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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2409-2</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id> 
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artículo Científico</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Interacción competitiva entre <italic>Rotylenchulus reniformis</italic> y <italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic> en plantas de tomate y pepino</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Valdez-Morales</surname>
						<given-names>María Trinidad</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Carrillo-Fasio</surname>
						<given-names>José Armando</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>García-Estrada</surname>
						<given-names>Raymundo Saúl</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>León- Félix</surname>
						<given-names>Josefina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Martínez-Gallardo</surname>
						<given-names>José Ángel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Tovar-Pedraza</surname>
						<given-names>Juan Manuel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Subsede Culiacán, Laboratorio de Nematología, 80110, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Subsede Culiacán</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Subsede Culiacán</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>80110</postal-code>
					<city>Culiacán</city>
					<state>Sinaloa</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Facultad de Agronomía, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Culiacán</city>
					<state>Sinaloa</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Coordinación Subsede, Laboratorio de Fitopatología, 80110, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Coordinación Subsede</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Coordinación Subsede</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>80110</postal-code>
					<city>Culiacán</city>
					<state>Sinaloa</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><italic>*</italic></label><bold>
 <italic>Autor de Correspondencia:</italic> 
</bold> Juan Manuel Tovar-Pedraza <email>juan.tovar@ciad.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>27</day>
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>May-Aug</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>43</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT24092</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>20</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p> </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Antecedentes/Objetivo. </title>
					<p>La producción de tomate (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>) y pepino (<italic>Cucumis sativus</italic>) se ve afectada por los nematodos <italic>Rotylenchulus reniformis</italic> y <italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic>; sin embargo, se desconoce la interacción entre estos dos nematodos en dichas especies vegetales. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la interacción de <italic>R. reniformis</italic> y <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> en plantas de tomate y pepino mediante inoculaciones artificiales bajo condiciones de invernadero.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales y Métodos. </title>
					<p>Plántulas de 21 días de edad se inocularon con 2000 juveniles (J2) de cada nematodo por planta. El experimento se realizó bajo un diseño completamente al azar con tres factores y seis tratamientos: T1= <italic>R. reniformis</italic>; T2= <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>; T3= se inoculó <italic>R. reniformis</italic> y 15 días después se inoculó <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>; T4= se inoculó <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> y 15 días después se inoculó <italic>R. reniformis</italic>; T5= ambas especies se inocularon el mismo día; T6= testigo sin inocular. Se registró el factor de reproducción (FR) de ambos nematodos, así como el índice de agallamiento para <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> y el porcentaje de necrosis de raíz para <italic>R. reniformis</italic> a los 30 y 50 días después de la inoculación.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados. </title>
					<p>En plantas de pepino, <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> redujo su reproducción hasta en un 73</p>
					<p>% en presencia de <italic>R. reniformis</italic>, mientras que en plantas de tomate su reproducción disminuyó en un 52 %, con una reducción en el índice de agallamiento de 72 y 60 % en plantas de pepino y tomate, respectivamente. Por otro lado, <italic>R. reniformis</italic> redujo su reproducción en un 72 % en plantas de pepino y en un 67 % en plantas de tomate en presencia de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>, observándose una disminución en la severidad de síntomas de 78 y 77 % en raíces de pepino y tomate, respectivamente.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión. </title>
					<p>En los tratamientos donde una especie se inoculó antes que la otra, la especie inoculada primero presentó un mayor FR y causó una mayor severidad de la enfermedad.</p>
					<p> </p>
					<p>En las co-inoculaciones simultáneas, ambos nematodos redujeron su FR y causaron una menor severidad de síntomas en plantas de tomate y pepino.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Solanum lycopersicum</kwd>
				<kwd>Cucumis sativus</kwd>
				<kwd>Factor de reproducción</kwd>
				<kwd>Severidad</kwd>
				<kwd>Índice de agallamiento</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="10"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="62"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p>México se encuentra entre los principales productores de hortalizas a nivel mundial, ocupando el noveno lugar en la producción de tomate (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>), con 4,271,914 toneladas en 2022, y el quinto lugar en la producción de pepino (<italic>Cucumis sativus</italic>), con 1,038,999 toneladas. El estado de Sinaloa destaca como el mayor productor nacional de ambas hortalizas, con 677,612 toneladas de tomate y 314,150 toneladas de pepino, respectivamente (SIAP, 2023).</p>
			<p><italic>Rotylenchulus reniformis</italic> y <italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic> son especies de gran importancia, ubicándose entre los diez nematodos fitoparásitos más relevantes a nivel mundial, tanto por su impacto económico como por su interés científico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Jones <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013</xref>). Se ha reportado que ambos nematodos ocasionan daños severos en cultivos hortícolas del estado de Sinaloa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Martínez-Gallardo <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Salazar-Mesta <italic>et al.</italic>, 2023</xref>a, 2023b; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Valdez-Morales <italic>et al.</italic>, 2024</xref>).</p>
			<p>Tanto <italic>Rotylenchulus</italic> spp. como <italic>Meloidogyne</italic> spp. forman sitios de alimentación en las raíces de las plantas. <italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic> es un nematodo endoparásito sedentario cuyo parasitismo implica la inducción de células gigantes en el parénquima (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Starr <italic>et al.</italic>, 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Perry y Moens, 2013</xref>). En cambio, <italic>R. reniformis</italic> es un nematodo semiendoparásito que induce la formación de sincitios, principalmente en células del periciclo (Starr <italic>et al.</italic>, 2002). Aunque los sitios de infección difieren entre nematodos ectoparásitos y endoparásitos, pueden presentarse interacciones entre especies, las cuales pueden ser antagónicas o ejercer un efecto supresor sobre alguna de las especies involucradas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Khan <italic>et al.</italic>, 1985</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Robinson <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Gomes <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>Los estudios sobre interacciones entre nematodos fitoparásitos han demostrado que, al alimentarse de una misma planta, dichas relaciones pueden volverse antagónicas para alguna de las especies involucradas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Diez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Melakeberhan y Dey, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Manzanilla-López y Starr, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ferreira <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Fontana <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). Además, los efectos de estas interacciones dependen de la naturaleza del parasitismo y de la competencia entre especies, ya que la intensidad de la competencia aumenta con la complejidad de la interacción hospedante-parásito (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kesba <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Moens <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Robinson <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bhat y Parveen, 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>En nematodos fitoparásitos de los géneros <italic>Helicotylenchus</italic>, <italic>Pratylenchus</italic> y <italic>Rotylenchulus</italic> se ha demostrado que las interacciones se deben principalmente a la competencia por espacio y nutrientes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bhat y Parveen, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ferreira <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>a, 2015b; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Gomes <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Fontana <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>). Asimismo, varios estudios han documentado interacciones entre <italic>R. reniformis</italic> y especies de <italic>Meloidogyne</italic>, como <italic>M. javanica</italic> y <italic>M. incognita</italic>, en distintas plantas hospedantes, incluyendo piña (<italic>Ananas comosus</italic>), algodón (<italic>Gossypium hirsutum</italic>), tomate e higuerilla (<italic>Ricinus communis</italic>).</p>
			<p>Estos estudios han documentado que <italic>R. reniformis</italic> presenta una ventaja competitiva frente a las especies de <italic>Meloidogyne</italic> en inoculaciones conjuntas, evidenciada por una reducción en la formación de agallas en las raíces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Diez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Faske y Hurd, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ferreira <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>a, 2015b). La interacción de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> con nematodos lesionadores, como <italic>Helicotylenchus dihysteroides</italic>, también ha sido evaluada en plántulas de guayabo (<italic>Psidium guajava</italic>); sin embargo, los síntomas provocados por <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> se observaron tanto en tratamientos de inoculación individual como combinada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Gomes <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>Hasta el momento, no se han estudiado las interacciones entre <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> y <italic>R. reniformis</italic> en plantas de tomate y pepino; sin embargo, se ha sugerido que <italic>R. reniformis</italic> podría tener una ventaja competitiva sobre el nematodo formador de agallas debido a su alto grado de parasitismo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Diez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Robinson, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aryal <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>). Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la interacción competitiva entre <italic>R. reniformis</italic> y</p>
