el metabolismo de las plantas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Sharma y Gothalwal, 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>Al comparar el efecto del portainjerto CM-334 en plantas de chile manzano, el 75 % de las 12 comparaciones “t” de Student (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>) se encontró una disminución del rendimiento de tan solo 2 % y en ningún caso se presentó incidencia de <italic>P. capsici</italic>. En tanto que, en plantas no injertadas, el 73 % de ellas, murieron entre los 100 a 290 días después del trasplante. Esto indica que el injerto CM-334 es una alternativa de viable y sustentable disminuir la incidencia de <italic>P. capsici</italic> en chile manzano. Ninguna de las plantas injertadas mostró síntomas de marchitez y el rendimiento es similar en plantas no injertadas en el primer ciclo de producción, con la ventaja de que las plantas injertadas continuaron produciendo durante más ciclos (al menos 4 años), dado que es de comportamiento perenne (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pérez y Castro, 2008</xref>). De forma parcial, los encontraron <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">García-Rodríguez <italic>et al.</italic> (2010</xref>) al mencionar que, en chile ancho rebelde, las plantas injertadas sobre el CM-334 no presentaron síntomas relacionado con <italic>P. capsici</italic>; no obstante, el vigor de las plantas y rendimiento fue significativamente menor. Leal- Fernández <italic>et al.</italic> (2013) mencionan que el portainjerto CM-334 disminuyó significativamente el rendimiento en el cultivar de pimiento dulce Triple Star, lo cual puede estar influenciado por factores como la absorción de nutrientes, sistema radical, o una mayor producción de hormonas endógenas. La disminución de rendimiento en plantas injertadas, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Zhao <italic>et al.</italic> (2011</xref>) lo atribuyen al riego, fertilización, el tipo de combinaciones de portainjerto y el tiempo de cosecha. En el presente estudio, las plantas injertadas, iniciaron la producción de frutos comerciales tres semanas después de los híbridos sin injertar.</p>
				<p>También <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Pintado-López <italic>et al.</italic> (2017</xref>) mencionan que el cultivar Camino Real de Harris Moran es altamente susceptible a <italic>P. capsici</italic> pero al injertarse en CM-334, la planta es capaz de producir frutos sin afectar su rendimiento. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Pérez Grajales <italic>et al</italic>. (2021</xref>) concluyen que no tuvieron diferencias significativas en rendimiento de fruto entre híbridos de chile manzano (Maruca, Jhos y ‘Dali’) sin injertar e injertados en el portainjerto CM-334 y cultivados en condiciones de invernadero-hidroponia.</p>
				<p>Por otra parte, se encontró que con la aplicación <italic>T. harzianum</italic> cada 20 días<italic>,</italic> combinado con auxinas a 1200 ppm incrementa el rendimiento en 8 % en plantas injertadas en relación a las no injertadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). Por lo tanto, estos resultados sugieren que el uso de plantas injertadas de chile manzano en CM-334 es una alternativa viable en el manejo comercial del cultivo ya que se puede producir sin daño por <italic>P. capsici</italic> y a la vez obtener un buen rendimiento de fruto ayudado con aplicaciones de <italic>T. harzianum</italic> combinado con <italic>vs</italic> y auxinas.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Biomasa radical de plantas injertadas y no injertadas con aplicaciones de auxinas y</title>
				<p><bold>
 <italic>T. harzianum</italic>.</bold> Debido a la incidencia y severidad de <italic>P. capsici</italic> en follaje y raíces, no se evaluaron todos los tratamientos de plantas de ‘Dali’ sin injertar, se evaluaron 6 de 24 tratamientos debido a síntomas de pudrición del tallo, el cuello, la raíz y el tizón de la corona, hoja y fruta causado por <italic>P. capsici</italic> que puede generar pérdidas de hasta el 100 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Jiménez-Camargo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2018</xref>. Las aplicaciones de auxinas y <italic>T. harzianum</italic> en plantas del híbrido ‘Dali’ de chile manzano injertadas y no injertadas, incrementaron la longitud, volumen, peso fresco y seco de la raíz (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadro 3</xref>). La mayor biomasa radical se presentó en raíces de plantas no injertadas con aplicaciones de <italic>T. harzianum</italic> solo o combinado con</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Cuadro 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Biomasa de raíces de plantas de chile manzano no injertadas e injertadas sobre el CM-334, con y sin aplicación de AIB y</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tratamientos</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Longitud(cm)</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Volumen(mL)</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Peso fresco(g)</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Peso seco(g)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">D testigo sin Th y AIB</td>
									<td>53.00 ab*</td>
									<td>933.33 bc*</td>
									<td>1104.0 bcdef*</td>
									<td>550.00 ab*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Di testigo sin Th y AIB</td>
									<td>37.33 abc</td>
									<td>283.33 i</td>
									<td>363.0 j</td>
									<td>112.00 d</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">D Th+AIB 1200 ppm cada 20 días</td>
									<td>47.33 abcns</td>
									<td>1366.67 a*</td>
									<td>1604.0 a*</td>
									<td>593.00 a*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Di Th+AIB 1200 ppm cada 20 días</td>
									<td>36.00 abc</td>
									<td>708.33 cdef</td>
									<td>812.0 defgh</td>
									<td>154.67 cd</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">D Th 1200 ppm cada 20 días</td>
									<td>54.67 a*</td>
									<td>1266.67 a*</td>
									<td>1420.3 ab*</td>
									<td>587.33 a*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Di Th 1200 ppm cada 20 días</td>
									<td>37.00 abc</td>
									<td>666.67 ef</td>
									<td>773.3 efghi</td>
									<td>94.67 d</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 1600 ppm cada 15 días</td>
									<td>34.00 bc</td>
									<td>283.33 i</td>
									<td>349.3 i</td>
									<td>116.67 d</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 1200 ppm cada 15 días</td>
									<td>37.00 abc</td>
									<td>683.33 def</td>
									<td>869.7 cdefg</td>
									<td>180.33 cd</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 800 ppm cada 15 días</td>
									<td>46.33 abc</td>
									<td>625.00 fg</td>
									<td>734.3 fghij</td>
									<td>118.00 d</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 1600 ppm cada 30 días</td>
									<td>31.667 c</td>
									<td>383.33ghi</td>
									<td>448.3 hij</td>
									<td>105.33 d</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 1200 ppm cada 30 días</td>
									<td>36.00 abc</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">750.00 bcdef</td>
									<td>867.7 cdefg</td>
									<td>164.33 cd</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">D AIB 800 ppm cada 30 días</td>
									<td>48.00 abc*</td>
									<td>966.67 b*</td>
									<td>1239.0 abc*</td>
									<td>401.67 ab*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 800 ppm cada 30 días</td>
									<td>32.667 c</td>
									<td>333.33 hi</td>
									<td>411.0 ij</td>
									<td>97.67 d</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">D AIB 1600 ppm cada 45 días</td>
									<td>36.33 abcns</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">875.00 bcde*</td>
									<td>1174.7 bcd*</td>
