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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmfi</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista mexicana de fitopatología</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. mex. fitopatol</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">0185-3309</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2007-8080</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología A.C.</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2505-3</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Nota Fitopatológica</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Uso de <italic>Purpureocillium lilacinum</italic> MTL01 y <italic>Bacillus velezensis</italic> 83 para reducir el agallamiento por <italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic> y mejorar la floración en tomate</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Lugo-García</surname>
						<given-names>Elena</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Salinas-Castro</surname>
						<given-names>Alejandro</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Landa-Cadena</surname>
						<given-names>Gandhi</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Martínez-Anaya</surname>
						<given-names>Claudia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Tapia-Vázquez</surname>
						<given-names>Irán</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM. Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa. C. P. 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">UNAM</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>62210</postal-code>
					<city>Cuernavaca</city>
					<state>Morelos</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Investigación en Micología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Calle Médicos No. 5. Unidad del Bosque, C. P. 91010 Xalapa, Veracruz. México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Veracruzana</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Veracruzana</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<postal-code>91010</postal-code>
					<city>Xalapa</city>
					<state>Veracruz</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label><italic>*</italic></label><bold>
 <italic>Autor de Correspondencia:</italic> 
</bold> Irán Tapia-Vázquez <email>iran.tapia01@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>08</day>
				<month>09</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Sep-Dec</season>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>44</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>rmexfit25053</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>07</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>28</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2026</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="es">
					<license-p>Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Antecedentes/Objetivo. </title>
					<p>El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto combinado de una cepa ambiental de <italic>Purpureocillium lilacinum</italic> (MTL01) junto con esporas de <italic>Bacillus velezensis</italic> 83, promotor del crecimiento en tomate, ante la infección del nematodo agallador <italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii.</italic></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Desarrollo Experimental. </title>
					<p>El estudio se realizó con un diseño completamente al azar, con tres réplicas experimentales (julio-octubre 2022, febrero-junio 2023 y septiembre 2024-enero 2025). Los tratamientos incluyeron controles sin inocular, plantas inoculadas con <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01, con <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 o con ambos, con y sin infección por nematodos. Las semillas se esterilizaron y se incubaron con esporas de MTL01 o con solución control, luego se germinaron y trasplantaron. <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 se aplicó una semana después seguido de dos aplicaciones adicionales posteriores. Los nematodos se inocularon tres semanas posteriores al trasplante. Las plantas crecieron bajo distintas condiciones de invernadero según el experimento durante ocho semanas después de la inoculación. En la cosecha se registraron parámetros de crecimiento e infección (biomasa, longitud, número de flores, peso radicular, número de agallas e índice de agallamiento).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados. </title>
					<p>Los datos de crecimiento vegetativo variaron entre los experimentos, sin clara evidencia de efectos asociados a la inoculación de los microorganismos. Pero la combinación de <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 y <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 mostró resultados reproducibles reduciendo en más del 60 % la formación de agallas causadas por <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> y promoviendo una tendencia consistente hacia el aumento de la floración respecto a las plantas control infestadas con el nematodo. Estos resultados muestran el potencial del uso combinado de microorganismos para mejorar el rendimiento de tomate en condiciones de invernadero.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusión</title>
					<p>. Los resultados resaltan la importancia de mitigar la infección por <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> en tomate con la combinación de microorganismos, no solo para controlar la población del nematodo, sino también para incrementar el rendimiento de flores en 4.3 veces (Experimento 3) de plantas sin nematodos, y 1.6 veces en presencia de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>. Esto representa una estrategia prometedora, aunque se requiere investigación adicional para confirmar su seguridad y optimizar su aplicación en condiciones agrícolas reales.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>Hongo</kwd>
				<kwd>Bacteria</kwd>
				<kwd>Nematodo</kwd>
				<kwd>Biocontrol</kwd>
				<kwd>Fenología</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="6"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="29"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introducción</title>
			<p>El tomate (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>) es uno de los cultivos más importantes en México, y su producción se ve afectada por <italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic>. El manejo tradicional de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> en México se basa principalmente en el uso de pesticidas sintéticos. Sin embargo, en el intento de reducir su utilización, actualmente se analizan estrategias basadas en rotación de cultivos y control biológico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Lamberti, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Tapia-Vázquez <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). Por ejemplo, los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares como <italic>Acaulospora longulata</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Campos <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">de Sá y Campos, 2020</xref>) y hongos filamentosos como <italic>Pochonia chlamydosporia</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Silva <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>), <italic>Paraboeremia taiwanensis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Liang <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>), <italic>Trichoderma harzianum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Jindapunnapat <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>) y <italic>Purpureocillium lilacinum</italic> destacan por su capacidad nematicida; así como las bacterias de los géneros <italic>Pseudomonas</italic>, <italic>Paenibacillus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Sohrabi <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>) y <italic>Bacillus</italic> spp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Basyony y Abo-Zaid, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Díaz-Manzano <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Vieira de Carvalho Júnior <italic>et al.,</italic> 2022</xref>).</p>
			<p>En México existen diversos productos comerciales basados en microorganismos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Tapia-Vázquez <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>); no obstante, los agricultores muestran cierta resistencia a su implementación, principalmente por la necesidad de aplicaciones frecuentes y por su acción más lenta en comparación con los nematicidas sintéticos. Por ello, es necesario desarrollar esquemas de manejo que aumenten la eficacia de los bioproductos. El uso de combinaciones de microorganismos puede representar una alternativa valiosa para abordar este desafío. Por ejemplo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Nesha y Siddiqui (2017</xref>) evaluaron los efectos de <italic>Paecilomyces lilacinus</italic> y <italic>Aspergillus niger</italic>, de manera individual y combinada en zanahoria (<italic>Daucus carota</italic>), y confirmaron que el uso de ambas especies redujo significativamente la formación de agallas por <italic>M. javanica</italic>. Por otra parte, las bacterias de <italic>Bacillus</italic> son conocidas como promotoras del crecimiento vegetal y además se ha documentado su participación en el control biológico de diversas plagas. Existen reportes sobre la supresión de poblaciones de <italic>Meloidogyne</italic> por <italic>B. subtilis</italic> en chile (<italic>Capsicum annuum</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Mokbel <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Soto Deza <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>) y en tomate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Basyony y Abo-Zaid, 2018</xref>), mientras que las cepas BMH e INV de una especie relacionada con <italic>B. velezensis</italic> redujeron más del 90 % el número de agallas y huevos de <italic>M. incognita</italic> en tomate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cruz-Magalhães <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). Asimismo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Tian y colaboradores (2022</xref>) reportaron que <italic>B. velezensis</italic> Bv25 redujo las agallas causadas por <italic>M. incognita</italic> (73.8 %) en raíces de pepino (<italic>Cucumis sativus</italic>), mediante la colonización radicular y la producción de compuestos volátiles. Además, <italic>B. velezensis</italic> VB7 inhibió la viabilidad de los huevos y causó la muerte de juveniles de <italic>M. incognita</italic> en ensayos <italic>in vitro</italic> e indujo respuesta inmune innata en tomate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Kamalanathan <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>).</p>