			<p><italic>M. enterolobii</italic> en plantas de tomate y pepino bajo condiciones de invernadero.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Materiales y métodos</title>
			<p>Los experimentos se realizaron en condiciones de invernadero entre diciembre de 2022 y mayo de 2023. Las semillas de tomate (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>) cv. Imperial y de pepino (<italic>Cucumis sativus</italic>) cv. Zeus se germinaron en charolas de 60 cavidades con sustrato estéril (Peat Moss). A los 21 días de la germinación, las plántulas se inocularon directamente en las mismas charolas con 2,000 juveniles (J2) de cada nematodo (<italic>R. reniformis</italic> y <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>). La unidad experimental consistió en una planta por cavidad. Los tratamientos fueron los siguientes: T1 = <italic>R. reniformis</italic>; T2 = <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>; T3 = inoculación inicial con <italic>R. reniformis</italic> y, 15 días después, con <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>; T4 = inoculación inicial con <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> y, 15 días después, con <italic>R. reniformis</italic>; T5 = ambas especies inoculadas el mismo día; T6 = testigo sin inocular. Las poblaciones de <italic>R. reniformis</italic> y <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> utilizadas en este estudio fueron previamente caracterizadas e identificadas mediante análisis morfológicos y moleculares por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Valdez-Morales <italic>et al.</italic> (2024</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Salazar Mesta <italic>et al.</italic> (2023</xref>a), respectivamente.</p>
			<p>Las evaluaciones se realizaron a los 30 y 50 días después de la inoculación (ddi). Se midieron tres variables: el factor de reproducción (FR) de cada nematodo, el índice de agallamiento para <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> y el porcentaje de necrosis en raíz para <italic>R. reniformis</italic>. Para calcular el índice de agallamiento, se extrajeron las raíces, se lavaron con agua corriente y se contó el número de agallas por raíz en cada tratamiento.</p>
			<p>El factor de reproducción se calculó con la fórmula FR = Pf/Pi, donde <italic>Pi</italic> es la población inicial de nematodos al momento de la inoculación y <italic>Pf</italic> la población final al momento de la extracción de las raíces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Ferris <italic>et al.</italic>, 1993</xref>). Las raíces se tiñeron con fucsina ácida al 1% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Byrd <italic>et al.</italic>, 1983</xref>), y las hembras y masas de huevos de cada especie se observaron y contaron con un microscopio estereoscópico. Asimismo, los juveniles y machos se extrajeron del sustrato asociado a cada raíz utilizando el método del embudo de Baermann y el método de tamizado de Cobb (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Christie y Perry, 1951</xref>).</p>
			<p>Análisis estadístico. El experimento se estableció bajo un diseño completamente aleatorizado con tres factores, seis tratamientos y tres repeticiones. Las variables de respuesta fueron el factor de reproducción de ambos nematodos y la severidad de la enfermedad, evaluada mediante el índice de agallamiento para <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> y el porcentaje de necrosis radical causada por <italic>R. reniformis</italic>. La necrosis radical se estimó visualmente utilizando una escala de 1 a 100 %, basada en el grado de daño observado en las raíces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Speijer y De Waele, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Nega y Fetena, 2015</xref>). El índice de agallamiento (IA) se determinó con la escala de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Taylor y Sasser (1978</xref>), en la que: 0 = sin agallas, 1 = 1-2 agallas, 2 = 3-10 agallas, 3 = 11-30 agallas, 4 = 31-100 agallas y 5 = más de 100 agallas. Los datos obtenidos se transformaron utilizando log(x + 1) para homogeneizar la varianza. Las medias transformadas se compararon mediante la prueba LSD de Fisher (<italic>P</italic></p>
			<p>&lt; 0.05), utilizando el software SAS versión 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Resultados</title>
			<p><bold>Reproducción y patogenicidad de <italic>R. reniformis</italic> y <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>.</bold> Durante el ensayo, los niveles iniciales de inóculo de ambos nematodos aumentaron, y el factor de reproducción varió según el hospedante. No obstante, <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> presentó un factor de reproducción (FR) significativamente más alto en ambos cultivos: 41.9 en pepino y</p>
			<p>20.9 en tomate, en comparación con <italic>R. reniformis</italic>, que alcanzó valores de 7 en pepino y</p>
			<p>1.8 en tomate (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figuras 1</xref> A, C y 2 A, C).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Reproducción y severidad de <italic>R. reniformis</italic> y <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> en plantas de pepino a los 30 y 50 días después de la inoculación (ddi). A) Factor de reproducción de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>. B) Número de agallas causadas por <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>. C) Factor de reproducción de <italic>R. reniformis</italic>. D) Porcentaje de necrosis radical causada por <italic>R. reniformis</italic>. La comparación de medias se realizó entre barras del mismo color; medias que no comparten letra son significativamente diferentes.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24092-gf1.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Reproducción y severidad de <italic>R. reniformis</italic> y <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> en plantas de tomate a los 30 y 50 días después de la inoculación (ddi). A) Factor de reproducción de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>. B) Número de agallas causadas por <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>. C) Factor de reproducción de <italic>R. reniformis</italic>. D) Porcentaje de necrosis radicular causada por <italic>R. reniformis</italic>. La comparación de medias se realizó entre barras del mismo color; medias que no comparten letra son significativamente diferentes.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24092-gf2.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>En plantas de pepino, se observaron hembras maduras y masas de huevos de ambos nematodos en todos los tratamientos inoculados a los 30 días después de la inoculación (ddi) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 3</xref>A, C, E). En cambio, en plantas de tomate, <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> presentó tanto hembras maduras como masas de huevos a los 30 ddi, mientras que <italic>R. reniformis</italic> solo mostró hembras maduras, sin formación de masas de huevos. La mayor actividad reproductiva de ambos nematodos se registró a los 50 ddi, con presencia de hembras maduras y masas de huevos en ambas especies vegetales (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 3</xref>B, D, F).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Micrografías de <italic>Rotylenchulus reniformis</italic> y <italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic> parasitando raíces de pepino y tomate a los 50 días después de la inoculación (ddi). A) Hembra de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> en raíz de pepino. B) Hembra de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> formando agallas en raíz de tomate. C) Hembra de <italic>R. reniformis</italic> en raíz de pepino. D) Hembra de <italic>R. reniformis</italic> en raíz de tomate. E) Raíz de pepino con una agalla causada por <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> y tres hembras maduras de <italic>R. reniformis</italic> alrededor. F) Raíz de tomate con una agalla inducida por <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> y necrosis causada por <italic>R. reniformis</italic>. Barras de escala: A = 300 μm; B, E, F = 500 μm; C, D = 100 μm.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24092-gf3.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Tanto <italic>R. reniformis</italic> como <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> presentaron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos en ambas especies vegetales. De manera destacada, ambos nematodos alcanzaron un mayor factor de reproducción (FR) cuando se inocularon de forma individual (T1 y T2), con valores de 49.1 y 20.9 en plantas de pepino, y de 7 y 1.8 en plantas de tomate, respectivamente, en comparación con los tratamientos de inoculación combinada (T3, T4 y T5). En los tratamientos donde una especie se inoculó primero y la otra a los 15 días después (T3 y T4), la especie inoculada inicialmente presentó un mayor número de hembras, huevos y juveniles, lo que resultó en un FR más alto (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>), así como una mayor severidad de síntomas en comparación con la especie inoculada en segundo lugar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figuras 1</xref> y 2).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Número de hembras, huevos y juveniles de <italic>R. reniformis</italic> y <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> por tratamiento en plantas de pepino y tomate a los 50 días después de la inoculación.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Especies</th>
								<th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tratamientos</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"/>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Pepino</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"/>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"/>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"/>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tomate</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"/>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Hembras</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Huevos</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Juveniles</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"/>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Hembras</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Huevos</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Juveniles</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td/>