									<td>443.33 ab*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 1600 ppm cada 45 días</td>
									<td>36.67 abc</td>
									<td>550.00 fgh</td>
									<td>662.0 ghij</td>
									<td>112.33 d</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">D AIB 1200 ppm cada 45 días</td>
									<td>44.00 abcns</td>
									<td>925.00 bcd*</td>
									<td>1130.0 bcde*</td>
									<td>346.67 bc*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 1200 ppm cada 45 días</td>
									<td>39.00 abc</td>
									<td>616.67 fg</td>
									<td>587.0 ghij</td>
									<td>103.00 d</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 800 ppm cada 45 días</td>
									<td>35.00 bc</td>
									<td>400.00 ghi</td>
									<td>510.7 ghij</td>
									<td>128.00 d</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">Coeficiente de variación</td>
									<td>15.52</td>
									<td>11.42</td>
									<td>15.33</td>
									<td>28.35</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>D: híbrido ‘Dali’ sin injertar, D<sup>i</sup>: híbrido ‘Dali’ injertado sobre el portainjerto CM-334, Th: <italic>T. harzianum,</italic> AIB: Ácido 4-indol- 3 butírico, <sup>z</sup>Letras iguales indican que no existe diferencias estadísticamente significativas (Tukey, 0.05), *Significativo y ns: No significativo de acuerdo con la prueba de “t” de Student (P≤0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>AIB a 1200 ppm cada 20 días, con longitud de 47.4 cm, volumen de 1,367 mL, peso fresco de 1,604 g y seco de 593.3 g (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadro 3</xref>). Este tratamiento también alcanzó los más altos rendimientos de fruto con 47.5 t ha<sup>-1</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>). En contraste, la menor biomasa radical correspondió a plantas injertadas sin aplicaciones de auxinas y <italic>T. harzianum</italic> con valores de 37 cm, 283 mL, 363 g y 112 g, respectivamente, con rendimiento de fruto de</p>
				<p>41.5 t ha<sup>-1</sup>. Lo que demuestra la efectividad de las aplicaciones de auxinas y <italic>T. harzianum</italic> en plantas injertadas de chile manzano al incrementar la biomasa radical del portainjerto CM-334 que a su vez se reflejó en mayor rendimiento de fruto. El tratamiento ‘Dali’ injertado con aplicaciones de AIB a 1200 ppm combinado con aplicaciones de <italic>T. harzianum</italic> cada 20 días tuvo 46.91 t ha<sup>-1</sup>, que representa un incremento del 11 % en relación a las plantas ‘Dali’ injertadas sin aplicaciones con 41.55 t ha<sup>-1</sup>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Gamboa-Angulo <italic>et al</italic>. (2020</xref>) indican incrementos de volumen de raíz en plantas de chile xcat´ik (<italic>C. annuum</italic>) tratadas con <italic>T. harzianum,</italic> aunque no encontraron diferencias significativas entre número de frutos y rendimiento. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Larios <italic>et al</italic>. (2019</xref>) publican un incremento de</p>
				<p>41.57 y 55 % en longitud y volumen de raíz, respectivamente, en chile habanero al aplicar <italic>Trichoderma</italic> spp. Estos incrementos se adjudican a que <italic>Trichoderma</italic> spp. produce auxinas que son capaces de estimular el crecimiento de la planta, en particular en el crecimiento del sistema radical (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Contreras-Cornejo <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). Según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Tucci <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref><italic>Trichoderma</italic> spp. tiene la capacidad de solubilizar fosfatos, micronutrientes y cationes minerales útiles para el metabolismo de las plantas.</p>
				<p>En la comparación entre plantas injertadas y no injertadas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadro 3</xref>), se encontró que el 50 % de las seis comparaciones (tratamientos), las plantas no injertadas tuvieron 32 % de mayor longitud de raíz respecto a las injertadas en el portainjerto CM-334. Pero el 100</p>
				<p>% de las comparaciones, las raíces de las plantas no injertadas presentaron 50 % de mayor volumen y peso fresco y 76 % más de peso seco. Y coincide con los resultados obtenidos en el primer experimento de este estudio para los tres híbridos injertados (‘Maruca’, ‘Jhos’ y ‘Dali’) en el CM-334 presentados en el <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>. Esto es, que existe la necesidad de hacer aplicaciones de auxinas y <italic>T. harzianum</italic> cuando se lleva a cabo el injerto de chile manzano en el portainjerto CM-334, ya que por una parte se alcanza mayor biomasa radical, y esto está relacionado con mayor abasto de agua y nutrimentos, que a su vez se refleja en mayor rendimiento de fruto (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>) y por otra, el uso del portainjerto garantiza la resistencia a <italic>P. capsici</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>)<italic>.</italic> De tal manera que emplear híbridos (injerto) de chile manzano que se caracterizan por su alto rendimiento y calidad de fruto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pérez y Castro, 2008</xref>) en la producción comercial, es una alternativa viable y sustentable cuando se injertan en el CM-334 (portainjerto) dado que garantiza su resistencia a <italic>P. capsici</italic> y una mayor biomasa radical con aplicaciones de auxinas y <italic>T. harzianum</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadro 3</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusiones</title>
			<p>La biomasa radical de los híbridos ‘Maruca’, ‘Jhos’ y ‘Dali’ de chile manzano injertados sobre el portainjerto CM-334 presentaron 50, 53 y 75 % menos volumen radical, peso fresco y seco, respectivamente, en relación con los híbridos no injertados.</p>
			<p>Las plantas no injertadas presentaron 70 % de incidencia de <italic>P. capsici</italic> cuando se cultivaron en condiciones de suelo infestado, en contraste, con el uso del portainjerto CM- 334 no se presentó incidencia del ooomiceto. De tal manera que el injerto de híbridos de chile manzano (<italic>Capsicum pubescens</italic>) en CM-334 (<italic>Capsicum annuum</italic>), es una alternativa viable y sustentable para los productores de este tipo de chile, ya que la mayoría de ellos cultivan en suelos infestados de manera natural por <italic>P. capsici.</italic></p>
			<p>El rendimiento de fruto del híbrido ‘Dali’ de chile manzano disminuyó en promedio 2</p>
			<p>% cuando se injertaron en el CM-334 e incluso tuvieron 8 % de mayor rendimiento cuando se aplicó <italic>T. harzianum</italic> solo o combinado con auxinas a 1200 ppm cada 20 días.</p>
			<p>Las plantas injertadas del híbrido ‘Dali’ en el CM-334 presentaron 32 % de menor longitud de raíz, 50 % de menor volumen y peso fresco y 76 % de menor peso seco, respecto a las plantas no injertadas. Por lo que se sugiere aplicaciones dirigidas a la raíz de <italic>T. harzianum</italic> (1.25 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) más AIB (1200 ppm) cada 20 días para incrementar biomasa de raíces del portainjerto.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Scientific Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Resistance to <italic>Phytophthora capsici</italic> in manzano chili grafted onto CM-334, grown in infested soil, with applications of auxins and <italic>Trichoderma harzianum</italic></article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p> </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Background/Objective. </title>
					<p><italic>Phytophthora capsici</italic> causes losses of up to 100 % in <italic>Capsicum pubescens</italic> and there are no resistant commercial varieties. A viable and sustainable alternative is to use the CM-334 rootstock (<italic>Capsicum annuum</italic>), which is universally resistant to <italic>Phytophthora capsici</italic>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and Methods. </title>