			<p>La cepa <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 es comercializada en México como biofungicida foliar (Fungifree AB<sup>®</sup>), utilizada para el control biológico de hongos fitopatógenos en diversos cultivos de importancia agrícola (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Galindo <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Adicionalmente, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Balderas-Ruíz <italic>et al</italic>. (2021</xref>) evaluaron la capacidad de <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 para promover el crecimiento del tomate en diferentes etapas fenológicas y su eficacia en el biocontrol de <italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic> en hojas y frutos postcosecha, observando mejoras significativas en la producción y calidad del tomate, así como en el control del hongo. El presente trabajo tuvo el objetivo de evaluar de forma individual y combinada a <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 y la cepa ambiental <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 frente a la infección de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> en tomate. Asimismo, evaluar la eficiencia para incrementar el rendimiento del tomate.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Desarrollo experimental</title>
			<p>Aislado del nematodo. Se estableció una población de <italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic> (GenBank OM721664) en el laboratorio para realizar estudios de control biológico. Los nematodos se obtuvieron a partir de raíces de tomate infectadas destinadas para la propagación de nematodos provenientes de un cultivo de acelga (<italic>Beta vulgaris</italic> var. <italic>cicla</italic>) y colectas de Veracruz (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Salinas-Castro <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). Las masas de huevos se extrajeron de raíces infectadas y los juveniles de segundo estadio (J2) se recuperaron mediante una modificación del método de embudo de Baermann (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Tintori <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). Estos juveniles se emplearon para establecer poblaciones en laboratorio con tomate variedad Calafia F1 (Harris Moran) por su susceptibilidad ante este nematodo.</p>
			<p>Aislado e identificación del hongo. Durante experimentos independientes de propagación de <italic>Meloidogyne paranaensis</italic> en un sistema de microcultivo en plantas de tomate, se observó la supervivencia de una de cinco plántulas inoculadas con masas de huevos. En la planta sobreviviente, los J2 no lograron eclosionar debido a la presencia de una infección fúngica. Se obtuvo un cultivo axénico del hongo en agar dextrosa papa (PDA por sus siglas en inglés) suplementado con ampicilina (100 µg mL<sup>-1</sup>) y kanamicina (50 µg mL<sup>-1</sup>). Se caracterizó morfológicamente y se identificó de forma molecular mediante amplificación y secuenciación de la región intergénica ITS del ADN ribosomal con los oligonucleótidos ITS1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCG-3′) e ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATG-3′) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">White <italic>et al</italic>., 1990</xref>), y comparación filogenética con cepas relacionadas del mismo género y especie. La reconstrucción filogenética se realizó utilizando el modelo TN93 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Tamura y Nei, 1993</xref>), con valores de soporte de ramas calculados mediante el algoritmo aLRT (SH-like) y visualizados con el programa SeaView.</p>
			<p><bold>Interacción entre <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> y <italic>P. lilacinum MTL01.</italic> 
</bold> Para evaluar la interacción y el posible parasitismo de <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 sobre <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>, se realizaron ensayos <italic>in vitro</italic> y observaciones de los organismos a partir de infecciones en plantas de tomate. Primero se realizó un ensayo de confrontación en placas de PDA suplementado con kanamicina (50 µg mL<sup>-1</sup>) y ampicilina (100 µg mL<sup>-1</sup>), donde masas de huevos de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> se colocaron junto a una colonia de <italic>P. lilacinum</italic>, aproximadamente a 5 cm de distancia, y después de 5 días se observó el parasitismo de los huevos. Adicionalmente, al finalizar los experimentos en invernadero, se recuperaron en agua hembras de agallas provenientes de raíces de tomate tratadas con <italic>P. lilacinum</italic>, de las que después de 48 horas emergió micelio, mientras que masas de huevos obtenidas del mismo tratamiento se desinfectaron con NaOCl 3 % y cuatro enjuagues con agua estéril. Los huevos obtenidos se incubaron en PDA suplementado con antibióticos para evaluar la colonización fúngica.</p>
			<p><bold>Evaluación de la combinación de <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 y <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 como agentes de control contra <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> en plantas de tomate.</bold> Quisimos evaluar la existencia de sinergismo en la capacidad de control de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> con la inoculación combinada de</p>
			<p><italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 y <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 (producto comercial Fungifree AB®, LMG S-30921) en plantas de tomate, comparándola con los efectos de cada microorganismo por separado. El diseño experimental se estableció con el propósito de favorecer la colonización temprana del hongo MTL01 en plántulas de tomate durante la germinación, e incorporar posteriormente los tratamientos con <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 a partir de las dos semanas postgerminación, seguidos de dos aplicaciones adicionales cada 20 días. Para los ensayos de biocontrol, las semillas de tomate se desinfectaron superficialmente con lavados de NaOCl 10 % y etanol 70 %, seguidos de lavados con agua destilada estéril. Posteriormente, se incubaron durante 24 h en una suspensión de 1×10⁶ esporas mL⁻¹ de MTL01 en glicerol estéril al 10 % antes de sembrar. Después de germinar y del trasplante, <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 se aplicó al sustrato como una suspensión equivalente a 1×10⁸ UFC por maceta, con dos aplicaciones adicionales cada 20 días. Tres semanas después del trasplante, las plantas fueron inoculadas con una combinación de J2s y huevos de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> para aplicar entre 1 200 y 3 400 nematodos por planta, según cada experimento.</p>
			<p>Los experimentos se repitieron tres veces en el tiempo en un invernadero bajo un diseño completamente al azar, en diferentes épocas del año: Experimento 1: de julio a octubre 2022; Experimento 2: febrero a junio 2023, y Experimento 3: septiembre 2024 - enero 2025. En cada experimento se evaluaron cuatro tratamientos (con y sin <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>): 1) Sin microorganismos; 2) Solo <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01; 3) Solo <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83; 4) Combinación <italic>P.l.</italic> MTL01 + <italic>B.v.</italic> 83. Por cada tratamiento se incluyeron seis plantas. Las plantas se monitorearon durante ocho semanas después de la introducción de los nematodos y registramos las siguientes variables: longitud total, biomasa aérea (peso fresco y seco), número de flores, peso fresco de la raíz, número de agallas e índice de agallamiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Taylor y Sasser, 1978</xref>). Los datos se analizaron mediante ANOVA de una vía, y las medias se compararon utilizando la prueba de Tukey (p ≤ 0.05) con el programa GraphPad Prism.</p>
			<p><bold>Caracterización de <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 e interacción con <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>.</bold> De acuerdo con las características morfológicas y moleculares del aislado fúngico proveniente de huevos de <italic>M. paranaensis</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>A), se confirmó la identificación de <italic>Purpureocillium lilacinum</italic>, designado como cepa MTL01, con 100 % de identidad y 100 % de cobertura para la región ITS (GenBank OR470716). En medio PDA se observó una colonia inicialmente blanca-beige, de textura esponjosa-algodonosa, que adquirió tonalidades lila a violeta conforme avanzó la esporulación (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>C y D). Microscópicamente presentó conidióforos ramificados, fiálides alargadas y conidios ovalados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>B) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Nguyen Thi H <italic>et al</italic>., 2025</xref>). Por otra parte, <italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic> logró establecerse y completar su ciclo de vida en las raíces de tomate Calafia F1, provocando la formación de agallas características asociadas con infecciones de nematodos formadores de agallas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>A), lo que llevó al deterioro general de la planta. Estas estructuras albergaron hembras adultas y masas de huevos asociadas al ciclo reproductivo del nematodo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Tapia-Vázquez <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). Un acercamiento a un nudo radicular muestra una masa de huevos sobresaliendo del tejido (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>B), mientras que las observaciones bajo un estereomicroscopio revelan hembras adultas con su morfología característica en forma de pera (Tapia-Vázquez <italic>et al</italic>., 2022), acompañadas de masas de huevos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>C). Los J2 recién eclosionados fueron móviles y sobrevivieron en agua hasta por dos semanas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>D).</p>