								<td style="text-align:center">T1z</td>
								<td>170</td>
								<td>13,340</td>
								<td>1,056</td>
								<td/>
								<td style="text-align:center">45</td>
								<td>3,613</td>
								<td>154</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td/>
								<td style="text-align:center">T2</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0</td>
								<td>0</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0</td>
								<td/>
								<td style="text-align:center">0</td>
								<td>0</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center">Rotylenchulus reniformis</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">T3</td>
								<td>81</td>
								<td>6,520</td>
								<td>1,039</td>
								<td/>
								<td style="text-align:center">24</td>
								<td>1,933</td>
								<td>213</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center">T4</td>
								<td>30</td>
								<td>2,466</td>
								<td>40</td>
								<td/>
								<td style="text-align:center">6</td>
								<td>453</td>
								<td>121</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td/>
								<td style="text-align:center">T5</td>
								<td>43</td>
								<td>3,493</td>
								<td>430</td>
								<td/>
								<td style="text-align:center">12</td>
								<td>960</td>
								<td>290</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td/>
								<td style="text-align:center">T6</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0</td>
								<td>0</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0</td>
								<td/>
								<td style="text-align:center">0</td>
								<td>0</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td/>
								<td style="text-align:center">T1</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0</td>
								<td>0</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0</td>
								<td/>
								<td style="text-align:center">0</td>
								<td>0</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td/>
								<td style="text-align:center">T2</td>
								<td>419</td>
								<td>83,866</td>
								<td>66</td>
								<td/>
								<td style="text-align:center">209</td>
								<td>41,966</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2">Meloidogyne enterolobii</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">T3</td>
								<td>99</td>
								<td>19,833</td>
								<td>13</td>
								<td/>
								<td style="text-align:center">71</td>
								<td>14,233</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:center">T4</td>
								<td>291</td>
								<td>58,333</td>
								<td>266</td>
								<td/>
								<td style="text-align:center">129</td>
								<td>25,900</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td/>
								<td style="text-align:center">T5</td>
								<td>110</td>
								<td>22,033</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0</td>
								<td/>
								<td style="text-align:center">99</td>
								<td>19,800</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td/>
								<td style="text-align:center">T6</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0</td>
								<td>0</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0</td>
								<td/>
								<td style="text-align:center">0</td>
								<td>0</td>
								<td style="text-align:center">0</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>zT1 = <italic>R. reniformis</italic>; T2 = <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>; T3 = se inoculó <italic>R. reniformis</italic> y, 15 días después, <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>; T4 = se inoculó <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> y, 15 días después, <italic>R. reniformis</italic>; T5 = ambas especies se inocularon el mismo día; T6 = testigo sin inocular.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p><italic>Rotylenchulus reniformis</italic> mostró un mayor factor de reproducción (FR) cuando se inoculó de forma individual en plantas de pepino y tomate; sin embargo, su FR disminuyó notablemente al ser co-inoculado con <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> en la misma raíz. En particular, <italic>R. reniformis</italic> registró una reducción del FR hasta de 83 % en raíces de pepino y un 88 % en tomate, en comparación con el tratamiento en el que se inoculó solo. Además, cuando <italic>R. reniformis</italic> se inoculó primero y <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> 15 días después, la reproducción de <italic>R. reniformis</italic> se redujo en un 58 % en raíces de pepino y un 44 % en raíces de tomate, debido a la presencia de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 2</xref>A, C).</p>
			<p><italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic> también presentó un mayor factor de reproducción (FR) en las inoculaciones individuales; no obstante, su FR se redujo en un 76 % en pepino y un 66 % en tomate cuando fue co-inoculado con <italic>R. reniformis</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figuras 1</xref>A, C).</p>
			<p><bold>Severidad de los síntomas causados por <italic>R. reniformis</italic> y <italic>M. enterolobii.</italic> 
</bold> Todas las plantas inoculadas con <italic>R. reniformis</italic> presentaron síntomas de necrosis radical, y todos los tratamientos inoculados con <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> mostraron formación de agallas. Ambos nematodos causaron síntomas en las raíces a los 30 días después de la inoculación (ddi), con una mayor severidad observada a los 50 ddi (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figuras 4</xref> y 5). En ambos hospedantes, todos los tratamientos con <italic>R. reniformis</italic> y <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> mostraron diferencias significativas (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05) en comparación con el testigo sin inocular.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Raíces de tomate a los 50 días después de la inoculación (ddi). A) Testigo sin inoculación. B) Raíz con agallas causadas por <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>. C) Raíz con raquitismo y necrosis causados por <italic>R. reniformis</italic>. D) Raíz con agallas, necrosis y síntomas de raquitismo, inoculada simultáneamente con <italic>R. reniformis</italic> y <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24092-gf4.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f5">
					<label>Figura 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Raíces de pepino a los 50 días después de la inoculación (ddi). A) Testigo sin inoculación. B) Raíz con agallas causadas por <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>. C) Raíz con síntomas de raquitismo y necrosis causados por <italic>R. reniformis</italic>. D) Raíz con agallas, necrosis y síntomas de raquitismo, inoculada simultáneamente con <italic>R. reniformis</italic> y <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24092-gf5.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>A los 50 ddi, <italic>R. reniformis</italic> provocó un 93.3 % de necrosis en raíces de tomate y un</p>
			<p>58.3 % en raíces de pepino. Sin embargo, cuando se co-inoculó con <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>, el porcentaje de necrosis se redujo en un 82 % en pepino y un 85 % en tomate. Es decir, la presencia de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> en la misma raíz disminuyó la severidad de los síntomas causados por <italic>R. reniformis</italic> en ambos cultivos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figuras 1</xref>D y 2D).</p>
			<p><italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic> presentó un comportamiento similar: las inoculaciones individuales generaron síntomas más severos, mientras que en co-inoculación con <italic>R. reniformis</italic>, el índice de agallamiento (IA) disminuyó. El tratamiento T3 (donde <italic>R. reniformis</italic> se inoculó primero y <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> 15 días después) mostró la menor severidad de síntomas, con reducciones del IA de 76 % en raíces de pepino y 60 % en tomate (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figuras 1</xref>B y 2B). En conjunto, la presencia de <italic>R. reniformis</italic> en la misma raíz redujo la severidad de los síntomas causados por <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> en ambos cultivos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figuras 4</xref> y 5).</p>
			<p>Cabe destacar que la mayor severidad en raíces de pepino y tomate se observó en los tratamientos con co-inoculación simultánea, donde se presentaron síntomas combinados de necrosis, agallas, raquitismo, entre otros (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figuras 4</xref>D y 5D).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discusión</title>
			<p>En este estudio, tanto <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> como <italic>R. reniformis</italic> se reprodujeron y causaron síntomas en raíces de pepino y tomate. No obstante, ambos nematodos presentaron factores de reproducción (FR) más altos y generaron síntomas más severos en pepino, lo que indicó que este cultivo es un hospedante más susceptible. Este resultado coincide con lo reportado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Salazar-Mesta <italic>et al.</italic> (2023</xref>b), quienes señalaron que el pepino es más susceptible a <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> en comparación con el tomate y el chile (<italic>Capsicum annuum</italic>). Esta mayor susceptibilidad podría deberse al mayor tamaño y grado de ramificación del sistema radical del pepino en relación con el del tomate, lo que incrementa la cantidad de exudados radicales detectables por los nematodos mediante sus órganos sensoriales. Además, los exudados de raíz del pepino están compuestos principalmente por azúcares y compuestos preferidos por los nematodos, como el estigmasterol, mientras que las raíces de tomate liberan principalmente compuestos fenólicos, esteroles, terpenoides, glucósidos y otras sustancias menos atractivas para ellos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Mateos y Leal, 2003</xref>; Lagunes</p>
			<p>y Zavaleta, 2016).</p>
			<p>Tanto <italic>R. reniformis</italic> como <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> alcanzaron sus mayores factores de reproducción a los 50 días después de la inoculación, lo cual era esperado, ya que ambos nematodos suelen completar su ciclo reproductivo (formación de masas de huevos) entre los 18 y 30 días posteriores a la inoculación en hospedantes como el tomate, la berenjena (<italic>Solanum melongena</italic>) y el pepino (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Salazar-Mesta <italic>et al.</italic>, 2023</xref>a, 2023b; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Valdez-Morales <italic>et al.</italic>, 2024</xref>).</p>