					<p>The following was studied: the root biomass of CM-334 when grafting the mazano chili hybrids ‘Maruca’, ‘Jhos’, and ‘Dali’, the resistance of the graft to <italic>P. capsici</italic> in infested soil and its yield (hybrid ‘Dali’), and the root biomass of CM-334 with applications of auxins and <italic>T. harzianum</italic>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results. </title>
					<p>As a rootstock, CM-334 exhibited 50, 53 and 75 % less root volume, fresh weight, and dry weight, respectively, compared to non-grafted hybrids. Using the CM-334 rootstock, there was no incidence of <italic>P. capsici</italic> and the yield decreased by 2 %, and even with <italic>T. harzianum</italic>, alone or in combination with 1200 ppm of IBA, the yield increased by 8 %. The grafted ‘Dali’ hybrid had 32, 50, 50, and 76 % less root length, volume, fresh weight, and dry weight, respectively, compared to the non-grafted hybrid; therefore, it is suggested to apply 1.25 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> of <italic>T. harzianum</italic> and 1200 ppm of IBA every 20 days to improve root biomass.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion. </title>
					<p>Grafting manzano chili onto CM-334 is a viable and sustainable control alternative to reduce <italic>P. capsici</italic> incidence since none of the grafted plants showed wilt symptoms like the non-grafted ones, and the yield was the same as in the first production cycle, with the advantage that grafted plants produce more cycles (4 years), whereas the non-grafted ones die during the first cycle because of the oomycete.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Capsicum pubescens</kwd>
				<kwd>Capsicum annuum</kwd>
				<kwd>chili wilt</kwd>
				<kwd>IBA</kwd>
				<kwd>root biomass</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p><italic>Phytophthora capsici</italic> is the causal agent of chili wilt, one of the most destructive diseases affecting the <italic>Capsicum</italic> genus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Majid <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). This oomycete can infect the crop at any stage of development, leading to loss of turgor, chlorosis, root rot, leaf drop, and plant death, with damage levels ranging from 10% to 100% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Jiménez-Camargo <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Among the alternative methods for controlling chili wilt is the use of resistant rootstocks (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Zhao <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). The Serrano Criollo de Morelos 334 (CM-334) stands out for its high resistance to <italic>P. capsici</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Castro-Rocha <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Naegele and Hausbeck, 2020</xref>). However, the use of rootstocks may positively or negatively affect fruit yield and quality (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Greathouse <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>), possibly due to alterations in root architecture that reduce water and nutrient transport (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Ropokis <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Nevertheless, the exogenous application of auxins and <italic>T. harzianum</italic> can promote and accelerate the formation of adventitious roots in grafted plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Saini and Deepanshu, 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Larios <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>In manzano chili, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Pérez-Grajales <italic>et al</italic>. (2021</xref>) confirmed the compatibility between hybrids of this chili type and the CM-334 rootstock under hydroponic conditions. However, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of grafted plants in the presence of <italic>P. capsici</italic>. Therefore, this study assessed the root biomass performance of CM-334 as a rootstock for the commercial manzano chili hybrids ‘Maruca,’ ‘Jhos,’ and ‘Dali’ under hydroponic conditions. Additionally, it evaluated the resistance of grafted ‘Dali’ hybrid plants on CM-334 versus non-grafted plants in soil infested with the oomycete. Furthermore, the effect of auxin and <italic>T. harzianum</italic> applications on fruit yield of the ‘Dali’ hybrid and root biomass of CM-334 was examined.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>Materials and Methods</title>
				<p>Experimental site. The research was conducted under greenhouse conditions at the Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Estado de México (19° 29’ 22.2” N, 98° 52’ 24.7” W, at an altitude of 2,250 m). The average levels of temperature, relative humidity, photosynthetically active radiation, and CO₂ were 18.7 °C, 68.9%, 525 µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹, and 450 ppm, respectively.</p>
				<p>Root biomass of grafted and non-grafted hybrids grown in hydroponics. In March 2017, manzano chili plants of the hybrids ‘Maruca,’ ‘Jhos,’ and ‘Dali’ (registered with SNICS 1351, 1298, and 1299) were established in pots and hydroponics under greenhouse conditions, both grafted onto CM-334 and as non-grafted plants. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with six treatments (three grafted hybrids and three non-grafted) and seven replications per treatment, with one plant serving as the experimental and sampling unit.</p>
				<p>The plants were cultivated for two years in a greenhouse under hydroponic conditions using a two-stem ‘V’ trellising system, as proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pérez and Castro (2008</xref>). In May 2019, root biomass was measured for all six treatments. Roots were extracted from the pots, thoroughly washed with water, and weighed using a precision balance with 0.1 g sensitivity (Ohaus®, Mexico). Root volume was determined by water displacement in a 10 L container graduated in mL. Additionally, dry weight (g) was obtained by drying the samples in an oven (Teknolab®, Mexico) at 70 °C for 72 hours.</p>
				<p>Fresh weight, volume, and dry weight data of the root treatments were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s multiple mean comparison test (P≤0.05). A Student’s <italic>t</italic>-test (P≤0.05) was applied for comparing two populations (grafted and non- grafted plants). All statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.1.3.</p>
				<sec>
					<title><bold>Resistance to <italic>P. capsici</italic>, fruit yield, and root biomass of grafted and non-grafted plants grown in soil</bold></title>
					<p><bold>Morphological characterization of <italic>P. capsici</italic> isolated from soil.</bold> To determine the presence of <italic>P. capsici</italic> for use in the experiment, a sporangia recovery technique was developed using a composite sample of silty soil (1 kg) collected from a depth of 30 cm at five different points within a one-hectare plot (Lot X4) of the Fitotecnia experimental field at UACh. This site had a known history of oomycete presence based on symptoms observed in previous crops.</p>
					<p>For the isolation of <italic>P. capsici</italic> from soil, the methodology proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aristizábal and Torres (2015</xref>) was followed with some modifications. A 10 g soil sample was weighed in seven replicates and mixed with 90 mL of sterile distilled water. A 1 mL aliquot of this solution was then taken and diluted to 10 mL with sterile distilled water, a process repeated twice. A drop of the final dilution was placed in a sterile Petri dish filled with liquid PDA medium at room temperature and left to incubate for seven days to allow mycelial growth. The fungus was purified using the hyphal tip method. For sporangia formation, the isolate was transferred to Petri dishes containing V8-agar medium, where it remained for six days at 26 °C in complete darkness.</p>