			<p>En los ensayos de confrontación <italic>in vitro</italic>, huevos de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> colocados en presencia de <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 fueron progresivamente colonizados por el hongo, impidiendo la eclosión de juveniles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figuras 1</xref>E y 1F), mientras que las hembras recuperadas de agallas provenientes de raíces tratadas con MTL01 desarrollaron crecimiento micelial visible tras su incubación en agua destilada estéril (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figuras 1</xref>G y 1H). Asimismo, los huevos obtenidos de dichas agallas produjeron colonias de <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> al incubarse en PDA suplementado con kanamicina y ampicilina, confirmando el potencial nematófago de esta cepa.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Aislamiento y caracterización de <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01. <bold>A)</bold> Micelio de MTL01 creciendo sobre una masa de huevos de <italic>M. paranaensis</italic>. <bold>B)</bold> Estructuras reproductivas de MTL01: conidióforos, fiálides y conidios. <bold>C</bold> y <bold>D)</bold> Apariencia de MTL01 sobre medio PDA: vista superior y vista inferior. <bold>E)</bold> Huevos de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> parasitados por MTL01 en medio PDA. <bold>F)</bold> Huevo parasitado proveniente de raíces del Experimento 1. <bold>G</bold> y <bold>H)</bold> Hembras adultas parasitadas provenientes de raíces del Experimento 1. <bold>I)</bold> Filogenia de MTL01 comparada con otras cepas y especies relacionadas.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-44-03-rmexfit25053-gf1.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Población de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> establecida en el laboratorio. <bold>A)</bold> Raíces agalladas después de la propagación de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> a los 90 días posteriores a la inoculación con J2s, en una planta de tomate de 4 meses de edad. <bold>B)</bold> Agalla con una masa de huevos expuesta (flecha blanca) y huevos (flecha amarilla). <bold>C)</bold> Cuerpo de hembra con forma de pera (flecha superior) y masa de huevos (flecha inferior). <bold>D)</bold> Nematodos de estadio J2 eclosionados en agua.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-44-03-rmexfit25053-gf2.gif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>En los tres experimentos en invernadero se observaron respuestas variables en los parámetros de crecimiento vegetativo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadros 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref> y <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>), muy posiblemente por las condiciones climáticas de cada temporada del año. En el Experimento 1, el tratamiento combinado de <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 y <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 aumentó la longitud de los brotes en ausencia de nematodos; sin embargo, este efecto no se observó en plantas inoculadas con</p>
			<p><italic>M. enterolobii</italic>. Las diferencias en el peso radicular no fueron significativas; sin embargo, las raíces con nematodos fueron más pesadas, posiblemente por la formación de agallas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Cuadro 1</xref>). En el Experimento 2, no se detectaron efectos consistentes sobre el crecimiento de las plantas asociados a ninguno de los tratamientos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Cuadro 2</xref>). En el Experimento 3, la inoculación individual de <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 redujo el peso fresco de raíz (27 g) en plantas infestadas con nematodos, mientras que los demás parámetros se mantuvieron comparables entre tratamientos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Cuadro 3</xref>). Esto sugiere que las respuestas de promoción del crecimiento inducidas por <italic>Purpureocillium lilacinum</italic> MTL01 y <italic>Bacillus velezensis</italic> 83 estuvieron influenciadas por las condiciones particulares de cultivo en invernadero, según se ha documentado para plantas de tomate (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Jeong <italic>et al</italic>., 2026</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Cuadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Variables de respuesta fenológicas ante la presencia y ausencia de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> con diferentes tratamientos Experimento 1 (julio a octubre 2022).</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:bottom;">Tratamiento</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Altura (cm)</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Peso fresco aéreo (g)</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Peso seco aéreo (g)</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Peso fresco de raíz (g)</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Control</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">+ M. enterolobii</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Control</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">+ M. enterolobii</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Control</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">+ M. enterolobii</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Control</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">+ M. enterolobii</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left;">Control</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">122.3±12.2<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">118.3±12.7<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">38.7±5.0<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">27.9±7.8<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">5.0±0.6<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">3.7±1.0<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">17.6±5.4<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">22.8±8.4<sup>ab</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left;">MTL01</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">116.3±9.9<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">104.8±8.5<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">32.3±6.1<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">30.6±7.8<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">4.34±0.7<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">4.0±0.9<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">12.5±2.2<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">24.5±6.8<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left; font-style:italic">B.v. 83</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">109.8±8.4<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">116.8±8.0<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">27.4±8.1<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">36.3±5.8<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">4.0±1.2<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">5.3±0.8<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">15.6±4.7<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">19.7±3.7<sup>abc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:left;">MTL01 + B.v. 83</td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">121.7±12.0<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">108.5±3.9<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">39.1±12.3<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">39.0±5.8<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">6.1±1.6<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">5.4±0.8<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">14.2±2.2<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">23.0±3.6<sup>ab</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>*Letras diferentes indican diferencias estadísticamente significativas (ANOVA de una vía, prueba de Tukey; p &lt; 0.05).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Cuadro 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Variables de respuesta fenológicas ante la presencia y ausencia de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> con diferentes tratamientos Experimento 2 (febrero a junio 2023).</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:bottom;">Tratamiento</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Altura (cm)</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Peso fresco aéreo (g)</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Peso seco aéreo (g)</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Peso fresco de raíz (g)</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Control</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">+ M. enterolobii</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Control</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">+ M. enterolobii</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Control</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">+ M. enterolobii</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Control</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">+ M. enterolobii</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left;">Control</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">104.9±7.5<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">106.7±4.4<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">36.6±2.4<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">36.6±2.4<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">7.2±1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">5.9±1.3<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">18.5±1.1<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">18.6±4.6<sup>ab</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left;">MTL01</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">108.8±4.4<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">107.0±8.0<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">31.1±3.0<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">31.1±3.0<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">5.0±0.9<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">5.4±0.4<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">16.2±4.2<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">13.6±1.2<sup>bc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left; font-style:italic">B.v. 83</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">108.4±3.8<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">95.2±6.2<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">32.9±4.0<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">32.9±4.0<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">6.0±1.5<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">5.3±0.4<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">22.8±4.6<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">13.6±1.5<sup>bc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:left;">MTL01 + B.v. 83</td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">104.5±7.9<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">104.1±6.0<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">27.4±3.9<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">27.4±3.9<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">4.3±0.9<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">4.2±0.7<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">16.2±2.3<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">11.6±2.1<sup>c</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>*Letras diferentes indican diferencias estadísticamente significativas (ANOVA de una vía, prueba de Tukey; p &lt; 0.05).