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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2502-1</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Nota Fitopatológica</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Primer reporte de <italic>Fusarium sulawesiensis</italic> (FIESC 16) y <italic>Fusarium pernambucanum</italic> (FIESC 17) como causantes del tizón en cálices de jamaica (<italic>Hibiscus sabdariffa</italic>) en México</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ortega-Acosta</surname>
						<given-names>Candelario</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ochoa-Martínez</surname>
						<given-names>Daniel Leobardo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ortega-Acosta</surname>
						<given-names>Santo Ángel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Morales</surname>
						<given-names>Javier Hernández-</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Palemón-Alberto</surname>
						<given-names>Francisco</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Colegio de Postgraduados, Km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado México, CP 56264, México, Campus Montecillo. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Colegio de Postgraduados</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Texcoco</city>
					<state>Estado México</state>
					<postal-code>56264</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Ambientales de la Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero. Periférico Poniente s/n. CP. 40015, Iguala, Guerrero, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>40015</postal-code>
					<city>Iguala</city>
					<state>Guerrero</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><italic>*</italic></label><bold>
 <italic>Autor de Correspondencia:</italic> 
</bold> Daniel Leobardo Ochoa-Martínez <email>ldaniel@colpos.mx</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>27</day>
				<month>05</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>May-Aug</season>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>43</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<elocation-id>RMEXFIT25021</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>28</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p> </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Antecedentes/Objetivo. </title>
					<p>En la zona productora de jamaica (<italic>Hibiscus sabdariffa</italic>) del estado de Guerrero, México, se detectaron plantaciones con alta incidencia de tizón del cáliz. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer al agente causal de esta enfermedad.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materiales y Métodos. </title>
					<p>Se recolectaron cálices con síntomas y asintomáticos de las variedades “Criolla de Guerrero”, “Sudán” y “China Negra” en los municipios de Ayutla y Tecoanapa, Guerrero. De los cálices con síntomas, se aislaron diferentes cepas de hongos, de las cuales se seleccionaron dos para realizar pruebas de patogenicidad en condiciones de invernadero y se identificaron mediante la amplificación y secuenciación del gen factor de elongación -1α (EF-1α) con los iniciadores EF1-728F/EF1-986R.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados y Discusión. </title>
					<p>Las secuencias obtenidas se compararon con las existentes en las bases de datos del NCBI y Fusarium MLST y correspondieron con el complejo de especies <italic>Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti</italic> (FIESC) 16 y 17, llamadas actualmente <italic>Fusarium sulawesiensis</italic> y <italic>Fusarium pernambucanum</italic>, respectivamente. En las pruebas de patogenicidad, las cepas inoculadas indujeron síntomas similares a los observados en campo. Se ha comprobado que el complejo FIESC produce la micotoxina tricoteceno. Por lo tanto, es necesario realizar estudios para determinar la presencia de esta toxina en la jamaica, considerando que su principal uso es la preparación de bebidas refrescantes, lo cual podría representar un riesgo para la salud.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión</title>
					<p>. Este es el primer reporte de <italic>Fusarium sulawesiensis</italic> y <italic>Fusarium pernambucanum</italic> como causantes del tizón del cáliz de la jamaica en México y el mundo.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras claves:</title>
				<kwd>Complejo fungoso</kwd>
				<kwd>Factor de elongación -1α</kwd>
				<kwd>Filogenia</kwd>