					<p>To induce oospore release, the oomycete was subjected to thermal stress, alternating two hours at 5 °C with one hour at 26 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Ortíz and Camargo, 2005</xref>). Sporangia measurements were taken by preparing microscope slides with coverslips, and the length and width of the papillae of 50 sporangia were recorded using the Motic Plus 3.0 software. Morphological identification was carried out using the tabular keys proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Martin <italic>et al.</italic> (2012</xref>).</p>
					<p>Plant material. The plant material used as the scion was the ‘Dali’ hybrid, selected for its high yield and fruit quality, registered under SNICS 1299. The rootstock was the Serrano Criollo de Morelos 334 (CM-334) cultivar, known for its universal resistance to</p>
					<p><italic>P. capsici</italic>. The grafting technique was performed according to the method described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Pérez-Grajales <italic>et al.</italic> (2021</xref>).</p>
					<p>Management of grafted and non-grafted plants. Seventy days after grafting, both grafted and non-grafted ‘Dali’ hybrid plants were transplanted into 50 × 50 cm plastic bags (600-gauge) filled with pre-analyzed soil. The plants were cultivated and managed in a greenhouse, as proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pérez and Castro (2008</xref>). Three months after transplantation, applications of 4-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and <italic>T. harzianum</italic> (Th) were initiated, targeting the roots of both grafted and non-grafted plants for four months, according to the following treatments: 1) 0.18 g of <italic>T. harzianum</italic> per plant every 20 days; 2) 0.18 g of <italic>T. harzianum</italic> combined with 1200 ppm of IBA every 20 days; 3) IBA at 1600 ppm every 15 days; 4) IBA at 1600 ppm every 30 days; 5) IBA at 1600 ppm every 45 days; 6) IBA at 1200 ppm every 15 days; 7) IBA at 1200 ppm every 30 days; 8) IBA at 1200 ppm every 45 days; 9) IBA at 800 ppm every 15 days; 10) IBA at 800 ppm every 30 days; 11) IBA at 800 ppm every 45 days; and 12) the control group with no application of auxins or <italic>T. harzianum</italic>. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with four replications, with one plant serving as the experimental and sampling unit.</p>
					<p>Incidence evaluation and AUDPC. The incidence evaluation was carried out by identifying plants showing typical oomycete symptoms and comparing them to the total number of plants in the experiment. To assess damage severity, an arbitrary scale was established based on the percentage of foliar wilting (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>). Using these data, the severity percentage of <italic>P. capsici</italic> infection was calculated, along with the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), using the trapezoidal integration method proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Shaner and Finney (1977</xref>). The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher’s LSD multiple mean comparison test (P≤0.05) with the SAS 9.1.3 statistical package.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f6">
							<label>Figure 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Arbitrary scale for evaluating the incidence and severity caused by <italic>P. capsici</italic> in ‘Dali’ hybrid manzano chili (<italic>Capsicum pubescens</italic>) plants grown in pots with <italic>P. capsici</italic>-infested soil. Chapingo, Mexico, 2020-2021.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24085-gf6.gif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p><bold>Morphological characterization of <italic>P. capsici</italic> isolated from plant tissue.</bold> Once wilting symptoms were observed in non-grafted ‘Dali’ hybrid plants, three random samplings were conducted at different times, selecting five diseased plants to isolate the causal agent. From each plant, five 1 cm sections of stem and root were taken, disinfected with 3% sodium hypochlorite, and plated on PDA medium (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Soto-Plancarte <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>). After seven days, the purification process was initiated using the hyphal tip method. Once purified, preparations were made and observed under a compound microscope. Using the Motic Plus 3.0 software, the length and width of the papillae of 50 sporangia were measured. Morphological identification was performed with the aid of the tabular keys proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Martin <italic>et al.</italic> (2012</xref>).</p>
					<p>Yield. Seven fruit harvests were conducted, one every 15 days, recording the total number and weight of fruits per plant. Yield per hectare was calculated by considering a planting density of 0.694 plants/m² multiplied by the fruit weight per plant.</p>
					<p>Root biomass. Root biomass determination was carried out 14 months after transplantation, following the completion of the fruit yield evaluation. Roots were thoroughly washed with water to remove as much soil as possible. For each of three plants, root length was measured using a millimeter-graduated measuring tape, and fresh weight was recorded using a precision balance with 0.1 g sensitivity (Ohaus®, Mexico). Root volume was determined by water displacement in a 10 L container graduated in mL (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Gamboa-Angulo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2020</xref>), and dry weight (g) was obtained by drying the samples in an oven (Teknolab®, USA) at 70 °C for 72 hours.</p>
					<p>Statistical analysis. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, followed by multiple mean comparison using Tukey’s test (P≤0.05). A Student’s <italic>t</italic>-test (P≤0.05) was applied to compare two populations (grafted and non-grafted plants). All analyses were conducted using the SAS 9.1.3 statistical software.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>Results and Discussion</title>
				<p>Root biomass of grafted and non-grafted hybrids grown in hydroponics. The root biomass of non-grafted hybrids was, on average, 52%, 70%, and 50% higher in root volume, fresh weight, and dry weight, respectively, compared to hybrids grafted onto CM-334 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2</xref>). The lower root biomass observed in grafted plants can be explained by the characteristics of the CM-334 rootstock, which is a small-sized, annual plant belonging to <italic>C. annuum</italic>. In contrast, the scion (manzano chili hybrids) is a tall, perennial plant classified as <italic>C. pubescens</italic>. To enhance root formation in the CM-334 rootstock and improve nutrient absorption, the exogenous application of auxins and <italic>Trichoderma</italic> spp. is recommended. In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">López-Elías <italic>et al.</italic> (2005</xref>) reported increases of up to 42% in root volume, 35% in fresh weight, and 4% in dry weight with applications of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in bell pepper and habanero chili. Similarly, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Larios <italic>et al.</italic> (2019</xref>) observed increases of 41.57% and 55% in root length and volume, respectively, with the use of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> spp.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Root volume, fresh weight, and dry weight of manzano chili plants of the hybrids ‘Maruca,’ ‘Jhos,’ and ‘Dali’ grafted onto CM-334 vs. non-grafted plants grown in Chapingo, Mexico. 2017-2019 cycle.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Treatment</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Volume (mL)</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Fresh weight (g)</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Dry weight (g)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>‘Maruca’</td>
