Characterization and fungicides sensitivity of Phytophthora cinnamomi isolates causing avocado root rot in Zitácuaro, Michoacán

Alejandra Mondragón-Flores, Patricia Manosalva, Salvador Ochoa-Ascencio, Marlene Díaz-Celaya, Gerardo Rodríguez-Alvarado, Sylvia P. Fernández-Pavía

Abstract


Phytophthora cinnamomi is the pathogen most frequently associated with avocado root rot. In Zitácuaro, Michoacán, production has increased by 19.8%; however, there are no studies of root rot in this area. The objective of the study was to characterize the isolates obtained from avocado roots and assess the sensitivity to fungicides. Samples from 5 avocado orchards were collected, sampling 5 trees per orchard (a total of 25 samples). The samples isolated were characterized morphological and molecularly. Mating type was analyzed using reference isolates of P. cinnamomi A1 (isolate from camelia) and A2 (isolate from avocado). To confirm the pathogenicity, tests were performed on avocado fruits with the isolates. The sensitivity of 15 isolates to potassium phosphite and to metalaxyl-M at different concentrations was evaluated in vitro. In a subgroup of six isolates, it was evaluated whether there was a relationship between growth rate and potassium phosphite sensitivity. Fifteen isolates were obtained with coenocytic coraloid mycelium, chlamydospores, sporangia without papilla, ovoid to ellipsoid, with internal proliferation, heterothallic with mating type A2, with amphigynous antheridia and plerotic oospores, characteristics consistent with P. cinnamomi. The inoculated isolates were pathogenic on avocado fruits. The isolates were more sensitive to potassium phosphite than to metalaxyl-M, with mean EC50 values of 24.62 and 0.215 ?g mL-1 of i.a., respectively. No relationship was observed between growth rate and potassium phosphite sensitivity. It is necessary to obtain a greater number of P. cinnamomi isolates for virulence studies.

Keywords


sensitivity; mating type; mycelial growth; wilt

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abad ZG, Burgess T, Bienapfl JC, Redford AJ, Coffey M and Knight L. 2019. IDphy: Molecular and morphological identification of Phytophthora based on the types. USDA APHIS PPQ S&T Beltsville Lab, USDA APHIS PPQ S&T ITP, Centre for Phytophthora Science and Management, and World Phytophthora Collection. https://idtools.org/id/phytophthora/about_authors.php

Adaskaveg JE, Hao W and Forster H. 2015. Postharvest strategies for managing Phy-tophthora brown rot of citrus using potassium phosphite in combination with heat treatments. Plant Disease 99 (11): 1477-1482. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-15-0040-RE

Araújo RG, Rodríguez-Jasso RM, Ruíz HA, Pintado MM and Aguilar C. 2018. Avocado by-products: Nutritional and functional properties. Trends in Food Science and Tech-nology 80: 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.07.027

Belisle RJ, Hao W, McKee B, Arpaia ML, Manosalva P and Adaskaveg JE. 2019a. New Oomycota fungicides with activity against Phytophthora cinnamomi and their poten-tial use for managing avocado root rot in California. Plant Disease 103 (8): 2024-2032. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-18-1698-RE

Belisle R, McKee B, Hao W, Crowley M, Arpaia ML, Miles TD, Adaskaveg JE and Manosalva P. 2019b. Phenotypic characterization of genetically distinct Phytophthora cinnamomi isolates from avocado. Phytopathology 109 (3): 384-394. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-09-17-0326-R

Benson DM and Grand L. F. 2000. Incidence of Phytophthora root rot of Fraser fir in North Carolina and sensitivity of isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi to metalaxyl. Plant Disease 84(6): 661- 664. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.6.661.

Chen D and Zentmyer GA. 1970. Production of sporangia by Phytophthora cinnamomi in axenic culture. Mycologia 62 (2): 397-402. https://doi.org/10.2307/3757597

Coffey MD. 1992. Phytophthora root rot of avocado. Pages 423-444. in: Plant diseases of international importance. Volumen III. Diseases of fruit crops. Kumar J, Chaube HS, Singh US and Mukhopadhyay AN. eds. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J. 456 pp

Dann EK, Cooke AW, Forsberg LI, Pegg KG, Tan YP and Shivas RG. 2012. Pathogenicity studies in avocado with three nectriaceous fungi, Calonectria ilicico-la, Gliocladiopsis sp. and Ilyonectria liriodendri. Plant Pathology 61(5): 896-902. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2011.02579.x

Dann E and McLeod A. 2021. Phosphonic acid: A long-standing and versatile crop pro-tectant. Pest Management Science 77(5): 2197-2208. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6156

Darvas J and Becker O. 1984. Failure to control Phytophthora cinnamomi and Pythium splendens with metalaxyl after its prolonged use. Avocado Grow-ers’AssociationYearbook 7: 77-78.