				<kwd>Cultivos tropicales</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="24"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p>En México, se cultiva la jamaica (<italic>Hibiscus sabdariffa</italic>) en diversas regiones tropicales y subtropicales bajo condiciones de secano. Guerrero es el principal productor de esta especie con 13,793 ha cultivadas (SIAP, 2025). Diversas enfermedades afectan este cultivo, de las cuales la “pata prieta” causada por <italic>Phytophthora parasitica</italic> y el manchado de los cálices ocasionado por <italic>Corynespora cassiicola</italic>, son las que tienen mayor incidencia e impacto económico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Ortega-Acosta <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>a; 2015b; Ortega-Acosta <italic>et al</italic>., 2020). En 2017, se observó una nueva enfermedad en este cultivo en los municipios de Tecoanapa y Ayutla, Guerrero, denominada localmente como “bola” de los cálices. Inicialmente la incidencia era baja; sin embargo, incrementó en los posteriores ciclos de cultivo. Con base en lo anterior, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue conocer el agente causal de esta enfermedad mediante la amplificación parcial del gen factor de elongación EF-1α y su análisis filogenético.</p>
			<p>Muestreo de cálices. Se recolectaron 15 cálices de jamaica con tizón y 15 asintomáticos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>) de cada una de tres variedades: “Criolla de Guerrero”, “China Negra” y “Sudán” en las localidades de San Miguel (N 16°59'15.4&quot;, W 99°05'56.0&quot;) y San José La Hacienda (N 16°58'30.7&quot;, W 99°03'29.1&quot;), ambas pertenecientes al municipio de Ayutla, así como en Tecuantepec (N 16°59'58.9&quot;, W 99°15'10.4&quot;) y Saucitos (N 16°59'14.0&quot;, W 99°18'16.8&quot;) en el municipio de Tecoanapa.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Síntomas del tizón de los cálices en tres variedades de jamaica; se observa que la cápsula queda expuesta debido al atizonamiento de los cálices; <bold>A</bold>. “Criolla de Guerrero”. <bold>B</bold>. “China Negra”. <bold>C.</bold> “Sudán”. Cálices asintomáticos de las diferentes variedades; <bold>D</bold>. “Criolla de Guerrero”, <bold>E</bold>= “China Negra” y <bold>F</bold>= “Sudán”.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT25021-gf1.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Identificación morfológica y molecular. Los cálices recolectados, se colocaron en bolsas de plástico para su traslado al laboratorio de Virus Fitopatógenos, Colegio de Postgraduados-Campus Montecillo. A partir de los cálices con tizón se cortaron fragmentos de tejido de la zona de avance de la lesión, se desinfestaron con hipoclorito de sodio 1 % durante dos minutos, se enjuagaron tres veces con agua destilada estéril y se colocaron sobre papel absorbente estéril para eliminar el exceso de humedad durante 10 minutos. Los fragmentos de tejido se colocaron en cajas Petri con medio de cultivo PDA y se incubaron a 28 °C. El proceso anterior se realizó también tomando tejido de la parte media de cálices asintomáticos. De manera consistente se tuvo crecimiento micelial a partir de cálices con síntomas, por lo que se obtuvieron colonias fungosas puras por punta de hifa y se tomaron mediciones en cinco de ellas. El hongo obtenido se identificó morfológicamente con las claves taxonómicas de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Barnett y Hunter (1998</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Nelson <italic>et al.</italic> (1983</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Leslie y Summerell (2006</xref>).</p>
			<p>Para conocer molecularmente la especie de este hongo, se seleccionaron cuatro aislamientos denominados BOLCHIN, BOLCHIN-RE (aislados de jamaica “China Negra”), BOLSUD y BOLCRIO (aislados de jamaica “Sudán” y “Criolla de Guerrero”, respectivamente) y de ellos se extrajo ADN con el método AP (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Sambrook y Russel, 2001</xref>) para amplificar un fragmento de 258 pb del gen factor de elongación-1α (EF-1α) con los iniciadores EF1-728F/EF1-986R (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Carbone y Kohn 1999</xref>). La amplificación se realizó en un termociclador Techne-TC-512<sup>®</sup> siguiendo el programa descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Shimomoto <italic>et al</italic>. (2011</xref>). Los productos obtenidos de PCR fueron purificados y secuenciados por el método de Sanger (Macrogen Inc. Corea). Las secuencias fueron editadas y ensambladas con el programa MEGA X (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Kumar <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>) y fueron comparadas en la base de datos del NCBI y Fusarium MLST (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">O'Donnell <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://fusarium.mycobank.org/">https://fusarium.mycobank.org/</ext-link>).</p>