									<td>512.86 a*</td>
									<td>506.50 a*</td>
									<td>133.714 a*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>‘Maruca’, grafted</td>
									<td>267.14 b</td>
									<td>145.37 b</td>
									<td>67.586 b</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>‘Jhos’</td>
									<td>468.57 a*</td>
									<td>513.57 a*</td>
									<td>140.214 a*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>‘Jhos’, grafted</td>
									<td style="text-align:right">1 97.14 b</td>
									<td>164.81 b</td>
									<td>70.186 b</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>‘Dali’</td>
									<td>515.71 a*</td>
									<td>511.69 a*</td>
									<td>134.243 a*</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>‘Dali’, grafted</td>
									<td>204.29 b</td>
									<td>148.70 b</td>
									<td>67.429 b</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Coefficient of variation</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">13.91</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">12.82</td>
									<td>13.11</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>Means with the same letters are not statistically different (Tukey, 0.05). Significant according to Student’s <italic>t</italic>-test (P≤0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Root of non-grafted vs. CM-334-grafted manzano chili hybrid grown in hydroponics and greenhouse conditions in Chapingo, Mexico (2017-2019). A) Maruca, B) Maruca grafted, C) Jhos, D) Jhos grafted, E) Dali, F) Dali grafted.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24085-gf7.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<sec>
					<title><bold>Resistance to <italic>P. capsici</italic>, fruit yield, and root biomass of grafted and non-grafted plants</bold></title>
					<p><bold>Morphological characterization of <italic>P. capsici</italic> isolated from soil.</bold> The isolate obtained from the infested soil exhibited white, cottony, coenocytic mycelial growth with 15 sporangia per mL (aliquot). The sporangia measured 28.24 to 49.61 µm in length, 27.29 to 37.41 µm in width, and 4.8 to 6.5 µm in papilla width (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref>). The observed morphological characteristics of the oomycete align with those described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Díaz-Nájera <italic>et al</italic>. (2015</xref>) for <italic>P. capsici</italic> in cucurbits and by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Silva-Rojas et al. (2009</xref>) for <italic>C. annuum</italic>. These findings confirm that the soil used in the experiment was naturally infested with <italic>P. capsici</italic>.</p>
					<p>Incidence and AUDPC. In non-grafted plants, the incidence of <italic>P. capsici</italic> reached 70%, with symptoms appearing 100 days after transplantation (DAT). In contrast, no disease incidence was observed in grafted plants, confirming the high resistance level of the Serrano Criollo de Morelos 334 (CM-334) rootstock to <italic>P. capsici</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Lamour <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). These results indicate that grafting manzano chili onto CM-334 is a viable production alternative for soils infested with this pathogen.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f8">
							<label>Figure 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>A) Bipapillate sporangium and smooth mycelium; B) Unipapillate sporangium with zoospores of <italic>P. capsici</italic> obtained from infested soil in Chapingo, Mexico.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24085-gf8.gif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>The symptoms in infested plants began with a loss of foliar turgor, followed by brown lesions on leaf tissues (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>), stem collar, and darkening of the root system. These symptoms are characteristic of chili wilt caused by <italic>P. capsici</italic> and are consistent with those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Callaghan <italic>et al</italic>. (2016</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Moreira-Morrillo <italic>et al.</italic> (2022</xref>) for the <italic>Capsicum</italic> genus. Symptom severity in affected plants progressively increased until complete wilting of the aerial part and root system necrosis, which was considered 100% damage. Plant death occurred, on average, 14 days after the onset of wilting symptoms, aligning with the findings of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Barchenger <italic>et al</italic>. (2018</xref>) for mature <italic>Capsicum</italic> plants.</p>
					<p>The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) confirmed that all treatments involving grafted plants showed no disease symptoms at any phenological stage. Fisher’s LSD multiple mean comparison test revealed significant differences among treatments with auxin and <italic>T. harzianum</italic> applications (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4</xref>). The highest disease severity was observed in ‘Dali’ hybrid plants treated with 1200 ppm of IBA every 15 days. In contrast, treatments that included <italic>T. harzianum</italic> showed no significant differences in AUDPC compared to grafted plant treatments, despite a disease incidence of 50%.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Gallegos-Morales <italic>et al.</italic> (2022</xref>) reported that <italic>T. harzianum</italic> increased the yield of Serrano chili (<italic>Capsicum annuum</italic> var. Tampiqueño) by 30% and reduced <italic>P. capsici</italic> incidence by 71%. Similarly, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Romero-Arenas <italic>et al.</italic> (2017</xref>) found that <italic>P. capsici</italic> incidence ranged from 60% to 70% in tomato plants previously treated with <italic>T. harzianum</italic>, attributing this to the antagonistic interaction between the involved microorganisms. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ita <italic>et al</italic>. (2021</xref>) indicated that <italic>T. harzianum</italic> exhibits a higher growth rate than <italic>P. capsici</italic>, inhibiting its development and functioning as a biocontrol agent (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Mousumi <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Additionally, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">La Spada <italic>et al.</italic> (2020</xref>) stated that <italic>Trichoderma</italic> can induce root defense responses when phytopathogens penetrate the rhizodermal region, increasing the activity of peroxidase and chitinase enzymes and promoting callose deposition in cell walls.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f9">
							<label>Figure 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) of <italic>P. capsici</italic> in manzano chili plants grown in Chapingo, Mexico, from 2020 to 2021. dat: days after transplantation. D: non-grafted ‘Dali’ hybrid, d: days (application frequency). <sup>z</sup>Same letters indicate no statistically significant differences (Fisher’s LSD, <italic>P</italic>≤0.05).</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24085-gf9.gif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p><bold>Morphological characterization of <italic>P. capsici</italic> isolated from plant tissue.</bold> The isolate obtained from wilted plants exhibited white, cottony, coenocytic mycelial growth, with sporangia measuring 24.01 to 44.45 µm in length and 17.4 to 35.17 µm in width, and bipapillae ranging from 3.3 to 6.8 µm in width (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 5</xref>). The observed morphological characteristics are typical of <italic>P. capsici</italic> and align with those described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Callaghan <italic>et al</italic>. (2016</xref>) and Moreira-Morillo <italic>et al</italic>. (2022) for <italic>C. annuum</italic>. These findings confirm the presence of this oomycete in ‘Dali’ (<italic>C. pubescens</italic>) plants grown in naturally <italic>P. capsici</italic>- infested soil.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f10">