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En contraste con la variabilidad observada en los parámetros de crecimiento vegetativo, algunos efectos mostraron tendencias más reproducibles entre experimentos. En particular, se destacan dos parámetros clave: a) número de flores y b) número de agallas. A pesar de que la respuesta en la floración también fue variable entre experimentos, la inoculación combinada de <italic>P. lilacinum MTL01</italic> y <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83, mostró una tendencia consistente hacia niveles mayores de floración en todos los casos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>A, 3C y 3E). En el Experimento 1 la combinación de ambos microorganismos resultó en 1.3 veces más flores que las plantas control sin nematodos, y 2.3 veces más en plantas infectadas con <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>A).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Cuadro 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Variables de respuesta fenológicas ante la presencia y ausencia de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> con diferentes tratamientos Experimento 3 (septiembre 2024 - enero 2025).</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:bottom;">Tratamiento</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Altura (cm)</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Peso fresco aéreo (g)</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Peso seco aéreo (g)</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Peso fresco de raíz (g)</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Control</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">+ M. enterolobii</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Control</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">+ M. enterolobii</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Control</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">+ M. enterolobii</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Control</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">+ M. enterolobii</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left;">Control</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">120.4±18.9<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">121.3±10.1<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">45.5±11.1<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">48.1±3.8<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">8.2±2.3<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">8.4±0.8<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">31.6±17.3<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">35.8±3.3<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left;">MTL01</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">126.7±6.8<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">94.7±14.4<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">39.0±4.9<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">29.8±7.7<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">6.9±0.9<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">5.5±1.9<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">11.9±0.5<sup>d</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">27.0±3.9<sup>abc</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left; font-style:italic">B.v. 83</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">107.8±13.9<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">104.1±12.7<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">40.9±7.8<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">41.6±4.0<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">8.2±1.8<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">7.9±0.9<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">20.4±7.4<sup>bcd</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">32.43±4.1<sup>ab</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:left;">MTL01 + B.v. 83</td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">115.5±18.9<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">106.3±21.9<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">40.3±10.1<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">37.0±9.7<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">7.6±2.0<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">6.4±1.9<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">16.4±2.8<sup>cd</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">30.1±7.2<sup>ab</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>*Letras diferentes indican diferencias estadísticamente significativas (ANOVA de una vía, prueba de Tukey; p &lt; 0.05).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>En el Experimento 2, las diferencias entre tratamientos fueron menos marcadas en ausencia de nematodos (1.3 veces más); sin embargo, la combinación de ambos microorganismos generó casi el doble (1.94 veces más) de flores que el control en presencia de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>C). El Experimento 3 mostró las mayores diferencias al emplear la combinación microbiana, con un incremento de 4.3 veces en el número de flores en ausencia de nematodos y de 1.6 veces en plantas con nematodos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>E).</p>
			<p>El índice de agallamiento disminuyó significativamente en cada experimento. En el Experimento 1, <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 y <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 redujeron, de forma individual, la formación de agallas aproximadamente en un 60 %, mientras que el tratamiento combinado lo disminuyó en 66 %, determinado por gramo de raíces periféricas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>B). En el Experimento 2, las reducciones fueron de aproximadamente 71 % (MTL01), 43 % (<italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83) y 78 % para la combinación (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>D). Finalmente, en el Experimento 3, el agallamiento se redujo aproximadamente un 56 % (MTL01), 67 % (<italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83) y 81 % (combinación), confirmando la reproducibilidad del efecto a lo largo de los ensayos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>F y <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Cuadro 4</xref>). Estos resultados enfatizan que tanto <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 como <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 contribuyen a mejorar el biocontrol de <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>, siendo su aplicación combinada la estrategia más eficaz, lo que coincide con los resultados de otros reportes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Díaz-Manzano <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">de Paula <italic>et al.,</italic> 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Huang <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Cuadro 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Número y porcentaje de reducción de agallas por tratamiento en tres experimentos independientes.</title>
					</caption>
					<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:bottom;">Tratamiento</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Experimento 1</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Experimento 2</th>
								<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Experimento 3</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Número de agallas</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Reducción (%)</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Número de agallas</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Reducción (%)</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Número de agallas</th>
								<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Reducción (%)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left;">Control</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">117.0±76.0<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">-</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">13.9±4.5<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">-</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">85.2±25.4<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left; font-style:italic">P. lilacinum MTL01</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">45.5±22.3<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">61 %</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">4.1±2.6<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">71 %</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">37.7±9.1<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">56 %</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="text-align:left; font-style:italic">B. velezensis 83</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">45.7±12.4<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">61 %</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">7.9±2.1<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">43 %</td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">28.0±10.4<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="text-align:center;">67 %</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:left;">MTL01+ 83</td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">39.5±10.0<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">66 %</td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">3.1±1.3<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">78 %</td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">15.8±3.3<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">81 %</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>*Letras diferentes indican diferencias estadísticamente significativas (ANOVA de una vía, prueba de Tukey; p &lt; 0.05).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>La combinación de <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 y <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 promueve la floración y reduce el agallamiento en plantas de tomate infectadas con <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>. <bold>A)</bold>, <bold>C)</bold> y <bold>E):</bold> Conteo de flores a lo largo del ciclo de vida antes de finalizar cada experimento. <bold>B)</bold>, <bold>D)</bold> y <bold>F):</bold> Agallamiento de raíces por experimento. Letras diferentes indican diferencias estadísticamente significativas (ANOVA, prueba de Tukey; p &lt; 0.05).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-44-03-rmexfit25053-gf3.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>El impacto positivo del tratamiento combinado sobre la floración y la reducción de la formación de agallas a lo largo de los experimentos demostró una respuesta biológica más estable y reproducible. Estos resultados indican que, aunque la promoción del crecimiento puede depender de las condiciones ambientales, los efectos protectores y reproductivos conferidos por la combinación microbiana son más consistentes.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusiones</title>