			<p>Pruebas de patogenicidad. Para cumplir con los postulados de Koch, un aislamiento de</p>
			<p><italic>F. sulawesiensis</italic> (BOLCHIN) y uno de <italic>F</italic>. <italic>pernambucanum</italic> (BOLCRIO), se inocularon por separado en 15 cálices sanos de jamaica de la variedad “Criolla”. Con un palillo de dientes estéril, se tomó micelio de una colonia pura de cada asilamiento desarrollada en PDA de cinco días de crecimiento y se insertó en cuatro puntos equidistantes alrededor de la base de los cálices. Como control negativo, se tuvieron 10 cálices a los que se les realizaron heridas con palillos de dientes estériles de la manera antes indicada. Todas las plantas se mantuvieron en invernadero cubiertas con una bolsa de plástico trasparente durante 48 h, después de lo cual se retiró.</p>
			<p>Análisis filogenético. Se realizó un análisis filogenético de las secuencias del fragmento amplificado del gen EF-1α de los cuatro aislamientos en estudio (BOLCHIN, BOLCHIN- RE, BOLSUD y BOLCRIO) con las disponibles en el GenBank (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Xia <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). Después del alineamiento múltiple de las secuencias, se llevó a cabo un análisis de inferencia bayesiana (BI) utilizando el software MrBayes v.3.2.1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Ronquist <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). Para ello, se implementaron cuatro corridas independientes de Markov Chains Monte Carlo (MCMC), cada una con dos análisis paralelos de cuatro cadenas. Las cadenas se iniciaron a partir de árboles aleatorios y se ejecutaron durante 1,000,000 de generaciones, tomando muestras cada 1,000 generaciones. El 25 % de los árboles filogenéticos iniciales generadas se descartó como parte de la fase de <italic>burn-in</italic> en cada análisis. A partir de los árboles restantes, se calcularon las probabilidades posteriores (PP) para respaldar los nodos en la topología final. El árbol filogenético se enraizó con la secuencia de <italic>F. concolor</italic> (GQ505674). Se muestrearon 1,502 árboles y la desviación estándar de las frecuencias de división fue 0.009744. Además, se realizó un análisis de máxima verosimilitud (ML) en raxmlGUI 1.5b2 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Silvestro y Michalak, 2012</xref>). Se implementó el método de <italic>bootstrapping rápido</italic> con 1,000 réplicas, utilizando el modelo general reversible en el tiempo (GTR) junto con una distribución gamma (G) para corregir la heterogeneidad en las tasas de sustitución. Los árboles se visualizaron y editaron en el software FigTree v1.4.4 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/)">http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/).</ext-link>
			</p>
			<p>En las parcelas muestreadas de ambos municipios se observó una incidencia promedio de 5 % de plantas enfermas. Los síntomas que se observaron fue un tizón que cubrió totalmente los cálices mientras que los epicálices no se vieron afectados, pero la cápsula donde se encuentra la semilla quedó expuesta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> A, B y C), contrastando con los cálices asintomáticos que cubren totalmente la cápsula (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> D, E y F).</p>
			<p>Identificación morfológica y molecular. Se obtuvieron 10 colonias, las cuales tuvieron rápido crecimiento en medio PDA, mostraron consistencia algodonosa, color naranja intenso en el centro y más claro en los bordes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>A-B). Produjeron abundantes macroconidios de 3-5 septos, de rectos a ligeramente curvos, de 47.8-10.3 x 4.6-2.4 µm (largo x ancho), con presencia de monofiálides, macroconidios con célula basal en forma de pie (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> C-E) así como clamidosporas en cadena (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> F-G). Las características morfológicas observadas fueron consistentes para <italic>Fusarium</italic> sp.</p>
			<p>Molecularmente, los aislamientos BOLCHIN y BOLCHIN-RE presentaron 100 % de identidad con la filoespecie <italic>Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti</italic> species complex (FIESC)-16; por su parte, los aislamientos BOLSUD y BOLCRIO tuvieron 100 % de identidad con FIESC-17; las secuencias de los aislamientos en estudio se depositaron en la base de datos del GenBank (MH392482, MH392483, MH392484 y MH392485). Las filoespecies de FIESC fueron recientemente nombradas como <italic>Fusarium sulawesiensis</italic> (FIESC-16) y <italic>Fusarium pernambucanum</italic> (FIESC-17) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Maryani <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Santos <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Xia <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>Se sabe que las especies de FIESC producen la micotoxina tricoteceno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">O’Donnell <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Ya que en México los cálices de jamaica se utilizan principalmente para la preparación de bebidas refrescantes, es importante realizar estudios para evaluar si dicha toxina está presente.</p>
