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Epidemiology of coffee leaf rust under the effect of fungicides in the Northern and Northeastern Sierra of Puebla state. Figure 4 - Effect of fungicides on the incidence dynamics of rust (<em>H. vastatrix</em>) in coffee plants grown in Huehuetla, Ixtepec, and Zongozotla, Puebla. A) Lipuntahuaca 1 (Costa Rica 95), B) Lipuntahuaca 2 (Typica), C) Escatachuchut 1 (Costa Rica 95), D) Escatachuchut 2 (Garnica), E) Zongozotla 1 (Marsellesa), and F) Zongozotla 2 (Oro Azteca). Arrows indicate the timing of fungicide application: orange: Azoxystrobin, gray: <em>M. alternifolia</em>, and green: <em>B. subtilis</em>. The asterisk (*) indicates significant differences between treatments at each sampling point, according to Tukey's mean comparison test.

Figure 4 - Effect of fungicides on the incidence dynamics of rust (H. vastatrix) in coffee plants grown in Huehuetla, Ixtepec, and Zongozotla, Puebla. A) Lipuntahuaca 1 (Costa Rica 95), B) Lipuntahuaca 2 (Typica), C) Escatachuchut 1 (Costa Rica 95), D) Escatachuchut 2 (Garnica), E) Zongozotla 1 (Marsellesa), and F) Zongozotla 2 (Oro Azteca). Arrows indicate the timing of fungicide application: orange: Azoxystrobin, gray: M. alternifolia, and green: B. subtilis. The asterisk (*) indicates significant differences between treatments at each sampling point, according to Tukey's mean comparison test.

Epidemiology of coffee leaf rust under the effect of fungicides in the Northern and Northeastern Sierra of Puebla state. Figure 3 - Effect of fungicides on the dynamics of rust (<em>H. vastatrix</em>) severity in coffee plants grown in Huehuetla, Ixtepec, and Zongozotla, Puebla. A) Lipuntahuaca 1 (Costa Rica 95), B) Lipuntahuaca 2 (Typica), C) Escatachuchut 1 (Costa Rica 95), D) Escatachuchut 2 (Garnica), E) Zongozotla 1 (Marsellesa), and F) Zongozotla 2 (Oro Azteca). Arrows indicate the timing of fungicide application: orange: Azoxystrobin, gray: <em>M. alternifolia</em>, and green: <em>B. subtilis</em>. The asterisk (*) indicates significant differences between treatments at each sampling point, according to Tukey's mean comparison test.

Figure 3 - Effect of fungicides on the dynamics of rust (H. vastatrix) severity in coffee plants grown in Huehuetla, Ixtepec, and Zongozotla, Puebla. A) Lipuntahuaca 1 (Costa Rica 95), B) Lipuntahuaca 2 (Typica), C) Escatachuchut 1 (Costa Rica 95), D) Escatachuchut 2 (Garnica), E) Zongozotla 1 (Marsellesa), and F) Zongozotla 2 (Oro Azteca). Arrows indicate the timing of fungicide application: orange: Azoxystrobin, gray: M. alternifolia, and green: B. subtilis. The asterisk (*) indicates significant differences between treatments at each sampling point, according to Tukey's mean comparison test.

Use of <em>Purpureocillium lilacinum</em> MTL01 and <em>Bacillus velezensis</em> 83 to reduce galling by <em>Meloidogyne enterolobii</em> and improve flowering in tomato. Figure 2 - Laboratory population of <em>M. enterolobii</em>.<strong> A</strong>) Galling roots after <em>M. enterolobii</em> propagation 90 days after J2 inoculation in a 4-month-old tomato plant. <strong>B</strong>) Gall with an exposed egg mass (white arrow) and eggs (yellow arrow). <strong>C</strong>) Pear-shaped female body (upper arrow) and egg mass (lower arrow). <strong>D</strong>) J2-stage nematodes hatched in water.

Figure 2 - Laboratory population of M. enterolobii. A) Galling roots after M. enterolobii propagation 90 days after J2 inoculation in a 4-month-old tomato plant. B) Gall with an exposed egg mass (white arrow) and eggs (yellow arrow). C) Pear-shaped female body (upper arrow) and egg mass (lower arrow). D) J2-stage nematodes hatched in water.

Epidemiology of coffee leaf rust under the effect of fungicides in the Northern and Northeastern Sierra of Puebla state. Figure 2 - Temperature and relative humidity in Huehuetla, Puebla. Period: April 2024 to March 2025. The gray band indicates the optimal temperature range for coffee leaf rust (17 to 26°C), and the green band indicates the optimal relative humidity range (80–100%) reported by SENASICA (2019) and Parada-Molina <em>et al</em>. (2020).

Figure 2 - Temperature and relative humidity in Huehuetla, Puebla. Period: April 2024 to March 2025. The gray band indicates the optimal temperature range for coffee leaf rust (17 to 26°C), and the green band indicates the optimal relative humidity range (80–100%) reported by SENASICA (2019) and Parada-Molina et al. (2020).