							<label>Figure 5</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Morphological characterization of <italic>P. capsici</italic> in diseased plants. A) cottony growth, B y C) bipapillate sporangium of <italic>P. capsici</italic> in manzano chili in Chapingo, Mexico.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24085-gf10.gif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Yield. The treatments with the highest number of fruits were non-grafted ‘Dali’ with applications of 800 ppm of IBA every 15 days and grafted ‘Dali’ with auxin applications combined with <italic>T. harzianum</italic>, averaging 86 and 88 fruits per plant, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>). In contrast, the control treatment (non-grafted ‘Dali’ hybrid) without auxin or <italic>Trichoderma</italic> applications had the lowest fruit count, with 70 fruits per plant. However, the treatments with the lowest fruit numbers among those receiving auxin applications were ‘Dali’ at 1200 ppm and non-grafted ‘Dali’ at 800 ppm every 45 days, both with 66 fruits (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Therefore, no clear trend was observed in the number of fruits in response to auxin and <italic>T. harzianum</italic> applications, meaning these treatments did not consistently result in a higher fruit count.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Means of fruit number, fruit weight per plant, and yield per hectare of manzano chili plants grafted onto CM-334 vs. non-grafted plants, with and without the application of IBA and <italic>T. harzianum</italic>, grown in Chapingo, Mexico. 2020- 2021 cycle.</title>
							</caption>
							<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Treatments</th>
										<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Total number of fruits per plant</th>
										<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Total weight of fruits per plant (kg)</th>
										<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Yield (t ha-1)</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">D control without Th and AIB</td>
										<td>69.66 hz *</td>
										<td>6.00 jkns</td>
										<td>41.64 jkns</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Di control without Th and AIB</td>
										<td>74.66 g</td>
										<td>5.99 jk</td>
										<td>41.55 jk</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">D Th+AIB 1200 ppm every 20 days</td>
										<td>66.66 ij*</td>
										<td>6.32 efg*</td>
										<td>43.88 efg*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Di Th+AIB 1200 ppm every 20 days</td>
										<td>87.66 a</td>
										<td>6.85 abc</td>
										<td>46.91 abc</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">D Th 1200 ppm every 20 days</td>
										<td>69.66 h*</td>
										<td>6.19 ef*</td>
										<td>42.98 g*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Di Th 1200 ppm every 20 days</td>
										<td>77.66 e</td>
										<td>6.85 a</td>
										<td>47.54 a</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">D AIB 1600 ppm every 15 days</td>
										<td>83.33 bc*</td>
										<td>6.82 ab*</td>
										<td>47.35 ab*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 1600 ppm every 15 days</td>
										<td>70.33 h</td>
										<td>6.66 c</td>
										<td>46.20 c</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">D AIB 1200 ppm every 15 days</td>
										<td>76.66 ef *</td>
										<td>6.69 bcns</td>
										<td>46.43 bc*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 1200 ppm every 15 days</td>
										<td>74.66 g</td>
										<td>6.46 de</td>
										<td>44.81 de</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">D AIB 800 ppm every 15 days</td>
										<td>86.00 a*</td>
										<td>6.49 d*</td>
										<td>45.02 d*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 800 ppm every 15 days</td>
										<td>81.66 cd</td>
										<td>6.40 def</td>
										<td>44.39 def</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">D AIB 1600 ppm every 30 days</td>
										<td>80.33 d*</td>
										<td>6.29 fgh*</td>
										<td>43.68 fgh*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 1600 ppm every 30 days</td>
										<td>74.33 g</td>
										<td>6.17 hi</td>
										<td>42.82 hi</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">D AIB 1200 ppm every 30 days</td>
										<td>67.66 i*</td>
										<td>6.49 d*</td>
										<td>45.02 d*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 1200 ppm every 30 days</td>
										<td>74.66 g</td>
										<td>6.32 efg</td>
										<td>43.86 efg</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">D AIB 800 ppm every 30 days</td>
										<td>67.66 i*</td>
										<td>6.85 a*</td>
										<td>47.54 a*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 800 ppm every 30 days</td>
										<td>83.66 b</td>
										<td>6.67 c</td>
										<td>46.29 c</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">D AIB 1600 ppm every 45 days</td>
										<td>74.66 g NS</td>
										<td>6.09 ij*</td>
										<td>42.26 ij*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 1600 ppm every 45 days</td>
										<td>73.66 g</td>
										<td>5.91 kl</td>
										<td>41.04 kl</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">D AIB 1200 ppm every 45 days</td>
										<td>75.33 fg*</td>
										<td>5.97 jkl*</td>
										<td>41.43 jkl*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 1200 ppm every 45 days</td>
										<td>65.66j</td>
										<td>5.82 l</td>
										<td>40.41 l</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">D AIB 800 ppm every 45 days</td>
										<td>65.66 j *</td>
										<td>6.19 ghi*</td>
										<td>41.70 jk*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 800 ppm every 45 days</td>
										<td>67.66 i</td>
										<td>5.8 kl</td>
										<td>40.81 kl</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Coefficient of variation</td>
										<td style="text-align:center">2.80</td>
										<td>3.74</td>
										<td>3.74</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN5">
									<p>D: non-grafted ‘Dali’ hybrid, Di: ‘Dali’ hybrid grafted onto the CM-334 rootstock, Th: <italic>T. harzianum</italic>, AIB: 4- indole-3-butyric acid, <sup>z</sup>Same letters indicate no statistically significant differences (Tukey, 0.05), Significant and ns: Not significant according to Student’s <italic>t</italic>-test (P≤0.05).</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>In contrast, when fruit weight per plant was extrapolated to yield per hectare, two treatments showed the highest fruit yield: grafted ‘Dali’ with <italic>T. harzianum</italic> applications every 20 days and non-grafted ‘Dali’ with 800 ppm of IBA every 30 days, both yielding</p>
					<p>47.54 t ha⁻¹. These were followed by non-grafted ‘Dali’ with auxin applications at 1600 ppm every 15 days (47.3 t ha⁻¹) and grafted ‘Dali’ on CM-334 with <italic>T. harzianum</italic> and auxin applications at 1200 ppm every 20 days (46.9 t ha⁻¹) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>). Meanwhile, the control treatments without auxin or <italic>T. harzianum</italic> applications (both grafted and non- grafted ‘Dali’) had lower yields of 41.6 and 41.5 t ha⁻¹, respectively. These results were similar to those observed in treatments with auxin applications every 45 days, suggesting that exogenous auxin applications to the roots at this frequency had no effect on fruit weight, whereas more frequent applications (every 15 and 30 days) did (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>).</p>