			<p>Análisis filogenético. En el análisis filogenético, las cuatro cepas analizadas, se agruparon en el clado <italic>Incarnatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>). Estos resultados fueron consistentes con lo obtenido en las bases de datos NCBI y Fusarium MLST. Los aislamientos BOLCHIN y BOLCHIN-RE se agruparon con <italic>F. sulawesiensis</italic> con valores de soporte de 0.97/88 (PP/BS) mientras que BOLSUD y BOLCRIO lo hicieron con <italic>F</italic>. <italic>pernambucanum</italic> con valores de soporte de 1/100 (PP/BS). Los resultados confirmaron la identificación de dichos aislamientos.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Características morfológicas del complejo de especies <italic>Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti</italic>. A-B = Colonias desarrolladas en PDA durante una semana a 28 °C. A = <italic>F. sulawesiensis</italic> aislamiento BOLCHIN. B = <italic>F</italic>. <italic>pernambucanum</italic> aislamiento BOLCRIO. C = Monofiálides del aislamiento BOLCHIN. D y E = Macroconidios con célula basal en forma de pie de <italic>F. sulawesiensis</italic> y <italic>F</italic>. <italic>pernambucanum</italic>, respectivamente. F y G = Clamidosporas en cadena de <italic>F. sulawesiensis</italic> y <italic>F</italic>. <italic>pernambucanum</italic>, respectivamente.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT25021-gf2.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Prueba de patogenicidad. A los 7 días después de la inoculación (ddi) se tuvo una flacidez y tizón en el cáliz (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>A-B); no se observaron síntomas en las plantas control (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>C). A partir de los 15 cálices inoculados de cada aislamiento, se realizó el reaislamiento y se obtuvieron colonias con las mismas características culturales y morfológicas de los aislamientos inoculados (BOLCHIN y BOLCRIO).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Árbol de máxima verosimilitud (ML), del complejo de especies <italic>Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti</italic> del gen parcial EF-1α. Topología similar se generó usando inferencia bayesiana (BI). Las probabilidades posteriores bayesianas (PP&gt; 0.5) y los valores de soporte Bootstrap (BS&gt; 50) se muestran en los nodos (PP/BS). Las secuencias de este estudio se encuentran en negrita. La barra de escala indica el número de cambios esperados por sitio. *<italic>F. sulawesiense</italic> actualmente reconocida como <italic>F. sulawesiensis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Xia <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT25021-gf3.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figura 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Pruebas de patogenicidad en cálices de jamaica después de 12 días de la inoculación artificial en condiciones de invernadero. A= <italic>F. sulawesiensis</italic> aislamiento BOLCHIN. B= <italic>F</italic>. <italic>pernambucanum</italic> aislamiento BOLCRIO. C=Cáliz en el que únicamente se lesionó la parte basal con un palillo de diente estéril.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT25021-gf4.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>En México, se han reportado dos enfermedades en cálices de jamaica: “mancha acuosa” causada por <italic>Pilidiella diplodiella</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Correa-Sánchez <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>) y “manchado de cálices” causado por <italic>Corynespora cassiicola</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Ortega-Acosta <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>a). Por otro lado, existen reportes de diferentes especies del género <italic>Fusarium,</italic> incluidas las del clado FIESC, ocasionando diversas enfermedades en jamaica como <italic>F. incarnatum</italic> (FIESC) asociado a la pudrición basal (Ortega-Acosta <italic>et al</italic>., 2015b). En países como Estados Unidos de América, Nigeria, Malasia y Egipto se ha reportado a <italic>F. equiseti, F. semitectum</italic> (FIESC), <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> y <italic>F. solani</italic> como causantes de marchitez y necrosis del tallo de jamaica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Ooi KH y Salleh, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Amusa <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Ploetz <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Hassan <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). En Malasia se reportó a <italic>F. camptoceras</italic> y <italic>F. nygamai</italic> como patógenos que infectan tejido foliar en plántulas de jamaica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Eslaminejad y Zakaria, 2011</xref>).</p>