			<p>Los resultados indicaron que una reducción en el FR de ambos nematodos también conllevó una disminución en la severidad de los síntomas. Se ha observado que el FR está estrechamente relacionado con la severidad de los daños en las raíces. Estudios previos han reportado que un aumento en el FR de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> incrementa el número de agallas en plantas de tomate y chile (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Salazar-Antón <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Salazar-Mesta <italic>et al.</italic>, 2023</xref>b; Salazar-Mesta <italic>et al.</italic>, 2024). De manera similar, se ha asociado un mayor FR de <italic>R. reniformis</italic> con un aumento en el porcentaje de necrosis en raíces de caupí (<italic>Vigna unguiculata</italic>), algodón y tomate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aryal, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Karthika <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>).</p>
			<p>En plantas de tomate, la reproducción de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> se redujo en presencia de <italic>R. reniformis</italic>, independientemente del orden de inoculación. Los tratamientos T3, T4 y T5 no mostraron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre sí (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>). Esta reducción podría atribuirse a la alta tasa reproductiva de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> en comparación con <italic>R. reniformis</italic>. En condiciones favorables, el ciclo de vida de la mayoría de las especies de <italic>Meloidogyne</italic>, incluida <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>, se completa en 25-30 días, y cada hembra puede producir entre 500 y 1,000 huevos por masa (Da Silva <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Philbrick <italic>et al.</italic>, 2020</xref>). En contraste, <italic>R. reniformis</italic> completa su ciclo de vida en 18-25 días, con una producción de 30 a 200 huevos por hembra en condiciones óptimas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Robinson, 2002</xref>).</p>
			<p>La duración del ciclo de vida de los nematodos fitoparásitos depende en gran medida de la temperatura del suelo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bridge y Starr, 2007</xref>). La temperatura óptima para el desarrollo de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> se encuentra entre 20 y 30 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Greco y Di Vito, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Tomaz <italic>et al.</italic>, 2021</xref>), mientras que para <italic>R. reniformis</italic> varía entre 23 y 30 °C (Starr <italic>et al.</italic>, 2002). Nuestros experimentos se realizaron a temperaturas cercanas a estos rangos óptimos: el primer ensayo se llevó a cabo entre 18 y 30 °C, y el segundo entre 20 y 35 °C.</p>
			<p>En plantas de pepino, <italic>R. reniformis</italic> mostró un comportamiento similar al de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> en cuanto al factor de reproducción y la severidad de los síntomas en los tratamientos donde ambos nematodos se inocularon simultáneamente. Esto sugiere que la reproducción de los nematodos depende en gran medida de la susceptibilidad del hospedante. Diversos autores han señalado que <italic>R. reniformis</italic> posee un amplio rango de hospedantes, siendo el pepino y la berenjena algunos de los más favorables para su desarrollo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Starr <italic>et al.</italic>, 1991</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Robinson <italic>et al.</italic>, 1997</xref>; Vhadera <italic>et al.</italic>, 2001; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Valdez-Morales <italic>et al.</italic>, 2024</xref>). Además, se ha reportado que las densidades poblacionales de <italic>R. reniformis</italic> están directamente relacionadas con la susceptibilidad del hospedante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Davis <italic>et al.</italic>, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Stetina <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Moore y Lawrence, 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>En las inoculaciones combinadas, la especie de nematodo que se inoculó primero, ya fuera <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> o <italic>R. reniformis</italic>, presentó un mayor factor de reproducción tanto en plantas de tomate como de pepino. Este resultado podría deberse a la concentración inicial de unidades infectivas de la primera especie en la raíz, lo que genera competencia por espacio con la segunda especie. Esta reducción en la penetración influye directamente en la competencia entre ambos nematodos. Una población inicial elevada puede deteriorar los sitios de infección y provocar la acumulación de desechos metabólicos, lo que afecta el desarrollo de los nematodos. Por lo tanto, cuando las poblaciones son excesivas, el FR tiende a disminuir debido a la limitada disponibilidad de alimento y espacio (Salazar- Antón <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013).</p>
			<p>Estos hallazgos coinciden con estudios previos que han evaluado la interacción de <italic>R. reniformis</italic> con distintas especies de <italic>Meloidogyne</italic> en cultivos de algodón, piña y ricino (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Diez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aryal <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>), los cuales proponen la competencia por espacio y nutrientes como mecanismo principal de la interacción antagónica entre nematodos. Sin embargo, investigaciones más recientes han concluido que una infección previa del hospedante con <italic>Rotylenchulus</italic> o <italic>Meloidogyne</italic> puede inducir una mayor resistencia frente a la otra especie mediante la activación de defensas sistémicas (Aryal <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011; Aryal <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Osman <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012</xref>). Esta resistencia, mediada por la vía del ácido salicílico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Van Loon <italic>et al.</italic>, 2006</xref>), fortalece los sistemas naturales de defensa de la planta frente a infecciones posteriores y proporciona una resistencia de amplio espectro contra diversos patógenos, incluidos los nematodos fitoparásitos (Osman <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012).</p>
			<p>Este estudio demostró que, en las co-inoculaciones, <italic>R. reniformis</italic> fue la especie más afectada en términos de factor de reproducción y severidad de los síntomas ocasionados, en comparación con <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>, tanto en plantas de tomate como de pepino. Este hallazgo contrasta con lo reportado por otros autores, quienes han señalado que <italic>R. reniformis</italic> suele tener una ventaja competitiva sobre especies del género <italic>Meloidogyne</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Diez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Faske y Hurd, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ferreira <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>). Los efectos de las interacciones entre nematodos están estrechamente vinculados con la naturaleza del parasitismo y la competencia entre especies, ya que la intensidad de esta competencia aumenta con la complejidad de la interacción entre el hospedante y el parásito (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kesba <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Robinson <italic>et al.</italic>, 2007</xref>).</p>
			<p>El parasitismo de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> se caracteriza por la inducción de células gigantes en el parénquima (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Starr <italic>et al.</italic>, 2002</xref>; Perry <italic>et al.</italic>, 2009; Perry y Moens, 2013). Mediante su estilete, este nematodo introduce moléculas efectoras, principalmente enzimas pectolíticas y celulolíticas que reprograman la expresión génica del hospedante, alterando su metabolismo, fisiología y estructura celular para formar sitios de alimentación especializados. Como respuesta, la planta activa diversos mecanismos de defensa, entre ellos el aumento en la actividad de enzimas clave de la vía del fenilpropanoide, responsable de la síntesis de metabolitos secundarios con propiedades antimicrobianas y de monómeros de lignina, los cuales cumplen funciones estructurales y protectoras en los tejidos vegetales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Lagunes-Fortiz y Zavaleta-Mejía, 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Por su parte, <italic>R. reniformis</italic> es un nematodo semiendoparásito que induce la formación de sincitios, principalmente en células del periciclo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Starr <italic>et al.</italic>, 2002</xref>). Las hembras insertan su estilete en células del endodermo del hospedante y liberan una combinación de moléculas efectoras, entre las que se encuentran péptidos miméticos de las familias CLE y CEP (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Eves-Van den Akker <italic>et al.</italic>, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Wubben <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>). Estas moléculas provocan la lisis de la pared celular en la célula inicial y en células adyacentes del periciclo, lo que permite la fusión de sus citoplasmas y la formación de un único sincitio funcional (Wubben <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015). La actividad de estas células efectoras está regulada por genes asociados al parasitismo, como <italic>glutathione peroxidase</italic>, <italic>pectin lyase</italic>, <italic>polygalacturonase</italic>, <italic>β-1,4-endoglucanase</italic>, <italic>β-1,4-endoxylanase</italic> y <italic>chorismate mutase</italic> (Wubben <italic>et al.</italic>, 2010).</p>
			<p>Además de la naturaleza del parasitismo de cada nematodo, diversos factores bioquímicos y moleculares pueden influir en su interacción competitiva. Ambas especies modifican el metabolismo y la expresión génica de la planta hospedante. Estudios previos han demostrado que los nematodos formadores de agallas alteran la expresión de genes relacionados con el control del ciclo celular, la modificación de la pared celular y la regulación hormonal para inducir la formación de células gigantes en las raíces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Cabrera <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Wieczorek, 2015</xref>). Tanto los nematodos reniformes como los formadores de agallas suprimen las vías de señalización asociadas a las defensas de la planta durante todo el desarrollo de sus estructuras de alimentación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Jaouannet <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Quentin <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>Varios genes implicados en el parasitismo y en la formación de agallas se han identificado previamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Mathesius, 2003</xref>). Por ejemplo, el gen <italic>nodulin N-26</italic>, que codifica una acuagliceroporina, se activa tanto durante la formación de agallas por nematodos formadores de nódulos como durante el parasitismo por nematodos reniformes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Favery <italic>et al.</italic>, 2002</xref>). De forma similar, la quinasa receptora con repeticiones ricas en leucina (LRR) <italic>SYMRK/NORK</italic>, parte de un complejo receptor involucrado en la percepción de nematodos formadores de agallas, también ha demostrado tener un papel en el parasitismo de <italic>R. reniformis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Endre <italic>et al.</italic>, 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Stracke <italic>et al.</italic>, 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Weerasinghe <italic>et al.</italic>, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Redding <italic>et al.</italic>, 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Para comprender a fondo los mecanismos que determinan la interacción competitiva entre <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> y <italic>R. reniformis</italic> en plantas de tomate y pepino, se recomienda realizar estudios complementarios a nivel fisiológico, bioquímico y molecular.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusiones</title>