					<p>The increase in fruit yield with auxin use may be attributed to their role as plant hormones that regulate various aspects of growth and development, including tissue and organ formation, by inducing cell division, growth, and differentiation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Jordán and Casaretto, 2006</xref>). In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Salas <italic>et al</italic>. (2009</xref>) reported increased fruit yield in bell pepper when auxins were applied through irrigation systems. However, for the same crop, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Pérez-Jiménez <italic>et al.</italic> (2015</xref>) found no significant differences between plants treated with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and the untreated control.</p>
					<p>Regarding the use of <italic>T. harzianum</italic>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Kumari <italic>et al.</italic> (2019</xref>) reported a higher number of fruits per plant in bell pepper, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Khan <italic>et al</italic>. (2017</xref>) even observed up to a 300% increase. These positive effects of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> applications are associated with its production of phytohormones, which lower soil pH and enhance the availability of phosphates and other essential minerals for plant metabolism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Sharma and Gothalwal, 2017</xref>).</p>
					<p>When comparing the effect of the CM-334 rootstock on manzano chili plants, 75% of the 12 Student’s <italic>t</italic>-test comparisons (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>) showed only a 2% decrease in yield, with no incidence of <italic>P. capsici</italic> observed in any case. In contrast, 73% of the non-grafted plants died between 100 and 290 days after transplantation. This indicates that grafting onto CM-334 is a viable and sustainable alternative for reducing <italic>P. capsici</italic> incidence in manzano chili. None of the grafted plants exhibited wilting symptoms, and their yield was similar to that of non-grafted plants during the first production cycle. Additionally, grafted plants continued producing for multiple cycles (at least four years) due to their perennial growth habit (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pérez and Castro, 2008</xref>).</p>
					<p>Partially similar results were reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">García-Rodríguez <italic>et al</italic>. (2010</xref>), who found that in ancho rebelde chili, plants grafted onto CM-334 did not develop <italic>P. capsici</italic>-related symptoms; however, plant vigor and yield were significantly lower. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Leal-Fernández <italic>et al.</italic> (2013</xref>) also noted that CM-334 rootstock significantly reduced yield in the sweet pepper cultivar Triple Star, which could be influenced by factors such as nutrient absorption, root system efficiency, or increased endogenous hormone production. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Zhao <italic>et al.</italic> (2011</xref>) attributed yield reductions in grafted plants to irrigation, fertilization, rootstock-scion combinations, and harvest timing. In the present study, grafted plants began producing marketable fruits three weeks later than non-grafted hybrids.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Pintado-López <italic>et al</italic>. (2017</xref>) also reported that the Camino Real cultivar from Harris Moran is highly susceptible to <italic>P. capsici</italic>, but when grafted onto CM-334, the plant can produce fruits without yield reduction. Similarly, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Pérez-Grajales <italic>et al</italic>. (2021</xref>) concluded that there were no significant differences in fruit yield between non-grafted and CM-334- grafted manzano chili hybrids (‘Maruca,’ ‘Jhos,’ and ‘Dali’) grown under greenhouse- hydroponic conditions.</p>
					<p>Additionally, it was found that applying <italic>T. harzianum</italic> every 20 days, combined with auxins at 1200 ppm, increased yield by 8% in grafted plants compared to non-grafted ones (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>). These results suggest that using grafted manzano chili plants on CM-334 is a viable alternative for commercial crop management, as it allows production without</p>
					<p><italic>P. capsici</italic>-induced damage while maintaining high fruit yields, particularly when supplemented with <italic>T. harzianum</italic> and auxin applications.</p>
					<p><bold>Root biomass of grafted and non-grafted plants with auxin and <italic>T. harzianum</italic> applications.</bold> Due to the incidence and severity of <italic>P. capsici</italic> affecting both foliage and roots, not all treatments for non-grafted ‘Dali’ plants were evaluated. Only 6 out of 24 treatments were assessed, as symptoms of stem, collar, and root rot, as well as crown, leaf, and fruit blight caused by <italic>P. capsici</italic>, led to potential losses of up to 100% (Jiménez- Camargo <italic>et al</italic>., 2018).</p>
					<p>Applications of auxins and <italic>T. harzianum</italic> in grafted and non-grafted ‘Dali’ manzano chili plants increased root length, volume, fresh weight, and dry weight (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>). The highest root biomass was observed in non-grafted plants treated with <italic>T. harzianum</italic> alone or in combination with IBA at 1200 ppm every 20 days, showing a root length of 47.4 cm, a volume of 1,367 mL, a fresh weight of 1,604 g, and a dry weight of 593.3 g (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). This treatment also achieved the highest fruit yield, reaching 47.5 t ha⁻¹ (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Table 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Root biomass of non-grafted and CM-334-grafted manzano chili plants, with and without the application of IBA and <italic>T. harzianum</italic>, in Chapingo, Mexico. 2020-2022 cycle.</title>
							</caption>
							<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Treatments</th>
										<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Length (cm)</th>
										<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Volume (mL)</th>
										<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Fresh weight (g)</th>
										<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Dry weight (g)</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">D control without Th and AIB</td>
										<td>53.00 ab*</td>
										<td>933.33 bc*</td>
										<td>1104.0 bcdef*</td>
										<td>550.00 ab*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Di control without Th and AIB</td>
										<td>37.33 abc</td>
										<td>283.33 i</td>
										<td>363.0 j</td>
										<td>112.00 d</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">D Th+AIB 1200 ppm every 20 days</td>
										<td>47.33 abcns</td>
										<td>1366.67 a*</td>
										<td>1604.0 a*</td>
										<td>593.00 a*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Di Th+AIB 1200 ppm every 20 days</td>
										<td>36.00 abc</td>
										<td>708.33 cdef</td>
										<td>812.0 defgh</td>
										<td>154.67 cd</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">D Th 1200 ppm every 20 days</td>
										<td>54.67 a*</td>
										<td>1266.67 a*</td>
										<td>1420.3 ab*</td>
										<td>587.33 a*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Di Th 1200 ppm every 20 days</td>
										<td>37.00 abc</td>
										<td>666.67 ef</td>
										<td>773.3 efghi</td>
										<td>94.67 d</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 1600 ppm every 15 days</td>