			<p>En esta investigación <italic>F. sulawesiensis</italic> (FIESC-16) y <italic>F. pernambucanum</italic> (FIESC-17) fueron identificados por primera vez como causantes del tizón en cálices de jamaica (<italic>Hibiscus sabdariff</italic>a) en México. Adicionalmente, se reporta por primera vez a <italic>H. sabdariiffa</italic> como nuevo hospedante de <italic>F. sulawesiensis</italic> (FIESC-16) y <italic>F. pernambucanum</italic> (FIESC-17) a nivel mundial.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Conflictos de interés</title>
			<p>Todos los autores declaran no tener conflicto de interés</p>
		</ack>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Phytopathological Note</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>First report of <italic>Fusarium sulawesiensis</italic> (FIESC 16) and <italic>Fusarium pernambucanum</italic> (FIESC 17) as causal agents of blight in roselle (<italic>Hibiscus sabdariffa</italic>) calyces in Mexico</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p> </p>
				<sec>
					<title>Background/Objective. </title>
					<p>In the roselle (<italic>Hibiscus sabdariffa</italic>) producing area of the state of Guerrero, Mexico, plantations with a high incidence of calyx blight were detected. The aim of this study was to know the causal agent of this disease.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Materials and Methods. </title>
					<p>Calyces with and without symptoms of the “Criolla de Guerrero”, “Sudán” and “China Negra” cultivars were gathered from the municipal areas of Ayutla and Tecoanapa, Guerrero. Out of the calyces with symptoms, different fungal strains were isolated, out of which two were selected to perform pathogenicity tests under greenhouse conditions and identified with the amplification and sequencing of the elongation factor -1α (EF-1α) with the primers EF1-728F/EF1-986R.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results and discussion. </title>
					<p>The sequences obtained were compared with the ones in the NCBI and Fusarium MLST databases and they corresponded with the <italic>Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti</italic> (FIESC) 16 and 17 species complexes, currently known as <italic>Fusarium sulawesiensis</italic> and <italic>Fusarium pernambucanum</italic>, respectively. In the pathogenicity tests, the inoculated strains induced similar symptoms to those observed in the field. The FIESC complex has been proven to produce the mycotoxin trichothecene. Therefore, studies to determine the presence of this toxin in roselle are required, considering that its main use is the preparation of refreshing beverages, which may be a health risk.</p>
					<p> </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion</title>
					<p>. This is the first report of <italic>Fusarium sulawesiensis</italic> and <italic>Fusarium pernambucanum</italic> as causal agents of the roselle calyx blight in Mexico and in the world.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Fungal complex</kwd>
				<kwd>1α elongation factor</kwd>
				<kwd>Phylogeny</kwd>
				<kwd>Tropical crops</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>In Mexico, roselle (<italic>Hibiscus sabdariffa</italic>) is planted in diverse tropical and subtropical regions under dry conditions. Guerrero State is the main producer of this species, with 13,793 ha planted (SIAP, 2025). Diverse diseases affect this crop, out of which “pata prieta”, caused by <italic>Phytophthora parasitica</italic> and calyx spot, caused by <italic>Corynespora cassiicola</italic>, are the ones with the greatest economic incidence and impact (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Ortega-Acosta <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>a; 2015b; Ortega-Acosta <italic>et al</italic>., 2020). In 2017, a new disease was observed in this crop in the municipal areas of Tecoanapa and Ayutla, Guerrero, locally known as the calyx “ball”. Initially, incidence was low, but it increased in subsequent crop cycles. Based on this, the aim of this investigation was to know the causal agent of this disease with the partial amplification of the elongation factor EF-1α gene and its phylogenetic analysis.</p>