			<p>En las inoculaciones individuales, <italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic> y <italic>Rotylenchulus reniformis</italic> alcanzaron los valores más altos de factor de reproducción (FR) y severidad de la enfermedad en raíces de tomate y pepino. En los tratamientos donde una especie se inoculó antes que la otra, la especie inoculada primero mostró un FR más elevado y causó síntomas más severos. En las co-inoculaciones simultáneas, ambos nematodos redujeron su FR y provocaron una menor severidad de síntomas en ambos cultivos. Sin embargo, en plantas de tomate, la reproducción de <italic>R. reniformis</italic> se vio más afectada que la de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Scientific Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Competitive interaction between <italic>Rotylenchulus reniformis and Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic> in tomato and cucumber plants</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p> </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Background/Objective. </title>
					<p>The production of tomato (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>) and cucumber (<italic>Cucumis sativus</italic>) is affected by the nematodes <italic>Rotylenchulus reniformis</italic> and <italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic>; however, the interaction between these two nematodes on these plant species is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the interaction of <italic>R. reniformis</italic> and <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> in tomato and cucumber plants through artificial inoculations under greenhouse conditions.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and Methods. </title>
					<p>Twenty-one-day-old seedlings were inoculated with 2000 juveniles (J2) of each nematode per plant. The experiment followed a completely randomized three-factor design with six treatments: T1= <italic>R. reniformis</italic>; T2= <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>; T3= <italic>R. reniformis</italic> was inoculated and 15 days later <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> was added; T4 = <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> was inoculated and 15 days later <italic>R. reniformis</italic> was added; T5 = both species were inoculated on the same day; T6 = uninoculated control. The reproduction factor (RF) of both nematodes, galling index for <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>, and root necrosis percentage for <italic>R. reniformis</italic> were recorded at 30 and 50 days after inoculation.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results. </title>
					<p>In cucumber plants, <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> reduced its reproduction by up to 73% in the presence of <italic>R. reniformis</italic>, while in tomato plants, its reproduction decreased by 52%, with a reduction in the galling index of 72 and 60% in cucumber and tomato plants, respectively, compared to T1 and T2. On the other hand, <italic>R. reniformis</italic> reduced its reproduction by 72% in cucumber plants and 67% in tomato plants in the presence of <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>, and a reduction in symptom severity was observed by 78 and 77% in cucumber and tomato plants, respectively, compared to T1 and T2.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion. </title>
					<p>In treatments where one species was inoculated before the other, the species inoculated first showed a higher RF and caused greater disease severity. In simultaneous co-inoculations, both nematodes reduced their RF and caused lower symptom severity in tomato and cucumber plants.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Solanum lycopersicum</kwd>
				<kwd>Cucumis sativus</kwd>
				<kwd>Reproduction factor</kwd>
				<kwd>Severity</kwd>
				<kwd>Galling index</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>Mexico is one of the world's leading vegetable producers, ranking ninth in tomato (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>) production with 4,271,914 tons in 2022, and fifth in cucumber (<italic>Cucumis sativus</italic>) production with 1,038,999 tons. The state of Sinaloa is the main producer of both tomato and cucumber, with 677,612 and 314,150 tons, respectively (SIAP, 2023).</p>
				<p><italic>Rotylenchulus reniformis</italic> and <italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic> are highly significant species and are among the top 10 most economically impactful and scientifically important plant- parasitic nematodes worldwide (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Jones <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). These nematodes have been reported to severely affect vegetable crops in the state of Sinaloa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Martínez-Gallardo <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Salazar-Mesta <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>a, 2023b; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Valdez-Morales <italic>et al</italic>., 2024</xref>).</p>
				<p>Both <italic>Rotylenchulus</italic> spp. and <italic>Meloidogyne</italic> spp. form feeding sites in the roots of plants. <italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic> is a sedentary endoparasitic nematode, and its parasitism involves the induction of giant cells in the parenchyma (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Starr <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Perry and Moens, 2013</xref>). Meanwhile, <italic>R. reniformis</italic> is a semi-endoparasitic nematode and induces the formation of syncytia, primarily in pericycle cells (Starr <italic>et al</italic>., 2002). Although the infection sites of ectoparasitic and endoparasitic nematodes differ, interactions between species can occur, and these interactions may be antagonistic or suppressive to one of the species involved (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Khan <italic>et al</italic>., 1985</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Robinson <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Gomes <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>Studies on interactions between plant-parasitic nematodes have shown that such relationships can be antagonistic for either nematode when feeding on the same plant (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Diez <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Melakeberhan and Dey, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Manzanilla-Lopez and Starr, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ferreira <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Fontana <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Moreover, the effects of nematode species interactions are related to the nature of parasitism and competition, as the competitive relationship increases with the complexity of the host-parasite interaction (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kesba <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Moens <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Robinson <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bhat and Parveen, 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>In the case of plant-parasitic nematodes from the genera <italic>Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus</italic>, and <italic>Rotylenchulus</italic>, it has been demonstrated that interactions occur due to competition for space and nutrients (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Bhat and Parveen, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ferreira <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>a, 2015b; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Gomes <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Fontana <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Additionally, several studies have determined the interaction between <italic>R. reniformis</italic> and <italic>Meloidogyne</italic> spp., including <italic>M. javanica</italic> and <italic>M. incognita</italic>, in various host plants such as pineapple (<italic>Ananas comosus</italic>), cotton (<italic>Gossypium hirsutum</italic>), tomato, and castor bean (<italic>Ricinus communis</italic>).</p>
				<p>These studies recorded that <italic>R. reniformis</italic> has a competitive advantage over <italic>Meloidogyne</italic> species in joint inoculations, as a reduction in root galling was observed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Diez <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Faske and Hurd, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ferreira <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>a, 2015b). The interaction of <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> with lesion nematodes, such as <italic>Helicotylenchus dihysteroides</italic>, has also been evaluated in guava (<italic>Psidium guajava</italic>) seedlings; however, symptoms caused by <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> were observed in both separate and combined inoculation treatments (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Gomes <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>The interactions between <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> and <italic>R. reniformis</italic> in tomato and cucumber plants have not been studied, but it is suggested that <italic>R. reniformis</italic> may have a competitive advantage over the root-knot nematode due to its high degree of parasitism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Diez <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Robinson, 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aryal <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the competitive interaction between <italic>R. reniformis</italic> and <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> in tomato and cucumber plants under greenhouse conditions.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>Materials and methods</title>