			<p>La combinación de <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 y <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 demostró ser una estrategia eficaz para el biocontrol de <italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic> en plantas de tomate en condiciones de invernadero. La inoculación combinada de ambos microorganismos redujo la cantidad de agallas en más del 60 % en comparación con plantas infectadas únicamente con el nematodo y promovió de manera consistente un aumento en la floración entre 1.3 y</p>
			<p>4.3 veces respecto al control, tanto en presencia como en ausencia del fitoparásito. Estos resultados sientan las bases para estudios posteriores que evalúen su efectividad en condiciones de campo y optimicen la formulación y dosificación de este tratamiento en aplicaciones agrícolas sostenibles.</p>
			<p>Limitaciones. La principal limitación de este estudio fue el tamaño de muestra reducido utilizado en los experimentos. No obstante, el empleo de semillas certificadas permitió mantener una baja variabilidad entre las réplicas técnicas de cada experimento, lo que hizo posible realizar comparaciones estadísticas confiables de los resultados obtenidos.</p>
			<p>Conflicto de intereses. Los autores declaran no tener ningún conflicto de interés con respecto a la investigación, autoría y/o publicación de esta nota.</p>
			<p>Financiamiento. Este trabajo fue financiado por el proyecto DGAPA-PAPIIT (IN203622) otorgado a C. Martínez-Anaya, y por el Programa de Becas de Estancias Posdoctorales por México, del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) otorgado a I. Tapia-Vázquez.</p>
			<p>Agradecimientos. A Verónica Rojo y Chris Wood, del Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada (LNMA) del Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, por su apoyo técnico. A Leobardo Serrano y Enrique Galindo, por la revisión crítica de este trabajo.</p>
			<p>Contribución de los autores. Concepción, ITV; Conceptualización, ITV y CMA; Metodología, ELG, ASC y GLC; Análisis formal, ELG, ITV y CMA; Investigación, ITV y CMA; Recursos, CMA, ASC y GLC; Curación de datos, ITV y ELG; Redacción - borrador original, CMA; Redacción - revisión y edición, ELG, ASC, GLC, CMA e ITV; Adquisición de financiamiento, CMA. Todas y todos los autores han leído y acordado la versión final del manuscrito.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Phytopathological Note</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Use of <italic>Purpureocillium lilacinum</italic> MTL01 and <italic>Bacillus velezensis</italic> 83 to reduce galling by <italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic> and improve flowering in tomato</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background/Objective. </title>
					<p>The aim of this study was to determine the combined effect of an environmental strain of <italic>Purpureocillium lilacinum</italic> (MTL01) together with <italic>Bacillus velezensis</italic> 83, upon infection by the root-knot nematode <italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Experimental development. </title>
					<p>Three greenhouse experiments were conducted at different times (July-October 2022, February-June 2023, and September 2024-January 2025). In each experiment, treatments included uninoculated controls, plants inoculated only with <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01, with <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 only, or with both microorganisms, with and without nematode infection. Certified tomato seeds were inoculated with MTL01 spores or solution as a control and transplanted after germination. <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 was inoculated one week later, followed by two additional applications. Nematodes were introduced three weeks after transplanting, and plants were subsequently maintained in a greenhouse for an additional eight weeks. At harvest, growth parameters and infection levels were quantified (biomass, length, number of flowers, root weight, number of galls, and galling index).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results. </title>
					<p>Data of vegetative growth varied among experiments, with no clear evidence of effects associated with microbial inoculation. However, the combination of <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 and <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 showed reproducible results, reducing gall formation caused by <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> by more than 60% and promoting a consistent tendency toward increased flowering relative to nematode-infested control plants. These results demonstrate the potential of using combined microorganisms to improve tomato performance under greenhouse conditions.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion. </title>
					<p>Our findings highlight the importance of mitigating <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> infection in tomato using a combination of microorganisms, not only to control nematode populations but also to increase flower yield by up to 4.3-fold (Experiment 3) in plants without nematodes, and 1.6-fold in the presence of <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>. This represents a promising strategy; however, further research is needed to confirm its safety and optimize its application under real agricultural conditions.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Fungus</kwd>
				<kwd>Bacterium</kwd>
				<kwd>Nematode</kwd>
				<kwd>Biocontrol</kwd>
				<kwd>Phenology</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introduction</title>
				<p>Tomato (<italic>Solanum lycopersicum</italic>) is one of the most important crops in Mexico, and its production is affected by <italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic>. Traditional management in Mexico relies mainly on synthetic pesticides. However, efforts to reduce their use have led to the evaluation of crop rotation and biological control strategies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Lamberti, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Tapia-Vázquez <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). For example, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi such as <italic>Acaulospora longulata</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Campos <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">de Sá and Campos, 2020</xref>) and filamentous fungi such as <italic>Pochonia chlamydosporia</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Silva <italic>et al</italic>., 2017</xref>), <italic>Paraboeremia taiwanensis</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Liang <italic>et al</italic>., 2020</xref>), <italic>Trichoderma harzianum</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Jindapunnapat <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>), and <italic>Purpureocillium lilacinum</italic> stand out for their nematicidal capacity. Likewise, bacteria from the genera <italic>Pseudomonas</italic>, <italic>Paenibacillus</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Sohrabi <italic>et al</italic>., 2018</xref>), and <italic>Bacillus</italic> spp. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Basyony and Abo-Zaid, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Díaz-Manzano <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Vieira de Carvalho Júnior <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>) have shown potential.</p>
				<p>In Mexico, several commercial microbial-based products exist (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Tapia-Vázquez <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>); however, farmers show resistance to their use due to the need for frequent applications and slower action compared to synthetic nematicides. Therefore, management strategies that increase the efficacy of bioproducts are required. The use of microbial combinations may represent a valuable alternative. For instance, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Nesha and Siddiqui (2017</xref>) evaluated <italic>Paecilomyces lilacinus</italic> and <italic>Aspergillus niger</italic> individually and combined in carrot (<italic>Daucus carota</italic>), showing significant reductions in gall formation by <italic>M. javanica</italic>. Additionally, <italic>Bacillus</italic> species are known plant growth promoters and have been reported to contribute to pest control. Suppression of <italic>Meloidogyne</italic> populations by <italic>B. subtilis</italic> has been documented in chili (<italic>Capsicum annuum</italic>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Mokbel <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Soto Deza <italic>et al</italic>., 2012</xref>) and tomato (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Basyony and Abo-Zaid, 2018</xref>). Strains BMH e INV, related to <italic>B. velezensis</italic>, reduced more than 90% of galls and eggs of <italic>M. incognita</italic> in tomato (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cruz-Magalhães <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). Likewise, <italic>B. velezensis</italic> Bv-25 reduced galling by 73.8% in cucumber roots (<italic>Cucumis sativus</italic>) through root colonization and volatile compound production (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Tian <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). Moreover, <italic>B. velezensis</italic> VB7 inhibited egg viability and caused mortality of <italic>M. incognita</italic> juveniles in vitro and induced innate immune responses in tomato (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Kamalanathan <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>).</p>
				<p>The strain <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 is commercialized in Mexico as a foliar biofungicide (Fungifree AB®), used for biological control of phytopathogenic fungi in various crops (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Galindo <italic>et al</italic>., 2013</xref>). Additionally, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Balderas-Ruíz <italic>et al</italic>. (2021</xref>) demonstrated its capacity to promote tomato growth and control <italic>Botrytis cinerea</italic>, improving yield and quality.</p>
				<p>This study aimed to evaluate individually and in combination <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 and the environmental strain <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 against <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> infection in tomato, as well as their efficiency in increasing yield.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Experimental development</title>