				<p>Sampling of calyces. Fifteen roselle calyces with blight and another fifteen asymptomatic ones were gathered (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) of each one of the three varieties “Criolla de Guerrero”, “China Negra” and “Sudán” in San Miguel (N 16°59'15.4&quot;, W 99°05'56.0&quot;) and San José La Hacienda (N 16°58'30.7&quot;, W 99°03'29.1&quot;), both of which belong to the municipality of Ayutla, as well as in Tecuantepec (N 16°59'58.9&quot;, W 99°15'10.4&quot;) and Saucitos (N 16°59'14.0&quot;, W 99°18'16.8&quot;) in the municipality of Tecoanapa.</p>
				<p>Morphological and molecular identification. The collected calyces were placed in plastic bags and transported to the Phytopathogenic Virus Laboratory, Colegio de Postgraduados-Montecillo Campus. Pieces of tissue were collected from the advancing zone of the lesion in the calyces with blight; they were then disinfested with 1% sodium hypochlorite for two minutes, rinsed three times with sterile distilled water and placed on sterile absorbent paper to eliminate excess moisture for 10 minutes. The tissue fragments were placed in Petri dishes with PDA culture medium and incubated at 28 °C. This process was also carried out taking tissue from the midsection of asymptomatic calyces. Mycelial growth was consistent from calyces with symptoms, hence pure fungal colonies were obtained from hypha tips and measurements were taken in five of them. The fungus obtained was morphologically identified with the taxonomical keys by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Barnett and Hunter (1998</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Nelson <italic>et al.</italic> (1983</xref>) and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Leslie and Summerell (2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>In order to know the species of this fungus molecularly, four isolates were selected, named BOLCHIN, BOLCHIN-RE (isolated from “China Negra” roselle), BOLSUD and BOLCRIO (isolated from “Sudán” and “Criolla de Guerrero” roselle, respectively), and DNA was extracted from them using the AP method (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Sambrook and Russel, 2001</xref>) to amplify a 258 bp fragment of the elongation factor gene (EF-1α) with the primers EF1- 728F/EF1-986R (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Carbone and Kohn 1999</xref>). The amplification was carried out in a Techne-TC-512<sup>®</sup> thermocycler, following the program described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Shimomoto <italic>et al</italic>. (2011</xref>). The PCR products obtained were purified and sequenced with the Sanger method (Macrogen Inc., Korea). The sequences were edited and assembled with MEGA X software (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Kumar <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), and they were compared in the NCBI data base and Fusarium MLST (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">O'Donnell <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://fusarium.mycobank.org/">https://fusarium.mycobank.org/</ext-link>).</p>
				<p>Pathogenicity tests. To comply with Koch’s postulates, a <italic>F. sulawesiensis</italic> isolate (BOLCHIN) and a <italic>F</italic>. <italic>pernambucanum</italic> isolate (BOLCRIO) were inoculated separately in 15 healthy roselle calyces, of the “Criolla” cultivar. Using a sterile toothpick, mycelium from one pure colony of each isolate developed in PDA grown for five days was taken and inserted in four equidistant points around the base of the calyces. As a negative control there were 10 calyces, on which lesions were made with sterile toothpicks as indicated above. All plants were kept in a greenhouse, each one with a transparent plastic bag for 48 h, after which the bags were removed.</p>
				<p>Phylogenetic analysis. A phylogenetic analysis was carried out on the sequences of the amplified fragment of the EF-1α gene from the four isolates under study (BOLCHIN, BOLCHIN-RE, BOLSUD and BOLCRIO) along with those available in the GenBank (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Xia <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>). After the multiple alignment of the sequences, a Bayesian Inference analysis (BI) was performed using the software MrBayes v.3.2.1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Ronquist <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>). For this purpose, four independent Markov Chains Monte Carlo (MCMC) runs were implemented, each with two parallel analyses consisting of four chains. The chains began from random