				<p>The experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions from December 2022 to May 2023. Tomato (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic> cv. Imperial) and cucumber (<italic>Cucumis sativus</italic> cv. Zeus) seeds were germinated in 60-cell trays filled with sterile substrate (Peat Moss). Twenty-one days after germination, seedlings were directly inoculated into the germination trays with 2000 juveniles (J2) of each nematode (<italic>R. reniformis</italic> and <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>). The experimental unit was one plant in a cell. Treatments were as follows: T1 = <italic>R. reniformis</italic>; T2 = <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>; T3 = <italic>R. reniformis</italic> was inoculated, followed by</p>
				<p><italic>M. enterolobii</italic> 15 days later; T4 = <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> was inoculated, followed by <italic>R. reniformis</italic> 15 days later; T5 = both species were inoculated on the same day; T6 = uninoculated control. The populations of <italic>R. reniformis</italic> and <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> used in this experiment were previously characterized and identified through a combination of morphological and molecular analyses by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Valdez-Morales <italic>et al</italic>. (2024</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Salazar Mesta <italic>et al</italic>. (2023</xref>a), respectively.</p>
				<p>Evaluations were conducted at 30 and 50 days after inoculation (DAI). The variables measured were the reproduction factor (RF) of each nematode, the galling index for <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>, and root necrosis percentage for <italic>R. reniformis</italic>. To evaluate the galling index, roots were extracted, washed with tap water, and the number of galls per root was counted for each treatment.</p>
				<p>For the reproduction factor assessment, the final population of each nematode species was determined using the formula RF = Pf/Pi, where Pi represents the initial nematode population at the time of inoculation, and Pf is the final nematode count at root extraction (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Ferris <italic>et al</italic>., 1993</xref>). Roots were stained with 1% acid fuchsin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Byrd <italic>et al.</italic>, 1983</xref>), females and egg masses of each species were observed and counted using a stereoscopic microscope. In addition, juvenile and male nematodes were extracted from the substrate of each root using the Baermann funnel and Cobb's sieving methods (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Christie and Perry, 1951</xref>).</p>
				<p>Statistical analysis. The experiment followed a completely randomized three-factor design with six treatments and three replicates. The response variables were the reproduction factor of both nematodes and disease severity, which included the galling index of <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>, and the percentage of root necrosis caused by <italic>R. reniformis</italic>. Root necrosis was evaluated on a visual scale of 1 to 100% based on root damage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Speijer and De Waele, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Nega and Fetena, 2015</xref>). The galling index (GI) was evaluated using the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Taylor and Sasser (1978</xref>) scale, where: 0 = 0 galls, 1 = 1-2 galls, 2 = 3-10 galls, 3 = 11- 30 galls, 4 = 31-100 galls, and 5 = &gt;100 galls. The data obtained were transformed to log (x + 1) to standardize variance. The transformed means were compared using Fisher's LSD test (P &lt; 0.05) with SAS software version 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Results</title>
				<p><bold>Reproduction and pathogenicity of <italic>R. reniformis</italic> and <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>.</bold> The initial inoculum levels of both nematodes increased during the trial, and the species displayed variable reproduction factors depending on the host. However, <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> exhibited a higher reproduction factor (RF) (41.9 and 20.9 in cucumber and tomato, respectively) compared to <italic>R. reniformis</italic> (7 and 1.8 in cucumber and tomato, respectively) on both hosts (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figures 1</xref> A, C and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">2</xref> A, C).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Reproduction and severity of <italic>R. reniformis</italic> and <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> in cucumber plants at 30 and 50 days after inoculation (DAI). A) Reproduction factor of <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>. B) Number of galls caused by <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>. C) Reproduction factor of <italic>R. reniformis</italic>. D) Percentage of root necrosis caused by <italic>R. reniformis</italic>. The comparison of means was conducted between bars of the same color; means that do not share a letter are significantly different.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24092-gf6.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Reproduction and severity of <italic>R. reniformis</italic> and <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> in tomato plants at 30 and 50 days after inoculation (DAI). A) Reproduction factor of <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>. B) Number of galls caused by <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>. C) Reproduction factor of <italic>R. reniformis</italic>. D) Percentage of root necrosis caused by <italic>R. reniformis</italic>. The comparison of means was conducted between bars of the same color; means that do not share a letter are significantly different.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24092-gf7.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>In cucumber plants, mature females and egg masses of both nematodes were observed in all inoculated treatments at 30 days after inoculation (DAI) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref>A, C, E). In contrast, in tomato plants, mature females and egg masses of <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> were seen at 30 DAI, but <italic>R. reniformis</italic> only showed mature females without egg masses. The highest reproduction of both nematodes occurred at 50 DAI (mature females and egg masses) in both plant species (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figures 3</xref>B, D, F).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Micrographs of <italic>Rotylenchulus reniformis</italic> and <italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic> parasitizing cucumber and tomato roots at 50 days after inoculation (DAI). A) Female of <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> in cucumber root. B) Female of <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> causing galls in tomato root. C) Female of <italic>R. reniformis</italic> affecting cucumber roots. D) Female of <italic>R. reniformis</italic> in tomato root. E) Cucumber root with a gall caused by <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> and three mature females of <italic>R. reniformis</italic> around it. F) Tomato root with a gall from <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> and necrosis caused by <italic>R. reniformis.</italic> Scale Bars: A= 300 μm; B, E, F= 500; C, D= 100 μm.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24092-gf8.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Both <italic>R. reniformis</italic> and <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> showed significant differences between treatments across both plant species. Notably, both nematodes had higher RF when inoculated separately (T1 and T2) with values of 49.1 and 20.9, respectively, in cucumber plants, and 7 and 1.8, respectively, in tomato plants, compared to the combined inoculation treatments (T3, T4, and T5). In treatments where one species was inoculated first and the other 15 DAI (T3 and T4), the species inoculated first exhibited a higher number of eggs, females, juveniles, and consequently a higher RF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>), and caused greater symptom severity compared to the species inoculated later (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Number of females, eggs, and juveniles of <italic>R. reniformis</italic> and <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> by treatment in cucumber and tomato plants at 50 days after inoculation.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Species </th>
									<th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Treatments </th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"/>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Cucumber </th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"/>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"/>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"/>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Tomato </th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"/>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Females </th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Eggs </th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Juveniles </th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;"/>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Females </th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Eggs </th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; vertical-align:center;">Juveniles </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td/>
									<td style="text-align:center">T1z </td>
									<td>170 </td>
									<td>13,340 </td>
									<td style="text-align:right">1,056 </td>
									<td/>
									<td style="text-align:center">45 </td>
									<td>3,613 </td>
									<td>154 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td/>
									<td style="text-align:center">T2 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">0 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">0 </td>
									<td style="text-align:right">0 </td>
									<td/>
									<td style="text-align:center">0 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">0 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">0 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2">Rotylenchulus reniformis</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">T3 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">81 </td>
									<td>6,520 </td>
									<td style="text-align:right">1,039 </td>
									<td/>
									<td style="text-align:center">24 </td>
									<td>1,933 </td>
									<td>213 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">T4 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">30 </td>
									<td>2,466 </td>
									<td style="text-align:right">40 </td>
									<td/>
									<td style="text-align:center">6 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">453 </td>
									<td>121 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td/>