				<p>Nematode isolation. A <italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic> population was established in the laboratory for biological control studies. <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> nematodes (GenBank OM721664) were obtained from infected tomato roots intended for nematode propagation, originating from a chard crop (<italic>Beta vulgaris</italic> var. <italic>cicla</italic>) and collections from Veracruz (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Salinas-Castro <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). Egg masses were extracted from infected roots, and second-stage juveniles (J2) were recovered by a modification of the Baermann funnel method (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Tintori <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>).</p>
				<p>These juveniles were used to establish laboratory populations on tomato cv. Calafia F1 (Harris Moran), due to its susceptibility to this nematode.</p>
				<p>Fungal isolation and identification. During independent propagation experiments of <italic>Meloidogyne paranaensis</italic> in a tomato microculture system, the survival of one of five seedlings inoculated with egg masses was observed. In the surviving plant, J2s failed to hatch because of a fungal infection. An axenic fungal culture was obtained on potato dextrose agar (PDA) supplemented with ampicillin (100 µg mL⁻¹) and kanamycin (50 µg mL⁻¹). The isolate was characterized morphologically and identified molecularly by amplification and sequencing of intergenic ITS region of ribosomal DNA gene with the primers ITS1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCG-3′) and ITS4 (5′-</p>
				<p>TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATG-3′) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">White <italic>et al</italic>., 1990</xref>), followed by phylogenetic comparison with related strains of the same genus and species. Phylogenetic reconstruction was performed using the TN93 model (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Tamura and Nei, 1993</xref>), with branch support values calculated using the aLRT (SH-like) algorithm and visualized with the SeaView software.</p>
				<p><bold>Interaction between <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> and <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01.</bold> To evaluate the interaction and possible parasitism of <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 on <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>, <italic>in vitro</italic> assays and observations of organisms recovered from infected tomato plants were carried out. First, a confrontation assay was performed on PDA medium supplemented with kanamycin (50 µg mL⁻¹) and ampicillin (100 µg mL⁻¹), in which <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> egg masses were placed alongside a <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> colony, approximately 5 cm apart. After 5 days, egg parasitism was observed. In addition, at the end of the greenhouse experiments, females from galls collected from tomato roots treated with <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> were recovered in water, and fungal mycelium emerged after 48 h. Egg masses obtained from the same treatment were disinfected with 3% NaOCl and washed four times with sterile water. The recovered eggs were incubated on antibiotic-supplemented PDA to evaluate fungal colonization.</p>
				<p><bold>Evaluation of the combination of <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 and <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 as control agents against <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> in tomato plants.</bold> We aimed to determine whether there was a synergistic effect on <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> control when <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 and <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 (commercial product Fungifree AB®, LMG S-30921) are inoculated together in tomato plants, compared with the effects of each microorganism applied separately. The experimental design was intended to favor early colonization of the MTL01 fungus in tomato seedlings during germination, and to introduce <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 treatments two weeks after germination, followed by two additional applications every 20 days. For the biocontrol assays, tomato seeds were surface-disinfected with 10% NaOCl and 70% ethanol, followed by washes with sterile distilled water. Then seeds were incubated for 24 h in a suspension of 1x10<sup>6</sup> spores mL⁻¹ of MTL01 in 10% sterile glycerol before sowing. After germination and transplanting, <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 was applied to the substrate as a suspension containing 1x10<sup>8</sup> CFU per pot, with two additional applications every 20 days. Three weeks after transplanting, plants were inoculated with a combination of J2s and eggs of <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> to apply between 1,200 and 3,400 nematodes per plant, depending on each experiment.</p>
				<p>Experiments were repeated three times over time in a greenhouse under a completely randomized design, at different seasons of the year: Experiment 1, July to October 2022; Experiment 2, February to June 2023; and Experiment 3, September 2024 to January 2025. In each experiment, four treatments were evaluated (with and without <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>): 1) no microorganisms; 2) <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 only; 3) <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 only; and 4) the combination of <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 + <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83. Six plants were included per treatment. Plants were monitored for eight weeks after nematode inoculation, and the following variables were quantified: total length, aboveground biomass (fresh and dry weight), number of flowers, root fresh weight, number of galls, and galling index (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Taylor and Sasser, 1978</xref>). Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA, and means were compared using Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05) in GraphPad Prism.</p>
				<p><bold>Characterization of <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 and interaction with <italic>M. enterolobii.</italic> 
</bold> Based on morphological and molecular characteristics of the fungal isolate obtained from <italic>M. paranaensis</italic> eggs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>A), <italic>Purpureocillium lilacinum</italic> identification was confirmed, and the isolate was designated as strain MTL01, with 100% identity and 100% coverage for the ITS region (GenBank OR470716). On PDA medium, the colony was initially white-beige, with a spongy-cottony texture, and gradually became lilac to violet as sporulation progressed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>C and 1D). Microscopic observation showed branched conidiophores, elongated phialides, and oval conidia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>B) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Nguyen Thi H <italic>et al</italic>., 2025</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Isolation and characterization of <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01. <bold>A)</bold> MTL01 mycelium growing on an egg mass of <italic>M. paranaensis</italic>. <bold>B)</bold> Reproductive structures of MTL01: conidiophores, phialides, and conidia. <bold>C</bold> and <bold>D)</bold>. Appearance of MTL01 on PDA medium: upper and lower views. <bold>E)</bold> 
 <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> eggs parasitized by MTL01 on PDA medium. <bold>F)</bold> Parasitized egg from roots in Experiment 1. <bold>G</bold> and <bold>H)</bold> Parasitized adult females from roots in Experiment 1<bold>. I)</bold> Phylogeny of MTL01 compared with other strains and related species.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-44-03-rmexfit25053-gf4.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p><italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic> successfully established and completed its life cycle in the roots of Calafia F1 tomato, causing the formation of characteristic galls associated with root-knot nematode infection (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>A), which led to overall plant decline. These structures contained adult females and egg masses associated with the nematode reproductive cycle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Tapia-Vázquez <italic>et al</italic>., 2022</xref>). A close-up of a root knot showed an egg mass protruding from the tissue (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>B), while observations under a stereomicroscope revealed adult females with their characteristic pear-shaped morphology (Tapia-Vázquez <italic>et al</italic>., 2022), accompanied by egg masses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>C). Recently hatched J2s were motile and survived in water for up to two weeks (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>D).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f5">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Laboratory population of <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>. <bold>A)</bold> Galling roots after <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> propagation 90 days after J2 inoculation in a 4-month-old tomato plant. <bold>B)</bold> Gall with an exposed egg mass (white arrow) and eggs (yellow arrow). <bold>C)</bold> Pear-shaped female body (upper arrow) and egg mass (lower arrow). <bold>D)</bold> J2-stage nematodes hatched in water.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-44-03-rmexfit25053-gf5.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>In the <italic>in vitro</italic> confrontation assays, <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> eggs placed in the presence of <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 were progressively colonized by the fungus, preventing juvenile hatching (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figures 1</xref>E and 1F). Meanwhile, females recovered from galls from roots treated with MTL01 showed visible mycelial growth after incubation in sterile distilled water (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figures 1</xref>G and 1H). Likewise, eggs obtained from those galls produced <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> colonies when incubated on PDA supplemented with kanamycin and ampicillin, confirming the nematophagous potential of this strain.</p>