trees and were executed for one million generations, taking samples every 1,000 generations. Out of the initial phylogenetic trees generated, 25% were discarded as part of the <italic>burn-in</italic> phase of each analysis. Posterior Probabilities (PP) were calculated from the remaining trees to support the nodes in the final topology. The phylogenetic tree was rooted with the <italic>F. concolor</italic> sequence (GQ505674). A total of 1,502 trees were sampled and the standard deviation of split frequencies was 0.009744. Additionally, a Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis was performed on raxmlGUI 1.5b2 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Silvestro and Michalak, 2012</xref>). The method of fast bootstrapping was implemented with replications, using the general time-reversible (GTR) model, along with a gamma (G) distribution to correct the heterogenicity of the rates of substitution. The trees were visualized and edited in the software FigTree v1.4.4 (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/)">http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/).</ext-link>
				</p>
				<p>In the sampled plots of both municipalities, an average incidence of 5% of diseased plants was observed. The symptoms observed included a blight that completely covered the calyces, whereas the epicalyces were not affected, but the capsule in which the seed is found was exposed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref> A, B and C), in contrast with the asymptomatic calyces that completely cover the capsule (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref> D, E and F).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Symptoms of calyx blight in the three roselle cultivars; it can be observed that the capsule is exposed due to the blighting of the calyces; <bold>A</bold>. “Criolla de Guerrero”. <bold>B</bold>. “China Negra”. <bold>C.</bold> “Sudán”. Asymptomatic calyces of the different cultivars; <bold>D</bold>. “Criolla de Guerrero”, <bold>E</bold>= “China Negra” and <bold>F</bold>= “Sudán”.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT25021-gf5.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Morphological and molecular identification. Ten colonies were obtained, which grew quickly in a PDA medium, displayed a cotton-like consistency, an intense orange color in the center and brighter on the edges (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>A-B). They produced abundant macroconidia with 3-5 septa, straight to slightly curved in shape, from 47.8-10.3 x 4.6-</p>
				<p>2.4 µm (length x width), with monophialides, macroconidia with a foot-shaped basal cell (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref> C-E), as well as chained chlamydospores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref> F-G). The morphological characteristics observed were consistent for <italic>Fusarium</italic> sp.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Morphological species of the <italic>Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti</italic> species complex. A-B = Colonies grown in PDA for one week at 28 °C. A = <italic>F. sulawesiensis</italic> isolate BOLCHIN. B = <italic>F</italic>. <italic>pernambucanum</italic> isolate BOLCRIO. C = Monophialids from the isolate BOLCHIN. D and E = Macroconidia with a foot-shaped <italic>F. sulawesiensis</italic> and <italic>F</italic>. <italic>pernambucanum</italic> basal cells, respectively. F and G = <italic>F. sulawesiensis</italic> and <italic>F</italic>. <italic>pernambucanum</italic>, chain chlamidospores, respectively.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT25021-gf6.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Molecularly, isolates BOLCHIN and BOLCHIN-RE presented 100% identity with the phylospecies <italic>Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti</italic> species complex (FIESC)-16; on the other hand, isolates BOLSUD and BOLCRIO had a 100% identification with FIESC-17; the sequences of the isolates under study were deposited in the GenBank database (MH392482, MH392483, MH392484 and MH392485). The FIESC phylospecies were recently named as <italic>Fusarium sulawesiensis</italic> (FIESC-16) and <italic>Fusarium pernambucanum</italic> (FIESC-17) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Maryani <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Santos <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Xia <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>It is well-known that the FIESC species produce the mycotoxin trichothecene (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">O’Donnell <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Because the roselle calyces are mainly used in Mexico to prepare beverages, it is important to carry out studies to evaluate if this toxin is present.</p>