									<td style="text-align:center">T5 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">43 </td>
									<td>3,493 </td>
									<td style="text-align:right">430 </td>
									<td/>
									<td style="text-align:center">12 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">960 </td>
									<td>290 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td/>
									<td style="text-align:center">T6 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">0 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">0 </td>
									<td style="text-align:right">0 </td>
									<td/>
									<td style="text-align:center">0 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">0 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">0 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td/>
									<td style="text-align:center">T1 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">0 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">0 </td>
									<td style="text-align:right">0 </td>
									<td/>
									<td style="text-align:center">0 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">0 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">0 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td/>
									<td style="text-align:center">T2 </td>
									<td>419 </td>
									<td>83,866 </td>
									<td style="text-align:right">66 </td>
									<td/>
									<td style="text-align:center">209 </td>
									<td>41,966 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">0 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2">Meloidogyne enterolobii</td>
									<td style="text-align:center">T3 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">99 </td>
									<td>19,833 </td>
									<td style="text-align:right">13 </td>
									<td/>
									<td style="text-align:center">71 </td>
									<td>14,233 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">0 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:center">T4 </td>
									<td>291 </td>
									<td>58,333 </td>
									<td style="text-align:right">266 </td>
									<td/>
									<td style="text-align:center">129 </td>
									<td>25,900 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">0 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td/>
									<td style="text-align:center">T5 </td>
									<td>110 </td>
									<td>22,033 </td>
									<td style="text-align:right">0 </td>
									<td/>
									<td style="text-align:center">99 </td>
									<td>19,800 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">0 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td/>
									<td style="text-align:center">T6 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">0 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">0 </td>
									<td style="text-align:right">0 </td>
									<td/>
									<td style="text-align:center">0 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">0 </td>
									<td style="text-align:center">0 </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>zT1 = <italic>R. reniformis</italic>; T2 = <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>; T3 = <italic>R. reniformis</italic> was inoculated, followed by <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> 15 days later; T4 = <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> was inoculated, followed by <italic>R. reniformis</italic> 15 days later; T5 = both species were inoculated on the same day; T6 = uninoculated control.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><italic>Rotylenchulus reniformis</italic> displayed higher RF in individual inoculations for both cucumber and tomato plants; however, its RF decreased when co-inoculated with <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> in the same root. Specifically, <italic>R. reniformis</italic> showed an RF reduction of up to 83% in cucumber and 88% in tomato compared to the treatment where only <italic>R. reniformis</italic> was inoculated. Moreover, when <italic>R. reniformis</italic> was inoculated first and <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> 15 DAI, the reproduction of <italic>R. reniformis</italic> decreased by 58 and 44% in cucumber and tomato plants, respectively, in the presence of <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref>A, C).</p>
				<p><italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic> also exhibited a higher RF in individual inoculations, but its RF decreased by 76 and 66% in cucumber and tomato plants, respectively, when co- inoculated with <italic>R. reniformis</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figures 1</xref>A, C).</p>
				<p><bold>Symptom severity caused by <italic>R. reniformis</italic> and <italic>M. enterolobii.</italic> 
</bold> All plants inoculated with <italic>R. reniformis</italic> showed root necrosis symptoms, and all treatments inoculated with <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> exhibited gall symptoms. Both nematodes caused symptoms in roots at 30 DAI, with greater severity observed at 50 DAI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figures 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">5</xref>). In both crops, all <italic>R. reniformis</italic> and <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> treatments showed significant differences (<italic>P</italic> &lt; 0.05) compared to the uninoculated control.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f9">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Tomato roots at 50 days after inoculation (DAI). A) Control without inoculation. B) Root with galls caused by <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>. C) Root with stunting and necrosis caused by <italic>R. reniformis</italic>. D) Root with galls, necrosis, and stunting symptoms, inoculated with <italic>R. reniformis</italic> and <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> simultaneously.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24092-gf9.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f10">
						<label>Figure 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Cucumber roots at 50 days after inoculation (DAI). A) Control without inoculation. B) Root with galls caused by <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>. C) Root with symptoms of stunting and necrosis caused by <italic>R. reniformis</italic>. D) Root with galls, necrosis, and stunting symptoms, inoculated with <italic>R. reniformis</italic> and <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> simultaneously.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT24092-gf10.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>At 50 DAI, <italic>R. reniformis</italic> caused 93.3 and 58.3% necrosis in tomato and cucumber roots, respectively. However, when co-inoculated with <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>, the necrosis percentage decreased by 82% in cucumber roots and 85% in tomato roots. In other words, the presence of <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> in the same root reduced the severity of symptoms caused by <italic>R. reniformis</italic> in both cucumber and tomato plants (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figures 1</xref>D and 2D).</p>
				<p><italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic> exhibited a similar pattern to <italic>R. reniformis</italic> in those individual inoculations resulted in more severe symptoms. However, when co-inoculated with <italic>R. reniformis,</italic> the galling index (GI) decreased, with T3 (where <italic>R. reniformis</italic> was inoculated first and <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> 15 DAI) showing the lowest symptom severity, with GI reductions of 76 and 60% in cucumber and tomato plants, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figures 1</xref>B and 2B). Overall, the presence of <italic>R. reniformis</italic> in the same root reduced the severity of symptoms caused by <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> in both cucumber and tomato plants (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figures 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">5</xref>).</p>
				<p>It is worth mentioning that the highest severity in both cucumber and tomato roots was observed in those where both nematodes were co-inoculated, as these roots showed a combination of symptoms such as necrosis, galls, stunting, etc., caused by both nematode species (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figures 4</xref>D and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">5D</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussion</title>
				<p>In this study, both <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> and <italic>R. reniformis</italic> reproduced and caused symptoms in cucumber and tomato plants. However, both nematodes exhibited higher reproduction factors (RF) and caused more severe symptoms in cucumber, making it the more susceptible host. This observation aligns with findings by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Salazar-Mesta <italic>et al.</italic> (2023</xref>b), who determined that cucumber is more susceptible to <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> compared to tomato and pepper (<italic>Capsicum annuum</italic>). This increased susceptibility may be due to the larger size and branching of cucumber roots compared to tomato roots, leading to greater root exudation, which nematodes detect through their sensory systems. Additionally, cucumber root exudates are primarily composed of sugars and compounds preferred by nematodes, such as stigmasterol, while tomato roots mainly release phenolics, sterols, terpenoids, glycosides, and other substances that are less favorable to nematodes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Mateos and Leal, 2003</xref>; Lagunes and Zavaleta, 2016).</p>
				<p>Both <italic>R. reniformis</italic> and <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> exhibited their highest RFs at 50 days after inoculation (DAI), which was expected since both nematodes typically complete their reproductive cycle (egg mass formation) between 18 and 30 days after inoculation in host plants such as tomato, eggplant (<italic>Solanum melongena</italic>), and cucumber (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Salazar-Mesta <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>a, 2023b; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Valdez-Morales <italic>et al.</italic>, 2024</xref>). The results indicated that reducing the RF of both nematodes also decreased symptom severity. It has been observed that RF is closely related to the severity of root symptoms. Previous studies have reported that an increase in <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> RF elevates galling in tomato and pepper plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Salazar-Antón <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>; Salazar-Mesta <italic>et al</italic>., 2023b; Salazar-Mesta <italic>et al.,</italic> 2024). Similarly, an increase in <italic>R. reniformis</italic> RF has been associated with higher necrosis percentages in cowpea (<italic>Vigna unguiculata</italic>), cotton, and tomato plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aryal, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Karthika <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>).</p>