										<td>34.00 bc</td>
										<td>283.33 i</td>
										<td>349.3 i</td>
										<td>116.67 d</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 1200 ppm every 15 days</td>
										<td>37.00 abc</td>
										<td>683.33 def</td>
										<td>869.7 cdefg</td>
										<td>180.33 cd</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 800 ppm every 15 days</td>
										<td>46.33 abc</td>
										<td>625.00 fg</td>
										<td>734.3 fghij</td>
										<td>118.00 d</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 1600 ppm every 30 days</td>
										<td>31.667 c</td>
										<td>383.33ghi</td>
										<td>448.3 hij</td>
										<td>105.33 d</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 1200 ppm every 30 days</td>
										<td>36.00 abc</td>
										<td style="text-align:right">750.00 bcdef</td>
										<td>867.7 cdefg</td>
										<td>164.33 cd</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">D AIB 800 ppm every 30 days</td>
										<td>48.00 abc*</td>
										<td>966.67 b*</td>
										<td>1239.0 abc*</td>
										<td>401.67 ab*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 800 ppm every 30 days</td>
										<td>32.667 c</td>
										<td>333.33 hi</td>
										<td>411.0 ij</td>
										<td>97.67 d</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">D AIB 1600 ppm every 45 days</td>
										<td>36.33 abcns</td>
										<td style="text-align:right">875.00 bcde*</td>
										<td>1174.7 bcd*</td>
										<td>443.33 ab*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 1600 ppm every 45 days</td>
										<td>36.67 abc</td>
										<td>550.00 fgh</td>
										<td>662.0 ghij</td>
										<td>112.33 d</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">D AIB 1200 ppm every 45 days</td>
										<td>44.00 abcns</td>
										<td style="text-align:right">925.00 bcd*</td>
										<td>1130.0 bcde*</td>
										<td>346.67 bc*</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 1200 ppm every 45 days</td>
										<td>39.00 abc</td>
										<td>616.67 fg</td>
										<td>587.0 ghij</td>
										<td>103.00 d</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Di AIB 800 ppm every 45 days</td>
										<td>35.00 bc</td>
										<td>400.00 ghi</td>
										<td>510.7 ghij</td>
										<td>128.00 d</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td style="text-align:center">Coefficient of variation</td>
										<td>15.52</td>
										<td>11.42</td>
										<td>15.33</td>
										<td>28.35</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN6">
									<p>D: non-grafted ‘Dali’ hybrid, Di: ‘Dali’ hybrid grafted onto the CM-334 rootstock, Th: <italic>T. harzianum</italic>, AIB: 4-indole-3-butyric acid, <sup>z</sup>Same letters indicate no statistically significant differences (Tukey, 0.05), Significant and ns: Not significant according to Student’s <italic>t</italic>-test (P≤0.05).</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>In contrast, the lowest root biomass was found in grafted plants without auxin and <italic>T. harzianum</italic> applications, with values of 37 cm, 283 mL, 363 g, and 112 g for root length, volume, fresh weight, and dry weight, respectively, along with a fruit yield of 41.5 t ha⁻¹. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of auxin and <italic>T. harzianum</italic> applications in enhancing the root biomass of grafted manzano chili plants, specifically increasing the biomass of the CM-334 rootstock, which was reflected in higher fruit yield.</p>
					<p>Grafted ‘Dali’ plants treated with IBA at 1200 ppm combined with <italic>T. harzianum</italic> every 20 days yielded 46.91 t ha⁻¹, representing an 11% increase compared to untreated grafted plants, which yielded 41.55 t ha⁻¹. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Gamboa-Angulo <italic>et al</italic>. (2020</xref>) reported an increase in root volume in <italic>Capsicum annuum</italic> var. xcat’ik chili plants treated with <italic>T. harzianum</italic>, although they found no significant differences in fruit number and yield. Similarly, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Larios <italic>et al.</italic> (2019</xref>) documented a 41.57% increase in root length and a 55% increase in root volume in habanero chili following <italic>Trichoderma</italic> spp. applications. These increases are attributed to <italic>Trichoderma</italic> spp.’s ability to produce auxins, which stimulate plant growth, particularly root system development (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Contreras-Cornejo <italic>et al</italic>., 2009</xref>). According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Tucci <italic>et al.</italic> (2011)</xref>, <italic>Trichoderma</italic> spp. can solubilize phosphates, micronutrients, and mineral cations essential for plant metabolism.</p>
					<p>In the comparison between grafted and non-grafted plants (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>), it was found that in 50% of the six comparisons (treatments), non-grafted plants had 32% greater root length than those grafted onto the CM-334 rootstock. However, in 100% of the comparisons, non-grafted plants exhibited 50% greater root volume and fresh weight, as well as 76% more dry weight. These findings are consistent with the results obtained in the first experiment of this study for the three hybrids (‘Maruca,’ ‘Jhos,’ and ‘Dali’) grafted onto CM-334, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>.</p>
					<p>This highlights the necessity of applying auxins and <italic>T. harzianum</italic> when grafting manzano chili onto the CM-334 rootstock. On one hand, these applications increase root biomass, which is associated with better water and nutrient uptake, ultimately leading to higher fruit yield (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>). On the other hand, the use of CM-334 as a rootstock ensures resistance to <italic>P. capsici</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4</xref>). Therefore, using high-yield, high-quality manzano chili hybrids (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pérez and Castro, 2008</xref>) for commercial production is a viable and sustainable alternative when grafted onto CM-334. This approach guarantees <italic>P. capsici</italic> resistance while enhancing root biomass when combined with auxin and <italic>T. harzianum</italic> applications (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>).</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusions</title>
				<p>The root biomass of the manzano chili hybrids ‘Maruca,’ ‘Jhos,’ and ‘Dali’ grafted onto the CM-334 rootstock showed 50%, 53%, and 75% lower root volume, fresh weight, and dry weight, respectively, compared to non-grafted hybrids.</p>
				<p>Non-grafted plants exhibited a 70% incidence of <italic>P. capsici</italic> when grown in <italic>P. capsici</italic>- infested soil. In contrast, plants grafted onto CM-334 showed no incidence of the oomycete. This confirms that grafting manzano chili hybrids (<italic>Capsicum pubescens</italic>) onto CM-334 (<italic>Capsicum annuum</italic>) is a viable and sustainable alternative for growers, as most of them cultivate in naturally infested soils.</p>
				<p>The fruit yield of the ‘Dali’ manzano chili hybrid decreased by an average of only 2% when grafted onto CM-334. However, an 8% increase in yield was observed when <italic>T. harzianum</italic> was applied alone or in combination with auxins at 1200 ppm every 20 days.</p>
				<p>Grafted ‘Dali’ plants on CM-334 exhibited 32% shorter root length, 50% lower root volume and fresh weight, and 76% lower dry weight compared to non-grafted plants. Therefore, targeted applications of <italic>T. harzianum</italic> (1.25 kg ha⁻¹) combined with IBA (1200 ppm) every 20 days are recommended to enhance root biomass in the rootstock.</p>
			</sec>
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	</sub-article>
</article>