Dobrowolski M, Shearer B, Colquhoun I, O’Brien P and Hardy G. 2008. Selection for de-creased sensitivity to phosphite in Phytophthora cinnamomi with prolonged use of fungicide. Plant Pathology 57(5): 928-936. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2008.01883.x

Erwin DC and Ribeiro OK. 1996. Phytophthora diseases worldwide. Am. Phytopathology Society. St. Paul, Minnesota.USA. 562 p.

FAOSTAT. 2020. FAO Statistics División 2020. (http://faostat.fao.org: accesada agosto 2020).

Fernández-Pavía S, Díaz-Celaya M, Rodríguez-Alvarado G, Gómez-Dorantes N, Abad GZ, Félix-Gastélum R, Ochoa-Ascencio S, Garay-Serrano E, Mondragón-Flores A, Soto-Plancarte A, Grünwald NJ y Santillán-Mendoza R. 2020. Manual de laboratorio de Phytophthora. Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología. 84p

García E. 1981. Modificaciones al sistema de clasificación de Köppen. 3ª Edición. Instituto de Geografía. UNAM. México, D.F.

González PFD, Costales MD and Falcón RAB. 2014. Efecto de diferentes medios de culti-vo sobre el desarrollo de Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan. Revista de Protec-ción Vegetal 29 (1): 33-41. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1010-27522014000100004&lng=es&tlng=es.

Gray MA, Hao W, Forster H and Adaskaveg JE. 2018. Baseline sensitivities of new fungi-cides and their toxicity to selected life stages of Phytophthora species from citrus in California. Plant Disease 102 (4): 734-742. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-17-1155-RE

Guest D and Grant BR. 1991. The complex action of phosphonates as antifungal agents. Biological Reviews 66 (2):159-187. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1991.tb01139.x

Guillén-Andrade H, Lara-Chávez BN, Gutiérrez-Contreras M, Ortíz-Catón M y Ángel-Palomares E. 2007. Cartografía Agroecológica del cultivo del aguacate en Michoacán. Morevallado editores de Morelia, Michoacán, México. Primera edición. 141p.

Hardham AR. 2005. Phytophthora cinnamomi. Molecular Plant Pathology 6 (6): 589–604. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2005.00308.x

Herna?ndez-Pe?rez A, Cerna-Cha?vez E, Delgado-Ortiz JC, Beltra?n-Beache M, Tapia-Vargas LM and Ochoa-Fuentes YM. 2019. First report of Phytopythium vexans causing the “avocado sadness” in Michoacan, Mexico. Revista Internacional de Botánica Experi-mental 88 (1): 11-13. https://doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2019.04608

Hao W, Förster H and Adaskaveg. 2021. Resistance to potassium phosphite in Phytophtho-ra species causing citrus brown rot and integrated practices for management of re-sistant isolates. Plant Disease 105(4): 972-977. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-20-1414-RE

Hu J, Hong C, Stromberg E and Moorman G. 2010. Mefenoxam sensitivity in Phytophthora cinnamomi isolates. Plant Disease 94 (1): 39-44. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-94-1-0039

Hunter S, Williams N, McDougal R, Scott P and Garbelotto M. 2018. Evidence for rapid adaptive evolution of tolerance to chemical treatments in Phytophthora species and its practical implications. PLoS ONE 13(12): e0208961. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208961

Hwang J and Benson DM. 2005. Identification, mefenoxam sensitivity, and compatibility type of Phytophthora spp. attacking floriculture crops in North Carolina. Plant Dis-ease 89 (2):185-190. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-89-0185

Hwang SC, Ko WH and Aragaki M. 1975. A simplified method for sporangial production by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Mycologia 67(6): 1233-1234. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1975.12019873

Linde C, Kemp GHJ and Wingfield MJ. 1999. Variation in pathogenicity among South African isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi. European Journal of Plant Pathology 105 (3): 231-239 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008780429770

Marin MV, Seijo TE, Zuchelli E and Peres NA. 2021.Resistance to mefenoxam of Phy-tophthora cactorum and P. nicotianae causing crown and leather rot in Florida straw-berry. Plant Disease https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-20-2474-RE