				<p>Phylogenetic analysis. In the phylogenetic analysis, the four isolates analyzed were clustered in the clade <italic>Incarnatum</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>). These results were consistent with those obtained in the NCBI and Fusarium MLST databases. Isolates BOLCHIN and BOLCHIN-RE were clustered with <italic>F. sulawesiensis</italic> with support values of 0.97/88 (PP/BS), whereas BOLSUD and BOLCRIO were clustered with <italic>F</italic>. <italic>pernambucanum</italic> with support values of 1/100 (PP/BS). The results confirmed the identification of these isolates.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Maximum likelihood (ML) tree, from the <italic>Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti</italic> species complex, from partial gene EF-1α. A similar topology was generated using Bayesian Inference (BI). Subsequent Bayesian probabilities (PP&gt; 0.5) and the Bootstrap support values (BS&gt; 50) are shown in the nodes (PP/BS). The sequences of this study are in bold. The scale bar indicates the number of expected changes per site. *<italic>F. sulawesiense</italic> currently recognized as <italic>F. sulawesiensis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Xia <italic>et al</italic>., 2019</xref>).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT25021-gf7.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Pathogenicity test. Seven days after inoculation (dai) wilting and blight were observed in the inoculated calyces (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>A-B); no symptoms were observed in the control plants (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>C). From the 15 inoculated calyces for each isolate, reisolation was performed and colonies with the same cultural and morphological characteristics as the inoculated isolates were obtained (BOLCHIN and BOLCRIO).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Pathogenicity tests in roselle calyces 12 days after artificial inoculation under greenhouse conditions. A= <italic>F. sulawesiensis</italic> isolate BOLCHIN. B= <italic>F</italic>. <italic>pernambucanum</italic> isolate BOLCRIO. C=Calyx in which only the basal part was injured with a sterile toothpick.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-43-02-RMEXFIT25021-gf8.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Two diseases have been reported in roselle calyces in Mexico: “watery spot”, caused by <italic>Pilidiella diplodiella</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Correa-Sánchez <italic>et al</italic>., 2011</xref>) and “calyx spot”, caused by <italic>Corynespora cassiicola</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Ortega-Acosta <italic>et al</italic>., 2015</xref>a). On the other hand, there are reports of different species of the genus <italic>Fusarium,</italic> including those of the clade FIESC, causing diverse diseases in roselle such as <italic>F. incarnatum</italic> (FIESC), associated to basal rot (Ortega- Acosta <italic>et al</italic>., 2015b). In countries such as the United States, Nigeria, Malaysia and Egypt,</p>
				<p><italic>F. equiseti, F. semitectum</italic> (FIESC), <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> and <italic>F. solani</italic> have been reported as causing the wilting and necrosis of the stem of the roselle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Ooi KH and Salleh, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Amusa <italic>et al</italic>., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Ploetz <italic>et al</italic>., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Hassan <italic>et al</italic>., 2014</xref>). In Malaysia, <italic>F. camptoceras</italic> and <italic>F. nygamai</italic> were reported as pathogens that infect leaf tissued in roselle seedlings (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Eslaminejad and Zakaria, 2011</xref>).</p>
				<p>In this study, <italic>F. sulawesiensis</italic> (FIESC-16) and <italic>F. pernambucanum</italic> (FIESC-17) were identified for the first time as causing blight in (<italic>Hibiscus sabdariff</italic>a) roselle calyces in Mexico. In addition, <italic>H. sabdariffa</italic> is reported as a host for <italic>F. sulawesiensis</italic> (FIESC-16) y <italic>F. pernambucanum</italic> (FIESC-17) for the first time, worldwide.</p>
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			<ack>
				<title>Conflicts of interest</title>
				<p>All authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.</p>
			</ack>
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	</sub-article>
</article>