				<p>In the three greenhouse experiments, variable responses were observed in vegetative growth parameters (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tables 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">2</xref>, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">3</xref>), possibly due to the weather conditions of the season of the year. In Experiment 1, the combined treatment of <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 and <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 increased shoot length in the absence of nematodes; however, this effect was not observed in plants inoculated with <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>. Differences in root weight were not significant; nevertheless, nematode-infected roots were heavier, possibly due to gall formation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>). In Experiment 2, no consistent effects on plant growth associated with any treatment were detected (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>). In Experiment 3, individual inoculation with <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 reduced root fresh weight (27 g) in nematode-infested plants, while the other parameters remained comparable among treatments (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>). This suggests that the growth-promoting responses induced by <italic>Purpureocillium lilacinum</italic> MTL01 and <italic>Bacillus velezensis</italic> 83 were influenced by the specific greenhouse conditions, as has been reported for tomato plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Jeong <italic>et al</italic>., 2026</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Phenological response variables in the presence and absence of <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> under different treatments, Experiment 1 (July to October 2022).</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:bottom;">Treatment</th>
									<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Height (cm)</th>
									<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Shoot fresh weight (g)</th>
									<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Shoot dry weight (g)</th>
									<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Root fresh weight (g)</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Control</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">+ M. enterolobii</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Control</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">+ M. enterolobii</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Control</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">+ M. enterolobii</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Control</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">+ M. enterolobii</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left;">Control</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">122.3±12.2<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">118.3±12.7<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">38.7±5.0<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">27.9±7.8<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">5.0±0.6<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">3.7±1.0<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">17.6±5.4<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">22.8±8.4<sup>ab</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left;">MTL01</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">116.3±9.9<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">104.8±8.5<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">32.3±6.1<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">30.6±7.8<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">4.34±0.7<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">4.0±0.9<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">12.5±2.2<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">24.5±6.8<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left; font-style:italic">B.v. 83</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">109.8±8.4<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">116.8±8.0<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">27.4±8.1<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">36.3±5.8<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">4.0±1.2<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">5.3±0.8<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">15.6±4.7<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">19.7±3.7<sup>abc</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:left;">MTL01 + B.v. 83</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">121.7±12.0<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">108.5±3.9<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">39.1±12.3<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">39.0±5.8<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">6.1±1.6<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">5.4±0.8<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">14.2±2.2<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">23.0±3.6<sup>ab</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>*Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test; 𝑝 &lt; 0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Phenological response variables in the presence and absence of <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> under different treatments, Experiment 2 (February to June 2023).</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:bottom;">Treatment</th>
									<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Height (cm)</th>
									<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Shoot fresh weight (g)</th>
									<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Shoot dry weight (g)</th>
									<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Root fresh weight (g)</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Control</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">+ M. enterolobii</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Control</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">+ M. enterolobii</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Control</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">+ M. enterolobii</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Control</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">+ M. enterolobii</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left;">Control</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">104.9±7.5<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">106.7±4.4<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">36.6±2.4<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">36.6±2.4<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">7.2±1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">5.9±1.3<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">18.5±1.1<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">18.6±4.6<sup>ab</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left;">MTL01</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">108.8±4.4<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">107.0±8.0<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">31.1±3.0<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">31.1±3.0<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">5.0±0.9<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">5.4±0.4<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">16.2±4.2<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">13.6±1.2<sup>bc</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left; font-style:italic">B.v. 83</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">108.4±3.8<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">95.2±6.2<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">32.9±4.0<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">32.9±4.0<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">6.0±1.5<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">5.3±0.4<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">22.8±4.6<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">13.6±1.5<sup>bc</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:left;">MTL01 + B.v. 83</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">104.5±7.9<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">104.1±6.0<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">27.4±3.9<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">27.4±3.9<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">4.3±0.9<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">4.2±0.7<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">16.2±2.3<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">11.6±2.1<sup>c</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>* Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test; 𝑝 &lt; 0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Phenological response variables in the presence and absence of <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> under different treatments, Experiment 3 (September 2024 - January 2025).</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:bottom;">Treatment</th>
									<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Height (cm)</th>
									<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Shoot fresh weight (g)</th>
									<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Shoot dry weight (g)</th>
									<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Root fresh weight (g)</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Control</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">+ M. enterolobii</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Control</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">+ M. enterolobii</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Control</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">+ M. enterolobii</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Control</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic">+ M. enterolobii</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left;">Control</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">120.4±18.9<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">121.3±10.1<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">45.5±11.1<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">48.1±3.8<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">8.2±2.3<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">8.4±0.8<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">31.6±17.3<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">35.8±3.3<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left;">MTL01</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">126.7±6.8<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">94.7±14.4<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">39.0±4.9<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">29.8±7.7<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">6.9±0.9<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">5.5±1.9<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">11.9±0.5<sup>d</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">27.0±3.9<sup>abc</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left; font-style:italic">B.v. 