First detection of bell pepper endornavirus infecting bell pepper in Guanajuato, Mexico. Figure 1 - Phylogenetic tree constructed using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the bell pepper endornavirus (BPEV, <em>Alphaendornavirus capsici</em>) polyprotein sequence and other Alphaendornavirus sequences available in GenBank. Reference sequences were selected from GenBank based on their annotation as BPEV isolates and sequence availability. The analysis was performed using the corresponding nucleotide substitution model. Bootstrap support values (1,000 replicates) are indicated at the nodes, showing only those greater than 50%. Sequence PZ103604 (indicated by an arrow) clusters with closely related sequences with high bootstrap support, suggesting a close phylogenetic relationship. Sequence DQ399290 (<em>Betaendornavirus</em>) was used as the outgroup. The scale bar represents 0.20 substitutions per site.

Figure 1 - Phylogenetic tree constructed using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the bell pepper endornavirus (BPEV, Alphaendornavirus capsici) polyprotein sequence and other Alphaendornavirus sequences available in GenBank. Reference sequences were selected from GenBank based on their annotation as BPEV isolates and sequence availability. The analysis was performed using the corresponding nucleotide substitution model. Bootstrap support values (1,000 replicates) are indicated at the nodes, showing only those greater than 50%. Sequence PZ103604 (indicated by an arrow) clusters with closely related sequences with high bootstrap support, suggesting a close phylogenetic relationship. Sequence DQ399290 (Betaendornavirus) was used as the outgroup. The scale bar represents 0.20 substitutions per site.

Spatial behavior of iron spot (<em>Mycosphaerella coffeicola</em>) in coffee plantations in Amatepec, State of Mexico. Figure 1 - Spatial distribution of the proportion of sampling units with iron spot symptoms in coffee plots in the municipality of Amatepec, State of Mexico, during samplings from September 2021 to February 2022.

Figure 1 - Spatial distribution of the proportion of sampling units with iron spot symptoms in coffee plots in the municipality of Amatepec, State of Mexico, during samplings from September 2021 to February 2022.

Molecular aspects of phaseolotoxin biosynthesis produced by <em>Pseudomonas syringae</em> pv. <em>phaseolicola</em>. Figure 4 - Model of signaling and regulation of phaseolotoxin biosynthesis in <em>P. syringae</em> pv. phaseolicola NPS3121. Temperature is sensed by the GacS membrane sensor, which autophosphorylates therefore (1). Phosphorylated GacS transfers phosphate to the response regulator GacA (2). GacA controls the expression of <em>pht</em> genes, mediated by the IHF regulator. GacA also controls the transcription of the <em>pbo</em> genes (3). Finally, phaseolotoxin is synthesized, which inhibits bean OCTase and prevents the synthesis of arginine. Consequently, the chlorotic halo develops.

Figure 4 - Model of signaling and regulation of phaseolotoxin biosynthesis in P. syringae pv. phaseolicola NPS3121. Temperature is sensed by the GacS membrane sensor, which autophosphorylates therefore (1). Phosphorylated GacS transfers phosphate to the response regulator GacA (2). GacA controls the expression of pht genes, mediated by the IHF regulator. GacA also controls the transcription of the pbo genes (3). Finally, phaseolotoxin is synthesized, which inhibits bean OCTase and prevents the synthesis of arginine. Consequently, the chlorotic halo develops.

Genus Orthotospovirus in Costa Rica: A Central American case. Figure 3 - Long-Term Detection of impatiens necrotic spot and tomato spotted wilt viruses by ELISA. This graph presents the frequency of detection for both Impatiens necrotic spot virus and Tomato spotted wilt virus over a 23.5-year period (2000 to July 2023). The data, derived from samples submitted to the diagnostic services at the Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, University of Costa Rica, illustrate the temporal trends and occurrence patterns of these viruses in Costa Rica.

Figure 3 - Long-Term Detection of impatiens necrotic spot and tomato spotted wilt viruses by ELISA. This graph presents the frequency of detection for both Impatiens necrotic spot virus and Tomato spotted wilt virus over a 23.5-year period (2000 to July 2023). The data, derived from samples submitted to the diagnostic services at the Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, University of Costa Rica, illustrate the temporal trends and occurrence patterns of these viruses in Costa Rica.

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Vol. 2023, 41(3)
Scientific Article

Biofilm of epiphytic algae and fungi in forest plantations of pinabete (Abies guatemalensis) in Guatemala

byAndrés Villalobos*, Ana Lucía Dubón , María Renée Álvarez , Sergio Osorio , Margarita Palmieri

Received: 31/January/2022 – Published: 23/August/2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2301-2

Abstract In recent years, a new pest has been reported in Guatemalan fir (Abies guatemalensis) plantations, a biofilm of microorganisms known as “green algae”. The objective of this research was to identify the algae and fungi that make up the biofilm growing on Guatemalan fir leaves. Leaf samples were collected from three locations where the biofilm has been reported, and the algae and fungi present on the leaves were isolated. Microorganisms were cultured in vitro and identified by light microscopy; in the case of fungi, DNA extraction and amplification of the ITS region were also performed. Four algae of the genera Desmococcus, Klebsormidium and the class Trebouxiophyceae, and 11 fungi of the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Mucor, Trichoderma and Ulocladium were identified from 120 leaves of 15 trees. It was concluded that the biofilm affecting Guatemalan fir plantations in Guatemala is composed of several species of epiphytic algae and fungi, which may vary according to the locality. The factors affecting the richness of microorganisms in the biofilm and their symbiotic relationship still need to be addressed

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Vol. 2023, 41(3)

Multidiscipline, a basic component of innovation in the biological control of plant pathogens

byEnrique Galindo

Received: 03/August/2023 – Published: 24/August/2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2308-1

Abstract

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