				<p>In tomato plants, <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> reproduction was reduced in the presence of <italic>R. reniformis</italic>, regardless of the order of inoculation. Treatments T3, T4, and T5 were statistically similar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>). This may be due to the high reproductive rate of <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> compared to <italic>R. reniformis</italic>. Under favorable conditions, the life cycle of most <italic>Meloidogyne</italic> species, including <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>, is completed in 25-30 days, with each female producing 500-1000 eggs per mass (Da Silva <italic>et al</italic>., 2019; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Philbrick <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>). In contrast, <italic>R. reniformis</italic> completes its life cycle in 18-25 days, with each female producing 30-200 eggs under favorable conditions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Robinson, 2002</xref>).</p>
				<p>The life cycle duration of plant-parasitic nematodes largely depends on soil temperature (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bridge and Starr, 2007</xref>). The optimal temperature for <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> development ranges between 20 and 30 °C (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Greco and Di Vito, 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Tomaz <italic>et al</italic>., 2021</xref>), while for <italic>R. reniformis</italic>, it fluctuates between 23 and 30 °C (Starr <italic>et al</italic>., 2002). Our experiments were conducted under temperatures close to the optimal ranges for both nematodes, with the first experiment held at 18 to 30 °C and the second at 20 to 35 °C.</p>
				<p>In cucumber plants, <italic>R. reniformis</italic> exhibited a similar behavior to <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> in terms of RF and symptom severity in treatments where both nematodes were inoculated simultaneously. This indicates that nematode reproduction depends significantly on host susceptibility. According to other authors, <italic>R. reniformis</italic> has a broad host range, with cucumber and eggplant being among its preferred hosts (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Starr <italic>et al</italic>., 1991</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Robinson <italic>et al</italic>., 1997</xref>; Vhadera <italic>et al</italic>., 2001; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Valdez-Morales <italic>et al.,</italic> 2024</xref>). It has been reported that <italic>R. reniformis</italic> population densities are dependent on host susceptibility (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Davis <italic>et al.,</italic> 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Stetina <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Moore and Lawrence, 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>In the combined inoculations, the nematode species inoculated first-whether <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> or <italic>R. reniformis</italic>-showed a higher RF in both tomato and cucumber plants. This result could be due to the clustering of infective units of the first species in the root, leading to competition for space with the second species. This reduced penetration influenced the competition between both nematodes. A high initial population may deteriorate infection sites and lead to an accumulation of metabolic waste, affecting nematode development. Therefore, RF decreases when nematode populations are excessive due to limited food and space (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Salazar-Antón <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). These findings align with other studies that have evaluated the interaction of <italic>R. reniformis</italic> with various <italic>Meloidogyne</italic> species in cotton, pineapple, and castor plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Diez <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aryal <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>). However, these studies propose space and nutrient competition as the mechanism for the antagonistic interaction between the nematodes. Recent studies, however, have concluded that prior infection of the host with <italic>Rotylenchulus</italic> or <italic>Meloidogyne</italic> can induce greater defense against the other species through the induction of systemic resistance (Aryal <italic>et al</italic>., 2011; Aryal <italic>et al</italic>., 2012; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Osman <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). This resistance, mediated by the salicylic acid pathway (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Van Loon <italic>et al</italic>., 2006</xref>), enhances the plant natural defense systems against subsequent infections and provides broad-spectrum resistance to various pathogens, including plant-parasitic nematodes (Osman <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012).</p>
				<p>This study demonstrated that in co-inoculations, <italic>R. reniformis</italic> was more affected in terms of RF and symptom severity compared to <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> in tomato and cucumber plants. This contrasts with results from other authors, who determined that <italic>R. reniformis</italic> has a competitive advantage over <italic>Meloidogyne</italic> species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Diez <italic>et al</italic>., 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Faske and Hurd, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ferreira <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>). The effects of nematode species interactions are related to the nature of parasitism and competition, as the competitive relationship intensifies with increased host-parasite complexity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Kesba <italic>et al.,</italic> 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Robinson <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>).</p>
				<p>The parasitism of <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> involves the induction of giant cells in the parenchyma (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Starr <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>; Perry <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009; Perry and Moens, 2013). Through its stylet, this nematode introduces effector molecules (pectolytic and cellulolytic enzymes) into the host, reprogramming gene expression to modify host cell metabolism, physiology, and structure, forming specialized feeding sites. The plant responds by activating defense mechanisms, such as increased activity of key enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway, which synthesizes secondary metabolites with antimicrobial properties and lignin monomers that play a structural and defensive role in plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Lagunes-Fortiz and Zavaleta-Mejía, 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>On the other hand, <italic>R. reniformis</italic> is a semi-endoparasite, and its parasitism induces syncytium formation, primarily in pericycle cells (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Starr <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>). Females insert their stylets into the host’s endodermal cells and release a mix of effectors, including CLE and CEP peptide mimics (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Eves-Van den Akker <italic>et al.,</italic> 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Wubben <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>), causing cell wall lysis in the initial cell and adjacent pericycle cells, allowing multiple cytoplasms to merge into a single syncytium (Wubben <italic>et al</italic>., 2015). Effector cells are regulated by parasitism genes, such as glutathione peroxidase, pectin lyase, polygalacturonase, β-1,4- endoglucanase, β-1,4-endoxylanase, and chorismate mutase (Wubben <italic>et al</italic>., 2010).</p>
				<p>In addition to the parasitism nature of each nematode, biochemical and molecular aspects may influence their competitive interaction. Both species modify host plant metabolism and gene expression. Some studies have shown that root-knot nematodes alter host gene expression related to cell cycle control, cell wall modification, and hormone regulation to induce giant cell formation in the roots (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Cabrera <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Wieczorek, 2015</xref>). Both nematodes (reniform and root-knot) suppress defense-related signaling pathways throughout the lifespan of their feeding structures (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Jaouannet <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Quentin <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Previously, several genes involved in nematode parasitism and gall formation have been reported (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Mathesius, 2003</xref>). For example, nodulin N-26, which encodes an aquaglyceroporin, is induced during both root-knot nematode gall formation and reniform nematode parasitism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Favery <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>). Similarly, the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinase SYMRK/NORK, part of a receptor complex involved in root-knot nematode perception, has been reported to influence reniform nematode parasitism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Endre <italic>et al.,</italic> 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Stracke <italic>et al</italic>., 2002</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Weerasinghe <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Redding <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>). Further physiological, biochemical, and molecular studies are recommended to understand in detail the key aspects of the competitive interaction between <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>and <italic>R. reniformis</italic> in tomato and cucumber plants.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusions</title>
				<p>In individual inoculations, <italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic> and <italic>Rotylenchulus reniformis</italic> exhibited the highest reproduction factor (RF) and disease severity in tomato and cucumber plants. In treatments where one species was inoculated before the other, the species inoculated first showed a higher RF and caused greater disease severity. In simultaneous co-inoculations, both nematodes reduced their RF and caused lower symptom severity in tomato and cucumber plants. However, in tomato plants, the reproduction of <italic>R. reniformis</italic> was more affected compared to that of <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>.</p>
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