83</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">107.8±13.9<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">104.1±12.7<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">40.9±7.8<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">41.6±4.0<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">8.2±1.8<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">7.9±0.9<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">20.4±7.4<sup>bcd</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">32.43±4.1<sup>ab</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:left;">MTL01 + B.v. 83</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">115.5±18.9<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">106.3±21.9<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">40.3±10.1<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">37.0±9.7<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">7.6±2.0<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">6.4±1.9<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">16.4±2.8<sup>cd</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">30.1±7.2<sup>ab</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>*Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test; 𝑝 &lt; 0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>In contrast to the variability observed in vegetative growth parameters, some effects showed more reproducible trends across experiments. In particular, two key parameters stand out: a) number of flowers and b) number of galls. Although the flowering response was also variable among experiments, combined inoculation with <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 and <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 showed a consistent tendency toward higher flowering levels in all cases (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figures 3</xref>A, 3C, and 3E). In Experiment 1, the combination of both microorganisms resulted in an increase of 1.3-fold more flowers than the uninoculated control plants without nematodes, and 2.3-fold more flowers in plants infected with <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>A). </p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>The combination of <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 and <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 promotes flowering and reduces galling in tomato plants infected with <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>. <bold>A)</bold>, <bold>C)</bold>, and <bold>E)</bold>: Flower counts throughout the life cycle before the end of each experiment. <bold>B)</bold>, <bold>D)</bold>, and <bold>F)</bold>: Root galling by experiment. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (ANOVA, Tukey’s test; p &lt; 0.05).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2007-8080-rmfi-44-03-rmexfit25053-gf6.gif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>In Experiment 2, differences among treatments were less pronounced in the absence of nematodes (1.3-fold increase); however, the combination of both microorganisms produced almost twice as many flowers (1.94-fold increase) as the control in the presence of <italic>M. enterolobii</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>C). Experiment 3 showed the largest differences under the combined microbial treatment, with a 4.3-fold increase in flower number in the absence of nematodes and a 1.6-fold increase in plants with nematodes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>E).</p>
				<p>Galling index decreased significantly in each experiment. In Experiment 1, <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 and <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83, individually, reduced gall formation by approximately 60%, while the combined treatment reduced it by 66%, based on one gram of peripheral roots (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>B). In Experiment 2, reductions were approximately 71% (MTL01), 43% (<italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83), and 78% for the combination (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>D). Finally, in Experiment 3, galling was reduced by approximately 56% (MTL01), 67% (<italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83), and 81% (combination), confirming the reproducibility of the effect across assays (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>F and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>). These results emphasize that both <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 and <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 contribute to improved biocontrol of <italic>M. enterolobii</italic>, with their combined application being the most effective strategy, in agreement with other reports (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Díaz-Manzano <italic>et al</italic>., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">de Paula <italic>et al</italic>., 2024</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Huang <italic>et al</italic>., 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Number and percentage of gall reduction by treatment in three independent experiments.</title>
						</caption>
						<table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0">
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th rowspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:left; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:bottom;">Treatment</th>
									<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Experiment 1</th>
									<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Experiment 2</th>
									<th colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Experiment 3</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">No. of galls</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Reduction (%)</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">No. of galls</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Reduction (%)</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">No. of galls</th>
									<th style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Reduction (%)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left;">Control</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">117.0±76.0<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">-</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">13.9±4.5<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">-</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">85.2±25.4<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left; font-style:italic">P. lilacinum MTL01</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">45.5±22.3<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">61 %</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">4.1±2.6<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">71 %</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">37.7±9.1<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">56 %</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="text-align:left; font-style:italic">B. velezensis 83</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">45.7±12.4<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">61 %</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">7.9±2.1<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">43 %</td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">28.0±10.4<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="text-align:center;">67 %</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:left;">MTL01+ 83</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">39.5±10.0<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">66 %</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">3.1±1.3<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">78 %</td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">15.8±3.3<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td style="border-bottom:1px solid #000; text-align:center;">81%</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<p>* Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s test; 𝑝 &lt; 0.05).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The positive impact of the combined treatment on flowering and gall reduction across the experiments demonstrated a more stable and reproducible biological response. These results indicate that although growth promotion may depend on environmental conditions, the protective and reproductive effects conferred by the microbial combination are more consistent.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusion</title>
				<p>The combination of <italic>P. lilacinum</italic> MTL01 and <italic>B. velezensis</italic> 83 proved to be an effective strategy for the biocontrol of <italic>Meloidogyne enterolobii</italic> in tomato plants under greenhouse conditions. Combined inoculation of both microorganisms reduced galling by more than 60% compared with plants infected with the nematode and consistently promoted an increase in flowering ranging from 1.3- to 4.3-fold relative to the control, both in the presence and absence of the parasite. These results provide a foundation for further studies to evaluate their effectiveness under field conditions and to optimize the formulation and dosage of this treatment for sustainable agricultural applications.</p>
				<p>Limitations. The main limitation of this study was the small sample size used in the experiments. Nevertheless, the use of certified seeds helped maintain low variability among the technical replicates of each experiment, making it possible to perform reliable statistical comparisons of the results obtained.</p>
				<p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the research, authorship, and/or publication of this note.</p>
				<p>Funding. This work was funded by DGAPA-PAPIIT project (IN203622) to C. Martínez-Anaya, and by the Programa de Becas de Estancias Posdoctorales Fellowship Program for Mexico of the National Council for Science and Technology (CONACYT) awarded to I. Tapia-Vázquez.</p>
				<p>Acknowledgments. The authors thank Verónica Rojo and Chris Wood, from the Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada (LNMA), Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, for their technical support. The authors also thank Leobardo Serrano and Enrique Galindo for their critical review of this work.</p>
				<p>Author contributions. Conceptualization, ITV and CMA; Methodology, ELG, ASC, and GLC; Formal analysis, ELG, ITV, and CMA; Investigation, ITV and CMA; Resources, CMA, ASC, and GLC; Data curation, ITV and ELG; Writing - original draft, CMA; Writing - review and editing, ELG, ASC, GLC, CMA, and ITV; Funding, CMA. All authors have read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript.</p>
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