Müller U and Urich G. 2012. Newest aspects of nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors: Metalax-yl-M. Pages 901-908 in: Modern Crop Protection Compounds, 2nd ed. W. Krämer, U. Schirmer, P. Jeschke, and M. Witschel eds. Wiley, Weinheim, German. 1608 pp

O’Gara E, Howard K, McComb J, Colquhoun IJ and Hardy GESJ. 2015. Penetration of suberized periderm of a woody host by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Plant Pathology 64 (1): 207-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12244

Ochoa-Fuentes YM, Hernandez FD, Landeros J, Olalde V, Cerna E, Morales JL and Flores A. 2005. Compatibilidad sexual de Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands en Michoacán México Phyton 54: 79-85.

Ochoa-Fuentes YM, Herna?ndez-Pe?rez A, Delgado-Ortiz JC, Beltrán-Beache M, Tapia-Vargas LM, Herna?ndez-Bautista O and Cerna-Chávez E. 2018. First report of avoca-do tree wilt by Pythium sp. amazonianum in Mexico. Ciencia e Investigación Agraria 45(3): 301-305. https://dx.doi.org/10.7764/rcia.v45i3.1905

Ochoa-Fuentes YM, Martínez-de la Vega O, Olalde-Portugal V, Cerna-Chávez E, Lande-ros-Flores J, Hernández-Castillo FD and Flores-Olivas A. 2007. Genetic variability of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands in Michoacán, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Fitopa-tología 25 (2):161-166.

Olalde-Lira G, Raya-Montaño YA, Apáez-Barrios P, Vargas-Sandoval M, Pedraza-Santos M, Raymundo T, Valenzuela-Garza R and Lara-Chávez MBN. 2020. Characterization of Fusarium spp., a phytopathogen of avocado (Persea americana Miller var. dry-mifolia (Schltdl. and Cham.) in Michoacán, México. Revista de la Facultad de Cien-cias Agrarias 52 (2): 301-316. http://revistas.uncu.edu.ar/ojs3/index.php/RFCA/article/view/3875

Pánek M and Tomšovský M. 2017. In vitro growth response of Phytophthora cactorum, P. nicotianae and P. × pelgrandis to antibiotics and fungicides. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 62(4): 269-277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-017-0493-z.

Rami?rez-Gil JG, Castañeda-Sánchez DA and Morales-Osorio JG. 2014. Estudios etiológi-cos de la marchitez del aguacate en Antioquia-Colombia. Revista Ceres 61(1): 50-61. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-737X2014000100007

Rami?rez-Gil JG, Castan?eda-Sánchez DA and Morales-Osorio JG. 2017. Production of avo-cado trees infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi under different management re-gimes. Plant Pathology 66(4): 623-632. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12620

Robin C, Smith I and Hansen EM. 2012. Phythophthora cinnamomi. Forest Phytophthoras 2(1). https://doi.org/10.5399/osu/fp.2.1.3041

Rodríguez-Padrón C, Siverio F, Pérez-Sierra A and Rodríguez A. 2018. Isolation and path-ogenicity of Phytophthora species and Phytopythium vexans recovered from avocado orchards in the Canary Islands, including Phytophthora niederhauserii as a new path-ogen of avocado. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 57 (1): 89-106. https://doi.org/10.14601/Phytopathol_Mediterr-22022

Ruano-Rosa D and López Herrera CJ. 2009. Evaluation of Trichoderma spp. as biocontrol agents against avocado white root rot. Biological Control 51(1): 66-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.05.005

SIAP (Servicio de Información Alimentaria y Pesquera). 2019. https://nube.siap.gob.mx/cierreagricola/.

Te?liz D. 2000. El aguacate y su manejo integrado. Ediciones Mundi-Prensa. Me?xico, D.F. 219 p.

Vitale A, Aiello D, Guarnaccia V, Perrone G, Stea G and Polizzi G. 2012. First report of root rot caused by Ilyonectria (=Neonectria) macrodidyma on avocado (Persea amer-icana) in Italy. Journal of Phytopathology 160 (3): 156-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2011.01869.

Wilkinson CJ, Shearer BL, Jackson TJ and Hardy GESJ. 2001. Variation in sensitivity of Western Australian isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi to phosphite in vitro. Plant Pathology 50 (1): 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00539.x

Zentmyer GA.1980. Phytophthora cinnamomi and the diseases it causes. Monograph No 10. The American Phytopathological Society, St, Paul, Minnesota. 96 p.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2109-4

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.