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  • Vol. 2025, 43(1)
  • Review Article

Tobamovirus fructirugosum an emerging disease: review and current situation in Mexico

By Ubilfrido Vásquez Gutiérrez, Juan Carlos Delgado Ortiz*, Gustavo Alberto Frías Treviño, Luis Alberto Aguirre Uribe, Alberto Flores Olivas

*Corresponding Author.

Received: 28/January/2024 – Published: 15/October/2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2401-7

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    • Vásquez-Gutiérrez U, Delgado-Ortiz JC, Frías-Treviño GA, Aguirre-Uribe LA, Flores-Olivas A. 2024. Tobamovirus fructirugosum an emerging disease: review and current situation in Mexico. Mexican Journal of Phytopathology 43(1):34. https://doi.org/10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2401-7
    • Vásquez-Gutiérrez, U, Delgado-Ortiz, JC, Frías-Treviño, GA, Aguirre-Uribe, LA y Flores-Olivas, A (2024). Tobamovirus fructirugosum an emerging disease: review and current situation in Mexico. Mexican Journal of Phytopathology 43(1):34. https://doi.org/10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2401-7
    • Ubilfrido Vásquez-Gutiérrez, Juan Delgado-OrtizC, Gustavo Frías-TreviñoA, Luis Aguirre-UribeA y Alberto Flores-Olivas. 2024. Tobamovirus fructirugosum an emerging disease: review and current situation in Mexico. Mexican Journal of Phytopathology 43(1):34. https://doi.org/10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2401-7
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Abstract Background/Objective. Tobamovirus fructirugosum species (ToBRFV) is considered a worldwide quarantine pest that limits the production of Solanum lycopersicum and Capsicum annum, currently present in three countries of the American continent. The objective of this work was to deepen in the genetic variability of ToBRFV with respect to the different isolates, the physico-molecular and symptomatic characterization, the traditional and more current methods implemented for diagnosis, the range of virus reservoir hosts, and the epidemiology. Results. ToBRFV was generated from a mutation resulting from genetic recombination with TMV, considered the main progenitor and ToMMV secondary progenitor. Phylogenetic analyses report the existence of five clades with respect to the genetic diversity of ToBRFV. The first primers for detection were designed in 2015 that encode replication, movement and capsid proteins. Serological methods can be used for preventive diagnosis, while molecular and NGS can confirm virus infection even at low concentrations in the plant. Sixteen weed families and host crops are reported from 47 countries. To achieve an effective strategy, it is necessary to reduce inoculum sources, develop compounds that inhibit mechanical transmission and develop tolerant genotypes. Conclusion. ToBRFV is distributed nationally and represents a phytosanitary risk for Mexico; the exhaustive analysis of the study of diagnostic techniques, host range, dissemination, epidemiology and control strategies, contributes to the knowledge of ToBRFV.

Keywords: Diagnosis, epidemiology, ToBRFV, virus progression, genetic variability.

Figure 1. Phylogenetic analysis of ToBRFV sequences reported in NCBI. For the reconstruction of the phylogenetic tree, Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 11 software was used with the Neighbor joining model and 10,000 replicates (Bootstrap). With a genetic distance of 0.02
Figure 1. Phylogenetic analysis of ToBRFV sequences reported in NCBI. For the reconstruction of the phylogenetic tree, Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 11 software was used with the Neighbor joining model and 10,000 replicates (Bootstrap). With a genetic distance of 0.02
Figure 2. Symptoms manifested in tomato plants by ToBRFV grown in greenhouse. A) Tomato plants at 180 days after sowing showing high incidence of ToBRFV; B) Irregularities in fruit ripening; C) Plants in a state of collapse due to severe ToBRFV infection; D) Presence of mosaic patterns, mottling, and blistering on leaves.
Figure 2. Symptoms manifested in tomato plants by ToBRFV grown in greenhouse. A) Tomato plants at 180 days after sowing showing high incidence of ToBRFV; B) Irregularities in fruit ripening; C) Plants in a state of collapse due to severe ToBRFV infection; D) Presence of mosaic patterns, mottling, and blistering on leaves.
Figure 3. Rapid detection procedure for ToBRFV using Agdia® immunological strips. A) Selection of symptomatic tissue (young leaves); B) Macerated sample and positive reaction to ToBRFV, showing the control line and the test line (both in red color)
Figure 3. Rapid detection procedure for ToBRFV using Agdia® immunological strips. A) Selection of symptomatic tissue (young leaves); B) Macerated sample and positive reaction to ToBRFV, showing the control line and the test line (both in red color)